武汉大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题
武汉大学2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题（满分值100分）科目名称：英语（B卷）科目代码：1011注意：所有的答题内容必须写在答题纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。
Part I Reading Comprehension (2 20＝40%)Directions: In this part of the test, there will be 5 passage for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. you are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANWER SHEET.Passage OneA hundred years ago it was assumed and scientifically “proved” by economists that the laws of society made it necessary to have a vast army of poor and jobless people in order to keep the economy going. Today, hardly anybody would dare to voice this principle. It is generally accepted that nobody should be excluded from the wealth of the nation, either by the laws of nature or by those of society. The opinions, which were current a hundred years ago, that the poor owed their conditions to their ignorance and lack of responsibility, are outdated. In all Western industrialized counties, a system of insurance has been introduced which guarantees everyone a minimum of subsistence in case of unemployment, sickness and old age. I would go one step further and argue that, even if these conditions are not present, everyone has the right to receive the means to subsist; in other words, he can claim this subsistence minimum without having to have any “reason”. I would suggest, however, that it should be limited to a definite period of time, let’s say two years, so as to avoid the encouraging of an abnormal attitude which refuses any kind of social obligation.This may sound like a fantastic proposal, but so, I think, our insurance system would have sounded to people a hundred years ago. The main objection to such a scheme would be that if each person were entitled to receive minimum support, people would not work. This assumption rests on the fallacy of the inherent laziness in human nature, actually, aside from abnormally lazy people, there would be very few who wouldnot want to earn more than the minimum, and who would prefer to do nothing rather than work.However, the suspicions against a system of guaranteed subsistence minimum are not groundless from the standpoint of those who want to use ownership of capital for the purpose of forcing others to accept the work conditions they offer. If nobody were forced to accept work in order not to starve, work would have to be sufficiently interesting and attractive to induce one to accept it. Freedom of contract is possible only if both parties are free to accept and reject it; in the present capitalist system this is not the case.But such a system would not only be the beginning of real freedom of contract between employers and employees, its principal advantage would be the improvement of freedom in interpersonal relationships in every sphere of daily life.1．People used to think that poverty and unemployment were due to .A．the slow development of the economyB．the poor and jobless people’s own faultsC．the lack of responsibility on the part of societyD．the large number of people who were not well-educated2．Now it is widely accepted that .A．the present system of social insurance should be improvedB．everybody should be granted a minimum of subsistence without any “reason”C．everybody has the right to share in the wealth of the countryD．people have to change their attitude towards the poor3．The writer argues that a system of social insurance should .A．provide benefits for the sick, old and unemployedB．encourage people to take on more social obligationsC．guarantee everyone the right to be employedD．provide everyone with the right to a minimum subsistence for a certain period 4．According to the writer, a system of guaranteed subsistence minimum .A．demands too much from societyB．makes freedom of contract impossibleC．helps people take interest in their workD．helps bring about changes in the relationship among peoplePassage TwoPublic speaking fills most people with dread. Humiliation is greatest fear; self-exposure and failing to appeal to the audience come a close second. Women hate it most, since girls are pressurized from an early age to be concerned with appearances of all kinds.Most people have plenty of insecurities, and this seems like a situation that will bring them out. If you were under pressure to be perfect, you are terrified of falling in the most public of ways.Extroverts, on the contrary, will feel less fear before the ordeal. It does not mean they will necessarily do it better. Some very shy people manage to shine. When I met the British comedian Julian Clary, he was shy and cautious, yet his TV performances are perfect.In fact, personality is not the best predictor of who does it well. Regardless of what you are like in real life, the key seems to be to act yourself.Actual acting, as in performing the scripted lines of a character other than yourself, does not do the job. While politicians may limit damage by having carefully written and rehearsed scripts to speak from, there is always a hidden awareness among the audience that the words might not be true.Likewise, the incredibly perfect speeches of many American academics are far from natural. You may end up buying their book on the way out, but soon afterwards, it is much like fast food, and you get a nameless sense that you've been cheated.But, being yourself doesn’t work either. If you spoke as if you were in your own kitchen, it would be too authentic, too unaware of the need to communicate with an audience.I remember going to see British psychiatrist R. D. Laing speak in public. He behaved like a seriously odd person, talking off the top of his head. Although he was talking about madness and he wrote on mental illness, he seemed to be exhibiting rather than explaining it.The best psychological place from which to speak in public is an unselfconscious self-consciousness, providing the illusion of being natural. Studies suggest that this state of “flow”, as psychologists call it, is very satisfying.5. Women hate public speaking most mainly because of _____.A．their upbringing very early onB．their inability to appeal to the audienceC．their sense of greater public pressureD．their sense of greater humiliation.6．Which of the following is NOT the author’s viewpoint?A．Acting like performers spoils the message in a speech.B．Perfection of scripts is necessary in making good impressions.C．Acting naturally means less dependence on the prepared script.D．There should be a balance between actual acting and acting naturally.7．What is the author’s view on personality?A．Personality is the key to success in public speaking.B．Extroverts are better public speakers.C．Introverts have to learn harder to be good speakers.D．Factors other than personality ensure better performance.8．In the last paragraph the author recommends that you ____.A．forget about your nervousnessB．feel natural and speak naturallyC．may feel nervous, but appear naturallyD．may imagine yourself to be natural.Passage ThreeI am afraid to sleep. I have been afraid to sleep for the last few weeks. I am so tired that, finally, I do sleep, but only for a few minutes. It is not a bad dream that wakes me; it is the reality I took with me into sleep. I try to think of something else.Immediately the woman in the marketplace comes into my mind.I was on my way to dinner last night when I saw her. She was selling skirts. She moved with the same ease and loveliness I often saw in the women of Laos. Her long black hair was as shiny as the black silk of the skirts she was selling. In her hair, she wore three silk ribbons, blue, green, and white. They reminded me of my childhood and how my girlfriends and I used to spend hours braiding ribbons into our hair.I don’t know the word for “ribbons”, so I put my hand to my own hair and, with three fingers against my head. I looked at her ribbons and said “Beautiful.” She lowered her eyes and said nothing. I wasn’t sure if she understood me (I don’t speak Laotian very well).I looked back down at the skirts. They added designs in them: squares and triangles and circles of pink and green silk. They were very pretty. I decided to buy one of those skirts, and I began to bargain with her over the price. It is the custom to bargain in Asia. In Laos bargaining is done in soft voices and easy moves with the sort of quiet peacefulness.She smiled, more with her eyes than with her lips. She was pleased by the few words I was able to say in her language, although they were mostly numbers, and she saw that I understood something about the soft playfulness of bargaining. We shook our heads in disagreement over the price; then, immediately, we made another offer and then another shake of the head. She was so pleased that unexpectedly, she accepted the last offer I made. But it was too soon. The price was too low. She was being too generous and wouldn’t make enough money. I moved quickly and picked up two more skirts and paid for all three at the price set; that way I was able to pay her three times as much before she had a chance to lower the price for the larger purchase. She smiled openly then, and, for the first time in months, my spirit lifted. I almost felt happy.The feeling stayed with me while she wrapped the skirts in a newspaper and handed them to me. When I left, though, the feeling left, too. It was as though it stayed behind in marketplace. I left tears in my throat. I wanted to cry. I didn’t, of course.I have learned to defend myself against what is hard; without knowing it, I have also learned to defend myself against what is soft and what should be easy.I get up, light a candle and want to look at the skirts. They are still in the newspaper that the woman wrapped them in. I remove the paper, and raise the skirts up to look at them again before I pack them. Something falls to floor. I reach down and feel something cool in my hand. I move close to the candlelight to see what I have. There are five long silk ribbons in my hand, all different colours. The woman in the marketplace! She has given these ribbons to me!There is no defense against a generous spirit, and this time I cry, and very hard, asif I could make up for all the months that I didn’t cry.9．Which of the following in NOT correct?A．The writer was not used to bargaining.B．People in Asia always bargain when buying things.C．Bargaining in Laos was quiet and peaceful.D．The writer was ready to bargain with the woman.10．The writer assumed that the woman accepted the last offer mainly because woman .A．thought that the last offer was reasonableB．thought she could still make much moneyC．was glad that the writer knew their way of bargainingD．was tired of bargaining with the writer any more11．Why did the writer finally decide to buy three skirts?A．The skirts were cheap and pretty.B．She liked the patterns on the skirts.C．She wanted to do something as compensation.D．She was fed up with further bargaining with the woman.12．Why did the writer cry eventually when she looked at the skirts again?A．She suddenly felt very sad.B．She liked the ribbons so much.C．She was overcome by emotion.D．She felt sorry for the woman.Passage FourDefinition of “culture” are multiple, broad, and notably ambiguous. While there is no agreed-upon definition of culture, the classic definition by E. B. Tylor in 1871 is widely cited: “culture…is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, moral, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”Most definitions of culture emphasize that it is complex and dynamic, comprised of the shared solutions to problems faced by the group. These solutions include technologies, beliefs, and behaviors.Culture does not determine behavior, but affords group members a repertoire of ideas and possible actions, providing the framework through which they understand themselves, their environment, and their experiences. Culture is a complex set of relationships, responses, and interpretations that must be understood, not as a body of discrete traits, but as an integrated system of orientations and practices generated within a specific socioeconomic context. Culture is ever changing and always being revised within the dynamic context of its enactment.Culture is neither a blueprint nor an identity; individuals choose between various cultural options, and in our multicultural society, many times choose widely between the options offered by a variety of cultural traditions. It is not possible to predict the beliefsand behaviors of individuals based on their race, ethnicity, or national origin. Individuals' group membership cannot be assumed to indicate their culture because those who share a group label may variously enact culture.In its zeal to encourage respect for cultural difference, the cultural competency movement has sometimes lost sight of these important features of the concept of culture. Instead it has too often represented culture as a decontextualized set of traits providing a template for the perceptions and behaviors of group members. A burgeoning literature on cultural diversity presents the reader with veritable laundry lists of traditional beliefs and practices ostensibly characteristic of particular ethnic groups. 49) This approach encourages the questionable notion that immigrants and certain ethnic and racial minorities are particularly driven by traditionalism. The emphasis in this genre is on difference, pitting the exotic and esoteric against mainstream or conventional beliefs that remain unnamed and unexplored.The misconception, common in clinical settings, that culture can be understood as a set of discrete traits, has led some mistakenly to treat culture as an explanatory variable, subject to prediction and control. In such applications, specific ethnic cultures are represented as a codified body of characteristics that can be identified and then either modified or manipulated to facilitate clinical goals.Paradoxically, in such approaches, what originated in a desire to promote respect for individual differences may instead promote stereotyping and essential zing. This process of reifying presumed difference may have the unintended consequence of bolstering a sense of group boundaries.50) It may also reinforce the belief that culture can be diagnosed and treated, that exotic or unfamiliar beliefs and behaviors of members of already disempowered subgroups should be controlled and adjusted to resemble norms of the dominant group.13．Which statement is NOT true according to this passage?A．Definitions of culture are usually difficult, varied and ambiguous.B．There is no agreed-upon definition of culture so far.C．There is no common ground in different definitions of culture.D．Most definitions of culture emphasize that it is complex and dynamic.14．Culture is not an identity because culture .A．does determine behaviorB．does not provide possible actionsC．can predict the beliefs and behaviors of individualsD．is optional and ever changing within the dynamic context15．Emphasizing cultural differences too much would .A．help grasp the most important features of concept of cultureB．treat culture as a contextualized set of traitsC．respect the traditions of immigrants and certain ethnic and racial minoritiesD．lead to regard the exotic and esoteric against mainstream or conventional beliefs 16．Which of the following is the author’s viewpoint?A．Culture can be understood not as a set of discrete traits but as an integrated system of orientations and practices generated within a specific socioeconomic context.B．Culture can be treated as an explanatory variable, subject to prediction and control.C．Culture can be represented as a codified body of characteristics that can be identified and then either modified or manipulated.D．Culture can be diagnosed and treated and the exotic or unfamiliar beliefs and behaviors should be controlled and adjusted to resemble norms of the dominant group. Passage FiveThe other problem that arises from the employment of women is that of the working wife. It has two aspects: that of the wife who is more of a success than her husband and that of the wife who must rely heavily on her husband for help with domestic tasks. There are various ways in which the impact of the first difficulty can be reduced. Provided that husband and wife are not in the same or directly comparable lines of work, the harsh monetary measure of achievement as intolerably crude. Where there are rank, it is best if the couple work in different fields so that the husband can find some special reason for superiority of the lowest figure in his to the most elevated in his wife’s.A problem that affects a much larger number of working wives is the need to re-allocate domestic tasks if there are children. In The Road to Wigan Pier George Orwell wrote of the unemployed of the Lancashire coalfields: “Practically never ... in a working-class home, will you see the man doing a stroke of the housework. Unemployment has not changed this convention, which on the face of it seems a little unfair. The man is idle from morning to night but the woman is as busy as ever - more so, indeed, because she has to manage with less money. Yet so far as my experience goes the women do not protest. They feel that a man would lose his manhood if, merely because he was out of work, he developed in a ‘Mary Ann’.”It is over the care of young children that this re-allocation of duties becomes really significant. For this, unlike the cooking of fish fingers or the making of beds, is an inescapably time-consuming occupation, and time is what the fully employed wife has no more to spare of than her husband.The male initiative in courtship is a pretty indiscriminate affair, something that is tried on with any remotely plausible woman who comes within range and, of course, with all degrees of tentativeness. What decides the issue of whether a genuine courtship is going to get under way is the woman’s response. If she shows interest the engines of persuasion are set in movement. The truth is that in courtship society gives women the real power while pretending to give it to men.What does seem clear is that the more men and women are together, at work and away from it, the more the comprehensive amorousness of men towards women will have to go, despite all its past evolutionary services. For it is this that makes inferiority at work abrasive and, more indirectly, makes domestic work seem unmanly, if there is to be an equalizing redistribution of economic and domestic tasks between men andwomen there must be a compensating redistribution of the erotic initiative. If women will no longer let us beat them they must allow us to join them as the blushing recipients of flowers and chocolates.17．The first paragraph advises the working wife who is more successful than her husband to .A．work in the same sort of job as her husband.B．play down her success, making it sound unimportant.C．stress how much the family gains from her high salary.D．introduce more labour-saving machinery into the home.18．Orwell’s picture of relations between man and wife in Wigan Pier describes a relationship which the author of the passage .A．thinks is the natural oneB．wishes to see preservedC．believes is fairD．is sure must change19．The last paragraph stresses that if women are to hold important jobs, then they must .A．sometimes make the first advances in loveB．allow men to flirt with many womenC．stop accepting presents of flowers and chocolatesD．avoid making their husbands look like “Mary Anns”20．Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about the present form of courtship?A．The woman’s reaction decides the fate of courtship.B．Each man “makes passes” at many women.C．Men are equally serious about courtship.D．The man leaves himself the opportunity to give up the chase quickly.Part II English-Chinese Translation (5 4＝20%)Directions: Reading the following passage, and the translate the underlined parts, numbered from (1) to (4), from English into Chinese. Please write your short essay on the ANWER SHEET.My topic today is “The Car and Air Pollution.”In particular, I want firstly to discuss the ways in which the car causes air pollution; and secondly, how we can control or reduce air pollution from the car.First, then, how does the car cause air pollution? (1)What happens is that the car’s internal combustion engine is a kind of chemical factory on a small scale. It uses a mixture of petrol and air, and this mixture explodesand burns, to produce the energy which propels the car. (2)But while this is happening, many complicated chemical reactions are taking place. In particular, part of the petrol-air mixture is not completely burned up, and so the exhaust gases from the engine contain some very dangerous chemicals, such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, lead and hydrocarbons.This is the situation, then, and it’s going to get much worse, unless we do something about it. So, let’s focus our attention now on ways of controlling or reducing the amount of air pollution caused by the car.First, we can discourage the use of cars. For example, we can put higher taxes on petrol and on cars themselves - especially the larger ones that use a lot of petrol.(3)Second, we can encourage alternative methods of transport both between and within urban areas. For instance, we can make train and bus services cheaper and more convenient. And we can build a mass transit system in large cities, particularly an underground railway system such as those in London, New York, Moscow and Tokyo.Next, we can use a different and cleaner fuel for the internal combustion engine with other designs.Fourth, we can replace the present internal combustion engine with other designs. There are several possibilities being researched at present, such as electric, gas turbine, and “steam” engines. However, each of these engine designs has its own disadvantages.(4)Last but not the least, we are trying to control the emissions from the internal combustion engine much more strictly. This, for example, is a catalytic converter, which converts the most dangerous ingredients of the car exhaust into water and harmless gases.As I’m sure you can see, there are problems with each of these ways; but at least they’re a step in the right direction. Probable the best answer is a synthesis of all five. Part III Chinese-English Translation (20%)Directions: Translate the following paragraph for the Chinese into English. Please write your short essay on the ANWER SHEET.各国文明的多样性，是人类社会的基本特征，也是推动世界文明进步的重要动力。
博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解
博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解Doctoral Entrance Examination in EnglishPart I: Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: In this section, there are four passages followed by questions or incomplete statements. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question or complete each statement.Passage 1:Climate Change and Global WarmingClimate change refers to long-term changes in average weather patterns in a specific region or globally. Global warming, on the other hand, specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities. While some argue that global warming is a natural phenomenon, the overwhelming majority of scientists agree that human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, are the primary causes of climate change.1. According to the passage, what is the main cause of global warming?A. Natural phenomenaB. Human activitiesC. Average weather patternsD. Long-term changes in climateAnswer: B. Human activities2. What is the difference between climate change and global warming?A. Climate change is caused by human activities, while global warming is natural.B. Global warming refers specifically to changes in average weather patterns.C. Climate change refers to long-term changes in climate, while global warming is due to human activities.D. Global warming specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities.Answer: D. Global warming specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities.Passage 2:The Importance of BiodiversityBiodiversity refers to the variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of the environment and supporting the overall health of ecosystems. Loss of biodiversity is a significant concern as it can lead to negative impacts on food security, climate stability, and overall ecosystem function.3. What is biodiversity?A. The variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem.B. The balance of the environment.C. The health of ecosystems.D. The stability of climate.Answer: A. The variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem.4. Why is loss of biodiversity a concern?A. It leads to an increase in food security.B. It has no impact on climate stability.C. It can negatively affect food security, climate stability, and ecosystem function.D. It supports overall ecosystem function.Answer: C. It can negatively affect food security, climate stability, and ecosystem function.Part II: Writing (60 points)Directions: In this section, write an essay on one of the following topics. Your essay should be approximately 400 words in length.1. The Impact of Technology on Society2. Education in the Digital Age3. The Importance of Cross-Cultural Communication4. Sustainable Development and Environmental ConservationPart III: Speaking (60 points)Directions: In this section, you will be asked to discuss one of the following topics. You will have five minutes to prepare your response and three minutes to present it.1. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Learning2. The Influence of Social Media on Relationships3. Effective Strategies for Time Management4. The Role of Government in Promoting Renewable EnergyDetailed explanations and model answers for Part II and Part III will be provided during the examination.Good luck with your doctoral entrance examination in English!。
武汉大学博士英语试题
武汉大学2012Part I Documental Analysis 15%Attention: Analyze the following paragraph according to the requirements of perspective, method and skill, and questions.But as the Grand Narrative of Progress came to dominate other values and views, it cast a malignant shadow. The invention of the automobile was the quintessence of progress, but it left overcrowded highways, air pollution, and deforestation in its wake. Fertilizers increased crop production but also increased the growth of algae in lakes and canals. The discovery of powerful insecticides--first greeted with enthusiasm and a Nobel Prize--was followed by the unintentional poisoning of fish, birds, and animals. Nuclear power plants increased available energy but led to storage problems, life-threatening contamination, and at least one accident with worldwide repercussions. The waste products of technological living began to choke great cities and foul once-pristine lands. Although Western housing, clothing, and religion were brought to aboriginal people, and the rate of infectious disease went down, the rate of alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, and spouse and child abuse went up.Part II Article Analysis 15%Attention:Fill the chart according to the requirements based on your understanding of the following article.1. We live in times that are harsh but exciting, where everyone agrees that we are moving to a new level of civilization. Principles, values, ways of life, will no longer be the same; but as yet we are not really ready for these changes; we are faced with inventing the future and also bringing it into operation, progressively; we make experiments and we frequently make mistakes; but we are beginning to know what we want when we talk of justice, freedom and democracy. The scientific and technological community is directly involved in the questions that arise. Following those of our generation, the demands of your generation will continue until these aims have been at least partially achieved.2. The closeness of scientific problems to political problems is such that scientific workers are not, far from it, protected from socio-economic vicissitudes. So much so that they sometimes express the same needs as all other workers and join them in this context; but they also call for specific measures. Like everyone else we need freedom but we especially need freedom of expression for our scientific and technological ideas; we need this even if it is only to put them forward for criticism. We don't ask for any particular privilege but we would like the efforts made to be evaluated at their actual worth, in the interests of society.3. If our federation is so active in working for a statement of the rights and responsibilities of scientific workers, it is because we wish to resolve this problem ina way appropriate to most countries.4. So you will certainly play an important part in society, even if this is not always readily recognized by society, because scientific and technological knowledge and expertise are the context in which future economic, social and political changes will take place. Whatever you do, you cannot ignore them and, whatever is said, society will not be able to ignore you. You will also have a decisive part to play, and perhaps an even more difficult one, in the scientific and technological community itself. The whole extension of this community and its interaction with society as a whole leads scientific workers to get involved in all political debates, crises and decisions. You will have to note the essential demands of science as such; it is not simply a matter of protecting society from unacceptable consequences; one must also protect scientific activity from political and financial meddling.5. It is vital to safeguard the basic honesty of science, the honesty that is basic to its method. Whenever, in the history of science, this honesty has been set aside, the consequences have been serious. I am not speaking merely of the suicide or disgrace of an individual but of the social and economic damage arising from such lapses. There are worse possibilities: at a time when problems are increasingly complex, with ever widening political implications, we need science to be technically dependable and socially credible. In a world of turbulence, science's saving grace is not simply material but lies in its rationality.Part III Writing 20%Attention: Write an essay on the following topic with substantial evidence and good reasoning (e.g. in a linear way) in more than 300 words.How to Write English Well as a PhD Candidate---- On My Class Experience。
武汉大学考博英语模拟试卷33(题后含答案及解析)
武汉大学考博英语模拟试卷33(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. English-Chinese Translation 3. Chinese-English Translation 4. WritingReading ComprehensionAs a business model, the world of publishing has always been a somewhat sleepy enclave, but now all that seems poised to change. Several companies have moved aggressively into a new business endeavor whose genesis comes from the question: Who owns the great works of literature? Text-on-demand is not a completely new idea, of course. In the 1990s, the Gutenberg project sought volunteers to type literary classics that had expired copyrights into word processing files so that scholars would have searchable databases for their research. Most of the works of Shakespeare, Cervantes, Proust, and Moliere were to be found free online by as early as 1995. However, now large-scale companies have moved into the market, with scanners and business plans, and are looking for bargain basement content. These companies are striking deals with libraries, and some publishers, to be able to provide their content, for a price, to individual buyers over the Internet. At stake are the rights to an estimated store of 30 million books, most of which are now out of print. Many of these books are now also in the public domain, giving any company the right to sell them online. Still, a good portion of the books a general audience want to buy is still under copyright. The urgent question:Who owns those copyrights? In the case of all too many books put out more than 20 years ago by now-defunct publishing companies, the answer is unclear—a situation the new text-on-demand companies are eager to exploit. An association of publishers has sued, claiming massive copyright infringement. The case is several years away from trial.1．The primary purpose of the passage is to______.A．present the results of a statistical analysis and propose further studyB．explain a recent development and explore its consequenceC．identify the reasons for a trend and recommend measures to address itD．outline several theories about a phenomenon and advocate one of them正确答案：B解析：短文的主要目的是解释最新的一种发展趋势并探讨它的后果。
武汉大学2013年博士研究生入学考试英语真题
武汉大学2013年博士研究生入学考试英语真题Part I: Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions：In this part for the test，there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage isfollowed by 4 questions or unfinished statement，and each question or unfinished statement is followedby four choices marked A，B，C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corre- sponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage 1The changing profile of a city in the United States is apparent in the shifting definitionsused by the United States Bureau of the Census. In 1870 the census official distinguishedthe nation’s urban from its “rural” population for the first time. “Urban population” was de-fined as persons living in towns of 8，000 inhabitants or more. But after 1900 it meant per-sons living in incorporated places having 2，500 or more inhabitants.Then in 1950 the Census Bureau radically changed its definition of “urban” to accountof the new vagueness of city boundaries. In addition to persons living incorporated units of2，500 or more, the census now included those who lived in unincorporated units of thatsize, and also all persons living in the densely settled urban fringe, including both incorpo-rated and unincorporated areas located around cities of 50，000 inhabitants or more. Eachsuch unit, conceived as an integrated economic and social unit with a large population nu-cleus was named a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA).Each SMSa would contain at least one central city with 50，000 inhabitants or more ortwo cities having shared boundaries and constituting, for general economic and social pur-poses, a single community with a combined population of at least 50，000, the smaller ofwhich must have a population of at least 15，000. Such an area included the country inwhich the central city is located, and adjacent countries that are found to be metropolitan incharacter arid economically and socially integrated with the country of the central city. By1970，about two-thirds of the population of the United States was living in these urbanizedareas, and of that figure more than half were living outside the central cities While the Census Bureau and the United States government used the term SMSa (by1969 there were 233 of them)，social scientists were also using new term to describe the e-lusive vaguely defined areas reaching out from what used to be simple “town” and u cit- iesa host of terms came into use: “metropolitan regions”，“polynucleated p opulationgroups”，“conurbations”，“metropolitan clusters”，“megalopolises”，and so on.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. How cities in the United States began and developed?巳.Solutions to overcrowding in citiesC. The changing definition of an urban areaA. How the United States Census Bureau conducts a census?2. Prior to 1900, how many inhabitants would a town has to have before being definedas urban?A. 500B. 8, 000C. 15, 000D. 50, 0003. According to the passage, why did the Census Bureau revise the definition of urbanin 1950?A. City borders had become less distinct.B. Cities had undergone radical social change.C. Elected officials could not agree on an acceptable definition.D. New businesses had relocated to larger cities.4. Which of the following is NOT true of an SMSA?A. It has a population of at least 50, 000.B. It can include a city’s outlying regions.C. It can include unincorporated regions.D. it consists of at least two cities.Passage 2The concept of obtaining fresh water from icebergs that are towed to populated areasand arid regions of the world was once treated as a joke more appropriate to cartoons thanreal life. But now it is being considered quite seriously by many nation especially sincesci-entists have warned that the human race will outgrow its flesh was supply faster than it runsout of food.Glaciers are as a possible source of fresh water that has been overlooked recently.Three-quarters of the Earth’s fresh water supply is still tied up in glacial ice, reservoir of un-tapped fresh water so immense that it could sustain all the rivers of the world for 1，000years. Floating on the oceans every year are 7, 659 trillion metric tons ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of themfrom Antarctica.Huge glaciers that stretch over the shallow continental shelf give birth to icebergs throughout the year. Icebergs are not like sea ice, which is formed when the sea itself free-zes；rather they are formed entirely on land, breaking off when glaciers spread over thesea. As they drift away from the Polar region, icebergs sometimes move mysteriously in adirection opposite to the wind, pulled by subsurface currents. Because they melt more slowly than smaller pieces of ice, icebergs have been known to drift as far north as 35 de-grees south of the equator in the Atlantic Ocean. To corral them and steer them to parts ofthe world where they are needed would not be too difficult.The difficulty arises in other technical matters, such as the prevention of rapidmeltingin warmer climates and the tunneling of fresh water to shore in great volume. But even if theicebergs lost half of their volume, the water they could provide would be far cheaper thanthat produced by desalination, or removing salt from water.5. What is the main topic of the passage?A. The movement of glaciersB. Icebergs as a source of fresh waterC. Future water shortagesD. The future of the world’s rivers6. How ale icebergs formed?A. They bread off from glaciers.巳.Seawater freezes.C. Rivers freeze.A. Small pieces of flowing ice converge7. With which of the following ideas would the author be likely to agree?A. Towing icebergs to dry areas is economically possible.巳.Desalination of water is the best way to obtain drinking water.C. Using water from icebergs is a very short-term solution to water shortages.A. Icebergs could not be towed very far before they would melt.8. It can be inferred from the passage that most icebergs _____________ .A. become part of glaciersB. drill toward the polar regionC. move in whichever direction the wind is blowingD. melt in the oceansPassage 3There are two ways to create colors in a photograph. One method, called additive, sits with three basic colors and adds them together to produce some other color. The sec-ond method, called subtractive, starts with white light (a mixture of all colors in the spec-trum) by taking away some or all other colors, leaves the one desired.In the additive method, separate colored lights combine to produce various other col-ors. The three additive primary colors are green, red, and blue (each proving about one-third the wavelengths in the total spectrums). Mixed in varying proportions, they can pro-duce all colors. Green and red light mix to produce yellow, red and blue light mix to pro- duce magenta, green and blue mix to produce cyan. When equal parts of all three of theseprimary-colored beams of light overlap, the mixture appears white to the eye.In the subtractive process colors are produced when dye (as in paint or color photo-graph materials) absorbs some wavelengths and so passes on only part of the spectra. The subtractive primaries are cyan (a bluish green)，magenta (a purplish pink), and yellow；these are the pigments or dyes that absorb red, green, and blue wavelengths, re-spectively, thus subtracting them into white light. These dye colors are the complementarycolors to the three additive primaries of red, green, and blue. Properly combined, the subtractive primaries can absorb all colors of light, producing black. But, mixed in varyingproportions, they too can produce any color in the spectrum.Whether a particular color is obtained by adding colored lights together or by subtrac-ting, some light from the total spectrum, the result looks the same to the eye. The additiveprocess was employed for early color photography. But the subtractive method, while re-quiring complex chemical techniques, has turned out to be more practical and is the basisof all modern color films.9. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase “passes on” as used inparagraph 3?A. Judges 巳.Let through C. Dies D. Goes over10. Which of the following is NOt a pair of additive, and subtractive primary colors?A. Yellow and blueB. Magenta and greenC. Black and whiteD. Cyan and red11. What explanation is given for the use of the subtractive method in modem colorfilms?A. Subtractive colors are more realistic.巳.The subtractive process is more efficient.C. Additive chemical techniques are too complex.D. The additive process is still being developed.12. How is the passage organized?A. The reasons for a choice are explained in depth.B. a general statement is justified by a series of historical examples.C. Two basic causes are compared. .D. Related processes are described one after the other.Passage 4The idea of humanoid robots is not new. They have been part of the imaginative land-scape ever since Karl Capek，a Czech writer, first dreamed them up for his 1921 play Possum’s Universal Robots (The word robot comes from the Czech word “drudgery”，Ro-berta. )Since then, Hollywood has produced countless variations on to theme, from the sultry False Mona in Fritz Lang’s silent masterpiece Metropolis to the withering C3PO in StarWars and the ruthless assassin of Terminator. Humanoid robots have walked into our col-lective subconscious coloring our views of the future.But now Japan’s industrial giants are spending billions of yen to make such robots real-ity. Their new humanoids represent impressive feats of engineering: when Honda intro-duced Asimo, a four-foot robot that had been in development for some 15 years walked sofluidly that its white, articulated exterior seemed to conceal a human. Honda continues tomake the machine faster, friendlier and more agile. Last October，when Asimo was induc-ted into the Robot Hall of Fame in Pittsburgh，it walked on to the stag and accepted its ownplaque.At two and a half feet tall, Sony’s QRIo is smaller and more toy-like than Asimo. It walks, understands small number of voice commands, and can navigate on its own. If itfalls over, it gets up and resumes where it left off. It can even connect senselessly totheinterpreter and broadcast what its camera eyes can see. In 2003，Sony demonstrated anupgraded QRIo Rat could run. Honda responded last December win a version of Asimothat runs at twice the speed.In 2004, Toyota joined the fray win its own family of robots, called Partners, one of which is a four-foot humanoid that plays the trumpet. Its fingers work the instrument valves,and it has mechanical lungs and artificial lips. Toyota hopes to over commercial version ofthe robot by 2010. This month, 50 Partner robots will act guides at Expo 2005 in Aichi, Ja-pan.Despite their sudden proliferation, however，humanoids are still a mechanic minority.Most of the world’s robots are faceless, footless and mute. They are bolted the floors of factories, stamping out car parts or welding pieces of metal, making more machines. Ac-cording to the United Nations, business orders for industrial robots jumped 18% in the firsthalf of 2004. They may soon be outnumbered by domestic robots, such as self-navigatingvacuum cleaners, lawn mowers and window washers, which at selling fast. But neither in-dustrial nor domestic robots are humanoid.13. In paragraph 1 the author introduces his topic by relating.A. the idea of humanoid robotsB. Karl Capek’s creation of robotsC. Hollywood’s production of robot filmsD. the origin of and popular movies about robots14. Sony’s QRIo could perform all the following tasks EXCEPt.A. walking earners freelyB. understanding some words uttered by peopleC. finding its wayD. continuing walking after it stumbles15. From the passage we may infer that Toyota’s Partner_____________.A. is much better than any other robots巳.is no more than a mechanic deviceC. may be put into mass productionD. may speak like man16. Judging from the context, this passage is probably written.A. in 2004B. in 2005C. between 2003—2004D. between 2004—2005Passage 5For years pediatricians didn’t worry much about heating hypertension in their patients.After all, kids grow so fast，it’s hard keeping up with their shoe size, let alone their bloodpressure. Sure, hypertension in adults places them at greater risk of heart attack and stroke. But nobody likes the idea of starting youngsters on blood-pressure medicine theycould wind up taking the rest of their lives. Who knows what previously unheard-of side effects could crop up after five or six decades of daily use?The rationale has been: kids grow out of so many things maybe they’ll grow out of thistoo.Now, though, comes word that high blood pressure can be destructive even in child-hood. According to a recent report in the journal Circulation, 19 of 130 children with highblood pressure developed a dangerous thickening of the heart muscle that, in adults at least, has been linked to heart failure. “No one knows if this pattern holds true for youngerpatients as well，” says Dr. Stephen Daniels, a pediatric cardiologist who led the study atChildren’s Hospital Medical Center in Cincinnati, Ohio. “But if worrisome. ”Who’s most at risk? Boys more than gir ls, especially boys who are overweight. Theirheart works so hard to force blood through extra layers of fat that its walls grow denser. Then, after decades of straining it grows too big to pump blood very well. Fortunately theabnormal, thickening can be spotted by ultrasound. And in most case getting that bloodpressure under control through weight loss and exercise or, as a last resort, drug treat- ment allows the overworked muscle to shrink to normal size.How can you tell if yours are like the 670，000 American children ages 10 to 18 withhigh blood pressure? It’s not the sort of thing you can catch by putting your child’s arms ina cuff at the free monitoring station in your local grocery. You should have a test done by adoctor, who will consult special tables that indicate the normal range of blood pressure fora particular child’s age, height and sex. If the doctor finds an abnormal result he will re- peat the test over a period of months to make sure the reading isn’t fake. He’ll also check,whether other conditions, like kidney disease, could be the sources of the trouble. Be- cause hypertension can be hard to detect the National Heart, Lung Blood Institute recom-mends annual blood-pressure checks for every child over age 3.About half the cases of hypertension stem directly from kids being overweight.And theproblem is likely to grow. Over the past 30 years the proportion of children in to U. S.whoare overweight has doubled, from 5 % to 11%or 4. 7 million kids.You can keep your children from joining their ranks by clearing the junk food fromyourpantry and hooking you kids —the earlier the betters healthy, attractive snacks likefruits(try freezing grapes or carrot sticks with salsa). Not only will they lower your children’sblood pressure: these foods will also boost their immune system and unclog theirplumb-ing. Meanwhile, make sure your kids spend more time on the playgroup than with theirplay station. Even if they don’t shed a pound, vigorous exercise will he keep their bloodvessels nice and wide, lowering their blood pressure. And of course they’ll be morelikelyto eat light and exercise if you set a good example.17. The word “ unclog’’ in the last paragraph can be replaced by______________ .A. fixB. clearC. hinderD. dismantle18. By saying “it’s not the sort of thing you can catch by putting your child’s armin acuff at the free monitoring station in your local grocery”，the writer implies _______________ .A. hypertension is hard to detect.巳.children often revue to have their blood pressure tested.C. you’ll have to pay a lot of money if you want to have your child’s blood pressurechecked in a grocery.D. in a local grocery, you are free to determine how to have your child’s bloodpres-sure examined.19. Which of the following is not suggested by the writer to control hypertension?A. Drug Treatments 巳.Weight loss C. Exercise D. Overwork20. We can conclude from the passage that ____________ .A. children with hypertension are unlikely to suffer from heart attack and stroke.巳.parent’s blood pressure decides their children’s blood pressure.C. besides overweight, there are other factors resulting in hypertension.D. vigorous exercise sometimes will lead to heart trouble.Part II: English-Chinese Translation (20%)Directions: Read the following passage and there translate the underlined parts numbered from(1 ) to (4) , from English into Chinese. Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.[21 ] Half way through the semester in this market res㊀arch course at Roanok Collegelast fall，only moments after announcing a policy of zero tolerance for cellphone use in theclassroom. Prof. Ali Nazemi heard a ring. Then he spotted a young man named NeilRo-land fumbling with his phone，thing to turn it off before being caught.“Neil, can I see that phone?” Professor Nazemi said, more in a command than aquestion. The student surrendered it. Professor Nazemi opened his briefcase,produced ahammer and proceeded to smash the offending device. Throughout the classroomstudentfaces went ashen.“How am I going to call my Mom now?” Neil asked. As Professor Sem i refuses toan-swer, a classmate offered, “You can sue. ’’[22]One thing we should be clear about was the episode in his classroom had beerplotted and scripted ahead of time with Neil Noland part of the plot all along. The phonewas an ㊀xtra of his mother’s，its service contract long expired.Professor Nazemi, in a telephone interview last week, attested to the exasperation ofcountless teachers and professors in the computer era. Their permanent war of attritionwith defiantly inattentive students has escalated from the pursuit of pigtail-pulling，spitball-lobbing and notebook-doodling to a high-tech arsenal of laptops, cellphones, Blackberriesand the like.The poor school teacher or master now must compete with texting instant-messaging,Facebook, eBay YouTube, addictinggames. com and other poxes on pedagogy.“There are certain lines you shouldn’t cross,” the professor said. “If you start tolera-ting this stuff, it becomes the norm. The more you give, the more they take. Multitasking isgood, but I want the m to do more tasking in my class. ”[23]All the advances schools and colleges have made to supposedly enhance learn-ing - supplying students with laptops equipping computer labs, creating wireless networkshave instead enabled distraction. Perhaps attendance records should include a new cate-gory: present but otherwise engaged.Naturally, there will be manly students and no small number of high-tech supporterready to lay the blame on boring lessons. One of the great condemnations in education jar-gon these days, after all, is the ^teacher-centered lesson”.[24]“I am so tired of that excuse,” said Professor 巳ugeja，may he live a long andfruitful life. “The idea that subject matter is boring is truly relative.巳oring as opposed to what? Buying shoes on ㊀巳ay? The fa ct is we’re not here to entertain. We’re here to stimu-late the life of the mind. ”“Education requires contemplation,n he continued. “It requires critical thinking. Whatwe may be doing now is training a generation of air-traffic controllers rather than scholars.And i do know I’m going to lose. MNot，one can only hope, without fight.In the end, as science-fiction writers have prophesied for years, the technology is bound to outwit the fallible human. What teacher or professor can possibly police room fullof determined goof-offs while also delivering an engaging lesson?Part III: Chinese-English Translation (20%)Directions: Translate the following paragraphs from Chinese into English. Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.中国作为一个发展中国家，面临着发展经济和保护环境的双重任务。
2015年武汉大学考博英语考试真题
2015年武汉大学考博英语考试真题一、阅读理解Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form. of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression "an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth." That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society. To make up for his offence, society must get even. This can be done only by doing an equal injury to him. This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who has committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restore the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own will pay his debt. The demand of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due.Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it. It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of society. Before a treatment can be administered, the cause of his antisocial behavior. must be found. If the cause can be removed, provisions must be made to have this done. Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated front the rest of the society. This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him. If severe punishments is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it should be administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assume a normal place in society. His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.1. The best title for this selection is （）A. Fitting Punishment to the CrimeB. Approaches to Just PunishmentC. Improvement in Legal JusticeD. Attaining Justice in the Courts2.The passage implies that the basic difference between retributive justice and corrective justice is the （）.A. type of crime that was provenB. severity for the punishmentC. reason for the sentenceD. outcome of the trial3. The punishment that would be most inconsistent with the views of corrective justice would be（）.A. forced brain surgeryB. whippingC. solitary confinementD. the electric chair4. The Biblical expression "an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth”was presented in order to （）.A. prove，that equality demands just punishmentB. justify the need for punishment as a part of lawC. give moral backing to retributive justiceD. prove that man has long been interested in justice"In every known human society the male's needs for achievement ca n be recognized... In agreat number of human societies men's sureness of their sex role is tied up with their right, orability, to practice some activity that women are not allowed to pra ctice. Their maleness in facthas to be underwritten by preventing women from entering some field or performing some feat."This is the conclusion of the anthropologist Margaret Mead about the way in which the rolesof men and women in society should be distinguished.If talk and print are considered it would seem that the formal emancipation of women is far fromcomplete. There is a flow of publications about the continuing domest ic bondage of womenand about the complicated system of defences which men have thrown u p around theirhitherto accepted advantages, taking sometimes the obvious form of exc lusion from types ofoccupation and sociable groupings, and sometimes the more subtle formof automatic doubtof the seriousness of women's pretensions to the level of intellect and resolution that men, itis supposed, bring to the business of running the world.There are a good many objective pieces of evidence for the erosi on of men's status. In thefirst place, there is the widespread postwar phenomenon of the woman Prime Minister, in India, Sri Lanka and Israel.Secondly, there is the very large increase in the number of wome n who work, especially married women and mothers of children. More diffusely there are the increasin gly numerousconvergences between male and female behaviour: the approximation to i dentical styles indress and coiffure, the sharing of domestic tasks, and the admissionof women to all sorts ofhitherto exclusively male leisure-time activities.Everyone carries round with him a fairly definite idea of the pr imitive or natural conditions ofhuman life. It is acquired more by the study of humorous cartoons t han of archaeology, butthat does not matter since it is not significant as theory but only as an expression of inwardlyfelt expectations of people's sense of what is fundamentally proper i n the differentiationbetween the roles of the two sexes. In this rudimentary natural soci ety men go out to huntand fish and to fight off the tribe next door while women keep the fire going. Amorousinitiative is firmly reserved to the man, who sets about courtship w ith a club.5. The phrase "men's sureness of their sex role" in the first parag raph suggests that they （）A. are confident in their ability to charm women.B. take the initiative in courtship.C. have a clear idea of what is considered "manly".D. tend to be more immoral than women are.6. The third paragraph （）A. generally agrees with the first paragraphB. has no connection with the first paragraphC. repeats the argument of the second paragraphD. contradicts the last paragraph7. The usual idea of the cave man in the last paragraph（）A. is based on the study of archaeologyB. illustrates how people expect men to behaveC. is dismissed by the author as an irrelevant jokeD. proves that the man, not woman, should be the wooer8. The opening quotation from Margaret Mead sums up a relationship b etween man and woman which the author（）A. approves ofB. argues is naturalC. completely rejectsD. expects to go on changingFarmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations. It makes it hard to plan ahead. But most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the market sets. Farmers in Europe, the U.S. and Japan are luckier: they receive massive government subsidies in the form of guaranteed prices or direct handouts. Last month U.S. President Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $190 billion over the next 10 years, or $83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get, and pushes U.S. agricultural support close to crazy European levels. Bush said the step was necessary to "promote farmer independence and preserve the farm way of life for generations". It is also designed to help the Republican Party win control of the Senate in November's mid term elections.Agricultural production in most poor countries accounts for up to 50% of GDP, compared to only 3% in rich countries. But most farmers in poor countries grow just enough for themselves and their families. Those who try exporting to the West find their goods whacked with huge tariffs or competing against cheaper subsidized goods. In 1999 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development concluded that for each dollar developing countries receive in aid they lose up to $14 just because of trade barriers imposed on the export of their manufactured goods. It's not as if the developing world wants any favours, says Gerald Ssendwula, Uganda's Minister of Finance. "What we want is for the rich countries to let us compete."Agriculture is one of the few areas in which the Third World can compete. Land and labour are cheap, and as farming methods develop, new technologies should improve output. This is no pie in the sky speculation. The biggest success in Kenya's economy over the past decade has been the boom in exports of cut flowers and vegetables to Europe. But that may all change in 2008, when Kenya will be slightly too rich toqualify for the "least developed country" status that allows African producers to avoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricultural products. With trade barriers in place, the horticulture industry in Kenya will shrivel as quickly as a discarded rose. And while agriculture exports remain the great hope for poor countries, reducing trade barriers in other sectors also works: Americas African Growth and Opportunity Act, which cuts duties on exports of everything from handicrafts to shoes, has proved a boon to Africa's manufacturers. The lesson: the Third World can prosper if the rich world gives it a fair go.This is what makes Bush's decision to increase farm subsidies last month all the more depressing. Poor countries have long suspected that the rich world urges trade liberalization only so it can wangle its way into new markets. Such suspicions caused the Seattle trade talks to break down three years ago. But last November members of the World Trade Organization, meeting in Doha, Qatar, finally agreed to a new round of talks designed to open up global trade in agriculture and textiles. Rich countries assured poor countries, that their concerns were finally being addressed. Bush's handout last month makes a lie of America's commitment to those talks and his personal devotion to free trade.9.By comparison, farmers （）receive more government subsidies than others.?A.in the developing worldB.in JapanC.in EuropeD.in America?10.In addition to the economic considerations, there is a （）moti ve behind Bush’s signing of the new farm bill.?A.partisanB.socialC.financialD.cultural?11.The message the writer attempts to convey throughout the passage i s that （）?A.poor countries should be given equal opportunities in trade?B.“the least?developed country”status benefits agricultural countries?C.poor countries should remove their suspicions about trade liberalizat ion?D.farmers in poor countries should also receive the benefit of subsid ies12.The writer’s attitude towards new farm subsidies in the U.S. is （）?A.favourableB.ambiguousC.criticalD.reservedRoger Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayle’s recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatt’s literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the racial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors? Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Blacks over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly White culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt’s thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels,bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.13 The author objects to criticism of Black fiction like that by Ad dison Gayle because it（）.A. emphasizes purely literary aspects of such fictionB. misinterprets the ideological content of such fictionC. misunderstands the notions of Black identity contained in such fic tionD. substitutes political for literary criteria in evaluating such fict ion14. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with （）.A. evaluating the soundness of a work of criticismB. comparing various critical approaches to "a subjectC. discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticismD. summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism15. The author's discussion of Black Fiction can be best described a s （）.A. pedantic and contentiousB. critical but admiringC. ironic and deprecatingD. argumentative but unfocused16. It can be inferred that the author would be LEAST likely to ap prove of which of the following （）A. An analysis of the influence of political events on the personal ideology of Black writersB. A critical study that applies sociopolitical criteria to autobiogra phies by Black authorsC. A literary study of Black poetry that appraises the merits of po ems according to the political acceptability of their themesD. An examination of the growth of a distinct Black literary traditi on within the context of Black history二、汉译英得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在家中横行霸道。
武汉大学攻读博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题
Earth?
A) The moon once smashed into the Earth too. B) The moon was battered earlier than the Earth. C) The moon, as a ciose neighbor. is easier to observ-e. l)) The moon's surface is heaviiy cratereei as the Earth's.
Eventually, in 2003, Manchester asked his friend Paul Reid to complete the trilogy. Now, nearly a decade later, Reid has published The Last Lion, the final piece of this monumental undertaking. Reid starts when Churchill was appointed prime minister in May 1940 and follows him through his death in 1965. While most of this volume is appropriately devoted to World War II, it also includes the vast expansion of the British welfare state following the war, the start of the Cold War and the enormous dangers it
武汉大学考博英语模拟试卷13(题后含答案及解析)
武汉大学考博英语模拟试卷13(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．Edison tested more than one thousand materials to see if they could______electric current and glow.A．bringB．makeC．carryD．produce正确答案：C解析：A项bring意为“带来”，具有方向性；B项make意为“制造”；C 项carry表示“传送，传播”；D项produce表示“产生”。
C项为正确答案。
知识模块：词汇2．Helen could not help feeling antipathy toward her father’s new wife whom he married just two months after the death of Helen’s mother.A．sympathyB．concessionC．compassionD．hostility正确答案：D解析：本题中，antipathy的意思是“憎恶，反感”。
D项hostility“敌意”符合题意。
其他三项sympathy“同情”，concession“让步”，compassion“同情”都不正确。
知识模块：词汇3．Grand Teton National Park______the most scenic portion of the glaciated, snow-covered Teton Range.A．excludesB．fulfilsC．dominatesD．expands正确答案：C解析：本题中，dominate的意思是“支配，俯瞰”，符合题意，如：a drug company that，dominates the tranquilizer market(独占镇静剂市场的制药公司)。
武汉大学2016年博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解【圣才出品】
武汉大学2016年博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解Part ⅠReading Comprehension (2分×20=40分)Directions:In this part for the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statement, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage 1My last flight to Rome landed at stupid o’clock in the morning so I was almost looking forward to getting a cup of hot coffee from the flight crew. Instead, I opted for holding my eyelids up with two fingers so I could find the first coffee shop in the airport. Coffee always tastes terrible on planes and there could be a simple—and disgusting—reason why.A couple of weeks ago, an assortment of airline employees spilled some of their industry’s secrets in an Ask Reddit thread, and two of them had some unpleasant things to say about the coffeemakers. A user named Muddbutt7 wrote: “Sometimes, the vehicle that fills the potable water for washing hands and making coffee is parked next to the vehicle that is used to dump the [toilets] and fill the blue juice f or the lavatories. They’re not supposed to. Sometimes, they’re parked at a distance from each other, which is policy, yet the guy who is filling thewater is using gloves that he hasn’t changed in o ver 2 years.”While a second user named WorsetoWorser added:“The coffee is absolutely disgusting because no one washes the container that goes out every morning. The station agents who get paid way too little don’t give a [expletive] about cleaning it. I certainly didn’t when I worked for AA. Also, because we weren’t given the proper supplies to clean it. We pretty much just rinsed it out and dumped coffee into it.”After reading those sort of stomach-churning confessions, Huffington Post attempted to determine how true those statements are. Abbie Unger, a former flight attendant, told the site:“It is true that the potable water tanks are not cleaned. But they are only filled with potable (drinkable) water, so it’s not like there is old coffee in a big container somewhere. The water doesn’t make for an excellent cup of coffee, but it’s not unsafe.”So basically, the reason that cup of Starbucks during your Delta flight tastes worse than the cup you had at the airport is because of the water, which is a point that has been raised previously. The Environmental Protection Agency began investigating the safety of the water on airplanes in 2004, after discovering that 15%—or 1.5 out of every 10 planes—tested positive for coliform bacteria in the drinking water.In 2013, NBC 5 looked into whether those numbers had improved and discovered that 12% of planes had at least one positive test for coliform in whatwas then the EPA’s most recent survey. Although the EPA said that there had not been any cases of anyone getting sick from the water onboard a plane, insiders still say that the tanks—and fire hoses that are used to fill them—can be pretty gross (“pretty gross” is a highly scientific term).In a Forbes piece called “Why Airline Crews’Skip the Coffee and Tea On Board,” former US Air employee John Goglia wrote:“Thirty years ago when I was working for USAir, we began a process to bleach the water tanks that hold the water and flush out the system. This was done on a regular basis. Yet, it was clear to anyone working on these tanks and their hoses that a lot of sediment was accumulating in the system, sediment that was akin to pond scum. Even after the tanks were bleached and flushed, some sediment always remained.”Of course, there could be other reasons why the coffee tastes so unpleasant. Cornell University scientists believe that the load, inescapable sound of cabin noise can affect the way we both perceive and taste foods during flight. Either way, we might just stick with coffee served at ground level from now on.1. What attitudes did the author have towards the coffee on planes according to the passage?A. longingB. negativeC. indifferentD. melancholy2. _____is basically the cause of the terrible coffee taste on planes.A. The unwashed container that goes out every morningB. The unchanged gloves of the crew memberC. The water used for making coffeeD. The improper supplies used to clean the container3. According to the context, what possibly is the Chinese meaning of the word “coliform” in Paragraph 9?A. 大肠菌B. 幽门螺杆菌C. 沙门氏菌D. 曲状杆菌4. Which of the following is INCORRECT according to US Air employee John Goglia?A. There was a regular process to bleach the water tanks and flush out the system.B. A lot of sediment was accumulating in the tanks and their hoses.C. None of the sediment remained after cleaning.D. Sediment was similar to pond scum.【答案与解析】1. B 观点态度题。
武大考博英语试题及答案
武汉大学2017年攻读博士学位研究生外语综合水平考试试题（满分值100分）科目名称：英语科目代码：1101注意：所有的答题内容必须写在答案纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。
Part I Reading Comprehension (2’×20 = 40 points)Directions:In this part of the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneMr Gordon is right that the second industrial revolution involved never-to-be-repeated changes. But that does not mean that driverless cars count for nothing. Messrs Erixon and Weigel are also right to worry about the West’s dismal recent record in producing new companies. But many old firms are not run by bureaucrats and have reinvented themselves many times over: General Electric must be on at least its ninth life. And the impact of giant new firms born in the past 20 years such as Uber, Google and Facebook should not be underestimated: they have all the Schumpeterian characteristics the authors admire.On the pessimists’ side the strongest argument relies not on closely watching corporate and investor behavior but rather on macro-level statistics on productivity. The figures from recent years are truly dismal. Karim Foda, of the Brookings Institution, calculates that labor productivity in the rich world is growing at its slowest rate since 1950. Total factor productivity (which tries to measure innovation) has grown at just 0.1% in advanced economies since 2004, well below its historical average.Optimists have two retorts. The first is that there must be something wrong with the figures. One possibility is that they fail to count the huge consumer surplus given away free of charge on the internet. But this is unconvincing. The official figures may well be understating the impact of the internet revolution, just as they downplayed the impact of electricity and cars in the past, but they are not understating it enough to explain the recent decline in productivity growth.Another, second line of argument that the productivity revolution has only just begun is more persuasive. Over the past decade many IT companies may have focused on things that were more “fun than fundamental” in Paul Krugman’s phrase.But Silicon Valley’s best companies are certainly focusing on things that change the material world.Uber and Airbnb are bringing dramatic improvements to two large industries that have been more or less stuck for decades. Morgan Stanley estimates that driverless cars could result in $507 billion a year of productivity gains in America, mainly from people being able to stare at their laptops instead of at the road.1.What has led to the pessimistic opinion concerning the world’s economy?A.It is based on macro-level statistics on productivity.B.It is based on close observation on corporate and investor behavior.C.It is due to the fact that many old firms are not run by bureaucrats.D.It is due to the fact that not enough new firms have been created.2.The first argument on the optimists’ side is unconvincing because the official figures________.A.are both wrong and unconvincingB.downplay the internet revolutionC.fail to include the consumer surplusD.can’t explain the decline in productivity growth3.What is true about the IT companies in Silicon Valley??A.They have only focused on the fun part of life.B.They have made a difference in the real world.C.They have more persuasive productivity.D.They have only just begun to develop.4.How can driverless cars benefit American industries?A.Driverless cars have revived two large American industries.B.The sale of driverless cars can reach hundreds of billion dollars.C.Thanks to them people free from driving can do more creative work.D.Driverless cars have stimulated the development of Uber and Airbnb.Passage TwoWinston Churchill was one of the central statesmen of the 20th century and, almost 50 years after his death, remains a subject of enduring fascination. Part of the current interest in this venerable figure can be attributed to two superb biographies written in the 1980s by historian William Manchester: “The Last Lion: Visions of Glory” and “The Last Lion: Alone.” These two books examined the first two-thirds of Churchill’s life.Unfortunately, after completing the second volume, Manchester’s health declined and the rest of the project stalled. So great was public interest in the long-delayed final volume that it was the subject of a front page story in The New York Times.Eventually, in 2003, Manchester asked his friend Paul Reid to complete the trilogy. Now, nearly a decade later, Reid has published The Last Lion, the final piece of this monumental undertaking. Reid starts when Churchill was appointed prime minister in May 1940 andfollows him through his death in 1965. While most of this volume is appropriately devoted to World War II, it also includes the vast expansion of the British welfare state following the war, the start of the Cold War and the enormous dangers it carried, and the loss of the British Empire.Reid has written a thorough and complete analysis of these years, and it is a worthy finale to the first two volumes. Exhaustively researched and carefully written, it draws on a full range of primary and secondary materials. This book will be essential reading for those who enjoyed the first two volumes and those with a deep interest in understanding this seminal figure and his place in history.Reid does a wonderful job of capturing Churchill in all his complexity. He gives Churchill great praise for his personal courage and inspirational leadership during the dark days when Britain stood alone, but he is equally clear about Churchill’s poor strategic judgments, such as the efforts to defend Greece and Crete, the Allied assault on Anzio, and the decision to send the battleship Prince of Wales and battle cruiser Repulse to the South China Sea without adequate air cover where they were promptly sunk by the Japanese.He highlights Churchill’s naiveté in dealing with Soviet Premier Stalin in the early years of the war, but praises his prescience in anticipating Stalin’s land grab in Eastern Europe at the end of the conflict. Reid also gives welcome attention to aspects of the war ― such as Churchill’s fear that the United States might decide to put its primary emphasis on defeating Japan regardless of the “Germany first” understanding he shared with Roosevelt that have received little attention in other books.5.What can be known about the two biographies of Churchill?A.They were written in an interesting style.B.They were written prior to Churchill’s death.C.They are mainly written from a historical point of view.D.They have helped intrigue the readers over a long period.6.Why did the biography once become a front page story in The New York Times?A.People were looking forward to the publication of the final volume.B.Readers were angry with the author for the delay of the final volume.C.The publication of the final volume was then a heatedly discussed issue.D.Readers wanted to know who would be the new author of the final volume.7.Why does the third volume prove to be worthy?A.It is widely read and welcomed by readers.B.It involves enough details in Churchill’s life.C.It is based on thorough and reliable research.D.It offers a unique understanding of Churchill.8.What can we know about Churchill through the third volume?A.He is a man with complexity.B.He pulled Britain through WWII.C.He made many strategic mistakes.D.He is courageous and inspirational.Passage ThreeAsteroids and comets that repeatedly smashed into the early Earth covered the planet’s surface with molten rock during its earliest days, but still may have left oases of water that could have supported the evolution of life, scientists say. The new study reveals that during the planet’s infancy, the surface of the Earth was a hellish environment, but perhaps not as hellish as often thought, scientists added.Earth formed about 4.5 billion years ago. The first 500 million years of its life are known as the Hadean Eon. Although this time amounts to more than 10 percent of Earth’s history, little is known about it, since few rocks are known that are older than 3.8 billion years old.For much of the Hadean, Earth and its sister worlds in the inner solar system were pummeled with an extraordinary number of cosmic impacts. “It was thought that because of these asteroids and comets flying around colliding with Earth, conditions on early Earth may have been hellish,” said lead study author Simone Marchi, a planetary scientist at the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado. This imagined hellishness gave the eon its name —Hadean comes from Hades, the lord of the underworld in Greek mythology.However, in the past dozen years or so, a radically different picture of the Hadean began to emerge. Analysis of minerals trapped within microscopic zircon crystals dating from this econ “suggested that there was liquid water on the surface of the Earth back then, clashing with the previous picture that the Hadean was hellish,” Marchi said. This could explain why the evidence of the earliest life on Earth appears during the Hadean —maybe the planet was less inhospitable during that eon than previously thought.The exact timing and magnitude of the impacts that smashed Earth during the Hadean are unknown. To get an idea of the effects of this bombardment, Machi and his colleagues looked at the moon, whose heavily cratered surface helped model the battering that its close neighbor Earth must have experienced back then.“We also looked at highly siderophile elements (elements that bind tightly to iron), such as gold, delivered to Earth as a result of these early collisions, and the amounts of these elements tells us the total mass accreted by Earth as the results of these collisions,”Marchi said. Prior research suggests these impacts probably contributed less than 0.5 percent of the Earth’s present-day mass.The researchers discovered that “the surface of the Earth during the Hadean was heavily affected by very large collisions, by impactors [ɪm'pæktə] larger than 100 kilometers (60 miles) or so —really, really big impactors,’ Marchi said.“When Earth has a collision with an object that big, that melts a large volume of the Earth’s crust and mantle, covering a large f raction of the surface,”Marchi added. These findings suggest that Earth’s surface was buried over and over again by large volumes of molten rock —enough to cover the surface of the Earth several times. This helps explain why so few rock survive from the Hadean, the researchers said.9.Why is little known about the Earth’s first 500 million years?A.Because it is an imagined period of time.B.Because this period is of little significance.C.Because it is impossible to know about this period.D.Because no rocks are available as research evidence.10.Why is the early Earth imagined to be hellish?A.Because it was often smashed by asteroids and comets.B.Because back then Hades, the lord of Hell, resigned.C.Because it was so according to Greek mythology.D.Because back then there was no life.11.Why was the early Earth in fact less inhospitable than often thought?A.Because minerals of the Hadean have been found suggesting the existence of life.B.Because the clashing brought by asteroids and comets was not completely damaging.C.Because during the Hadean there already existed the evidence of life.D.Because there had already been liquid water on the Earth back then.12.How can the moon help with the understanding of the impacts that smashed the Earth?A.The moon once smashed into the Earth too.B.The moon was battered earlier than the Earth.C.The moon, as a close neighbor, is easier to observe.D.The moon’s surface is heavily cratered as the Earth’s.Passage FourFrom beach balls, pool toys, and jump houses, inflatable technology takes a big step forward for its next frontier: space station. A new kind of tech will be aboard Space X’s eighth supply mission to the International Space Station (ISS). A compressed living module will be delivered and attached to the station where, in the void of space, it will expand into a new habitat for astronauts.Designed by Bigelow Aerospace, the inflatable space habitat is one area NASA is exploring for potential deep space habitats and other advanced space missions.“The ‘Bigelow Expandable Activity Module,’ or the BEAM, is an expandable habitat that will be used to investigate technology and understand the potential benefits of such habitats for human missions to deep space,” NASA Administrator Charles Bolden wrote in a blog post.The habi tats could be a way to “dramatically increase” the space available for astronauts while also offering added protection from the dangers of space, like radiation and space debris, the NASA press release says.But how is an inflatable space station supposed to be a viable means of housing for space travelers? BEAMs are far more than balloon-like rooms where astronauts can take asylum. Technically, the modules don’t inflate― they expand, according to the company. And beyond just air, the habitats are reinforced with an internal metal structure. The outside is composed of multiple layers of material including things like rubber and kevlar to protect from any speeding debris.Inside SpaceX’s Dragon spacecraft on the way to the ISS, the BEAM will be approximately 8 feet in diameter. It will expand once deployed in space to offer 565 cubic feet of space for astronauts. “It’ll be the first time human beings will actually step inside this expandable habitat in space,” fo rmer astronaut George Zamka, who has worked for Bigelow Aerospace, told USA Today. “There won’t be this sense of it being like a balloon.”But astronauts won’t be getting inside the module for some time yet.The BEAM will be attached to the Tranquility Node and deployed. Inside the module are a series of tools that will help the crew of the ISS monitor different aspects of the expandable area to see how it acts in space. The crew will watch heat, radiation, orbital debris, and provide information about the viability of using similar modules in the future.The testing is scheduled to go on for a two-year time period, after which the module will be released and burn up in the atmosphere. NASA’s partnership with Bigelow fits Mr. Bolden’s desire to help grow a robust private sector industry to commercialize aspects of space ― a process he sees as vital if humans want to reach farther cosmic destinations. “The world of low Earth orbit belongs to industry,” Bolden said at a press conference in January 2015.13.What is special about the new living module on SpaceX’s eighth mission to ISS?A) It is expandable. C) It is going to deep space.B) It looks like a toy.D) It will not return to Earth.14.What is the purpose of designing the inflatable space habitat?.A.It is to find out its potential capacity.B.It is to give a try on a new technology.C.It is to save time and money in production.D.It is to see if it can be applied in deep space.15.What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 5 mean?A.The habitat will not be a balloon-like room.B.The habitat will not feel like a balloon.C.The habitat will be like a senseless balloon.D.The habitat will be a different kind of balloon.16.Why does NASA intend to commercialize aspects of space?A.It can save NASA time and energy.B.It is necessary for a robust industry.C.It is crucial for further space explorations.D.It meets both NASA’s and Bigelow’s needs.Passage FiveOf all the people on my holiday shopping list, there was one little boy for whom buying a gift had become increasingly difficult. He’s a wonderful child, adorable and loving, and he’s not fussy or irritable or spoiled. Though he lives across the country from me, I receive regular updates and photos, and he likes all the things that the boys his age want to play with. Shopping for him should be easy, but I find it hard to summon up any enthusiasm, because in all the years I’ve given him presents, he never once sent me a thank-you note.“Sending thank-you notes is becoming a lost art,” mourns Mary Mitchell, a syndicated columnist known as “Ms. Demeanor” and author of six etiquette books. In her view, each generation, compared with the one before, is losing a sense of consideration for other people. “Without respect,” she says, “you have conflict.”Ms. Demeanor would be proud of me: I have figured out a way to ensure that my children always send thank-you notes. And such a gesture is important, says Ms. Demeanor, because “a grateful attitude is a tremendous life skill, an efficient and inexpensive way to set ourselves apart in the work force and in our adult lives. Teach your children that the habit of manners comes from inside ― it’s an attitude based on respecting other people.”A few years ago, as my children descended like piranhas on their presents under the Christmas tree, the only attitude I could see was greed. Where was the appreciation of time and effort?A thank-you note should contain three things: an acknowledgement of the gift (Love the tie with the picture of a hose on it); a recognition of the time and effort spent to select it (You must have shopped all over the state to find such a unique item!); a prediction of how you will use your gift or the way it has enhanced your life (I’ll be sure to wear it to the next Mr. Ed convention!).So, five years ago, in one of my rare flashes of parental insight, I decided that the most appropriate time to teach this basic courtesy is while the tinsel is hot. To the horror of my children, I announced that henceforth every gift received will be an occasion for a thank-you note written immediately, on the spot. I have explained to my kids how I have reacted to not hearing from the little boy ― how it made me fell unappreciated and unmotivated to repeat the process next year.I have reluctantly given my kids the green light to send e-mail thank-you notes; though hand-lettered ones (at least to me) still seem friendlier. But pretty much any thank-you makes the gift giver feel special ― just as, we hope, the recipient feels. It’s a gesture that perfectly captures the spirit of the holidays.17.The author felt unmotivated when buying a gift for the little boy because he ________.A.purposely intended not to show gratitude for her kindness and considerationB.had never expressed appreciation of the gifts he received in previous years.C.had no idea how thoughtful she was in choosing a gift for himD.didn’t like any of the gift she had given him18.According to Ms. Demeanor, showing appreciation has the benefit of ________.A.forming the habit of good mannersB.regaining the lost art of expressing thanksC.motivating the gift giver to buy more giftsD.distinguishing oneself from others in work and life19.In a thank-you note, “The book will be my good companion when I am alone”serves as________.A. a recognition of the time and effort spent to select itB.an announcement of how it has enhanced your lifeC. a prediction of how you will use your giftD.an acknowledgement of the gift20.What does the author mean by “while the tinsel is hot (Line 2, Para. 6)?A.The moment her kids receive a gift.B.The moment she starts choosing gifts for each kid.C.When the art of sending thank-you notes isn’t lost yet.D.When her kids still remember who bought the gifts for them.Part II English-Chinese Translation (5’×4 = 20 points)Directions: Read the following passage, and then translate the underlined parts numbered from (1) to (4), from English into Chinese. Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Economics is no different. Supply, demand, elasticity, comparative advantage, consumer surplus, deadweight loss--these terms are part of the economist’s language. In the coming chapters, you will encounter many new terms and some familiar words that economists use in specialized ways.(1)At first, this new language may seem needlessly arcane. But, as you will see, its value lies in its ability to provide you a new and useful way of thinking about the world in which you live.Economists try to address their subject with a scientist’s objectivity. They approach the study of the economy in much the same way as a physicist approaches the study of matter and a biologist approaches the study of life: (2)They devise theories, collect data, and then analyze these data in an attempt to verify or refute their theories.To beginners, it can seem odd to claim that economics is a science. After all, economists do not work with test tubes or telescopes. (3)The essence of science, however, is the scientific methods--the dispassionate development and testing of theories about how the world works.This method of inquiry is as applicable to studying a nation’s economy as it is to studying the earth’s gravity or a species’ evolution. (4)As Albert Einstein once put it, “The whole of science isDirections:Translate the following paragraph from Chinese into English. Please write youranswer on the ANSWER SHEET.为了寻找实验室试验的替代品，经济学家十分关注历史所提供的自然实验。
博士英语考试试题及答案
博士英语考试试题及答案一、词汇与语法（共20分）1. The word "innovate" is most closely related to which of the following?A. CreateB. ImitateC. CopyD. Duplicate答案：A2. Which sentence is grammatically correct?A. She don't like to go out in the rain.B. They has been working on the project for months.C. Neither of the students were prepared for the exam.D. The number of attendees is greater than expected.答案：D3. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate prepositions:a) The book is _______ the shelf.b) She is _______ the committee since 2019.c) He is _______ the same opinion as his colleague.答案：a) onb) inc) of二、阅读理解（共30分）Passage 1[Text omitted for brevity]4. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The importance of education.B. The impact of technology on society.C. The role of communication in relationships.D. The benefits of a healthy lifestyle.答案：B5. According to the passage, which of the following is not a benefit of using technology?A. Improved efficiency.B. Enhanced communication.C. Increased isolation.D. Greater accessibility.答案：C6. What does the author suggest as a solution to the problem mentioned in the passage?A. Limiting the use of technology.B. Encouraging more face-to-face interactions.C. Relying solely on traditional methods.D. Ignoring the issue altogether.答案：B三、完形填空（共20分）[Text omitted for brevity]7. In the context of the passage, what does the word "alleviate" most likely mean?A. To worsen.B. To reduce.C. To ignore.D. To exaggerate.答案：B8. Why does the author believe that the issue discussed is important?A. It affects a large number of people.B. It is a new and emerging problem.C. It has been overlooked by many.D. It is a personal concern of the author.答案：A9. What is the best title for the passage?A. The Negative Effects of Stress.B. Coping Strategies for Stress.C. The Causes of Stress in Modern Life.D. The Importance of Stress Management.答案：B四、翻译（共20分）10. Translate the following sentence from English to Chinese:"The rapid development of technology has brought about significant changes in our daily lives."答案：技术快速发展给我们的日常生活带来了重大变化。