2003年武汉大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编12(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编12(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．The detectives kept a ______ watch of the suspect’s house.A．keenB．completeC．thoroughD．close正确答案：D解析：close a.严密的，密切的。
keen a．热心的，渴望的(on)；敏锐的，敏捷的(of)。
complete a.完全的，完整的。
thorough a.彻底的，完全的。
2．The police searched all the houses but found no______.A．connectionsB．cluesC．relationshipsD．ties正确答案：B解析：clue(to)n.线索，提示。
3．Many skiers ______ around the fire and drink hot chocolate in the evenings.(2003年中国社会科学院考博试题)A．padB．packC．squeezeD．cluster正确答案：D解析：本题空格处是说“许多滑雪者成群地围在火堆边”。
D项“cluster丛生，成群”符合题意．如：The boys and girls clustered together round the camp fire telling stories and singing songs．(孩子们成群地围着营火堆讲着故事唱着歌。
)其他三项“pad加上垫衬；pack包装：squeeze压榨”都不正确。
4．A substance such as sand may be either fine or ______.A．coarseB．courseC．largeD．tough正确答案：A解析：coarse a．粗的，粗糙的；粗劣的；粗俗的。
武大英美文学考研真题 综合英语
武汉大学2003年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目: 基础英语与英汉互译科目代码：436Part One：I. Cloze (1×15=15%)Fill in each numbered blank with ONE word given below, paying attention to the following:A) 20 words are given, but only 15 (no more, no less) should be used and each can be used onceonly;B) Forms should be corrected.1. appear2. incidentally3. pass4. sure5. necessary6. social7. fresh8. come9. physical 10. occur 11. incidentally 12. scene 13. replenish 14. invite 15. ramble 16. second 17. go 18. interrupt 19. feed 20. seeI belong to that classification of people known as wives. I am a Wife. And, not altogether 1 , I am a mother.Not too long ago a male friend of mine appeared on the scene 2 from a recent divorce. He had one child, who is, of course, with his ex-wife. He is looking for another wife. As I thought about him while I was ironing one evening, it suddenly 3 to me that I, too, would like to have a wife. Why do I want a wife?I want a wife who will take care of my 4 needs. I want a wife who will keep my house clean. A wife who will pick up after my children, a wife who will pick up after me. I wanta wife who will keep my clothes clean, ironed, mended, replaced when need be, and who will5 to it that my personal things are kept in their proper place so that I can find what I need the minute I need it. I want a wife who cooks the meals, a wife who is a good cook. I want a wife who will plan the menus, do the necessary grocery shopping, prepare the meals, serve them pleasantly, and then do the cleaning up while I do my studying. I want a wife who will care for me when I am sick and sympathize with my pain and loss of time from school. I wanta wife to go along when our family takes a vacation so that someone can continue to care for me and my children when I need a rest and change of 6 .I want a wife who will not bother me with 7 complaints about a wife’s duties. But I want a wife who will listen to me when I feel the need to explain a rather difficult point I have8 across in my course of studies. And I want a wife who will type my papers for me when I have written them.I want a wife who will take care of the details of my 9 life. When my wife and I are10 out by my friends, I want a wife who will take care of the babysitting arrangements. When I meet people at school that I like and want to entertain, I want a wife who will have the house clean, will prepare a special meal, serve it to me and my friends, and not 11 when I talk about things that interest me and my friends. I want a wife who will have arranged that the children are 12 and ready for bed before my guests arrive so that the children do not bother us. I want a wife who takes care of the needs of my guests so that they feel comfortable, who makes sure that they have an ashtray, that they are 13 the hors d’oeuvres, that they are offered a 14 helping of the food, that their wine glasses are 15 when necessary,that their coffee is served to them as they like it. And I want a wife who knows that sometimes I need a night out by myself.When I am through with school and have a job, I want my wife to quit working and remain at home so that my wife can more fully and completely take care of a wife’s duties.My God, who wouldn’t want a wife?II. Paraphrase (2× 10=20%)Paraphrase the following sentences, paying attention to the connotation each of them suggests.1. More than enough is too much.2. A door must be either shut or open.3. Tomorrow is another day.4. Live and let live.5. Nothing succeeds like success.6. The shortest way round is the longest way home.7. Call a spade a spade.8. The remedy may be worse than the disease.9. Every dog has his day,10. All’s well that ends well.III. Proofreading & Error Correction (1×10= 10%)The following passage contains 8 errors, and two are free from error. In each case only one word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in theblank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “^” sign and writethe word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at theend of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash “/” and put the word inthe blank provided at the end of the line.If the line is correct, place a tick “√” in the blank provided at the end of the line.Each boxing match is a story --- a unique and highlycondensed drama without words, even nothing sensational (1)______happens. Boxers are there to establish an absoluteexperience, a public accounting of the outermost limits (2)______of their beings; they will know, as few of us can knowof ourselves, physical and psychic power they possess. (3)______In the boxing ring, even in our greatly humanized times;death is always a possibility---which is that some of us (4)______prefer to watch films, or tapes of fights are already past, (5)______already defined as history---or, in some instances, art. .Most of the time, naturally, death in the ring is extremely (6)______unlikely; it is a statistically rare possibility like yourpossible death tomorrow morning in an automobile accidentor in next month’s headlining airline disaster or in a freak (7) ______accident involving a fall on the stairs or in the bathtub, a skullfracture, subarachnoid hemorrhage. Spectators at “death”fights often claim afterward that what happened simply (8)______seemed to happen--unpredictably, in a sense accidentally.Only in a retrospect does death appear to have been inevitable. (9)_______If a boxing match is a story it is an always wayward story,one in which anything can happen. And with a matter of (10) ______seconds. Split seconds! In no other sport can so much takeplace in so brief a period of time, and so irrevocably.IV. Reading Comprehension and Writing (30%)Read the following passage, and then answer the corresponding questions.1. I am black. My mother is black. My father is white. This wouldn’t necessarily be important, but we live in a country where conflict runs deep between blacks and whites. We’re in a country where white male slaveholders casually disavowed the black children they had sired. We live in a country where the worst of human traits—laziness, violence, and irrationality — are seen as defining characteristics of those of African descent. This makes my being a mixed-race person whose ethnic identity is black somewhat complicated. There is a dissonance between who I say I am -- a proud black man trying to do something positive with his life and who society says I am. Yet I feel strong, and I embrace my black heritage. I’ve often reflected on how I learned to keep my positive self-image. The answer is, my white father.2. With my olive-colored skin; hazel eyes, and curly hair, I’ve been taken for Hispanic or Middle Eastern. In fact, in addition to being black, I am Jewish. And my father taught me to be proud of that heritage as well. When bullies at school demanded, Are you black or white?" there was no confusion. When I ran home and asked my father, he said, “Tell them you are African- American.” That was in the early 1970s and it was a term I wouldn’t hear until the Afrocentric movement of the 1990s made it fashionable again.3. It wasn’t that my father wanted me to deny my Jewish roots, it’s just that he knew we live in a society where my African heritage would define me socially. He didn’t want me to seem ashamed of my black roots. My father knew that love and hopes for an ideal world in the distant future would be no panacea for the bigotry and small-mindedness I would encounter in my lifetime. He didn’t want me, my brother, or my sister to be unprepared for racism.4. And so, my father, a writer and avid reader, lined my shelves with books about black American culture, African culture, and Jewish culture. He encouraged me to think, to come up with my own ideas. A simple question posed to him was sure to be followed by his search for a book on the subject, with articles and additional materials to follow. In this way he gave me not only his opinion, but also the keys to how he arrived at that opinion. Knowing that I had those keys, too, he thought that I could evaluate his opinion and come up with my own. He encouraged me to determine what being black meant to me.5. In the predominantly white suburb near Princeton, N.J., where I grew up, my father knew that Ineeded to know black men. So when I started playing drums at age 14, my father took me to jazz clubs. He encouraged me to talk to the musicians and get their autographs. This introduction led to my decision to become a professional musician, and also filled my home with a black male presence. Jazz was more than a genre of music; it instructed me in the cool posture of black men — Max Roach’s shades, Miles Davis’s scowl and his always stylish threads. It also instructed me in a kind of heroism. These men were geniuses who created America’s only enduring art form despite its best efforts to stifle and ignore them.6. My father also hired James, a black 16-year-old, who became my favorite baby sitter. My father gave me book knowledge and taught me to have an open mind; James showed me how to deal with people on a practical level. My father was gentle, but James taught me that as a black man, you have to be ungentle sometimes. You have to speak up for yourself. James never let me walk away from a confrontation without speaking my mind.7. During the summers, my parents sent me to my mother’s family in Virginia. My cousins— especially Jeffrey, who is seven years older than I — helped me become a mature black man. Jeffrey taught me to treat women with respect, through his example as well as through his words. These are lessons my father had taught me also, but he hoped that my summer visits down south would reinforce those values being transmitted by black men of my generation.8. In college, I counseled children from mixed backgrounds. I could see the emptiness in some of the kids either who didn’t have a black parent around — usually the father—or whose parents weren’t in agreement about how much emphasis, should be put on black culture. Often these children would grow up in a predominantly white environment with a negative view of their black fathers or of black culture in general. I realized how fortunate I was to have both parents and to have a father who encouraged me to develop as a black person while never making me feel that I was any less his son because of my blackness.9. In many ways what my father taught me about manhood was not related to color. He taught me that, ultimately, I determined through my behavior what a black man is. My father taught me to be a gentle man, to use my mind and not my fists. He taught me the value of education and encouraged me to ask questions. My father exposed me to black men who lived up to these universal ideals of manhood, and thereby emphasized that blacks shared in that tradition. All these things have made me the man, the black man, I am today.10. My father and I are now the closest we have ever been. Of course, there are race-related topics,things I feel, that he will never be able to understand. I know that there are probably people who meet my father and see just another white man. But I know that there are things he has learned from me and my brother that have given him an insight into black masculinity that most white men will never experience. In this way, we have taught each other. Our relationship epitomizes a reality that is so rarely seen -- a black man and a white man who are not adversaries, who are more than father and son. They are men who love each other very deeply.A) Find the best answer for each question from the choices given. (1×6=6%)1. The opening three sentences identify the writer as being of _____.A. the same ethnicity as both his parentsB. mixed ethnicityC. the same ethnicity of his father, but not his motherD. the same ethnicity of his mother, but not his father2. For the writer, the way this country has treated blacks means that______.A. he personally suffered discriminationB. his father has mixed feelings about himC. he has had to struggle with his own bad habits so as to avoid ethnic stereotypesD. to maintain his pride he had to struggle against social beliefs about his ethnicity3. The main idea of paragraph 2 is that ______.A. the writer’s appearance allowed him to adopt any one of several ethnic identitiesB. the writer’s father always directed the son to an African-American identityC. the writer was first confused by the question of ethnic identityD. the writer is proud of his Jewish heritage4. The father’s main reason for wanting his children to identify themselves as blacks is thathe____.A. wanted them to have strength to confront racismB. had mixed feelings about his own backgroundC. had hopes for an ideal world in the futureD. thought some identities were better than others5. Paragraphs 5 through 8 are organized according to_____.A. time order of the writer’s growing up.B. comparison of the writer’s experience to that of people who grew up with blackfathers.C. a listing of the ways the writer learned about black culture.D. order of importance of the experience recounted.6. Of the following details, which is most important for this selection?A. The father read many books.B. The father took the son to jazz clubs when the boy started playing drums.C. The son became a jazz musician.D. Miles Davis had stylish threads.B) After each of the following passages in paragraphs 1-5 from the selection is a series of possible inferences, predictions, conclusions, or generalizations that you can draw from the sentence.Put a checkmark in front of those that can be appropriately supported by the quoted passage.(2×4=8%)1. “When I ran home and asked my father, he said, ‘Tell them you are African-American.’ Thatwas in the early 1970s and it was a term I wouldn’t hear until the Afrocentric movement the 1990s made it fashionable again.” (paragraph 2)__A. The father didn’t want his son to be aware of other parts of his heritage.__B. The father wanted his son to develop a strong identity to counter other people’s prejudices.__C. The father’s thinking was ahead of his time.__D. The father helped his son overcome uncertainties.__E. The writer would support students being taught an Afrocentric school curriculum.2. “These men were geniuses who created America’s only enduring art form despite its best effortsto stifle and ignore them.” (paragraph 5)__A. Jazz grew from the efforts of artistic geniuses.__ B. Anyone who now enters jazz as a profession will be ignored and stifled.__ C. Musicians entered jazz because other forms of expression were not open to them.__ D. America does not always appreciate its artists.__ E. Some jazz musicians showed courage and pursuing their careers.__ F. The cool style of jazz musicians was a reaction to the ???????????3. “Of course, there are race-related topics, things I feel, that he will never be able tounderstand. I know that there are probably people who meet my father and see just another white man. But I know that there are things he has learned from me and my brother that have given him an insight into black masculinity that most white men will neverexperience.” (paragraph 10)__A. The writer is disappointed in his father’s limitations of understanding of the writer’s experience.__B. The writer respects his father's understanding of the black male experience.__C. Few white men have a good understanding of what it means to be a black man.__D. The brother feels the same way as the writer about their father.__E. If you haven’t experienced the difficulties caused by racial attitudes, it is hard to understand race-related topics fully.__ F. People make judgments about others’ probable racial attitudes.4. Match each of the following opinions reported in this article to the person who holds or expresses that opinion, by placing the number of the appropriate person in Column B in front ofthe statement in Column A. You may use individuals from Column B more than once in your answers, and you need not use all of them.A B1) Black children need not be acknowledged, a. the writer2) Having the keys to arriving at an opinion b. the writer’s fatherwas as important as the opinion, c. the writer’s mother3) You sometimes have to be ungentle d. white male slaveholders4) In this country people of African descent e. Jamesare defined as having the worst of human traits f. Jeffrey5) Hopes for an ideal world are not adequatefor dealing with the world6) Black and white men are often seeing eachother as adversaries.C) Paraphrase and comment on the words in ITALICS in the following phrases chosen from thetext. (1×4=4%)1. “... white male slaveholders casually disavowed the black children they had sired.”(paragraph 1)2. “...would be no panacea for the bigotry and small-mindedness I would encounter...”(paragraph 3)3. “... it instruct me in the cool posture of black men --- Max Roach’s shades, MileDavis’s scowl and his always stylish threads.” (paragraph 5)D) Critical Thinking and Writing1. The writer makes at least two strong and controversial points in this selection —that it is more important to identify with his black heritage than his Jewish heritage, and that there is hostility and little mutual understanding between white and black males. Do you agree or disagree with either of these points (or any other related ones you might identify in the selection)? How would you evaluate the writer’s stand and how would you argue for or against it? Write ONE paragraph to explain your position. (4%)2. The writer identifies how his own character and identity were formed through contact with many individuals. Write a short essay describing how individuals in your life influenced you to become the person you have become. (8%)PART TWO TRANSLATION (75 points)I. Select the word or phrase that is the closest in meaning to the English expression (10 points, 2 points each)(1) have dust in the eyes(A)伤心落泪(B)愁容满面(C)昏昏欲睡(D)已患沙眼(2)sport new dogs(A)露齿而笑(B)领狗散步(C)作弄新人(D)卖弄伎俩(3)temper justice with mercy(A)体谅弱者(B)伸张正义(C)正邪相争(D)恩威兼施(4)cross the cudgels(A)激战正酣(B)停止争斗(C)险过简桥(D)不屈不挠(5)learn the hard way(A)勤学苦练(B)知难而进(C)艰难历程(D)吃苦学得II. Select the best version (10 points, 2 points each)(1) A glance at the lady helped to remind me of this paradoxical law: she also looked toodistinguished to be a “personality.”(A)看了一眼这位女士，让我想起了这样一个荒谬的规律：她看上去也过于出类拔萃，不会是个名流。
武汉大学博士英语结课考试及答案
一、段落分析Concept-defining(一)C ontent 内容（from paragraph level）1 Topic 话题（特点general笼统）2 Aspect (supporting sentence)from material to spiritual aspects从物质到精神from physical to psychological aspects从身体到心理from idea/mentality to behavior从思想到行为from technology to societyfrom individual to social aspects从个体到社会from oneself to others从自身到他人from direct to indirect aspects从直接到间接from physical environment to economic and social structure从地理环境到社会经济结构3 Perspective (point of view)角度+ Key words=thesis 论点+evidence论据=theme主题（main idea）+aspects方面4 Form/Function形式（passage level）Structure: the organization of the whole articleIntroduction (what)Body (why)Conclusion (how)(二)P aragraph development1 Skill/Pattern；Fact/DetailStatistics统计Examples例证Statements阐述Quotation引言2 Method针对所选用的skill的方法1)topic order2)causal order = cause and effect3)spatial order = space order4)chronological order = time order5)problem and solution6)means and ends7)process and result8)classification9)hierarchical structure 分层次、等级的(from least to most)10)antithesis对偶、排比11)progression递进(a gradual process of change or developing over period of time)12)comparison (相似) and contrast(差异) 对比3 Logic relationship (from passage level) (what, why, how)1)Cause and effect因果关系=why & how2)Means and ends = process and purpose = how手段和目的；过程和目的3)Topic/idea and reason (introduction)= what & why4)Problem and solution = what & how5)Example = how(三)D eveloping Paragraph/Body(正文/主体)1Unity (一致性)—topic sentence切题，与开篇提出的论点相关2Development (发展性)—supporting sentences no more than 5 aspects论据是否充分Common Methods of Development1)exemplification例证2)facts事实3)citation引证4)comparison and contrast比较与对比5)analysis分析6)classification分类3Coherence (连贯性):主要指段落中的句子与句子之间在逻辑上和结构上的相互连贯—条理清楚、层次分明、衔接自然1)transitions/signposts过渡词/路标词2)from the most important to the least important or vice verse由重到轻，反之亦然3)general principle by classification:总原则（分类）from material to spiritual aspects从物质到精神from physical to psychological aspects从身体到心理from individual to social aspects从个体到社会from oneself to others从自身到他人from direct to indirect aspects从直接到间接from physical environment to economic and social structure从地理环境到社会经济结构第一课的第三段：Our second major discovery was that the Information Marketplace will dramatically affect people and organizations on a wide scale.Besides its many uses in commerce, office work, and manufacturing, it will also improve health care, provide new ways to shop, enable professional and social encounters across the globe, and generally permeate the thousands of things we do in the course of our daily lives. It will help us pursue old and new pleasures, and it will encourage new art forms, which may be criticized but will move art forward, as new tools have always done. It will also improve education and training, first in specific and established ways and later through breakthroughs that are confidently awaited. Human organizations from tiny companies to entire第一课的第十二段：The wise eye will also see that the Information Marketplace is much influential than its parts—the interfaces, middleware and pipes that make up the three-story building on which we stand. Once they are integrated, they present a much greater power—t he power to prevent an asthmatic from dying in a remote town in Alaska, to enable an unemployed bank loan officer to find and succeed at a new form of work, to allow a husband and wife to revel in the accomplishments of a distant daughter while also providing emotional and financial support. These powers are far greater than第八课的第一段：Countless cultures around the world have disappeared, along with their mythologies.In Mesoamerica, dozens of ornate Mayan temples lie mute, as do an untold number of Incan monuments in Peru, Celtic cairns in Wales, Khmer statues in Cambodia, and magnificent第八课的第四段：It is likely that changes in the forest occurred over decades and would have been difficult to detect immediately. An islander might easily have missed the long-term trend, thinking: “This year we cleared those woods over there, but trees are starting to grow back again over here.”Furthermore, any islander who issued a warning against the oncoming disaster would have been silenced by the ruling class. Chiefs, priests, and stone carvers all depended on the status quo to第八课的第六段：Humanity may not act in time to prevent the decimation of the rain forests, fossil fuels, arable land, and fisheries. In only 40 years, Ethiopia’s forest cover shrank from 30% to 1%. During the same time period, the rest of the world lost half of its rain forests. Powerful decision-making groups ignore those who sound an alarm; their political, economic, and religious agendas fail to address the第八课的第八段：If we are going to avoid the fate of the Easter Islanders, we must change the myths that are leading us toward extinction and find inspiring visions of a plausible and appealing future. The old myths have collapsed, but no new ones have emerged to fill the vacuum. For transformation to occur, human beings must actively shape the future, an enterprise that goes to the heart of mythmaking. If we are each a cell in what Peter Russell calls “The Global Brain,” then this is an第八课的第十二段：But as the Grand Narrative of Progress came to dominate other values and views, it cast a malignant shadow. The invention of the automobile was the quintessence of progress, but it left overcrowded highways, air pollution, and deforestation in its wake. Fertilizers increased crop production but also increased the growth of algae in lakes and canals. The discovery of powerful insecticides——first greeted with enthusiasm and a Nobel Prize——was followed by theunintentional poisoning of fish, birds, and animals. Nuclear power plants increased available energy but led to storage problems, life-threatening contamination, and at least one accident with worldwide repercussions. The waste products of technological living began to choke great cities and foul once-pristine lands. Although Western housing, clothing, and religion were brought to aboriginal people, and the rate of infectious disease went down, the rate of alcoholism, drug第八课的第二十五段：The third principle is to identify real-life situations in which antagonists can find common ground. With a recognition of the limitations of linguistic exchange, postmodernists urge that groups “press beyond dialogue.” For example, athletes and musicians from all walks of life can generate smooth and effective teams or musical groups. Business executives and scientists from conflicting backgrounds are often able to work together to generate multinational corporations and二、文章结构分析第八课1-4段Countless cultures around the world have disappeared, along with their mythologies. In Mesoamerica, dozens of ornate Mayan temples lie mute, as do an untold number of Incan monuments in Peru, Celtic cairns in Wales, Khmer statues in Cambodia, and magnificent ziggurat-like structures in central Africa.Easter Island, celebrated for the giant statues left by its vanished civilization, is unique in archaeology because of its isolation from its neighbors. Current archaeological evidence indicates that some 1,600 years ago the island’s first settlers, explorers from Polynesia, found themselves in a pristine paradise with subtropical forests, dozens of wild bird species, and no predators. They multiplied and prospered, distributing resources in a manner that suggests a sophisticated economy and complex political system. Rival clans erected ever-larger statues on platforms, emulating the stone carvings of their Polynesian forebears, trying to surpass each other with displays of power and wealth.Eventually, as the island’s population grew to 20,000 people, the forests were cut more rapidly than they regenerated. Trees were transformed into fuel, canoes, and houses, as well as rollers and ropes to transport the gigantic stone heads. In time, the absence of wood for sea going canoes reduced the fish catches, while erosion and deforestation diminished crop yields. The growing populace consumed the local bird and animal populations. When the island could no longer feed its human population, the political and religious oligarchy that had directed and distributed the local resources began to languish. Many archaeologists believe the ruling class was overthrown by warriors. In the ensuing disorder, clan fought clan fought clan, toppling and desecrating each other’s statues. When the Europeans arrived on Easter Sunday, 1772, the once-fertile island was barren and desolate. Its remaining inhabitants, only a fraction of the numbers a few generations earlier, were heirs to a once-greater society that had degenerated into violence, starvation, and cannibalism.It is likely that changes in the forest occurred over decades and would have been difficult to detect immediately. An islander might easily have missed the long-term trend, thinking: “This year we cleared those woods over there, but trees are starting to grow back again over here.”Furthermore, any islander who issued a warning against the oncoming disaster would have been silenced by the ruling class. Chiefs, priests, and stone carvers all depended on the status quo to retain their positions and privileges.附：武汉大学博士研究生英语试题Part I Documental Analysis 20%Attention: Analyze the following paragraph according to the requirements of perspective, method and skill, and questions.But as the Grand Narrative of Progress came to dominate other values and views, it cast a malignant shadow. The invention of the automobile was the quintessence of progress, but it left overcrowded highways, air pollution, and deforestation in its wake. Fertilizers increased crop production but also increased the growth of algae in lakes and canals. The discovery of powerful insecticides--first greeted with enthusiasm and a Nobel Prize--was followed by the unintentional poisoning of fish, birds, and animals. Nuclear power plants increased available energy but led to storage problems, life-threatening contamination, and at least one accident with worldwide repercussions. The waste products of technological living began to choke great cities and foul once-pristine lands. Although Western housing, clothing, and religion were brought to aboriginal people, and the rate of infectious disease went down, the rate of alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, and spouse and child abuse went up.Part II Article Analysis 15%Attention:Fill the chart according to the requirements based on your understanding of the following article.1. We live in times that are harsh but exciting, where everyone agrees that we are moving to a new level of civilization. Principles, values, ways of life, will no longer be the same; but as yet we are not really ready for these changes; we are faced with inventing the future and also bringing it into operation, progressively; we make experiments and we frequently make mistakes; but we are beginning to know what we want when we talk of justice, freedom and democracy. The scientific and technological community is directly involved in the questions that arise. Following those of our generation, the demands of your generation will continue until these aims have been at least partially achieved.2. The closeness of scientific problems to political problems is such that scientific workers are not,far from it, protected from socio-economic vicissitudes. So much so that they sometimes express the same needs as all other workers and join them in this context; but they also call for specific measures. Like everyone else we need freedom but we especially need freedom of expression for our scientific and technological ideas; we need this even if it is only to put them forward for criticism. We don't ask for any particular privilege but we would like the efforts made to be evaluated at their actual worth, in the interests of society.3. If our federation is so active in working for a statement of the rights and responsibilities of scientific workers, it is because we wish to resolve this problem in a way appropriate to most countries.4. So you will certainly play an important part in society, even if this is not always readily recognized by society, because scientific and technological knowledge and expertise are the context in which future economic, social and political changes will take place. Whatever you do, you cannot ignore them and, whatever is said, society will not be able to ignore you. You will also have a decisive part to play, and perhaps an even more difficult one, in the scientific and technological community itself. The whole extension of this community and its interaction with society as a whole leads scientific workers to get involved in all political debates, crises and decisions. You will have to note the essential demands of science as such; it is not simply a matter of protecting society from unacceptable consequences; one must also protect scientific activity from political and financial meddling.5. It is vital to safeguard the basic honesty of science, the honesty that is basic to its method. Whenever, in the history of science, this honesty has been set aside, the consequences have been serious. I am not speaking merely of the suicide or disgrace of an individual but of the social and economic damage arising from such lapses. There are worse possibilities: at a time when problems are increasingly complex, with ever widening political implications, we need science to be technically dependable and socially credible. In a world of turbulence, science's saving grace is not simply material but lies in its rationality.Part III Writing 25%Attention: Write an essay on the following topic with substantial evidence and good reasoning (e.g.in a linear way) in more than 300 words.How to Write English Well as a PhD Candidate---- On My Class ExperiencePart I. Documental Analysis 20%Topic: ______________________________ ______________________________Perspective(s): ____________________________________________________Method(s): ______________________________________________________Skill(s): _______________________________ _______________________________Questions: ________________________________________________________Part II. Article Analysis 15%。
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编53(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编53(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．We all buy things on the______of the moment; this is what the retail trade calls an “impulse buy”.(2007年中国科学院考博试题)A．urgeB．forceC．spurD．rush正确答案：C解析：此题考查的是词语的搭配。
urge项表示“敦促”；force表示“力量，影响力”；spur表示“动力”；rush表示“匆促”。
只有C项有固定用法on the spur of,表示一时冲动，所以答案是C选项。
2．The young nation has not yet attained political ______.A．stabilityB．prosperityC．maturityD．independence正确答案：A解析：stability n.稳定，稳固(如：Nothing is more important than political stability for a country in its economic endeavour．)。
prosperity n.兴旺，繁荣。
maturity n.成熟(阶段)；有经验。
independence n.独立，自主。
3．Even when textbooks are ______ through a school system, methods of teaching may vary greatly.(2011年四川大学考博试题)A．commonplaceB．standardizedC．competitiveD．generalized正确答案：B解析：在给出的选项中：commonplace“平凡的，陈腐的，平庸的”；standardized “标准化的”；competitive“竞争的，有竞争力的”；generalized“广泛的，普遍的”。
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编59(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编59(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．Nobody knew how he came up with this______ idea about the trip.(2004年清华大学考博试题)A．wearyB．twilightC．unanimousD．weird正确答案：D解析：本句空格处意为“提出这个怪主意”。
weird的意思是“怪异的”，与句意相符。
而“weary疲倦的：twilight模糊的；unanimous意见一致的”都不正确。
2．An old woman was badly hurt in ______the police describe as an apparently motiveless attack.(2003年复旦大学考博试题)A．thatB．whichC．whatD．whatever正确答案：C解析：本题也可以用“An old woman was badly hurt in an accident that the police describe as an apparently motiveless attack”来表达。
因此，能代替an accident that的只有what。
3．He thought I was lying, ______ I was telling the truth.A．hithertoB．henceforthC．whereasD．nevertheless正确答案：C解析：whereas conj．(表示对比关系)然而，但是，尽管(如：One arrived promptly，whereas the others were late．Some praise him，whereas others condemn him．)。
2003年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解【圣才出品】
2003年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解[听力音频]Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question aboutwhat is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear thequestion, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choosethe best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Now let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. A shop assistant.B. A physician.C. A pediatrician.D. An ophthalmologist.【答案】D【解析】通过对话中的glasses和vision-chart可知女士是名眼科医师。
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编38(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编38(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．Guarantees and warranties tell buyers the repairs for which a manufacturer is______.(2013年3月中国科学院考博试题)A．qualifiedB．agreeableC．compatibleD．liable正确答案：D解析：A项“qualified”意为“合格的”；B项“agreeable”意为“令人愉快的，惬意的”；C项“compatible”意为“合得来的，协调的”；D项“liable”意为“负有法律责任的”，由句意可知，“制造商有责任提供维修服务”，因此选择D项。
2．A______person is one who gives away money or things in large quantity.A．kindB．gentleC．gracefulD．liberal正确答案：D解析：liberal a.慷慨的，大方的；心胸宽大的，开明的：自由主义的(如：He is liberal with his motley／in his help．Try to keep a liberal attitude and listen to both sides．)。
kind(to)a.友好的，亲切的；和蔼的，仁慈的。
gentle a.和蔼的，温和的。
graceful a.优美的，优雅的。
3．You must pack plenty of food for the journey. ______, you will need warm clothes, so pack them too.A．EquallyB．IncidentallyC．InevitablyD．Likewise正确答案：D解析：likewise ad.同样地，照样地；同样也。
2003医博统考听力题解析原文
2003年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension (30 %)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Listen to the following example. You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Sample AnswerA B DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. A shop assistant. B. A physician. C. A pediatrician. D. An ophthalmologist.2. A. To make a call to the hospital. B. To go to the man’s house immediately.C. To expect the doctor’s call.D. To take a message.3. A. There’s only one point he doesn’t understand.B. He refuses to take any help.C. These q uestions won’t be on the exam.D. He would like some help.4. A. Dr. Smith isn’t a good choice.B. She’s never been treated by Dr. Smith.C. She’s been sitting in the waiting room for too long.D. She’d like to recommend a magazine t o the man.5. A. The man has seen the fungi for three times.B. The man is not careful enough.C. The man has been watching it for three days.D. The man is the woman’s teacher.6. A. He was fired. B. He was blamed for bad service.C. He was promoted.D. He was warned not to be late again.7. A. People enjoy shopping in the drug store.B. People spend little time in the drug store.C. People who spent shorter time in the store are more likely to buy something there.D. People spend too much time reading articles about quick cures sold there.8. A. His computer doesn’t work.B. He doesn’t understand his stuff working on computer.C. He registered for the wrong course.D. He doesn’t know how to apply the computer theories.9. A. It is easy to take care of her three teenage boys.B. Nancy’s life is easy compared with the woman’s.C. Nancy lives a more difficult life.D. Nancy would like to take care of her three boys.10. A. New York. B. San Francisco. C. Seattle. D. San Diego.11. A. Sunny bought a new computer. B. Sunny got a bargain.C. Mike bought a new computer.D. Mike got a bargain.12. A. The patient is ringing a bell. B. Her name sounds beautiful.C. Nancy Johnson is ringing the bell now.D. Her name sounds familiar.13. A. The woman doesn’t like orange juice. B. The woman forgot to buy orange juice.C. The man was in a car crash this morning.D. The man broke the container of juice.14. A. John is a plumber.B. John was too busy to come.C. John was not at home when the woman called.D. The woman dialed the wrong number.15. A. His luck ha sn’t been good. B. He is a lucky man.C. He decided not to do the lottery again.D. He doesn’t care about money.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear three passages. After each one, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage One16. A. Bridge-building experts. B. Washington Roebling.C. John Roebling.D. The Roeblings.17. A. Only the Roeblings had confidence in it.B. It came up against financial problems.C. Experts showed great interest.D. It took John Roeblings 13 years to complete the project.18. A. He was killed at the building site. B. He was injured in a traffic accident.C. He was seriously eyesight-damaged.D. He was seriously brain-damaged.19. A. His language. B. His limbs. C. His brain. D. His mind.20. A. Because the project was spectacular.B. Because the project seemed impossible.C. Because the building instructions were given with one finger.D. All of the above.Passage Two21. A. The American population increased by 40 percent.B. So many school children died of polio in the nation.C. A polio plague swept the nation.D. A polio vaccine was developed.22. A. A vaccine for polio. B. A rare form of cancer.C. A disease similar to AIDS.D. A virus from monkeys.23. A. They were at risk of getting cancer.B. They became victims of poliomyelitis.C. They were involved in a medical investigation.D. They were injected with tainted vaccines.24. A. 30 percent. B. 40 percent. C. 50 percent. D. 60 percent.25. A. All the injections given 40 years ago were contaminated.B. The contaminated vaccines may cause cancer in humans.C. Vaccines are responsible for brain tumors.D. Brain tumors had increased by 40%.Passage Three26. A. 1969. B. 1977. C. 1997. D. 2000.27. A. To help answer parents’ questions about children’s growth.B. To separate fat babies from normal ones.C. To rev ise the familiar children’s growth chart.D. To identify whether a person is overweight.28. A. It can differentiate between fat babies and thin.B. It can identify a child’s possibility of growing fat from babyhood.C. It can give par ents some advice on children’s diet.D. It can remind parents of something they neglected in their childhood.29. A. When his BMI is at 23rd percentile or above.B. When his BMI is at 75th percentile or above.C. When his BMI is at 95th percentile or above.D. When his BMI is at 97th percentile or above.30. A. Setting a good example for their children.B. Disciplining their children.C. Reflecting the nature of modem-day life.D. Changing their children’s hea lth behavior.2003年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension(30%)Section A1. D 通过对话中的glasses和vision-chart可知女士是名眼科医师。
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2003年武汉大学考博英语真题及详解Part I Reading Comprehension（30%）Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:We are told that the mass media are the greatest organs for enlightenment that the world has yet seen; that in Britain, for instance, several million people see each issue of the current affairs program, Panorama. It is true that never in human history were so many people so often and so much exposed to many intimations about societies, forms of life, attitudes other than those which obtain in their local societies. This kind of exposure may well be a point of departure for acquiring certain important intellectual and imaginative qualities; width of judgment, a sense of the variety of possible attitudes. Yet in itself such exposure does not bring intellectual or imaginative development. It is no more than the masses of stone which lie around in a quarry（采石场）and which may, conceivably, go to the making of a cathedral. The mass media cannot build the cathedral, and their way of showing the stones does not always prompt others to build. For the stones are presented within a self-contained and self-sufficient world in which, it is implied,simply to look at them, to observe-fleetingly-individually interesting points of difference between them, is sufficient in itself.Life is indeed full of problems on which we have to—or feel we should try to—make decisions, as citizens or as private individuals. But neither the real difficulty of these decisions, nor their true and disturbing challenge to each individual, can often be communicated through the mass media. The distinction to suggest real choice, individual decision, which is to be found in the mass media is not simply the product of a commercial desire to keep the customers happy. It is within the grain of mass communication. The organs of Establishment（代表官方），however well-intentioned they may be and whatever their form （the State, the Church, voluntary societies, political parties）, have a vested interest （既得利益）in ensuring that the public boat is not violently rocked, and will so affect those who work within the mass media that they will be led insensibly towards forms of production which, though they go through the motions of dispute and inquiry, do not break through the skin to where such inquiries might really hurt. They will tend to move, when exposing problems, well within the accepted cliché-assumptions of democratic society and will tend neither radically to question these clichés nor to make a disturbing application of them to features of contemporary life. They will stress the “stimulation”the programs give, but this soon becomes an agitation of problems for the sake of the interest of that agitation in itself; they will therefore, again, assist a form of acceptance of the status quo. There are exceptions to this tendency, but they are uncharacteristic.1. According to the passage, the mass media present us with ______.A. insufficient diversity for informationB. too restricted a view of lifeC. a wide range of facts and opinionsD. a critical assessment of our society2. What effect is it claimed the mass media can have on our intellectual and imaginative development?A. They are likely to frustrate this development.B. They can form a basis for it.C. They can distort our judgment.D. They can stimulate too much mental activity.3. The author uses the comparison with building a cathedral to show that ______.A. worthwhile results do not depend on raw material onlyB. the mediaeval media had different beliefsC. great works of art require good foundationsD. close attention to detail is important4. How are the mass media said to influence our ability to make decisions?A. They disturb us by their prejudices.B. They make us doubt our own judgments.C. They make no contribution in this area.D. They make decisions which appear too complicated.5. The main weakness of the mass media is identified by the author as ______.A. fear of losing the customerB. the diverse views of the contributorsC. service to the profit motiveD. trying to cater for a vast range of audience【答案与解析】1.C 第一段阐明大众传媒是教化的最好工具，又以很多英国人通过媒体关注时事为例，several million people see each issue of the current affairs program, Panorama，说明大众传播媒介为我们提供了一系列的事实和观点。