公共政策学第六章问题分析

第六章

政策规划：政策规划：是指在建立有关政策议程后，为了实现一定的政策目标，政府组织力量草拟和评估政策方案与行动步骤的过程。

政策结果：

因果理论：Causal theory (因果理论): a theory about what causes a problem and how particular responses would alleviate that problem.

政策目标： Policy goal: the desired outcome of a policy; the goal can be explicitly (明确地) stated or implicit (暗示的,不明显的) in the policy and its legislative history.

政策工具：

简述政策输出与政策结果的区别：

决策者在政策规划过程中必须清晰阐述的五个要素是什么？各个要素包含哪些问题？

The goals of the policy The causal model The tools of the policy The targets of the policy The implementation of the policy

1.What are the goals of the policy? To eliminate a problem? To alleviate a problem but not entirely eliminate it? To keep a problem from getting worse?

2. What is the causal model? Do we know that, if we do X, Y will result? How do we know this? If we don’t know, how can we find out?

3. What tools or instruments will be used to put the policy into effect? Will they be more or less coercive? Will they rely more on incentives, persuasion, or information? Capacity building?

4. Whose behavior is supposed to change? Are there direct and indirect targets? Are design choices predicated on (以…为基础) our social construction of the target population?

5.How will the program be implemented? Who will lay out the implementation system? Will a top-down or bottom-up design be selected? Why?

公共政策“内在非公共性”的涵义及成因：公共政策“内在非公共性”是指不以人的意志为转移的、伴随公共政策而存在的垄断性和差异性等。它是公共政策的固有属性，与公共政策的公共性如影相随，如同一个硬币的两面。

成因：（1）公共政策的阶级性（2）公共政策的“负外部性”（3）公共政策的“非普适性”

公共政策“外在非公共性”的涵义：公共政策“外在非公共性”是指公共政策运行过程中由于人为因素所产生的垄断性、自利性和差异性等。它是对公共政策公共性的反动和背叛，使公共政策严重背离了公共利益，沦为个人或团体谋取私利的工具。

公共政策“外在非公共性”的成因：

（1）公共政策问题构建的非公共性；（2）公共政策目标的短期性：“政策过程中固有的近视”；（3）公共政策执行偏差：政策抵制、政策缺损、政策歪曲；（4）公共政策过程的单方面性：公众参与缺位