应用语言学名词解释
语言学名词解释和问答题答案(只供参考)
四、名词解释：1)Parole话语：①it refers to the realization of langue in actual use.②it is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules.③it is concrete, refers to the naturally occurring language events.④it varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.2)Applied linguistics应用语言学：findings in linguistic studies can often beapplied to the solution of such practical problems as recovery of speech ability.The study of such applications is known as applied linguistics.3)Reference（所指）语义: It means what a linguistic form refers to in the real,physical world, it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4)Illocutionary act言外行为：the act of expressing the speaker’s intention,it is th eact preformed in saying something.5)Regional dialect地域方言：it is a linguistic variety used by people living in thesame geographical region. It has been found that regional dialect boundaries often coincide with geographical barriers such as mountains, rivers and swamps.6)LAD(Language Acquisition Device)语言习得机制：It was described as animaginary "black box" existing somewhere in the human brain.7)CA（Contrastive Analysis）对比分析：starting with describing comparablefeatures of the native language and the target language, CA compares the forms and meanings across these two languages to locate the mismatches or differences so that people can predict the possible learning difficulty learners may encounter.8)Neurolinguistics（神经语言学）：it is the study of two related areas：languagedisorders and the relationship between the brain and language. It includes research into how the brain is structured and what function each part of the brain performs, how and in which parts of the brain language is stored, and how damage to the brain affects the ability to use language.9)Predication analysis述谓结构分析：①It is proposed by the British Linguist G.Leech.②The basic unit is called predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.③This applies to all forms of a sentence.④ A predication consists of argument(s) and predicate.10)Cross-cultural communication(intercultural communication)跨文化交流：itis communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbols systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.11)Cross-association互相联想：In English we sometimes may come across wordswhich are similar in meaning. Their spelling and pronunciation are also alike. The close association of the two leads to confusion. Such interference is often referred as cross-association.12)CPH（Critical Period Hypothesis）临界期假说：a specific and limited time period for language acquisition.①The strong version of CPH suggests that children must acquire their first language by puberty or they will never be able to learn from subsequent exposure.②The weak version holds that language learning will be more difficult and incomplete after puberty. (Support in Victor’s and Genie’s cases)13) Prescriptive（grammer）规定语法：if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for "correct and standard " behaviour in using language to ell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.14) Performance语言运用；言语行为：the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication .15)Duality双重性(double articulation)：language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. The lower or basic level is of sounds, which are meaningless. The higher level can be meaningful.五、问答题：Chapter 11.How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: linguistics is the scientificstudy of language?Linguistics studies not any particular language,but it studies languages in general.It is a scientific study because it is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data,conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, what the linguist has to do first is to collect and observe language facts,which are found to display some similarities ,and generalizations are made about them,then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure .But the hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity.6. How is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’sdistinction between competence and performance?Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. their purpose is to single out the language system for serious studyThey are similar in two aspects: the definition and the content of study.On one hand, Saussure defines langue as the abstract linguistic system shared by all themembers of a speech community, and parole as the realization of langue in actual use.Chomsky d efines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. We can see that langue and competence both refer to the abstract issue, conventions and knowledge, and parole and performance both are their actual realization, the concrete use.On the other hand, in Saussure’s opinion, what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole as parole is too varied and confusing. And this is the same as Chomsky. He thinkslinguists should study the ideal speaker’s competence, not his performance, which is too haphazard to be studied.Two linguists idea differ in that Saussure took a sociological view of language, Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view, competence is a property of the mind of each individual.8.What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C.Hockettto show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?1)Arbitrariness:this means that there is no logical connection between meanings andsounds. A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different language.2)Productivity:Language is productive in that it makes possible the construction andinterpretation of new signals of its users.3)Duality:language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. Atthe lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system.4) Displacement: Language can be use to refer to things which are present or not present, realor imagined matters in the past ,present or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.5) Cultural transmission:Language is passed on from one generation to next through teachingand learning rather than by instinct.Chapter 23.Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow one transcription differ? Broad transcription—one letter symbol for one sound.Narrow transcription—diacritics are added to the one-letter symbols to show the finer differences between sounds.In broad transcription, the symbol [l] is used for the sound [l]8.what’s a phone? how is it different from a phoneme? how are allophones related to a phoneme?① A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. Phones do not necessarily distinguish meaning, some do, some don’t, e.g. [ bI:t ] & [ bIt ], [spIt] & [spIt].② A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit of distinctive value; an abstract unit, not a particular sound, but it is represented by a certain phone in certain phonetic context, e.g. the phoneme /p/ can be represented differently in [pIt], [tIp] and [spIt].③Allophone—the phones that can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environmentsPhone is different from phoneme,The phoneme /l/ can be realized as dark/l-/and clear/l/,which are allophones of the phoneme /l/1.What are the major views concerning the study of meaning?1)The naming theory命名论was proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. Thelinguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for; words are just names or labels for things. The semantic relationship holding between words and things is the relationship of naming.2)The conceptualist view概念论: This view holds that there is no direct link between alinguistic form and what it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. This is best illustrated by the semantic triangle suggested by Ogden and Richards:3)Contextualism语境论: Representatively proposed by the British linguist J. R. Firthwho had been influenced by the Polish anthropologist Malinowski and the German philosopher Wittgenstein.It holds that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context-elements closely linked with language behavior. …the meaning of a word is its use in the language.4)Behaviourism行为主义论: Based on contextualist view by Bloomfield who drew onbehaviorist psychology in defining “meaning”.Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language from as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.” This theory, somewhat close to contextualism, is linked with psychological interest.6.In what way is componential analysis similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features?成分分析和把音位分析为区别性特征有何相似之处？In the light of componential analysis, the meaning of a word consists of a number of distinctive meaning features, the analysis breaks down the meaning of the word into these features; it is these different features that distinguish word meaning similarly, a phoneme is considered as a collection of distinctive sound features, a phoneme can be broken down into these distinctive sound features and its these sound features that distinguish different sounds.5. According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance. Give an example.According to Austin's new model, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act.A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something. A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something. Let's look at an example:"You have left the door wide open."The locutionary act performed by the speaker is his utterance of the wo rds “you”, “have”, “door”, “open”, etc. thus expressing what the words literally mean.The illocutionary act performed by the speaker is that by making such an utterance he has expressed his intention of speaking, i.e. asking someone to close the door, or making a complaint, depending on the context.The perlocutionary act refers to the effect of the utterance. If the hearer gets the speaker's message and sees that the speaker means to tell him to close the door, the speaker has successfully brought about the change in the real world he has intended to; then the perlocutionary act is successfully performed.8. What are the four maxims of the CP? Try to give your own examples to show how floutingthese maxims gives rise to conversational implicature?答：Cooperative Principle, abbreviated as CP. It goes as follows:Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.To be more specific, there are four maxims under this general principle:(1) The maxim of quantity数量原则E.g. A: When is Susan's farewell party?B: Sometimes next month.It is flouting the maxim of quantity(2) The maxim of quality质量原则E.g. A: Would you like to join us for the picnic on Sunday?B: I'm afraid I have got a class on Sunday.(3) The maxim of relation相关原则E.g. A: How did the math exam go today, Tom?B: We had a basketball match with the other class.(4) The maxim of manner方式准则E.g. A: Shall we got something for the kids?B: Yes. But I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.Chapter92.What do you think of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? Give examples or proof to support your point of view.Sapir-Whorf believe that language filters people's perception and the way they categorize their experiences. This interdependence of language and thought is now known as Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. There are mainly two different interpretations about Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: a strong version and a weak one. The strong version believes that language patterns determine people’s thinking and behavior, the weak one holds that the former influences the later.I agree with the weak one. Here is an example, the word snow. For Eskimo snow is extremely important and so crucial to life that each of its various forms and conditions is named. In English-speaking cultures, snow is far less important and simple word snow usually suffices the need. When some needs become more specific, however, longer phrases can be made up to meet these needs: “corn snow”, “fine powder snow”, and “drifting snow”.Chapter102.Among the language acquisition theories mentioned in this chapter, which one do you think is more reasonable and convincing? Explain why.1)Behaviourist view---language is behavior ,language learning is simply a matter of imitation and habit formation.In this theory,imitation and practice are preliminary(开始),discrimination （识别）and generalizaition are key to language development.2)An innatist (语法天生主义者)view----In the human brain, there is an imaginary “black box”called Language acquisition device which is said to contain principles that are universal to all language.Children need access to the samples of a natural language to activate the LAD, which enables them to discover his language's structure by matching the innate knowledge of basic grammatical system to that particular ter Chomsky prefer this innate endowment as UG and hold that if children are pre-equipped with UG, then what they have to learn is the ways in which their own language make use of these principles and the variations in those principles which may exist in the particular language they are learning.3) An interactionist(互动主义者)view----language develops as a result of the complex interplay,between the human characteristics of the child and the environment in which child develops.In a word,Behaviorists view sounds reasonable in explaining the routine aspects,the innatist accounts most reasonable in explaining children's acquiring complex system, and the interactionist description convincing in understanding how children learn and use the language appropriately from their environment.Chapter111、To what extent is second language learning similar to first language learning? Can you list some proof from your own learning experience?(please list your own experience.)The studies on the first language acquisition have influenced enormously those on the second language acquisition at both theoretical and pratical levels. Theoretically the new findings and advances in first language acquisition in learning theories and learning process are illuminating in understanding second language acquisition. The techniques used to collect and analyze data in first language acquisition also provide insights and perspectives in the study of second language acquisition. Just as Littlewood summarizes, the first language study has served as a backcloth for perceiving and undrerstanding new facts about second language learning.2.Try to observe yourself and pay attention to your own learning experience, what conclusion can you reach about the role of Chinese in your English learning? On what occasions are you more likely to use or depend on Chinese in learning and using English? Chinese plays an inseparable role in our English learning and people can't afford to ignore it. Hence, the role of Chinese in our English learning is worth careful examination. In addition, English learning have been influnenced by Chinese learning at both theoretical and practical levels.(1)Theoretically, the new findings and advanced in Chinese acquisition especially in learning theories and learning process are illuminate (helping) in understanding English acquisition.(2)The techniques used to collect and analyze data in Chinese learning also provides insights and perspectives in the study of English learning.Occasion: Recent studies have discovered that there are three interacting factors in determining language transfer in second language learning:1)a learner's psychology, how a learner organizes his or her native language;2)a learner's perception of native-target language distance,3)a learner's actual knowledge of the target language.。
应用语言学的八个主要研究领域
应用语言学的八个主要研究领域1.引言1.1 概述概述部分的内容可以写为：引言是一篇文章的开端，它旨在引起读者的兴趣并给予他们背景信息。
本文将介绍应用语言学的八个主要研究领域。
应用语言学是一门研究语言及其使用的学科，它关注语言在特定环境中的应用和影响。
随着全球化的发展以及跨文化交流的增加，应用语言学在解决实际问题和改善交流的过程中起着至关重要的作用。
通过探索语言与社会、文化、教育等领域的关系，应用语言学为我们提供了丰富的理论框架和实践方法。
在本文中，我们将介绍应用语言学的八个主要研究领域。
每个领域都有其独特的背景和主要研究内容，涵盖了语言教学与学习、语言政策与规划、社会语言学、心理语言学、语言测量与评估、语料库语言学、专门用途语言学以及多语言现象等方面。
通过深入研究这些领域，我们可以更好地理解语言的本质及其在实际生活中的应用。
本文的结构如下：首先，我们将简要介绍这八个主要研究领域的背景和意义。
随后，我们将详细描述每个研究领域的主要内容和研究方法。
最后，在结论部分我们将对整篇文章进行总结，并展望应用语言学未来的发展方向。
通过对这八个主要研究领域的探索，我们可以更好地理解语言的多样性以及其在不同社会和文化背景下的应用。
同时，应用语言学研究还能够为语言教学、语言政策制定、社会交往等方面提供实用的指导和建议。
随着全球化的进程不断加快，应用语言学必将在解决跨文化交流和交际障碍方面发挥越来越重要的作用。
1.2 文章结构文章结构部分的内容可以按照以下方向展开：文章结构部分旨在介绍本篇长文的组织结构和各个部分的内容概述。
通过清晰明确地介绍文章的结构，读者可以更好地了解本文的框架和各个主要研究领域在文章中的位置。
首先，本篇长文将分为三个部分：引言、正文和结论。
引言部分将对应用语言学的研究领域进行概述，并阐明文章的目的。
正文将详细介绍八个主要研究领域的背景和主要研究内容。
最后，结论部分将对文章进行总结，并展望应用语言学未来的发展方向。
中山大学语言学及应用语言
中山大学语言学及应用语言中山大学语言学及应用语言专业是一门综合性学科，涵盖了语言学的理论与应用。
它旨在培养学生掌握语言学的基本理论知识、语言科学研究方法以及运用语言学理论解决实际问题的能力，并加强对应用语言学的实践操作技能的培养。
语言学作为一门学科，研究语言的本质、结构和功能，包括语音学、语法学、语义学、语用学等方面。
通过学习这些理论知识，学生可以深入了解语言的运作原理，从而更好地理解和使用语言。
同时，该专业也注重应用语言学的研究和实践。
应用语言学是将语言学的理论知识应用于实际问题解决的学科。
例如，通过语料库研究，可以分析语言的使用频率和变异情况，为语言教学和翻译提供参考依据。
而在跨文化交际方面，应用语言学还可以提供一些有效的策略和方法，以帮助人们更好地理解和应对不同文化背景下的交际困难。
中山大学语言学及应用语言专业的课程设置丰富多样。
其中包括语言学专业的基础理论知识，如声音学、形态学、句法学、语义学等，为学生提供扎实的语言学基础。
同时，还有应用语言学的相关课程，如语言教学研究、语料库语言学、跨文化交际理论与实践等，帮助学生将语言学理论应用于实际问题解决。
此外，中山大学语言学及应用语言专业还注重培养学生的实践操作技能。
通过实地调研、实验研究、语料库分析以及教学实习等形式，学生将有机会亲身参与语言学的实践活动，提高自己的动手能力和实际操作水平。
在就业方面，中山大学语言学及应用语言专业的毕业生具有较强的独立思维和研究能力，能够应用所学知识解决实际问题，具有较好的就业竞争力。
他们可以从事教育、翻译、传媒、国际商务及文化交流等领域的工作。
总的来说，中山大学语言学及应用语言专业是一门理论与实践结合的学科，旨在培养学生全面掌握语言学及应用语言学的基本理论知识和实践操作技能，为他们今后从事相关领域的工作提供坚实的基础。
它不仅培养学生的学术研究能力，也培养学生的实践操作能力，为他们未来的就业和职业发展打下坚实的基础。
语言学考研术语名词解释带解释
语⾔学考研术语名词解释带解释语⾔学考研术语-名词解释1.赵元任赵元任，字宣仲，⼜字宜重，江苏武进（今常州）⼈，⽣于天津。
赵元任是“中国语⾔学之⽗”。
他将科学运⽤于语⾔学研究的结果：⽤⾃然科学中的基本概念说明语⾔问题；⽤⾃然科学的先进成果记录和分析语⾳；把⾃然科学中的研究⽅法引⼊语⾔学；引⼊科学的描述事物的⽅式以及解决问题的程序等等。
赵元任成功了，中国的传统语⾔学在他和同时代的⼀批优秀学者的共同努⼒下，终于逐步⽽⼜缓慢地⾛向了现代化。
2.哥本哈根学派哥本哈根学派是受到索绪尔语⾔学思想影响⽽出现的世界三个结构主义语⾔学的主要流派之⼀。
它以1931年哥本哈根语⾔学会的成⽴为标志，主要创始⼈和理论家是丹麦哥本哈根⼤学的语⾔学教授L.叶尔姆斯列夫。
哥本哈根学派的理论叫做“语符学”。
叶尔姆斯列夫认为，语⾔的内在结构是各级要素共同构成的关系⽹络。
为了确定语⾔的基本要素，他把语⾔成分分为“内容”和“表达”两个平⾯。
这两个平⾯⼜各分为“形式”和“实质”两层，“形式”是结构关系，“实质”是体现形式的语⾔的实体（⼀⽅⾯是声⾳，另⼀⽅⾯是意义）。
另⼀⽅⾯，叶尔姆斯列夫在语⾔中区分“序列”和“系统”。
“序列”是词、短语、句⼦等形式结构。
符号的序列包括内容平⾯和表达平⾯，两者都由系统中的要素构成。
3.描写语⾔学描写语⾔学是结构语⾔学的⼀个分⽀，是20世纪美国的⼀些学者在对美洲印第安语调查和研究的基础上逐步形成和发展起来的，它以⾯向语⾔材料、注重语⾔结构的形式描写⽽著称。
它的主要特点如下：注重⼝语的描写和共时的研究；注重形式的分析，回避意义问题；在结构分析中主要运⽤分布和替换的⽅法，以便从⼀堆语⾔素材中切分出独⽴的单位并加以分类；对句法结构进⾏层次分析；建⽴语素⾳位这个新的单位，这是在语法和语⾳结合的基础上建⽴的⼀个新的单位；强调验证。
4.语⾔学语⾔学是以语⾔为专门研究对象的⼀门独⽴学科。
其主要任务是研究语⾔的性质、结构和功能，通过考察语⾔及其应⽤的现象，来揭⽰语⾔存在和发展的规律。
语言学概论名词解释精选
语言学概论名词解释精选应用语言学：把语言学的理论和具体成果用来为社会实际生活中的某个领域服务，这是广义的应用语言学，狭义的应用语言学指专门研究语言教学中的理论和方法能指：是能够指称某种意义的成分，即语言符号的物质实体所指：就是能指成分符号所指的意义内容书面语：是指有形的书面语言，即文字记录的语言的书面形式结构主义语言学：指索绪尔创立的语言学，使语言学成为现代意义上的科学符号：是指根据社会的约定俗成使用某种特定的物质实体来表示某种特定的意义而形成的这种实体和意义的结合体组合关系：也可以称为句段关系，体现为一个语言单位和前一个语言单位或后一个语言单位，或和前后两个语言单位之间的关系，也体现在互相关联的语言单位组合而成的整体之中。
理论语言学：指侧重从理论探讨研究语言的语言学语言学：是指研究语言的学科普通语言学：指研究人类社会的语言这种社会现象的一般理论传统语言学：一般泛指20世纪以前的语言学，特别是指索绪尔开创的结构主义语言学以前的语言学聚合关系：在同一个位置上可以互相替换出现的各个语言单位处在互相可以联想起来的关系之中，因而聚合成为一个类。
这种关系称为聚合关系，或者称为联想关系语音：是指由人的发音器官发出的，负载着一定的意义，并作为语言符号系统载体的声音，是语言的物质外壳音长：指声音的长短，由发音体振动的持续时间决定基音：在符合声波中有一个频率最低的振动，由它发出的声音叫基音陪音：符合波中除去基音外，由其他振动发出的声音叫陪音音质：又叫音色。
指声音的个性或特色，是一个声音区别于其他声音的基本特征音高：指声音的高低，由频率的大小决定音强：指声音的强弱，由振幅的大小决定频率：指发音体在每一秒钟内振动的次数，单位是赫兹响度：指人们听觉上所感到的声音的强弱乐音：当基音的频率和陪音的频率之间存在着整倍数的比例关系时，会形成一种复杂而有规则的，具有周期性重复特征的声波形式，这种声音叫做乐音调值：指音节高低升降变化的实际情况，也就是声调的实际读法音质音位：指以音素为材料，通过音质的差别来起辨义作用的音位非音质因为：指通过音高，音强，音长的差别来起辨义作用的音位音位变体：指同属于一个音位的不同音素音位的条件变体：指出现的语音环境各不相同而又同属一个音位的两个或几个音素调类：指一种语言或方言中声调的类别，也就是把单念时相同的调值归纳在一起而建立起来的类噪音：如果基音的频率和陪音的频率之间不存在整倍数的比列关系，就会形成一种杂乱无章的不规则的声波形式，这种声音叫做噪音开音节：指以元音收尾的音节闭音节：指以辅音收尾的音节韵腹：指韵母中开口度最大或听起来最响的成分，是韵母的核心韵头：又叫介音，是韵母中位于韵腹之前的成分词重音：指出现在多音节单词中的重音，是词的语音形式的一部分句重音：指出现在句子中的重音，是句子语音形式的一部分固定重音：指不同词里的重音都落在词的同一位置上的词重音自由重音：也叫不固定重音或移动重音。
语言学名词解释
语言学相关名词解释1.方言：通常指地域方言，它是全民族语言在不同地域的变体，是统一的全民族语言的分支。
2.亲属语言：是语言分化的产物，凡从同一种语言中分化出来的若干语言都是亲属语言。
3.社会方言：一种语言或地域方言内部同一定的社会特征和社会群体相关联的变体和特点被称为“社会方言”。
在一个语言社会中，不同的人说话可能会使用不同的语言变体而呈现出不同的特点，这些不同的语言变体和特点又同说话人的社会特征相关联，同一定的社群联系在一起，这种语言或方言内部同一定的社会特征和社群相关联的变体和特点被称之为社会方言。
4.语系：谱系分类中最大的类，凡有亲属关系的语言都属于同一语系。
8.基础方言：作为民族共同语的基础的方言。
10.地域方言：同一种语言由于语音、语汇和语法等方面的差异而在不同地区形成的地域分支或变体。
13.借词：也叫外来词，主要指语音形式和语义内容都来自外语的词。
14.仿译词：意译词的一种，指那些用本民族语言的语素逐一翻译原词语的各个成分，不但把原词语的意义，而且把原词语的内部结构形式也移植过来的那些词。
15.意译词：词的语音形式和构词方式是本民族语言的，词义来自外语的词。
16.双语现象：一个社会同时使用两种或多种语言作为交际工具，它是民族的接触、尤其是民族杂居的产物。
17.语言转用：指一种语言取代其他语言而成为不同民族的共同交际工具。
18.洋泾浜语：这是汉语对混杂语言的称呼，指母语不同的人在相互交际时所使用的两种或多种语言混杂而成的交际工具。
19.克里奥耳语：作用某个社会群体的母语来使用的、由两种或多种语言混合而成的语言。
20.双言现象：指某一言语社团使用两种方言功分别使用共同语和方言的社会现象。
22.非克里奥耳化：克里奥耳语向基础语言的方向发展，使两种语言越来越接近，甚至使克里奥耳语为基础语言的一种变体的现象和过程被称之为非克里奥耳化。
23.语言规划：社会对语言文字问题所作出的有组织、有意识的管理、调节和改进。
应用语言学应用语言学
术语学的研究与应用语言学有着密切的联系,在很长的一段时间内,术语学被看作应用语言学的一个分支。
术语学的莫斯科学派和布拉格学派,基本上是从应用语言学的角度来研究术语学的。
尽管当今术语学已经从应用语言学中分化出来而成为一门独立的学科,但是术语学的研究同应用语言学仍然有着千丝万缕的联系。
为了确立术语学在人类知识宝库中的学术地位,我们有必要对于应用语言学的范围和性质进行一番探讨。
“应用语言学”(a pp lied lin g uistics)这个术语,首先由波兰语言学家博杜恩・德・库尔德内(J.Baudouin de Courtena y,1845-1929)于1870年提出,但是,这门学科却直到本世纪40年代才开始建立起来。
应用语言学是一门多边缘的交叉学科,它的研究对象当然是语言。
但是,它却不仅只是就语言而研究语言,也不仅只是为语言而研究语言,它必须结合其他学科,如社会学、心理学、数学、信息论、控制论、计算机科学、教育学、术语学等,面对实际的需要,对语言进行多角度、多方位的研究。
“应用”是应用语言学的生命,离开了“应用”,应用语言学就成了无源之水、无本之木,离开了“应用”,应用语言学也就失去了它存在的价值。
1.应用语言学的范围关于应用语言学的范围,学者们往往有着不同的理解。
《中国大百科全书・语言文字》卷的“应用语言学”条目中指出,应用语言学是“研究语言在各个领域中实际应用的学科”,“分为一般应用语言学和机器应用语言学”,前者包括“语言教学、标准语的建立和规范化、文字的创制和改革、辞书编纂、翻译”,后者包括“实验语音学、机器翻译、情报检索、汉字信息处理、自然语言理解、言语统计、少数民族语的信息处理”。
我和龚千炎教授曾经合写过一篇文章,名为《应用语言学研究刍议》。
文章中说:“就我国的情况而言,应用语言学似乎可以大致分为以下五个主要的方面:1.国家的语言规划和语言计划,语言文字的规范化、标准化、现代化;2.语言学与计算机的结合,如机器翻译、计算机情报检索、汉语言文字的信息处理等;3.语言学应用语言学的范围和性质On the Sco p e and N ature of A pp l ied L in g uisticsFENG Zhi wei冯志伟摘要:术语学的研究与应用语言学密切相关。
语言学名词解释
Define the following terms:1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.3. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. .4. Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.5. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.6. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.7. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.8. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.9. Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics.10. Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.11. Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.12. Arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds13. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.14. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker15. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings.16. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication17. Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language,18. Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowledge of the rules in linguistic communication.19. Langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently20. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.45. phonology: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.21. phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctive value. But itis an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.22. allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.23. international phonetic alphabet: It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.24. intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.25. phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world' s languages26. auditory phonetics: It studies the speech sounds from the hearer's point of view. It studies how the sounds are perceived by the hear-er.27. acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. It studies the physical means by which speech sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.528. phone : Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning. 529. phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes. If two phonemes can occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.30. tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.31. minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.33. Morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.34. inflectional morphology: The inflectional morphology studies the inflections35. derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word- formation.36. Morpheme: It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.37. free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes. 38. Bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.39. Root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.40. Affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories, while derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.41. Prefix: Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word . Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but they usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.42. Suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.43. Derivation: Derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.44. Compounding: Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.45. syntax: Syntax is a subfield of linguistics. It studies the sentence structure of language. It consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences.46. Sentence: A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. Normally, a sentence consists of at least a subject and a predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phrase.47. coordinate sentence: A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word called coordinating conjunction, such as "and", "but", "or".48. syntactic categories: Apart from sentences and clauses, a syntactic category usually refers toa word (called a lexical category) or a phrase ( called a phrasal category) that performs a particular grammatical function.49. grammatical relations: The structural and logical functional relations of constituents are called grammatical relations. The grammatical relations of a sentence concern the way each noun phrase in the sentence relates to the verb. In many cases, grammatical relations in fact refer to who does what to whom .50. linguistic competence: Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic competence.51. Transformational rules: Transformational rules are the rules that transform one sentence type into another type.52. D-structure: D- structure is the level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place. Phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.53. Semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.54. Sense: Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualised.55. Reference: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience56. Synonymy :Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.57. Polysemy :Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning.58. Homonymy : Homonymy refers to the phenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e. , different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.59. homophones :When two words are identical in sound, they are called homophones60. homographs :When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs.61. complete homonyms.:When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are called complete homonyms.62.Hyponymy :Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.63. Antonymy :Antonymy refers to the relation of oppositeness of meaning.64. Componential analysis : Componential analysis is a way to analyze word meaning. It was pro-posed by structural semanticists. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a -word can be divided into meaning components, which are called semantic features.65.The grammatical meaning : The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality, i.e. , its grammatical well-formedness . The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.66. predication :The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.67. argument : An argument is a logical participant in a predication. It is generally identical with the nominal element (s) in a sentence.68. predicate : A predicate is something that is said about an argument or it states the logical relation linking the arguments in a sentence.69. two-place predication : A two-place predication is one which contains two arguments.37. pragmatics: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.38. Context: Generally speaking, it consists of the knowledge that is shared by the speak-er and the hearer. The shared knowledge is of two types: the knowledge of the language they use, and the knowledge about the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place. 39. utterance meaning: the meaning of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence ina real situation of communication, or simply in a context.40. sentence meaning: The meaning of a sentence is of-ten considered as the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication.41. Constative: Constatives were statements that either state or describe, and were verifiable ;42. Performative: performatives, on the other hand, were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable. Their function is to perform a particular speech act. 43. locutionary act: A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.44. illocutionary act: An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention; it is the act performed in saying something.45. perlocutionary act: A perlocutionary act is the act per-formed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.46. Cooperative Principle: It is principle advanced by Paul Grice. It is a principle that guides our conversational behaviors. The content is : Make your conversational contribution such as is required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or the talk exchange in which you are engaged.。
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应用语言学名词解释
应用语言学是语言学的一个分支领域，研究语言在实际应用中的各种现象和问题。
它关注语言的实际使用情况，并试图解释和预测语言使用的规律，以及改进语言的实际应用效果。
下面是一些与应用语言学相关的重要名词的解释。
1. 语言维度（linguistic dimension）：指语言的各个方面，包括语法、词汇、语音、语境等。
2. 语用学（pragmatics）：研究语言使用中的非字面意义和上下文相关的现象，如指示、暗示、语用推论等。
3. 社会语言学（sociolinguistics）：研究语言与社会的关系，包括语言变体、方言、语言规范等现象。
4. 语音学（phonetics）：研究语音的音质、音位和音系等方面的学科。
5. 语音分析（speech analysis）：运用技术方法对语音进行分析，研究语音的特征和规律。
6. 语言处理（language processing）：指人类如何理解和表达语言的过程，也指计算机如何处理和理解语言的问题。
7. 自然语言处理（natural language processing）：使计算机能够理解、处理和生成人类语言的技术和方法。
8. 语料库语言学（corpus linguistics）：以语料库为基础，运
用统计方法研究语言的现象和规律。
9. 语篇分析（discourse analysis）：研究语言在实际语境中的
使用和组织方式，关注语言与社会、文化、认知等因素的关系。
10. 语境（context）：指在特定的交际环境中，语言使用者通
过语言实际传递的意义。
11. 二语习得（second language acquisition）：指学习第二语言
的过程和结果的研究。
12. 交际（communication）：指人类通过语言实现信息传递和
意义交流的过程。
13. 言语行为（speech act）：指通过语言行动来实现特定目的
的行为，如请求、命令、承诺等。
14. 修辞学（rhetoric）：研究通过语言来实现说服、感染等目
的的技巧和方法。
15. 语音感知（speech perception）：指人类对语音输入进行感
知和理解的过程。
以上是一些与应用语言学相关的重要名词的解释，它们涵盖了该领域的各个方面。
应用语言学的研究对于我们理解和应用语言都有重要意义，能够帮助我们更好地理解语言的使用方式，提高语言的应用效果。