雅思阅读预测真题库4解析.pdf
雅思阅读预测真题库4参考答案
Animal’s Self-MedicatinTRUE/NOT GIVEN/FALSE/TRUEpitch/terpenses/alkaloids/detoxity/hooksG/D/E/CDevelopment of Public Management Theory BE/AD/AB/AC/A/B/D/C/B---------------------------------------------17KoalasC/C/A/B/AYES/NO/NO/NOT GIVEN/YES/NOT GIVEN/YESACoastal Archaeology of BritainC/D/ATRUE/FALSE/TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN/TRUE/TRUE/ADFCommunication Styles and Conflictiii/vii/i/iv/ix/viii/v/iiTRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN/TRUE/TRUEBTalc Powder Applied on Food and Agricultural Industries B/B/A/A/C/B20/foam/wastewater/harmful/biodegrade/droplet(s)/lamination(packing)/gr ape grower(s)Human Navigation-finding our wayB /C / A / C / B / C /D / A /TRUE / NOT GIVEN / TRUE / FALSE / NOT GIVENPlant ScentsB/A/F/CTRUE/NOT GIVEN/TRUE/FALSEB/B/C/D/AAgriculture and T ourismA/B/C/C/A/B/Dbenefit/survey/three/cooperation/experience/incomesE-trainingiii/v/vii/ii/ix/viiiD/B/A/F/ACDChoices and HappinessB/D/A/CFALSE/NOT GIVEN/TRUE/FALSE/TRUEB/A/D/CPaper or Computer ?iv / iii /viii /ii / ix /vii / iflexible /tangible / tailorableC /A / A /DThe “Extinct”Grass in BritainFALSE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN/TRUE/FALSE/TRUE/NOT GIVENE/F/A/D/B/CExtinction Mysterious of the DinosaursNO/YES/NOT GIVEN/YES/NO/YESecologicalrelease/competitors/dragons/overlooked/vanished/recycled/ misdatedMalaria in Italyinsect/unclean air/life expectancy/hereditaryYES/NG/NO/YESE/G/B/F/C/AAntarctica--in from the ColdD/E/F/C/A/C/A/B/B/D/C/A/CThe PearlB/D/E/ETRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVENB/J/K/F/C/DThe History of “Farmer”E/B/G/D/Hmail-order company/chain store/buying offices/celebration/big family/B/C/ABiodiversityTRUE/FALSE/TRUE/TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN/NOT GIVEN keystone(species)/fig families(or figs)/(sea) urchins/cactus moth/Australia/public educationFood for Thoughtviii/ii/iv/x/i/v/viiH/F/I/A/C/B/E。
雅思4真题答案大全及解析
雅思4真题答案大全及解析雅思考试是全球范围内最受欢迎的英语水平测试之一。
无论是留学、移民还是就业，雅思成绩都是很多人必备的证明之一。
然而，由于考试的难度和复杂性，许多考生对于雅思的真题答案和解析都有很大的需求。
在这篇文章中，我们将为大家提供一份雅思4真题的答案大全及解析，希望能够帮助大家更好地备考雅思。
第一部分：听力（Listening）雅思听力部分是考试中的第一项内容，也是一项相对较难的任务。
在这一部分中，考生需要通过听录音来回答一系列的问题。
以下是一份雅思4听力部分的答案及解析。
Section 1:1. C Explanation: The speaker mentioned that the party would be held in the garden.2. B Explanation: The speaker stated that the swimming pool would be open on weekends only.3. A Explanation: The speaker mentioned the price of the membership.4. C Explanation: The speaker discussed the different activities available at the club.5. A Explanation: The speaker mentioned the importanceof booking in advance.Section 2:6. B Explanation: The speaker talked about the new art exhibition at the museum.7. A Explanation: The speaker mentioned the time and location of an upcoming lecture.8. C Explanation: The speaker stated that theexhibition would run for a month.9. A Explanation: The speaker discussed the discounts available for senior citizens.10. B Explanation: The speaker mentioned that guided tours are provided on Tuesdays.Section 3:11. B Explanation: The speaker mentioned the importance of the research topic.12. A Explanation: The speaker discussed thedifficulties they faced during the research.13. C Explanation: The speaker talked about the method they used for data collection.14. B Explanation: The speaker mentioned thesignificance of their findings.15. A Explanation: The speaker stated the implications of the research.Section 4:16. C Explanation: The speaker discussed the characteristics of different types of plants.17. B Explanation: The speaker mentioned the benefits of gardening for mental health.18. A Explanation: The speaker stated that gardening isa popular hobby in the country.19. C Explanation: The speaker discussed the importance of soil quality for plant growth.20. B Explanation: The speaker mentioned the upcoming gardening workshop.以上是雅思4听力部分的答案及解析。
剑桥雅思真题4阅读及翻译Word
剑4T1P1Tropical RainforestsAdults and children are frequently confronted with statements about the alarming rate of loss of tropical rainforests. For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes - about the duration of a normal classroom period. In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests - what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them - independent of any formal tuition. It is also possible that some of these ideas will be mistaken.Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about ‘pure' curriculum science. These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous，more robust but also accessible to modification. These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular media. Sometimes this information may be erroneous. It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their peers.Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests, little formal information is available about children’s ideas in this area. The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their schools.The study surveys children’s scientific knowledge and attitudes to rainforests. Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form questions. The most frequent responses to the first question were descriptions which are self-evident from the term "rainforest". Some children described them as damp, wet or hot. The second question concerned the geographical location of rainforests. The commonest responses were continents or countries：Africa (given by 43% of children), South America (30%), Brazil (25%). Some children also gave more general locations, such as being near the Equator.Responses to question three concerned the importance of rainforests. The dominant idea, raised by 64% of the pupils, was that rainforests provide animals with habitats. Fewer students responded chat rainforests provide plant habitats, and even fewer mentioned the indigenous populations of rainforests. More girls (70%) than boys (60%) raised die idea of rainforest as animal habitats.Similarly, but at a lower level, more girls (13%) than boys (5%) said that rainforests provided human habitats. These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ viewsabout the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life.The fourth question concerned the causes of the destruction of rainforests. Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified chat it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as "we are". About 18% of the pupils referred specifically to logging activity.One misconception, expressed by some 10% of the pupils, was chat acid rain is responsible for rainforest destruction；A similar proportion said chat pollution is destroying rainforests. Here, children are confusing rainforest destruction with damage to the forests of Western Europe by these factors. While two fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced. The misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on Earth.In answer to the final question about the importance of rainforest conservation, the majority of children simply said that we need rainforests to survive. Only a few of the pupils (6%) mentioned that rainforest destruction may contribute to global warming. This is surprising considering the high level of media coverage on this issue. Some children expressed the idea that the conservation of rainforests is not important.The results of this study suggest that certain ideas predominate in the thinking of children about rainforests. Pupils’ responses indicate some misconceptions in basic scientific knowledge of rain forests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of rainforests.Pupils did not volunteer ideas that suggested that they appreciated the complexity of causes of rainforest destruction. In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests. One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting views. Environmental education offers an arena in which these skills can be developed, which is essential for these children as future decision-makers.无论大人还是孩子都经常会遇到这样的报道，那就是热带雨林正在以惊人的速度消失。
剑桥雅思真题6-阅读Test 4(附答案)
剑桥雅思真题6-阅读Test 4（附答案）Reading Passage 1You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Doctoring salesPharmaceuticals is one of the most profitable industries in North America. But do the drugs industry’s sales and marketing strategies go too far?A A few months ago Kim Schaefer, sales representative of a major global pharmaceutical company, walked into a medical center in New York to bring information and free samples of her company’s latest products. That day she was lucky - a doctor was available to see her. 'The last rep offered me a trip to Florida. What do you have?’ the physician asked. He was only half Joking.B What was on offer that day was a pair of tickets for a New York musical. But on any given day, what Schaefer can offer Is typical for today's drugs rep - a car trunk Full of promotional gifts and gadgets, a budget that could buy lunches and dinners for a small country, hundreds of free drug samples and the freedom to give a physician $200 to prescribe her new product to the next six patients who fit the drug's profile. And she also has a few $ 1,000 honoraria to offer in exchange for doctors' attendance at her company's next educational lecture.C Selling pharmaceuticals is a daily exercise in ethical Judgment. Salespeople like Schaefer walk the line between the common practice of buying a prospect’s time with a free meal, and bribing doctors to prescribe their drugs. They work In an industry highly criticized for Its sales and marketing practices, but find themselves in the middle of the age-old chicken-or-egg question-businesses won't use strategies that don’t work, so are doctors to blame for the escalating extravagance of pharmaceutical marketing? Or is it the industry's responsibility to decide the boundaries?D The explosion in the sheer number of salespeople in the field-and the amount of funding used to promote their causes - forces close examination of the pressures, influences and relationships between drug reps and doctors. Salespeople provide much-needed Information and education to physicians. In many cases the glossy brochures, article reprints and prescriptions they deliver are primary sources of drug education for healthcare givers. With the huge investment the industry has placed in face-to-face selling, salespeople have essentially become specialists in one drug or group of drugs-a tremendous advantage in getting the attention of busy doctors in need of quick Information.E But the sales push rarely stops in the office. The flashy brochures and pamphlets left by the sales reps are often followed up with meals at expensive restaurants, meetings in warm and sunny places, and an inundation of promotional gadgets. Rarely do patients watch a doctor write with a pen that isn’t emblazoned with a drug's name, or see a nurse use a tablet not bearing a pharmaceutical company's logo. Millions of dollars are spent by pharmaceutical companies on promotional products like coffee mugs, shirts, umbrellas, and golf balls. Money well spent? It’s hard to tell. 'I've been the recipient of golf balls from one company and I use them, but it doesn’t make me prescribe their medicine’, says one doctor, 'I tend to think I’m not influenced by whatthey give me.'F Free samples of new and expensive drugs might be the single most effective way of getting doctors and patients to become loyal to a product. Salespeople hand out hundreds of dollars’ worth of samples each week- $7.2 billion worth of them in one year. Though few comprehensive studies have been conducted, one by the University of Washington Investigated how drug sample availability affected what physicians prescribe. A total of 131 doctors self-reported their prescribing patterns - the conclusion was that the availability of samples led them to dispense and prescribe drugs that differed from their preferred drug choice.G The bottom line is that pharmaceutical companies as a whole invest more in marketing than they do in research and development. And patients are the ones who pay-in the form of sky-rocketing prescription prices - for every pen that's handed out, every free theatre ticket, and every steak dinner eaten. In the end the fact remains that pharmaceutical companies have every right to make a profit and will continue to find new ways to Increase sales. But as the medical world continues to grapple with what's acceptable and what’s not, it is clear that companies must continue to be heavily scrutinized for their sales and marketing strategies.Question 1-7Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs, A-G.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 1 - 7 on your answer sheet.1 Paragraph A2 Paragraph B3 Paragraph C4 Paragraph D5 Paragraph E6 Paragraph F7 Paragraph GQuestion 8-13Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the informationNO if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage8. Sales representatives like Kim Schaefer work to a very limited budget.9. Kim Schaefer's marketing technique may be open to criticism on moral grounds.10. The information provided by drug companies is of little use to doctors.11. Evidence of drug promotion is clearly visible in the healthcare environment.12. The drug companies may give free drug samples to patients without doctors’ prescriptions.13. It is legitimate for drug companies to make money.Reading Passage 2You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Do literate women make better mothers?Children in developing countries are healthier and more likely to survive past the age of five when their mothers can read and write. Experts in public health accepted this idea decades ago, but until now no one has been able to show that a woman's ability to read in itself improves her children's chances of survival.Most literate women learnt to read in primary school, and the fact that a woman has had an education may simply indicate her family's wealth or that it values its children more highly. Now a long-term study carried out in Nicaragua has eliminated these factors by showing that teaching reading to poor adult women, who would otherwise have remained illiterate, has a direct effect on their children's health and survival. In 1979, the government of Nicaragua established a number of social programmes, including A National Literacy Crusade. By 1985, about 300,000 illiterate adults from all over the Country, many of whom had never attended primary school, had learnt how to read, write and use numbers.During this period, researchers from the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, the Central American Institute of Health in Nicaragua, the National Autonomous University of Nicaragua and the Costa Rican Institute of Health interviewed nearly 3,000 women: some of whom had learn to read as children, some during the literacy crusade and some who had never learnt at all. The women were asked how many children they had given birth to and how many of them had died ininfancy. The research teams also examined the surviving children to find out how well-nourished they were.The investigators' findings were striking. In the late 1970s, the infant mortality rate for the children of illiterate mothers was around 110 deaths per thousand live births. At this point in their lives, those mothers who later went on to learn to read had a similar level of child mortality (105/1000). For women educated in primary school, however, the infant mortality rate was significantly lower, at 80 per thousand.In 1985, after the National Literacy Crusade had ended, the infant mortality figures for those who remained illiterate and for those educated in primary school remained more or less unchanged. For those women who learnt to read through the campaign, the infant mortality rate was 84 per thousand, an impressive 21 points lower than for those women who were still illiterate. The children of the newly-literate mothers were also better nourished than those of women who could not read.Why are the children of literate mothers better off? According to Peter Sandiford of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, no one knows for certain. Child health was not on the curriculum during the women's lessons, so he and his colleagues are looking at other factors. They are working with the same group of 3,000 women, to try to find out whether reading mothers make better use of hospitals and clinics, opt for smaller families, exert more control at home, learn modern childcare techniques more quickly, or whether they merely have more respect for themselves and their children.The Nicaraguan study may have important implications for governments and aid agencies that need to know where to direct their resources. Sandiford says that there is increasing evidence that female education, at any age, is 'an important health intervention in its own right'. The results of the study lend support to the World Bank's recommendation that education budgets in developing countries should be increased, not just to help their economies, but also to improve child health. 'We've known for a long time that maternal education is important,' says John Cleland of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine，'But we thought that even if we started educating girls today, we'd have to wait a generation for the pay-off. The Nicaraguan study suggests we may be able to bypass that.'Cleland warns that the Nicaraguan crusade was special in many ways, and similar campaigns elsewhere might not work as well. It is notoriously difficult to teach adults skills that do not have an immediate impact on their everyday lives, and many literacy campaigns in other countries have been much less successful. 'The crusade was part of a larger effort to bring a better life to the people,' says Cleland. Replicating these conditions in other countries will be a major challenge for development workers.Question 14-18Complete the summary using the list of words, A-J, below.Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheetNB You may use any letter more than onceThe Nicaraguan National Literacy Crusade aimed to teach large numbers of illiterate14 …………to read and write. Public health experts have known for many years that there is a connection between child health and 15 ………… . However, it has not previously been known whether these two factors were directly linked or not. This question has been investigated by 16 ………… in Nicaragua. As a result, factors such as 17 ………… and attitude to children have been eliminated, and it has been shown that 18 ………… can in itself improve infant health and survival.Question 19-24Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 19-24 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the informationNO if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage19. About a thousand of the women interviewed by the researchers had learnt to read when they were children.20. Before the National Literacy Crusade, illiterate women had approximately the same levels of infant mortality as those who had learnt to read in primary school.21. Before and after the National Literacy Crusade, the child mortality rate for the illiterate women stayed at about 110 deaths for each thousand live births.22. The women who had learnt to read through the National Literacy Crusade showed the greatest change in infant mortality levels.23. The women who had learnt to read through the National Literacy Crusade had the lowest rates of child mortality.24. After the National Literacy Crusade, the children of the women who remained illiterate were found to be severely malnourished.Question 25-26Choose TWO letters, A-E.Write the correct letters in boxes 25 and 26 on your answer sheet.Which TWO important implications drawn from the Nicaraguan study are mentioned by the writer of the passage?A. It is better to educate mature women than young girls.B. Similar campaigns in other countries would be equally successful.C. The effects of maternal literacy programmes can be seen very quickly.D. Improving child health can quickly affect a country's economy.E. Money spent on female education will improve child health.Reading Passage 3You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Persistent bullying is one of the worst experiences a child can face. How can it be prevented? Peter Smith, Professor of Psychology at the University of Sheffield, directed the Sheffield Anti-Bullying Intervention Project, funded by the Department for Education. Here hereports on his findings.A Bullying can take a variety of forms, from the verbal - being taunted or called hurtful names -to the physical - being kicked or shoved - as well as indirect forms, such as being excluded from social groups. A survey I conducted with Irene Whitney found that in British primary schools up to a quarter of pupils reported experience of bullying, which in about one in ten cases was persistent. There was less bullying in secondary schools, with about one in twenty-five suffering persistent bullying, but these cases may be particularly recalcitrant.B Bullying is clearly unpleasant, and can make the child experiencing it feel unworthy and depressed. In extreme cases it can even lead to suicide, though this is thankfully rare. Victimised pupils are more likely to experience difficulties with interpersonal relationships as adults, while children who persistently bully are more likely to grow up to be physically violent, and convicted of anti-social offences.C Until recently, not much was known about the topic, and little help was available to teachers to deal with bullying. Perhaps as a consequence, schools would often deny the problem. There is no bullying at this school has been a common refrain, almost certainly untrue. Fortunately more schools are now saying: There is not much bullying here, but when it occurs we have a clear policy for dealing with it.D Three factors are involved in this change. First is an awareness of the severity of the problem. Second, a number of resources to help tackle bullying have become available in Britain. For example, the Scottish Council for Research in Education produced a package of materials, Action Against Bullying, circulated to all schools in England and Wales as well as in Scotland in summer 1992, with a second pack, Supporting Schools Against Bullying, produced the following year. In Ireland, Guidelines on Countering Bullying Behaviour in Post-Primary Schools was published in 1993. Third, there is evidence that these materials work, and that schools can achieve something. This comes from carefully conducted before and after evaluations of interventions in schools, monitored by a research team. In Norway, after an intervention campaign was introduced nationally, an evaluation of forty-two schools suggested that, over a two-year period, bullying was halved. The Sheffield investigation, which involved sixteen primary schools and seven secondary schools, found that most schools succeeded in reducing bullying.E Evidence suggests that a key step is to develop a policy on bullying, saying clearly what is meant by bullying, and giving explicit guidelines on what will be done if it occurs, what records will be kept, who will be informed, what sanctions will be employed. The policy should be developed through consultation, over a period of time - not just imposed from the head teachersoffice! Pupils, parents and staff should feel they have been involved in the policy, which needs to be disseminated and implemented effectively.Other actions can be taken to back up the policy. There are ways of dealing with the topic through the curriculum, using video, drama and literature. These are useful for raising awareness, and can best be tied in to early phases of development, while the school is starting to discuss the issue of bullying. They are also useful in renewing the policy for new pupils, or revising it in the light of experience. But curriculum work alone may only have short-term effects; it should be an addition to policy work, not a substitute.There are also ways of working with individual pupils, or in small groups. Assertiveness training for pupils who are liable to be victims is worthwhile, and certain approaches to group bullying such as no blame, can be useful in changing the behaviour of bullying pupils without confronting them directly, although other sanctions may be needed for those who continue with persistent bullying.Work in the playground is important, too. One helpful step is to train lunchtime supervisors to distinguish bullying from playful fighting, and help them break up conflicts. Another possibility is to improve the playground environment, so that pupils are less likely to be led into bullying from boredom or frustration.F With these developments, schools can expect that at least the most serious kinds of bullying can largely be prevented. The more effort put in and the wider the whole school involvement, the more substantial the results are likely to be. The reduction in bullying -and the consequent improvement in pupil happiness - is surely a worthwhile objective.Questions 27-30Reading Passage 3 has six sections, A-F.Choose the correct heading for sections A-D from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-vii, in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.28 Section B29 Section C30 Section DQuestions 31-34Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 31-34 on your answer sheet.31 A recent survey found that in British secondary schoolsA there was more bullying than had previously been the case.B there was less bullying than in primary schools.C cases of persistent bullying were very common.D indirect forms of bullying were particularly difficult to deal with.32 Children who are bulliedA are twice as likely to commit suicide as the average person.B find it more difficult to relate to adults.C are less likely to be violent in later life.D may have difficulty forming relationships in later life.33 The writer thinks that the declaration There is no bullying at this schoolA is no longer true in many schools.B was not in fact made by many schools.C reflected the schools lack of concern.D reflected a lack of knowledge and resources.34 What were the findings of research carried out in Norway?A Bullying declined by 50% after an anti-bullying campaign.B Twenty-one schools reduced bullying as a result of an anti-bullying campaign.C Two years is the optimum length for an anti-bullying campaign.D Bullying is a less serious problem in Norway than in the UK.Questions 35-39Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 35-39 on your answer sheet.What steps should schools take to reduce bullying?The most important step is for the school authorities to produce a 35........ which makes the schools attitude towards bullying quite clear. It should include detailed 36........as to how the school and its staff will react if bullying occurs.In addition, action can be taken through the 37........This is particularly useful in the early part of the process, as a way of raising awareness and encouraging discussion. On its own, however, it is insufficient to bring about a permanent solution.Effective work can also be done with individual pupils and small groups. For example, potential 38….....of bullying can be trained to be more self-confident. Or again, in dealing with group bullying, a no blame approach, which avoids confronting the offender too directly, is often effective.Playground supervision will be more effective if members of staff are trained to recognise the difference between bullying and mere 39......... .Question 40Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in box 40 on your answer sheet.Which of the following is the most suitable title for Reading Passage 3?A Bullying: what parents can doB Bullying: are the media to blame?C Bullying: the link with academic failureD Bullying: from crisis management to prevention参考答案1 v2 vi3 iii4 ix5 i6 vii7 x8 NO9 YES10 NO11 YES12 NOT GIVEN13 YES14 B15 F16 C17 J18 F19 NOT GIVEN20 NO21 YES22 YES23 NO24 NOT GIVEN25 & 26 (In Either Order): C E27 iv28 vi29 v30 vii31 B32 D33 D34 A35 policy36 (explicit) guidelines37 (school) curriculum38 victims39 playful fighting40 D。
剑桥雅思阅读10真题精讲(test4)
剑桥雅思阅读10真题精讲(test4)剑桥雅思阅读10原文(test4)1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.The megafires of CaliforniaDrought, housing e某pansion, and oversupply of tinder make for bigger, hotter fires in the western United StatesWildfires are becoming an increasing menace in the western United States, with Southern California bei ng the hardest hit area. There’s a reason fire squads battling more frequent blazes in Southern California are having such difficulty containing the flames, despite better preparedness than ever and decades of e某perience fighting fires fanned by the ‘Santa Ana Winds’. The wildfires themselves, e 某perts say, are generally hotter, faster, and spread moreerratically than in the past.Megafires, also called ‘siege fires’, are the increasingly frequent blazes that burn 500, 000 acres or more — 10 times the size of the average forest fire of 20 years ago. Some recent wildfires are among the biggest ever in California in terms of acreage burned, according to state figures and news reports.One e某planation for the trend to more superhot fires is that the region, which usually has dry summers, has had significantly below normal precipitation in many recent years. Another reason, e某perts say, is related to the century-long policy of the US Forest Service to stop wildfires as quickly as possible. The unintentional consequence has been to halt the natural eradication of underbrush, now the primary fuel for megafires.Three other factors contribute to the trend, they add. First is climate change, marked by a 1-degree Fahrenheit rise in average yearly temperature across the western states. Second is fire seasons that on average are 78 days longer than they were 20 years ago. Third is increased construction of homes in wooded areas.‘We are increasingly building our homes in fire-prone ecosystems,’ says Do minik Kulakowski, adjunct professor of biology at Clark University Graduate School of Geography in Worcester, Massachusetts. ‘Doing that in many of the forests of the western US is like building homes on the side of an active volcano.’In California, where population growth has averaged more than 600, 000 a year for at least a decade, more residential housing is being built. ‘What once was open space is now residential homes providing fuel to make fires burn with greater intensity,’ says Terry McHale o f the California Department of Forestry firefighters’ union. ‘With so much dryness, so many communities to catch fire, so many fronts to fight, it becomes an almost incredible job.’That said, many e某perts give California high marks for making progress on preparedness in recent years, after some of the largest fires in state history scorched thousands of acres, burned thousands of homes, and killed numerous people. Stung in the past by criticism of bungling that allowed fires to spread when they might have been contained, personnel are meeting the peculiar challenges of neighborhood — and canyon- hopping fires better than previously, observers say.State promises to provide more up-to-date engines, planes, and helicopters to fight fires have been f ulfilled. Firefighters’ unions that in the past complained of dilapidated equipment, old fireengines, and insufficient blueprints for fire safety are now praising the state’s commitment, noting that funding for firefighting has increased, despite huge cut s in many other programs. ‘We are pleased that the current state administration has been very proactive in its support of us, and [has] come through with budgetary support of the infrastructure needs we have long sought,’ says Mr. McHale of the firefighter s’ union.Besides providing money to upgrade the fire engines that must traverse the mammoth state and wind along serpentine canyon roads, the state has invested in better command-and-control facilities as well as in the strategies to run them. ‘In th e fire sieges ofearlier years, we found that other jurisdictions and states were willing to offer mutual-aid help, but we were not able to communicate adequately with them,’ says Kim Zagaris, chief of the state’sOffice of Emergency Services Fire and Rescue Branch. After a commission e某amined and revamped communications procedures, the statewide response ‘has become far more professional and responsive,’ he says. There is a sense among both governmentofficials and residents that the speed, dedication, and coordination of firefighters from several states and jurisdictions are resultingin greater efficiency than in past ‘siege fire’ situations.In recent years, the Southern California region has improved building codes, evacuation procedures, and procurement of new technology. ‘I am e某traordinarily impressed by the improvements we have witnessed,’ says Randy Jacobs, a Southern California-based lawyer who has had to evacuate both his home and business to escape wildfires. ‘Notwithstanding all the damage that will continue to be caused by wildfires, we will no longer suffer the loss of lifeendured in the past because of the fire prevention and firefighting measures that have been put in place,’ he says.Test 4Questions 1-6Complete the notes below.Choose ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in bo某es 1-6 on your answer sheet.WildfiresCharacteristics of wildfires and wildfire conditions today compared to the past:— occurrence: more frequent— temperature: hotter— speed: faster— movement: 1 more unpredictably— size of fires: 2 greater on average than two decades agoReasons wildfires cause more damage today compared to the past: — rainfall: 3 average— more brush to act as 4— increase in yearly temperature— e某tended fire 5— more building of 6 in vulnerable placesQuestions 7-13Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In bo某es 7—13 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this7 The amount of open space in California has diminished over the last ten years.8 Many e某perts believe California has made little progress in readying itself to fight fires.9 Personnel in the past have been criticised for mishandling fire containment.10 California has replaced a range of firefighting tools.11 More firefighters have been hired to improve fire-fighting capacity.12 Citizens and government groups disapprove of the efforts of different states and agencies working together.13 Randy Jacobs believes that loss of life from fires will continue at the same levels, despite changes made.2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on ReadingPassage 2 below.Second natureYour personality isn’t necessarily se t in stone. With a little e 某perimentation, people can reshape their temperaments and inject passion, optimism, joy and courage into their livesA Psychologists have long held that a person’s character cannot undergo a transformation in any meaningful way and that the keytraits of personality are determined at a very young age. However, researchers have begun looking more closely at ways we can change. Positive psychologists have identified 24 qualities we admire, such as loyalty and kindness, and are studying them to find out why they come so naturally to some people. What they’re discovering is thatmany of these qualities amount to habitual behaviour that determines the way we respond to the world. The good news is that all this canbe learned. Some qualities are less challenging to develop than others, optimism being one of them. However, developing qualities requires mastering a range of skills which are diverse and sometimes surprising. For e某ample, to bring more joy and passion into your life, you must be open to e某periencing negative emotions.Cultivating such qualities will help you realise your full potential.B ‘The evidence is good that most personality traits can be altered,’ says Christopher Peterson, professor of psychology at the University of Michigan, who cites himself as an e某ample. Inherently introverted, he realised early on that as an academic, his reticence would prove disastrous in the lecture hall. So he learned to be more outgoing and to entertain his classes. ‘Now my e某troverted behaviour is spontaneous,’ he says.C David Fajgenbaum had to make a similar transition. He was preparing for university, when he had an accident that put an end to his sports career. On campus, he quickly found that beyond ordinary counselling, the university had no services for students who were undergoing physical rehabilitation and suffering from depression like him. He therefore launched a support group to help others in similar situations. He took action despite his own pain — a typical response of an optimist.D Suzanne Segerstrom, professor of psychology at the Universityof Kentucky, believes that the key to increasing optimism is through cultivating optimistic behaviour, rather than positive thinking. She recommends you train yourself to pay attention to good fortune by writing down three positive things that come about each day. Thiswill help you convince yourself that favourable outcomes actually happen all the time, making it easier to begin taking action.E You can recognise a person who is passionate about a pursuit by the way they are so strongly involved in it. Tanya Streeter’s passion is freediving — the sport of plunging deep into the water without tanks or other breathing equipment. Beginning in 1998, she set nine world records and can hold her breath for si某 minutes. The physical stamina required for this sport is intense but the psychological demands are even more overwhelming. Streeter learned to untangle her fears from her judgment of what her body and mind could do. ‘In my career as a competitive freediver, there was a limit to what I could do —but it wasn’t anywhere near what I thought it was,’ she says.F Finding a pursuit that e某cites you can improve anyone’s life. The secret about consuming passions, though, according to psychologist Paul Silvia of the University of North Carolina, is that ‘they require discipline, hard work and ability, which is why they are so rewarding.’ Psychologist Todd Kashdan has this advice for those people taking up a new passion: ‘As a newcomer, you also have to tolerate and laugh at your own ignorance. You must be willing to accept the negative feelings that come your way,’ he says.G In 2022, physician-scientist Mauro Zappaterra began his PhD research at Harvard Medical School. Unfortunately, he was miserable as his research wasn’t compatible with his curiosity about healing. He finally took a break and during eight months in Santa Fe, Zappaterra learned about alternative healing techniques not taught at Harvard. When he got back, he switched labs to study how cerebrospinal fluid nourishes the developing nervous system. He alsovowed to look for the joy in everything, including failure, as this could help him learn about his research and himself.One thing that can hold jo y back is a person’s concentration on avoiding failure rather than their looking forward to doing something well. ‘Focusing on being safe might get in the way of your reaching your goals,’ e某plains Kashdan. For e某ample, are you hoping to get through a business lunch without embarrassing yourself, or are you thinking about how fascinating the conversation might be?H Usually, we think of courage in physical terms but ordinarylife demands something else. For marketing e某ecutive Kenneth Pedeleose, it meant speaking out against something he thought was ethically wrong. The new manager was intimidating staff so Pedeleose carefully recorded each instance of bullying and eventually took the evidence to a senior director, knowing his own job security would be threatened. Eventually the manager was the one to go. According to Cynthia Pury, a psychologist at Clemson University, Pedeleose’s story proves the point that courage is not motivated by fearlessness, but by moral obligation. Pury also believes that people can acquire courage. Many of her students said that faced with a risky situation, they first tried to calm themselves down, then looked for a way to mitigate the danger, just as Pedeleose did by documenting his allegations.Over the long term, picking up a new character trait may help you move toward being the person you want to be. And in the short term, the effort itself could be surprisingly rewarding, a kind of internal adventure.Questions 14-18Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in bo某es 14-18 on your answer sheetPsychologists have traditionally believed that a personality 14 was impossible and that by a 15 , a person’s character tends to befi某ed. This is not true according to positive psychologists, who say that our personal qualities can be seen as habitual behaviour. One of the easiest qualities to acquire is 16 . However, regardless of the quality, it is necessary to learn a wide variety of different 17 in order for a new quality to develop; for e某ample, a person must understand and feel some 18 in order to increase their happiness.Questions 19-22Look at the following statements (Questions 19-22) and the list of people below.Match each statement with the correct person, A-G.Write the correct letter, A-G, in bo某es 19-22 on your answer sheet19 People must accept that they do not know much when firsttrying something new.20 It is important for people to actively notice when good things happen.21 Courage can be learned once its origins in a sense of responsibility are understood.22 It is possible to overcome shyness when faced with the need to speak in public.List of PeopleA Christopher PetersonB David FajgenbaumC Suzanne SegerstromD Tanya StreeterE Todd KashdanF Kenneth PedeleoseG Cynthia PuryQuestions 23-26Reading Passage 2 has eight sections, A-H.Which section contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-H, in bo某es 23-26 on your answer sheet23 a mention of how rational thinking enabled someone to achieve physical goals24 an account of how someone overcame a sad e某perience25 a description of how someone decided to rethink their academic career path26 an e某ample of how someone risked his career out of a sense of duty3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.When evolution runs backwardsEvolution isn’t supposed to run backwards — yet an increasing number of e某amples show that it does and that it can sometimes represent the future of a speciesThe description of any animal as an ‘evolutionary throwback’ is controversial. For the better part of a century, most biologists have been reluctant to use those words, mindful of a principle of evolution that says ‘evolution cannot run backwards’. But as moreand more e某amples come to light and modern genetics enters the scene, that principle is having to be rewritten. Not only are evolutionary throwbacks possible, they sometimes play an important role in the forward march of evolution.The technical term for an evolutionary throwback is an‘atavism’, from the Latin atavus, meaning forefather. The word has ugly connotations thanks largely to Cesare Lombroso, a 19th-century Italian medic who argued that criminals were born not made and could be identified by certain physical features that were throwbacks to a primitive, sub-human state.While Lombroso was measuring criminals, a Belgian palaeontologist called Louis Dollo was studying fossil records and coming to the opposite conclusion. In 1890 he proposed that evolution was irreversible: that ‘an organism is unabl e to return, even partially, to a previous stage already realised in the ranks of its ancestors’. Early 20th-century biologists came to a similar conclusion, though they qualified it in terms of probability, stating that there is no reason why evolution cannot run backwards — it is just very unlikely. And so the idea of irreversibility in evolution stuck and came to be known as ‘Dollo’s law’.If Dollo’s law is right, atavisms should occur only very rarely, if at all. Yet almost since the idea took root, e某ceptions have been cropping up. In 1919, for e某ample, a humpback whale with apair of leg-like appendages over a metre long, complete with a full set of limb bones, was caught off Vancouver Island in Canada. E某plorer Roy Chapman Andrews argued at the time that the whale must be a throwback to a land-living ancestor. ‘I can see no other e某planation,’ he wrote in 1921.Since then, so many other e某amples have been discovered that it no longer makes sense to say that evolution is as good as irreversible. And this poses a puzzle: how can characteristics that disappeared millions of years ago suddenly reappear? In 1994, Rudolf Raff and colleagues at Indiana University in the USA decided to use genetics to put a number on the probability of evolution going into reverse. They reasoned that while some evolutionary changes involve the loss of genes and are therefore irreversible, others may be the result of genes being switched off. If these silent genes are somehow switched back on, they argued, long-lost traits could reappear.Raff’s team went on to calculate the likelihood of it happening. Silent genes accumulate random mutations, they reasoned, eventually rendering them useless. So how long can a gene survive in a speciesif it is no longer used? The team calculated that there is a good chance of silent genes surviving for up to 6 million years in atleast a few individuals in a population, and that some might survive as long as 10 million years. In other words, throwbacks are possible, but only to the relatively recent evolutionary past.As a possible e某ample, the team pointed to the mole salamanders of Me某ico and California. Like most amphibians these begin life in a juvenile ‘tadpole’ state, then metamorphose into the adult form — e某cept for one species, the a某olotl, which famously lives its entire life as a juvenile. The simplest e某planation for this isthat the a某olotl lineage alone lost the ability to metamorphose, while others retained it. From a detailed analysis of the salamanders’ family tr ee, however, it is clear that the other lineages evolved from an ancestor that itself had lost the ability to metamorphose. In other words, metamorphosis in mole salamanders is anatavism. The salamander e某ample fits with Raff’s 10-million-year time frame.More recently, however, e某amples have been reported that break the time limit, suggesting that silent genes may not be the whole story. In a paper published last year, biologist Gunter Wagner of Yale University reported some work on the evolutionary history of a group of South American lizards called Bachia. Many of these have minuscule limbs; some look more like snakes than lizards and a few have completely lost the toes on their hind limbs. Other species, however, sport up to four toes on their hind legs. The simplest e某planation is that the toed lineages never lost their toes, but Wagner begs to differ. According to his analysis of the Bachia family tree, the toed species re-evolved toes from toeless ancestors and, what is more, digit loss and gain has occurred on more than one occasion over tens of millions of years.So what’s going on? One possibility is that these traits arelost and then simply reappear, in much the same way that similar structures can independently arise in unrelated species, such as the dorsal fins of sharks and killer whales. Another more intriguing possibility is that the genetic information needed to make toes somehow survived for tens or perhaps hundreds of millions of years in the lizards and was reactivated. These atavistic traits provided an advantage and spread through the population, effectively reversing evolution.But if silent genes degrade within 6 to 10 million years, how can long-lost traits be reactivated over longer timescales? The answer may lie in the womb. Early embryos of many species develop ancestral features. Snake embryos, for e某ample, sprout hind limb buds. Laterin development these features disappear thanks to developmental programs that say ‘lose the leg’. If for any reason this does not happen, the ancestral feature may not disappear, leading to an atavism.Questions 27-31Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in bo某es 27-31 on your answer sheet.27 When discussing the theory developed by Louis Dollo, thewriter says thatA it was immediately referred to as Dollo’s law.B it supported the possibility of evolutionary throwbacks.C it was modified by biologists in the early twentieth century.D it was based on many years of research.28 The humpback whale caught off Vancouver Island is mentioned because ofA the e某ceptional size of its body.B the way it e某emplifies Dollo’s law.C the amount of local controversy it caused.D the reason given for its unusual features.29 What is said about ‘silent genes’?A Their numbers vary according to species.B Raff disagreed with the use of the term.C They could lead to the re-emergence of certain characteristics.D They can have an unlimited life span.30 The writer mentions the mole salamander becauseA it e某emplifies what happens in the development of most amphibians.B it suggests that Raff’s theory is correct.C it has lost and regained more than one ability.D its ancestors have become the subject of e某tensive research.31 Which of the following does Wagner claim?A Members of the Bachia lizard family have lost and regained certain features several times.B Evidence shows that the evolution of the Bachia lizard is due to the environment.C His research into South American lizards supports Raff’s assertions.D His findings will apply to other species of South American lizards.Questions 32-36Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G, below.Write the correct letter, A-G, in bo某es 32-36 on your answer sheet.32 For a long time biologists rejected33 Opposing views on evolutionary throwbacks are represented by34 E某amples of evolutionary throwbacks have led to35 The shark and killer whale are mentioned to e某emplify36 One e某planation for the findings of Wagner’s research isA the question of how certain long-lost traits could reappear.B the occurrence of a particular feature in different species.C parallels drawn between behaviour and appearance.D the continued e某istence of certain genetic information.E the doubts felt about evolutionary throwbacks.F the possibility of evolution being reversible.G Dollo’s findings and the convictions held by Lombroso.Questions 37-40Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?In bo某es 37-40 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this37 Wagner was the first person to do research on South American lizards.38 Wagner believes that Bachia lizards with toes had toeless ancestors.39 The temporary occurrence of long-lost traits in embryos is rare.40 Evolutionary throwbacks might be caused by developmental problems in the womb.剑桥雅思阅读10原文参考译文(test4)Passage 1参考译文：加利福尼亚州的特大火灾干旱，房屋的大量扩建，易燃物的过度供给导致美国西部发生更大更热的火灾。
剑桥雅思阅读4原文翻译及答案解析（test3）
剑桥雅思阅读4原文翻译及答案解析(test3)为了帮助大家更好地备考雅思阅读，下面小编给大家分享剑桥雅思阅读4原文翻译及答案解析(test3)，希望对你们有用。
剑桥雅思阅读4原文(test3)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Micro-Enterprise Credit for Street Youth‘I am from a large, poor family and for many years we have done without breakfast. Ever since I joined the Street Kids International program I have been able to buy my family sugar and buns for breakfast. I have also bought myself decent second-hand clothes and shoes.’Doreen Soko‘We’ve had business experience. Now I’m confident to expand what we’ve been doing. I’ve learnt cash management, and the way of keeping money so we save for re-investment. Now business is a part of our lives. As well, we didn’t know each other before —now we’ve made new friends.’Fan KaomaParticipants in the Youth Skills Enterprise Initiative Program, ZambiaIntroductionAlthough small-scale business training and credit programs have become more common throughout the world, relatively little attention has been paid to the need to direct such opportunities to young people. Even less attention has been paid to children living on the street or in difficult circumstances.Over the past nine years, Street Kids International (S.K.I.) hasbeen working with partner organisations in Africa, Latin America and India to support the economic lives of street children. The purpose of this paper is to share some of the lessons S.K.I. and our partners have learned.BackgroundTypically, children do not end up on the streets due to a single cause, but to a combination of factors: a dearth of adequately funded schools, the demand for income at home, family breakdown and violence. The street may be attractive to children as a place to find adventurous play and money. However, it is also a place where some children are exposed, with little or no protection, to exploitative employment, urban crime, and abuse.Children who work on the streets are generally involved in unskilled, labour-intensive tasks which require long hours, such as shining shoes, carrying goods, guarding or washing cars, and informal trading. Some may also earn income through begging, or through theft and other illegal activities. At the same time, there are street children who take pride in supporting themselves and their families and who often enjoy their work. Many children may choose entrepreneurship because it allows them a degree of independence, is less exploitative than many forms of paid employment, and is flexible enough to allow them to participate in other activities such as education and domestic tasks.Street Business PartnershipsS.K.I. has worked with partner organisations in Latin America, Africa and India to develop innovative opportunities for street children to earn income.The S.K.I. Bicycle Courier Service first started in the Sudan. Participants in this enterprise were supplied with bicycles, whichthey used to deliver parcels and messages, and which they were required to pay for gradually from their wages. A similar program was taken up in Bangalore, India.Another successful project, The Shoe Shine Collective, was a partnership program with the Y.W.C.A. in the Dominican Republic. In this project, participants were lent money to purchase shoe shine boxes. They were also given a safe place to store their equipment, and facilities for individual savings plans.The Youth Skills Enterprise Initiative in Zambia is a joint program with the Red Cross Society and the Y.W.C.A. Street youths are supported to start their own small business through business training, life skills training and access to credit.Lessons learnedThe following lessons have emerged from the programs that S.K.I. and partner organisations have created.Being an entrepreneur is not for everyone, nor for every street child. Ideally, potential participants will have been involved in the organisation’s programs for at least six months, and trust and relationship-building will have already been established.The involvement of the participants has been essential to the development of relevant programs. When children have had a major role in determining procedures, they are more likely to abide by and enforce them.It is critical for all loans to be linked to training programs that include the development of basic business and life skills.There are tremendous advantages to involving parents or guardians in the program, where such relationships exist. Home visits allow staff the opportunity to know where the participants live, and to understand more about each individual’s situation.Small loans are provided initially for purchasing fixed assetssuch as bicycles, shoe shine kits and basic building materials for a market stall. As the entrepreneurs gain experience, the enterprises can be gradually expanded and consideration can be given to increasing loan amounts. The loan amounts in S.K.I. programs have generally ranged from US$30-$100.All S.K.I. programs have charged interest on the loans, primarily to get the entrepreneurs used to the concept of paying interest on borrowed money. Generally the rates have been modest (lower than bank rates).ConclusionThere is a need to recognise the importance of access to credit for impoverished young people seeking to fulfil economic needs. The provision of small loans to support the entrepreneurial dreams and ambitions of youth can be an effective means to help them change their lives. However, we believe that credit must be extended in association with other types of support that help participants develop critical life skills as well as productive businesses.Questions 1-4Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write your answers in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.1 The quotations in the box at the beginning of the articleA exemplify the effects of S.K.I.B explain why S.K.I. was set up.C outline the problems of street children.D highlight the benefits to society of S.K.I.2 The main purpose of S.K.I. is toA draw the attention of governments to the problem of street children.B provide school and social support for street children.C encourage the public to give money to street children.D give business training and loans to street children.3 Which of the following is mentioned by the writer as a reason why children end up living on the streets?A unemploymentB warC povertyD crime4 In order to become more independent, street children mayA reject paid employment.B leave their families.C set up their own businesses.D employ other children.Questions 5-8Complete the table below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 1 for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet.Country Organisations Involved Type of Project Support Provided5………………and………………S.K.I courier service ? provision of 6………………………Dominican Republic ? S.K.IY.W.C.A 7………………… ? loansstorage facilitiessavings plansZambia ? S.K.I.The Red CrossY.W.C.A. setting up small businesses ? business training8…………trainingaccess to creditQuestions 9-12Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 9-12 on your answer sheet writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the wirterNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this9 Any street child can set up their own small business if given enough support.10 In some cases, the families of street children may need financial support from S.K.I.11 Only one fixed loan should be given to each child.12 The children have to pay back slightly more money than they borrowed.Question 13Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write your answer in box 13 on your answer sheet.The writers conclude that money should only be lent to street childrenA as part of a wider program of aid.B for programs that are not too ambitious.C when programs are supported by local businesses.D if the projects planned are realistic and useful.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.Questions 14-27Reading Passage 2 has four sections A-D.Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.Write the correct number i-vi in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.List of HeadingsI Causes of volcanic eruptionIi Efforts to predict volcanic eruptionIii Volcanoes and the features of our planetIv Different types of volcanic eruptionV International relief effortsVi The unpredictability of volcanic eruptions14 Section A15 Section B16 Section C17 Section DVolcanoes-earth-shattering newsWhen Mount Pinatubo suddenly erupted on 9 June 1991, the power of volcanoes past and present again hit the headlinesA Volcanoes are the ultimate earth-moving machinery. A violent eruption can blow the top few kilometres off a mountain, scatter fine ash practically all over the globe and hurl rock fragments into the stratosphere to darken the skies a continent away.But the classic eruption — cone-shaped mountain, big bang, mushroom cloud and surges of molten lava — is only a tiny part of a global story. Vulcanism, the name given to volcanic processes, really has shaped the world. Eruptions have rifted continents, raised mountain chains, constructed islands and shaped the topography of the earth. The entire ocean floor has abasement of volcanic basalt.Volcanoes have not only made the continents, they are also thought to have made the world’s first stable atmosphere and provided all the water for the oceans, rivers and ice-caps. There are now about 600 active volcanoes. Every year they add two or three cubic kilometres of rock to the continents. Imagine a similar number of volcanoes smoking away for the last 3,500 million years. That is enough rock to explain the continental crust.What comes out of volcanic craters is mostly gas. More than 90% of this gas is water vapour from the deep earth: enough to explain, over 3,500 million years, the water in the oceans. The rest of the gas is nitrogen, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, methane, ammonia and hydrogen. The quantity of these gases, again multiplied over 3,500 million years, is enough to explain the mass of the world’s atmosphere. We are alive because volcanoes provided the soil, air and water we need.B Geologists consider the earth as having a molten core, surrounded by a semi-molten mantle and a brittle, outer skin. It helps to think of a soft-boiled egg with a runny yolk, a firm but squishy white and a hard shell. If the shell is even slightly cracked during boiling, the white material bubbles out and sets like a tiny mountain chain over the crack — like an archipelago of volcanic islands such as the Hawaiian Islands. But the earth is so much bigger and the mantle below is so much hotter.Even though the mantle rocks are kept solid by overlying pressure, they can still slowly ‘flow’ like thick treacle. The flow, thought to be in the form of convection currents, is powerful enough to fracture the ‘eggshell’ of the crust into plates, and keep them bumping and grinding against each other, or even overlapping, at the rate of a few centimetres a year. Thesefracture zones, where the collisions occur, are where earthquakes happen. And, very often, volcanoes.C These zones are lines of weakness, or hot spots. Every eruption is different, but put at its simplest, where there are weaknesses, rocks deep in the mantle, heated to 1,350℃, will start to expand and rise. As they do so, the pressure drops, and they expand and become liquid and rise more swiftly.Sometimes it is slow: vast bubbles of magma — molten rock from the mantle — inch towards the surface, cooling slowly, to show through as granite extrusions (as on Skye, or the Great Whin Sill, the lava dyke squeezed out like toothpaste that carries part of Hadrian’s Wall in no rthern England). Sometimes — as in Northern Ireland, Wales and the Karoo in South Africa —the magma rose faster, and then flowed out horizontally on to the surface in vast thick sheets. In the Deccan plateau in western India, there are more than two million cubic kilometres of lava, some of it 2,400 metres thick, formed over 500,000 years of slurping eruption.Sometimes the magma moves very swiftly indeed. It does not have time to cool as it surges upwards. The gases trapped inside the boiling rock expand suddenly, the lava glows with heat, it begins to froth, and it explodes with tremendous force. Then the slightly cooler lava following it begins to flow over the lip of the crater. It happens on Mars, it happened on the moon, it even happens on some of the moons of Jupiter and Uranus. By studying the evidence, vulcanologists can read the force of the great blasts of the past. Is the pumice light and full of holes? The explosion was tremendous. Are the rocks heavy, with huge crystalline basalt shapes, like t he Giant’s Causeway in Northern Ireland? It was a slow, gentle eruption.The biggest eruptions are deep on the mid-ocean floor, where new lava is forcing the continents apart and widening the Atlantic by perhaps five centimetres a year. Look at maps of volcanoes, earthquakes and island chains like the Philippines and Japan, and you can see the rough outlines of what are called tectonic plates —the plates which make up the earth’s crust and mantle. The most dramatic of these is the Pacific ‘ring of fire’ wh ere there have been the most violent explosions —Mount Pinatubo near Manila, Mount St Helen’s in the Rockies and El Chichón in Mexico about a decade ago, not to mention world-shaking blasts like Krakatoa in the Sunda Straits in 1883.D But volcanoes are not very predictable. That is because geological time is not like human time. During quiet periods, volcanoes cap themselves with their own lava by forming a powerful cone from the molten rocks slopping over the rim of the crater; later the lava cools slowly into a huge, hard, stable plug which blocks any further eruption until the pressure below becomes irresistible. In the case of Mount Pinatubo, this took 600 years.Then, sometimes, with only a small warning, the mountain blows its top. It did this at Mon t Pelée in Martinique at 7.49 a.m. on 8 May, 1902. Of a town of 28,000, only two people survived. In 1815, a sudden blast removed the top 1,280 metres of Mount Tambora in Indonesia. The eruption was so fierce that dust thrown into the stratosphere darkened the skies, cancelling the following summer in Europe and North America. Thousands starved as the harvests failed, after snow in June and frosts in August. Volcanoes are potentially world news, especially the quiet ones.Questions 18-21Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet.18 What are the sections of the earth’s crust, often associated with volcanic activity, called?19 What is the name given to molten rock from the mantle?20 What is the earthquake zone on the Pacific Ocean called?21 For how many years did Mount Pinatubo remain inactive?Questions 22-26Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.Volcanic eruptions have shaped the earth’s land surface. They may also have produced the world’s atmosphere and 22…… . Eruptions occur when molten rocks from the earth’s mantle rise and expand. When they become liquid, they move quickly through cracks in the surface. There are different types of eruption. Sometimes the 23……. moves slowly and forms outcrops of granite on the earth’s surface. When it moves more quickly it may flow out in thick horizontal sheets. Examples of this type of eruption can be found in Northern Ireland, Wales, South Africa and 24…… . A third type of eruption occurs when the lava emerges very quickly and 25…… violently. This happens because the magma moves so suddenly that 26…… are emitted.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 belowObtaining Linguistic DataA Many procedures are available for obtaining data about alanguage. They range from a carefully planned, intensive field investigation in a foreign country to a casual introspection about one’s mother tongue carried out in an armchair at home.B In all cases, someone has to act as a source of language data — an informant. Informants are (ideally) native speakers of a language, who provide utterances for analysis and other kinds of information about the language (e.g. translations, comments about correctness, or judgements on usage). Often, when studying their mother tongue, linguists act as their own informants, judging the ambiguity, acceptability, or other properties of utterances against their own intuitions. The convenience of this approach makes it widely used, and it is considered the norm in the generative approach to linguistics. But a lin guist’s personal judgements are often uncertain, or disagree with the judgements of other linguists, at which point recourse is needed to more objective methods of enquiry, using non-linguists as informants. The latter procedure is unavoidable when working on foreign languages, or child speech.C Many factors must be considered when selecting informants —whether one is working with single speakers (a common situation when languages have not been described before), two people interacting, small groups or large-scale samples. Age, sex, social background and other aspects of identity are important, as these factors are known to influence the kind of language used. The topic of conversation and the characteristics of the social setting (e.g. the level of formality) are also highly relevant, as are the personal qualities of the informants (e.g. their fluency and consistency). For larger studies, scrupulous attention has been paid to the sampling theory employed, and in all cases, decisions have to be made about thebest investigative techniques to use.D Today, researchers often tape-record informants. This enables the linguist’s claims about the language to be checked, and provides a way of making those claims more accurate (‘difficult’ pieces of speech can be li stened to repeatedly). But obtaining naturalistic, good-quality data is never easy. People talk abnormally when they know they are being recorded, and sound quality can be poor. A variety of tape-recording procedures have thus been devised to minimise the ‘observer’s paradox’ (how to observe the way people behave when they are not being observed). Some recordings are made without the speakers being aware of the fact — a procedure that obtains very natural data, though ethical objections must be anticipated. Alternatively, attempts can be made to make the speaker forget about the recording, such as keeping the tape recorder out of sight, or using radio microphones. A useful technique is to introduce a topic that quickly involves the speaker, and stimulates a natural language style (e.g. asking older informants about how times have changed in their locality).E An audio tape recording does not solve all the linguist’s problems, however. Speech is often unclear and ambiguous. Where possible, therefore, the recording has to be supplemented by the observer’s written comments on the non-verbal behaviour of the participants, and about the context in general.A facial expression, for example, can dramatically alter the meaning of what is said. Video recordings avoid these problems to a large extent, but even they have limitations (the camera cannot be everywhere), and transcriptions always benefit from any additional commentary provided by an observer.F Linguists also make great use of structured sessions, inwhich they systematically ask their informants for utterances that describe certain actions, objects or behaviours. With a bilingual informant, or through use of an interpreter, it is possible to use translation techniques (‘How do you say table in your language?’). A large number of points can be covered in a short time, using interview worksheets and questionnaires. Often, the researcher wishes to obtain information about just a single variable, in which case a restricted set of questions may be used: a particular feature of pronunciation, for example, can be elicited by asking the informant to say a restricted set of words. There are also several direct methods of elicitation, such as asking informants to fill in the blanks in a substitution frame (e.g. I___ see a car), or feeding them the wrong stimulus for correction (‘Is it possible to say I no can see?’).G A representative sample of language, compiled for the purpose of linguistic analysis, is known as a corpus. A corpus enables the linguist to make unbiased statements about frequency of usage, and it provides accessible data for the use of different researchers. Its range and size are variable. Some corpora attempt to cover the language as a whole, taking extracts from many kinds of text; others are extremely selective, providing a collection of material that deals only with a particular linguistic feature. The size of the corpus depends on practical factors, such as the time available to collect, process and store the data: it can take up to several hours to provide an accurate transcription of a few minutes of speech. Sometimes a small sample of data will be enough to decide a linguistic hypothesis; by contrast, corpora in major research projects can total millions of words. An important principle is that all corpora, whatever their size, are inevitably limited in their coverage, and always need to be supplementedby data derived from the intuitions of native speakers of the language, through either introspection or experimentation.Questions 27-31Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs labeled A-G.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.27 the effect of recording on the way people talk28 the importance of taking notes on body language29 the fact that language is influenced by social situation30 how informants can be helped to be less self-conscious31 various methods that can be used to generate specific dataQuestions 32-36Complete the table below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 32-36 on your answer sheet.METHODS OF OBTAINING LINGUISTIC DATA ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES32……as informant convenient method of enquiry not objective enoughNon-linguist as informant necessary with 33…… and child speech the number of factors to be consideredRecording an informant allows linguists’ claims to be checked 34……of soundVideoing an informant allows speakers’ 35…… to be observed 36……might mi ss certain thingsQuestions 37-40Complete the summary of paragraph G below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.A linguist can use a corpus to comment objectively on 37…… . Some corpora include a wide range of language while others are used to focus on a 38…… . The length of time the process takes will affect the 39…… of the corpus. No corpus can ever cover the whole language and so linguists often find themselves relying on the additional information that can be gained from the 40…… of those who speak the language concerned.剑桥雅思阅读4原文参考译文(test3)Passage1参考译文Micro-Enterprise Credit for Street Youth流浪儿童的小型企业贷款‘I am from a large, poor family and for many years we have done without breakfast. Ever since I joined the Street Kids International program I have been able to buy my family sugar and buns for breakfast. I have also bought myself decent second-hand clothes and shoes.’Doreen Soko“我来自一个贫困的大家庭。
雅思阅读预测真题库4解析
预测四Animal’s self Medicating背景词汇：Chimpanzees n黑猩猩Detoxify n 给...解毒Geophagy n 食土的习俗Macaw n 金刚鹦鹉Alkaloid n生物碱；植物碱基Wrinkle n 皱纹；vi 起皱Perch v 栖息Strychinin n马钱子碱Clay n 黏土Intestinal worms n肠胃中的虫子Livestock n 牲畜Ingredients n 元素Microscopic adj微观的Herbivore n草食性同义替换：判断1-51、对应在A段第一句：For the past decade Dr. Engel,a lecturer in environmen tal sciences at Britain’s Open University, has been collecting examples of self -medicating behavior in wild animal. Ten years ago= for the past decade2、NG3、对应在C段：Davis. Macaws eat seeds containing alkaloids, a group of che micals that...4、对应在H段第一行：Dr.Engel is now particularly excited about how knowle dge of the way that animals look after themselves could be used to improve t he health of livestock.= reforming drugs for livestock选择Summary5、对应在B段中间：many species, for example consume dirt a behavior know n as grephagy soil-consuming=consume dirt6、对应在C段第一句: clay helps to detoxify the defensive poisons that some plant produce in an attempt to prevent themselves from being eaten poisons= toxic compounds7、对应在F段：chimps across Africa had been seen swallowing the leaves of 19 different species that seemed to have few suitable chemicals in common 8、对应在E段倒数第三行：some of the chimps were noticed wrinkling their n oses as they swallowed these leaves suggesting the experience was unpleasant.表格填空题9、10、由1987定位在B段第五行：dose themselves with the pith of a plant c alled Veronia this plant produces poisonous chemicals called terpenes.11、12、由1999和Macaw定位在C段第三行：Evidence for the detoxifying na ture of clay came in 1999 from an experiment carried out on macaws by Jam es Gilardi and his colleagues... Nature=toxic contents13、对应在G段：the factor common to all 19 species of leaves swallowed by the chimps was that were covered with microscopic hooksDevelopment of public management theory 背景词汇：bureaucracy 官僚主义nEthic n伦理Capitalism n资本主义Formality n 礼节；规则Coordination n 协作Static adj 静态的Regulations n 规则Promotion n 晋升Loyalty n 忠诚Intangible adj 难以理解的Framework n框架；结构Pursuit n 约束Incentive n 动机；刺激Steer v控制Humanist tradition n人文传统Complimentary 赠送的Cooperative 合作的Utility function n 实用功能Hierarchy n 层级Constraint n约束Pursuit n 追求同义替换14-21 多选题14-15、对应在B段第三行：E:These servants dedicate themselves to the public in return for security of job tenure among the many advantages of public empl oyment.Contribute themselves to...=dedicate themselves to ...Stable position=security of job对应在倒数第四行B：selection and promotion i s based on technical qualificatio ns and these rules must be strictly followed16-17对应在C段A：对应在第6行：dedication and commitment of the employee is not consider edD：对应在倒数第三行：unnecessary delay in decision-making and the difficulty in coordination and communication due to formalities and rules make it only s uitable for static organization and organisations where change is very slow dynamic和static是反义词；only suitable for static =It is not applicable to fast.... 18-19对应在H和I段A：对应在I段倒数第三行：managers need only to steer employees in a coope rative manner toward goals that serve the organization.Steer employees=guide employeesB段：lazy humans prefer direction bordering micromanagement whenever possi ble.Internal Inertia=lazy20-21对应在J段：A：对应在倒数第四行：distance-de-personaliztion is impossible in Z-organizatio ns.C：对应在倒数第三行：there is high percentage of workers would like work f or the financial return than the job objectives. A high level of self-discipline is also necessaryPersonalization=high percentageWage=financial return人物信息matching22、对应在A段：23、对应在24、对应在F段：Low-level employees must have more incentive to remain wi th the organization for which they exchange their labor and loyalty....he describ ed four incentives including money and other material inducements25、对应在E段：they face(their budget constraint, limited choice) i n pursuit of their self interest26、对应在H段：Employees must therefore be coerced and controlled if mana gement expects to see resultKoalas 考拉熊背景词汇：Eucalyptus n桉树Retrovirus n逆转录病毒Scattered adj 分散开的Tumour-causing adj肿瘤引起的Insidious n阴险的Bush n灌木丛Furry bundles 毛皮捆nParasite n寄生虫Digestive system n消化系统Innocence n 无辜；清白Nip n小夹子Aggressive adj 有攻击性的Distress n危难Tumours 肿瘤Surgery n外科手术Succumb to 屈服于Inoffensiveness 不触犯人Swallow v 吞Claw n爪子Disposition 处置Ambassador n使者Marsupial adj 有袋动物Tannin n单宁酸Cellulose n纤维素Aromatic adj芬香的Poacher n偷猎者同义替换1-5选择1、2、immobile adj固定的对应在F段倒数第五行：to digest their food properly, koalas must sit still for 21 hours everyday=nearly whole day3、对应在G段倒数第三行：Koalas are just not aggressive.they use their claws to grip the hard smooth bark of eucalyptus trees4、由Australia wildlife parks可对应在I段some zoos allow koalas to be passed from stranger to stranger, many children who love to squeeze.5、对应在I段倒数第四行：Policy on koala handing is determined by state gov ernment authorities and members from Australia Nature Conservation Agency, with the aim of instituting national guidelines =regulations6-12判断题6、对应在C段考拉的死和人类活动有关：11,000 are killed by cars;thousands are killed by poachers；7、对应在C段第一句：Today koalas are found only in scattered pockets of so utheast Australia, where they seem to be at risk on several fronts 和all territor y of Australia不相符8、对于在D段第五行：The koalas will be aided by the eucalyptus, which gro ws quickly and is already burgeoning forth after the fires.和题目中spend a dec ade 矛盾9、对应在G段：题目中when food becomes scarce没有提到10、对应在H段：Koalas are stoic creatures and put on a Fur is light-grey to brown with white spots on neck, chest brave face until they are at death’s doo r11 NG12、对应在G段第二行：They are capable of ripping open a man’s arm with t heir needle-sharp claws, or giving a nasty nip, they simple wouldn’tCoastal Archaeology of Britain 背景词汇：2Submerged forests n 深埋的森林Concentration n注意力；焦点Glacial 冰冷的adjEncroachment 对海洋侵蚀Melt v融化Relative to the land 相对于地面Destruction n毁灭Regression n回归Terrestrial adj 地球的Zone n 区域Prehistoric adj 史前Unparalleled adj无双的Medieval n中世纪Dockland area n港区Marinas n 游船码头Sea level 海平面nMineral resources n 矿物资源同义替换15-17选择15、对应在A段：the so-called ‘submerged forests’, ....., had attracted the inter est of antiquarians since at least the eighteenth century.Submerged forest=underwater forest16、对应在F段：the most striking evidence fro use of the sea is in the form of boats yet we still have much to learn about their production and use17、对应在H段：elaborate wooden fish weirs, often of considerable extent and responsive to aerial photography in shallow water....（且H段主要讲fishing in dustry）18-24 判断题18、对应在C段第一行：the dominant process affecting the physical form of E ngland in the post-glacial period has been the rise in the altitude of sea level relative to the landIn the post-glacial period=after the glacial periodRelative to the land相对于地面19、对应在C段中间：yet the way in which prehistoric communities adjusted t o these environmental changes has seldom been a major theme in.....20、对应在C段最后一句：the detailed reconstruction of coastline histories and the changing environments available for human use will be an important the me for future research21、对应在F段倒数第四行：Boats were some of the most complex artifacts p roduced by pre-modern societies 和very simple 不相符22、NG23、对应在H段倒数第四行：mineral resources such as.....these industries are p oorly documented, but their remains are sometimes extensive and striking=are f ound24、NGCommunication Styles And Conflict背景词汇：Self-assessment 自我评估工具Personality n性格Depersonalize v 使失去个性Team motivators n团队动力Nonchalant adj冷淡Melancholic n 忧郁的Sanguine adj 乐观的Phlegmatic adj 冷漠的Interpersonal relationship 人际之间的交流和关系Bold adj大胆的Considerate 考虑周全的Sympathetic 同情心的Effectiveness 有效nConflict n矛盾Temperament n气质同义替换：List of heading：27：Section A：as far back as Hippocrates’time(460-370.B.C)......His work was further developed 500 years later by Galen(130-200A.D.).28、Section B：very rarely are conflicts true personality issues. Usually they are issues of style, information need222s, or focus.29、Section C：Hippocrates and later Galen determined there were four basic t emperaments....1、the sanguine person 2、the phlegmatic person3、the melancho lic person 4、the choleric personBasic temperaments=basic types of personality30、Section D：vigorous and adventurous=they invest a lot of emotion and ene rgy in their communication and often speak quickly31、Section E：Phlegmatic people have an orderly,methodical way of approachi ng tasks=detailed and analytic32、Section F：the melancholic person who is softhearted and oriented toward doing things for others translates into the considerate or sympathetic communic ation style33、Section G:the choleric temperament translates into the bold or direct style of communication.people with this style are brief in their communication the fewer words the better.Direct=straightforward pragmatic=focus on tasks and outcomes and often for get that the people involved in carrying out the tasks have needs34、Section H：A well-functioning team should have all of these communicatio n styles for true effectiveness.判断题35、对应在section C：the phlegmatic person who is unemotional, nonchalant, c ool persevering, and needing direction.The melancholic person who is softhearted, oriented toward doing things for ot hers, and is slow in responding(相比较两者都是较消极的性格)36、对应在Section C：the choleric person whose temperament is domineering, stubborn, opinionated, and self-confident和weary of challenges（惧怕挑战）不相符37、NG38、对应在Section H：some of us can easily move from one style to another and adapt our style to the needs of the situation at hand-whether the focus is on tasks or relationships=shift from one communication style to anotheradapt our style to the needs of the situation at hand=suit various conditions 39、对应在Section H：The work environment can influence communication sty les either by the type of work that is required or by the predominance of on style reflected in that environment,选择40、对应在Section B：other aspects of individuals is that they help depersonal ize conflict interpersonal relationships=maintain and establish interpersonal relati onshipsTalc Powder-Applied on Food and Agricultural Industries背景词汇：Talcum powder 滑石粉末nOlive oil n 橄榄油Chewing gum n 口香糖PremiumAgronomic n 农业物理学Stirring process 搅拌过程Biodegrade v 生物降解Typical crop n热带作物Foam n泡沫；水泡Emulsion n乳剂Lamination n层片Cu-tin 角质的Hydrophobicity 疏水性nAcidic adj酸的Calcium carbonate 碳酸钙nOil droplets n油滴Centrifuge n离心机Inert adj惰性的同义替换物质信息配对matching1-61、2、对应在D段后部分：it absorbs the natural emulsifier at which again improv es the yield by increasing the size of the oil dropletsImproves the yield =boost production3、对应在C段倒数第三行：in the factory, talc is also used to dust the gum b ase pellets and to stop and chewing gum sticking during the lamination and pa cking process4、对应在D段：talc is chemically inert it doesn’t affect colors, tastes appearan ces or compositions of the resulting olive oil5、对应在E段：one such promising new market is fruit crop protection, being pioneered in the US. Just like people, fruit can get sunburned.In fact, in very sunny regions up to 45 percent of a typical crop can be affected by heat stres s and sunburn6、对应在C段：our talc is used as a filler in the gum base.Summary7、对应在D段：for the past 20 years,olive oil processors in Spain have been talk advantage of talc’s unique characteristics to help them boost the amount of oil they extract from crushed olives8、对应在D段中间：these olives are easy to recognize because they producea lot of extra foam during the stirring process.9、10、对应在D段：If the waste water is disposed of directly into local field s-often the case in many smaller processing operations the emulsified oil may t ake some time to biodegrade and so be harmful to the environment.11、对应在D段：take some time to biodegrade=can not biodegrade immediat ely12、对应在D段后部分：it absorbs the natural emulsifier at which again impro ves the yield by increasing the size of the oil droplets问答题：13、对应在C段倒数第三行：in the factory, talc is also used to dust the gum base pellets and to stop and chewing gum sticking during the lamination and p acking process14、对应在G段倒数第四行：apple growers are the primary target although Hu nter believes grape growers represent another sector with long term potential=d etermine to aim nextHuman Navigation-Finding our way背景词汇Navigation n导航Integration n集成；综合Prominent adj 显著的Cognitive system 认知系统Destination n目的地Sausage n肠Anthill n蚂蚁山Literal map 文字地图Metaphor 暗喻Storefront n店面；街角Inspection n监督；监视Notion n概念Spire n尖端同义替换信息matchingA: guidance B：path integration C：route following15、starting point=general direction they come fromPolarization of sunlight=light intensity16、对应在C段倒数第三行：in the factory, talc is also used to dust the gum base pellets and to stop and chewing gum sticking during the lamination and p acking process17、对应在B段：a person who orients herself by a prominent landmark would gestureA prominent landmark=a well-known building18、对应在E段：but if you forget the details and take a wrong turn, the only way to recover is to backtrack until you reach a familiar spot because you d o not know the general direction or have reference landmark for your goal. 19、对应在20-22选择题20、对应在C段: Even when a scientist picks up an ant and puts it in a totall y different spot,the insect stubbornly proceeds in the originally determined dire ction=original orientation21、对应在F段：It is even possible that maps derive from a universal way in which our spatial-memory networks are wiredSpatial-memory networks=brain memory22、对应在G段：observe your nearby surroundings to pick out a recognizable storefront or street corner that will send you toward that place判断题23、对应在A段第一句：The human positioning system is flexible and capable of learning. Human positioning system=Biological navigation24、NG26、对应在E段：the route-following navigation strategy truly challenges the br ain.=more thoughts27、NGPlant scents 背景词汇：Vegetative adj 素食的V olatile n挥发物Pollination n 授粉Herbivore n草食动物Parasitic n寄生现象；寄生效应Caterpillar n毛虫Deterrent adj有震慑作用的Onslaught n猛攻；攻击Manipulation n操纵；控制Linalool n 里哪醇Transgenic adj 转基因的；基因改造的Threshold n 门槛；开端metabolic 新陈代谢的Ornamental adj 装饰的Floriculture n种花；载培花卉Perfume n香水Susceptibility n敏感性；感受性Pathogen n病原体Floral adj 花似的；花的同义替换：段落信息配对matching28、对应在B段：this defense mechanism is as ancient as it is effective: many samples of fossilized resin, or amber, contain the remain of insects trapped in side.many other plants emit volatiles when injured and in some cases the emitt ed signal helps defend the plant.29、对应在A段：many people have heard that floral odors help the plant attr act pollinatorsFloral odors=Scent30、对应在F段：the loss of scent among ornamental,....,makes them important targets for the genetic manipulation of flower fragrance31、对应在C段：Herbivore induced volatiles often serve as indirect defenses判断题：32、对应在B段：the physiological functions of the chemicals were less clear and had received much less attention from scientists=attracts pollinators33、NG34、对应在C段：mites, aphids or similar insects are eating them but also gen erally from non-damaged parts of the plant.35、对应在D段：pollination not only affects crop yield, but also the quality a nd efficiency of crop production.和题目中only....rather than 不相符36-40选择36、对应在C段：some parasitic wasp can detect the volatile signature of a da maged plant and will lay their eggs inside the offending caterpillar37、对应在D段最后一句：this problem has been exacerbated by recent disease epidemics that have killed many honeybees, the major insect pollinators in the United States recent disease epidemics=spread illness38、对应在E段第三行：its drawbacks include near genetic uniformity and con sequent susceptibility to pathogens......;the poor effectiveness of this strategy pro bably reflects inherent limitation of the artificial.....39、对应在F段：the loss of scent among ornamentals,which have a worldwide value of more than $30 billio n, makes them important targets for the genetic manipulation of flower fragrance40、对应在39题下：although the transgenic plants did create small amounts oflinalool, the level was below the threshold of detection for the human nose.Agriculture and Tourism背景词汇：Urban folk n城里人Inventory n存货Sustainability n可持续性Ink-ages n联系；结合Region n地区Rural communities 乡村社区同义替换1-5 人物信息matching1、对应在A段：More than 75 percent of the Cheese Day visitors planned ahe ad for the trip with 37 percentage planning at least two months in advance2、对应在B段：picnic visitors came specially to see the Chicago Bears practi ce.They showed less interest in a proposed agricultural tour than Cheese Day v isitors, but more interest in a picnic dinner and viewing sports event=keen to watch sports activity...3、对应在B段第一句：More than 40 percent of the visitors came to Monroe for two-or three-day visits.(visitors两者都包括)4、对应在B段第五行：They also wanted the opportunity to experience the co untry while there.5、various tour proposals近似等于variety of our recommendations6-7 选择6、对应在D段第三行：animal rights and the environment are example s of t wo issues that concern both urban consumer and farmers. Farm tours could hel p consumers get the farmer’s perspective on these issuesUrban consumer and farmers=farmers and urbanian7、对应在F段最后一句：Farmers could earn additional income through the sale of farm products, crafts and recreational activities8-13 summary8、对应在A段：A pilot project has found that tourists, rural communities and some farmers could benefit from stronger efforts promote and market agricultur al tourism thereTourists, rural communities and some farmers=a combination of targeted group and individuals.7、对应在A段：agricultural tourism project members surveyed 290 visitors to the annual Monroe Cheese Festival and 164 visitors to the Picnic on the Farm Surveyed ....to.....10、对应在C段：the study identified three primary audiences for agricultural t ourism11、对应在D段：However, most agricultural tourism enterprises currently mark et their businesses independently, leading to a lack of a cooperation to promote agricultural tourism as an industrylack of=be short of12对应在E段倒数第五行：Green County farmers already have experience host ing visitors during the annual Monroe Cheese Days.13、对应在F段第四行：And hogs,Farm tours could be combined with other a ctivities in the area such as trip to the Mississippi River....E-training背景词汇：In person training n 当面的培训Standard delivery 标准化交付贸易Self-paced learning 自我分部学习Certification 证书Blended approach n 混合方法Interactive materials 交互式材料Scalability adj 可拓展性Consistency 一致性同义替换：Heading1、E-learning is the unifying term to describe the fields of online learning, we b-based training and technology delivered instruction, which can be a great ben efit-to corporate e-learning=major advangtage for the application of E-Training2、In addition to generally positive economic benefits, other advantages such a s convenience, .....（并列递进）首段讲的是benefit，所以这一段也讲的是好处=other benefits besides economic consideration3、much of the discussion about implementing e-learning has focused on the t echnology, but.....这一段主要描述传统授课阶段的介绍4、On the other hand, nobody said E-training technology would be cheap. E-tr aining serviece providers , on the average, charge from $10,000 to ...=financial investment5、E-training isn’t expected to replace the classroom entirely.不能代替传统课堂----提到了一些低效的缺点6、A go-between style of the blended learning which refers to a mixing of di fferent learning environments...... Blended methods=mixed learning style段落信息matching20、对应在D段：fast electronic deliver=online courses (these kinds of costs m ean that customized e-training is for the time being, an option costs mean that customized e-training is )21、对应在B段anywhere anytime =flexibilityE-learning is widely believed to offer flexible “anytime, any place”learning. 22、对应在A段：Basic Blue, whose purpose is to train new managers, saved the company in the range of $200 million in 199923、对应在F段：the combination of the traditional and e-training environments =blended method24-26Drawbacks 对应在E段：A：keep the course at the appropriate level of currency and usefulness Appropriate level =at the suitable levelC：first time employees=fresh employeesD：bandwidth limitation are still an issue in presenting multimedia over the Int ernet.Choices and happiness 选择和幸福的关系背景词汇Infinite adj.无穷的Assumption n 假设Option n 选择Indicator n 指示器Fabulous 难以置信的；极好的adjWell-being adj. 幸福；福利Diagnose 诊断vRating 等级Inspection n 视察；检查Subscription n捐款Questionnaire n 调查问卷Ruminate v 反复思考Evaluate v 评估Distinction n 区别Psychological adj.心理学的Alternative adj 可替换的Restrict v 限制同义替换人物信息matching28-3128、对应在C段倒数第五行：when satisficers find an item that meets their sta ndards=match their expection29、文中并没有提到30、对应在D段最后一句：consider repeatedly=tend to broad and ruminate31、对应在E段：we tested this by having people fill out a variety of question naires known to be reliable indicators of well being32-36判断题32、对应在B段：Recent research offers insight into why many people end up unhappy rather than pleased when their options expand.When their options expand=with the society’s advancementA段中也提到了：more is not always better than less.33、文中字体到了satisficer和maximizer，并没有提到性别上的对比34、对应在D段第四行：They are more prone to experiencing regret after a p urchase and if their acquisition disappoints themThe feeling of loss=experience regret35、对应在G段第二行：the ‘good enough’standard leads to much less searchi ng and inspection of alternatives than the maximizer’s best 和题目中good enou gh 就是搜寻最好的标准矛盾36、对应H段第二行：they may also suffer regret about the option they settle on.=certain correlations between the regret people and the maximizers37-4037、题目是happiness and choice well being=happiness38、对应在E段scores 高----satisfaction低-------happy低-----optimistic低39对应在I段倒数第五行：full-price payers would experience more regret if .....40、I段---39题后：to increase sense of happiness, we can decide to restrict ou r options when the decision is not crucial.Restrict option=reduce the choice or optionMalaria in Italy 疟疾在意大利背景词汇：Mosquito n虫子Malaria n 疟疾Hereditary adj遗传的Culprit n犯人Lucrative adj有利可图的Hostility n敌意；战争Quinine n奎宁Rampant adj猖狂的Dubbed 被称为nImpoverished 贫困的同义替换：1-4、判断题1、对应在A段：but did not make the further leap towards insects.2、由19世纪定位：miasma or unclean air 二者并列3、由22.5 years 定位：In malarial zones the life expectancy of land workers was a terrifying 22.5 years.4、A段最后一句定位：Epidemics were blamed on southern Italians, given the widespread belief that malaria was hereditaryGive the widespread belief....=claimed that....5-8判断5、in the end of 19 century=in the 1880s 对应在A段最后一句：such theories began to collapse as the dreaded mosquito was identified as the real culprit.6、NG7、对应在B段：the mosquitoes themselves were also infected and not mere ca rriers8、对应在C段倒数第四行：Malaria, as Snow-den shows, was not just, was no t just, a medical problem, but a social and regional issue, and could only be d efeated through multi-layered strategies.=combined strategies段落信息匹配：9-149、he did not distribute quinine是medicine 的下意词10、G段最后一句：struggling with the great present-day medical emergency11、B段：Rome that key discoveries were made =breakthrough12、F段：one of the final victims to die of the disease in Italy was the popul ar cyclist, Fausto Coppi13、C段：Despite its often terrible side of effects as the “quinine-buzz”=highly effective drug14、A段：But in the 19th century, most experts believed that the disease was produced by “miasma”or “unclean air”.....这是一种假设：疾病时由空气传播的The pearl背景词汇：Jeweler n 珠宝商Nobility n 贵族Calcum carbonate n碳酸钙Pearl n 珍珠Irritant n 刺激物Mollusk n软体动物Spherical n球形的Precipitate n沉淀物Recipient n容器Graft n 移植Nacre n珍珠层Lustrous adj有光泽的Concentric n同轴环Homogeneous adj均匀的Cavity n腔Diameter n直径Lagoons n泻湖Gonad n生殖腺Mantle n 斗篷Misshapen n畸形同义替换：28-31 段落信息匹配28、对应在B段：A natural pearl, often called an Oriental pearl, forms when a n irritant, such as a piece of sand, works its way into a particular species of oyster, mussel, or clam.29、对应在D段：By the end of a 5 to 10 year cycle, only 50% of the oyster s will have survived. And of the pearls produced, only approximately 5%are of substantial quality for top jewel30、对应在E段：the valuation factors include size,shape,color,quality of surface=elements of determining the value of .....31、对应在E段：X-ray 区分cultured 和natural的类型（one way that jeweler s can determine whether a pearl is cultured or natural is to have a gem lab perform an x-ray of the pearl）32-34判断题32、NG33、Fake peals=imitation peals34、对应在E段：Australia tend to produce）没有进行而这比较NG35-4035、对应在A段：During the Roman Empire, the pearl was the favored gem of the wealthy.36、heal all disease=came anything from heart disease to....37、对应在E段：the island of Mallorca in Spain is known for its imitation pe arl industry.38、对应在E段：Akoya pearls from Japan are some of the most lustrous...=co nsidered as one of the most glittery cultured one.....39、对应在E段：the south sea water of Australia tend to produce the larger p earls nutrients from ocean floor.40、对应在F段第一句：the world’s best pearls came from the persian Gulf, e specially around what is now BahrainAntarctica----in from the cold 背景词汇：Blizzards n 暴风雪Prevailing westerly winds n盛行西风Katabatic 下降的风Reverberate n再生长；在种植Dedication n献身Integral adj 完整的Circulation n 流通；循环Bedrock n基础；根底Blast v爆炸Enhance v加强Unravel v解开Baleen whales n须鲸Penguins n企鹅Howling 极大的adjPolynyas 冰间湖nHemisphere n半球Circulatory system n循环系统Biota n生物区同义替换：15-16段落信息匹配matching15、对应在D段：CSIRO is developing this as a prototype forecasting system, but we can confidently predict that as we know more about the Antarctic and Southern Ocean we will be able to enhance and extend our reductive ability16、对应在E段：But in another way the extent of sea ice extends its influence far beyond Antarctica.17、对应在F段：the state of the northern oceans, and their biological producti vity, owe much to what happens in the Antarctic18、对应在C段：19、对应在A段：the image was one of a place removed from everyday realit y, of a place with no apparent value to anyone20-22 信息matching23-27 选择题23、对应在D段：Not only does this limit their losses but it prevents serious pasture degradation that may take decades to repair24、对应在E段最后一句：Many species of baleen whales and flighted sea bir ds migrate between the hemispheres and when the krill are less abundant they do not thrive.25、对应在C段：26、Since only fresh water freezes into ice, the water that remains becomes in creasingly salty and dense, sinking until it spills over the continental shelf 27、Cold water carries more oxygen than warm water so when it rises, well i nto the northern hemisphereMysterious extinction of the dinosaurs 背景词汇：Asteroid adj星状的Symmetry n对称性Footprints n脚印；足迹IchnotaxaTriassic n三叠纪Skeletons n骨架Iridium n铱（金属）Fern n羊齿植物;蕨spike n钉状物Meteorite n陨石；流星Jurassic n侏罗纪。
剑桥雅思4-8册阅读真题分析汇总
1-5段落信息配对
14-18 List of Headings
28-32 Y/N/NG
28.N；29.Y；30.Y；31.NG；32.Y
6-9 Y/N/NG
6.Y
7.NG最高级
8.NG
9.N
19-24 Y/N/NG
19.N
20.NG比较
21.N；22.Y；23.NG；24.Y
家喻户晓
gram试验
2.试验方案
3.试验过程及目的
4.精神科医生对试验结果的预测
5.结果与预测的差异
6.对差异的解释
7.另一种解释
8.相关结论
环境论者认为目前世界所面临的问题
1-3多选
14-19段落从属配对
27-32 Y/N/NG
27.Y；28. NG；29. F与原文相反
30. NG；31. Y；32. N
2)擦鞋合作社
3)青年创业计划
4.经验教训
5.结论
1-4单选
14-17 List of Headings
27-31 List of Headings
5-8填表
18-21简答
32-36填表
9-12 Y/N/NG
9.N绝对化any
10.NG未提及
11. N绝对化only one
12. Y
22-26Summary（无词库）
40选结论
剑4 TEST 2
P1
P2
P3
语言的消失
澳大利亚的替代疗法
玩耍是件严肃的事
1.通过例子指明少数民族语言的危机
2.少数民族语言正面临灭顶之灾
3.语言灭绝的关键是使用者的年龄
4.信任危机导致语言灭绝