英语词汇学纲要
英语词汇学张维友编第一讲.ppt
1.2 Sound and Meaning
• Before we detect the relationship between sound and meaning of the word, let’s look at the two famous sayings:
• (1) What’s in a name? that which we call a rose, by any other name would smell as sweet.
• The conventionalists, like Shakespeare,
hold that the relations between sound and meaning are conventional and arbitrary(任 意的).
• The naturalists have argued that the origin of language lies in onomatopoeia（拟声，bang, crash, clash,可讲解它们的词类转义）, that people began talking by creating iconic(图象) signs to imitate the sounds heard around them in nature. They maintain that there is a natural connection between sound and meaning.
• As defined in terms of spoken language, a word is viewed as a sound or combination of sounds which are made voluntarily with human vocal equipment. According to semanticists, a word is a unit of meaning. Grammarians, however, insist that a word be a free form that can function in a sentence.
语言学纲要
发音体（声带）发音方法（怎样除阻）共鸣腔（调节口腔、鼻腔，咽腔）。
频率决定音高
振幅决定音强
音质的声学分析
基音：频率最低，强度最大。
陪音：频率高，强度弱。
基音的频率叫基频，决定整个音的音高。基频取决于声带振动的频率。
受到共鸣腔特别强化的陪音的频率叫共振峰，决定整个音的音质。共振峰取决于口腔的形状。
3.古代欧洲：《希腊语法》《论拉丁语》《语法术》
此时期的语言研究不是独立的语言学研究，因而不是独立的语言学学科。
（二）、历史比较语言学：语言学的独立
原因：人文主义思想，现代科学研究方法，语言视野的拓展——伴随殖民活动而出现
研究视角：语言的亲属关系
（三）、历史比较语言学（受进化论的影响）背景：19世纪欧洲
语音声学图像
常见元音声学图像
声学分析手段和工具
浪纹计（20世纪前期）语图仪（20世纪中期）计算机（20世纪后期到现在）
语音的最小线性单位——音素
两种音素：元音和辅音
元音辅音区别
1.是否受阻：辅音受阻，元音不受阻。这是二者最主要的区别。
2.紧张度：辅音受阻部位特别紧张，元音保持均衡紧张。
3.气流强弱：辅音强，元音弱。
重庆话中：来[lai35]—[nai35]
奶[lai214]—[nai214]
二音位归并的原则
处于对立分布的音素必须分列不同音位。
因素和音位的书面标记手段——音标
音素用音标来标记，最通行的是国际音标，标记时放在方括号[]中。
音位采用国际音标标示，放在双斜线//中。
使用方括号和双斜线是为了将音标与文字符号或其他符号（比如数学符号）相区别。
国际音标表
国际音标表
语言学纲要意译词举例 -回复
语言学纲要意译词举例 -回复 什么是语言学纲要？ 语言学纲要是语言学的基础概述，它旨在提供语言学的核心概念、理论和研究方法，以帮助学习者全面理解语言的本质和功能。语言学纲要涵盖了多个领域，包括语音学、语法学、词汇学、句法学、语义学、语用学等，并提供了相关词汇的定义和解释。以下是一些语言学纲要中常见的词汇及其示例。 语音学： 1. 音素 [phoneme]：指语言中的最小语音单位，如英语中的 /p/ 和 /b/。 2. 音节 [syllable]：一个单词中的发音单元，如英语单词 "banana" 中的三个音节 /bəˈnæ.nə/。 3. 音韵学 [phonology]：研究语音的系统和模式的学科。 语法学： 1. 句法 [syntax]：研究句子和短语结构和组织的学科，如英语中的主谓宾结构 "He eats apples"。 2. 语法 [grammar]：语言的规则和约定，用于构成和组织句子和短语。 3. 词类 [part of speech]：用于分类单词的类别，如名词、动词、形容词等。 词汇学： 1. 词汇 [vocabulary]：一个语言中的所有单词的总和。 2. 同义词 [synonym]：具有相似意义的词语，如 "big" 和 "large"。 3. 反义词 [antonym]：具有相反意义的词语，如 "hot" 和 "cold"。 句法学： 1. 主语 [subject]：句子中执行动作或行为的人、事物或概念。 2. 谓语 [predicate]：句子中描述主语的动作、状态或性质的部分。 3. 宾语 [object]：句子中接受动作的人、事物或概念。 语义学： 1. 语义 [semantics]：研究词语和句子意义的学科。 2. 含义 [meaning]：词语或句子所传达的信息或概念。 3. 上位词 [hypernym]：在词语层级中具有更广泛意义的词语，如 "动物" 是 "狗" 和 "猫" 的上位词。 语用学： 1. 语用 [pragmatics]：研究语言使用背后的实际意义和交际的学科。 2. 言外之意 [implicature]：言外之意，即通过推理得出的不明确表达的意义。 3. 礼貌原则 [politeness principle]：指在语言交流中尊重他人并遵循社会礼仪的原则。 以上仅是语言学纲要中涉及的一小部分词汇，实际上，语言学纲要涵盖的范围非常广泛且深入。通过学习语言学纲要中的这些词汇，我们能更好地理解和分析语言的结构、运作方式和意义的构建，从而提高我们对不同语言的学习和应用能力。无论是研究语言现象还是学习外语，语言学纲要都是一个重要的基础知识。
英语词汇学4PPT课件
b. Bound roots: Quite a number of roots derived from foreign sources, esp. from Greek and Latin, belong to the class of bound morphemes. A root, whether it is free or bound, generally carries the main component of meaning in a word.
脚
foot
ped
uniped, pediform
音
sound phon
phonetics, microphone
日
sun
sol
solar, insolation
月 moon lun
lunar， lunatic
星 世界 生命
star world life
astro(er) cosm(o) bi(o)
Notice what the following words have in common: e.g. -tain contain, detain retain (L tenere "to hold")
-ceive conceive, deceive receive. (L capere "to take") revive vitamin vital vivacious vivid In Modern English, they are not words, and not free morphemes; they cannot exist on their own. Nor can they be used to form new words, because these items have no identity outside the small group of words in which they appear. So on formal grounds, ceive, -tain are considered bound morphemes or bound roots which always occur in morphemic sequences, i.e. in combination with roots or affixes.
英语词汇学知识点整理
词汇期末复习（C1-C7）Chapter 1一、Word 词的定义(1) a minimal free form（最小的自由形式）(2) a sound unity(3) a semantic unity（meaning）(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.（具有句法功能）二、V ocabulary词汇的定义All the words in a language make up what is generally known as vocabulary.一般来说，词汇指的是一种语言里所有单词的总和。
词的总和构成语言的词汇。
词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。
三、Sound&Meaning发音和意义The connection between the sound (form) and meaning is arbitrary (任意的) and conventional.二者的关系是约定俗成、随意的四、Sound & Form发音和形式(1)The written form of a natural language is the orthographical（正字的）record of the oral form. 自然语言的书写形式是口语形式的书写记录。
(2)The reasons of differences occur between sound and form: 发音与形式不同的原因：①English alphabet was adopted from the Romans 英语字母表来自罗马②the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. 发音改变快速③Differences created by professional scribes. 专业抄写员的不同④More differences brought by the continuing change of sounds and the standardization of spelling.发音不断变化，书写标准化。
现代英语词汇学概论第一章汉语版
现代英语词汇学概论第一章汉语版
《现代英语词汇学概论》是英国语言学家约翰·西诺特（John Sinclair）所著，于1966年出版的一本关于英语词汇学的经典著作。
该
书第一章的主要内容涉及了词汇学研究的背景和目标。
第一章的汉语版主要包括以下内容：
1.引言：介绍了词汇学研究的重要性和目的，以及该书的结构和内容。
2.词汇学的起源和发展：回顾了词汇学研究的历史背景和不同阶段的
发展，包括传统历史语言学和现代语言学的贡献。
3.词汇研究的方法和工具：介绍了进行词汇学研究所需的方法和工具，包括词汇统计、语料库、词典和计算机技术的运用等。
4.词汇学的理论框架：探讨了几种主要的词汇学理论，包括认知语义学、联想语义学和构式语法等，并解释了它们在研究词汇结构、意义和使
用方面的作用。
5.词汇学的研究领域：概述了词汇学研究的不同领域，包括词汇结构、词汇意义、词汇使用和词汇变化等，并举例说明了不同领域的研究方法和
发现。
总之，第一章的汉语版主要介绍了词汇学研究的基本概念、方法和理
论框架，为后续章节的词汇学内容打下基础。
《语言学纲要》课件
研究方法：观察、 实验、调查、分 析
研究内容：语言 结构、语言使用 、语言变化
应用领域：语言 教学、语言规划 、语言政策
认知语言学研究方法
认知语言学：研 究语言与认知的 关系
研究方法：实验、 观察、访谈、问 卷等
研究内容：语言 结构、语言功能 、语言使用等
研究目的：揭示 语言与认知的关 系，为语言教学 提供理论支持
语用学：研究语言的语用 结构，包括语境、语用关 系、语用策略等
03
语言的要素
语音
语音的性质：具有物理属性 和社会属性
语音的定义：语言的声音形 式，是语言的物质外壳
语音的构成：音素、音节、 重音、语调等
语音的功能：传递信息，表 达情感，实现交际
词汇
词汇的定义： 词汇是语言中 词的总和，是 语言的基本单
07
语言学研究方法
传统语言学研究方法
历史比较法：通过比较不同语言 的历史发展，探究语言演变规律
功能主义法：研究语言在社会交 往中的作用和功能
添加题
添加标题
添加标题
添加标题
结构主义法：分析语言的结构， 揭示语言内在规律
认知语言学法：从认知心理学的 角度研究语言理解和生成过程
结构主义语言学研究方法
语言反映了文化的特点和 价值观
语言与文化相互影响，相 互促进
语言与文化的关系是语言 学研究的重要内容
社会文化对语言的影响
社会文化影响语言的形成和发 展
社会文化影响语言的使用和传 播
社会文化影响语言的结构和功 能
社会文化影响语言的变异和演 变
语言在社会文化中的地位和作用
语言是社会文化的载体和传 播工具
位
词汇的分类： 名词、动词、 形容词、副词、 介词、连词等
英语专业(法律英语专业)本科教学大纲
英语专业（法律英语专业）本科教学大纲一．总则为贯彻实施《高等学校英语专业教学大纲》（2000）、教育部《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要（2010-2020）》及《关于全面提高高等教育质量的若干意见》（2012），为培养“具有扎实的英语语言基础和广博的文化知识并能熟练地运用英语在外事、教育、经贸、文化、科技、军事等部门从事翻译、教学、管理、研究等工作的复合型英语人才”、“具有创新精神和实践能力的高级专门人才”、“具有国际视野、通晓国际规则、能够参与国际事务和国际竞争的国际化人才”,并为“促进人的全面发展和适应社会需要”等国家人才培养的战略方针，特此制定英语专业（法律英语专业）教学大纲，旨在培养具有国际竞争力的高素质的、复合型的法律英语人才，以适应多元社会需求与多元目标取向。
二．英语（法律英语）专业培养目标培养适应经济社会发展所需的德、智、体、美全面发展，具有较高人文素养、熟练的英语语言技能、厚实的英语语言文学专业知识和法律、经贸专业基本知识，具有较强的创新精神、实践操作能力和社会适应能力的高素质、应用型的本科人才；能在政府机关、外事、公检法部门，海关边检、民航、旅游、外企、涉外律师事务所、高等院校及科研院所等部门从事翻译、研究、教学、管理、执法等工作的复合型人才。
英语（法律英语）专业坚持英语专业教学本位，体现英语法律结合特色，实施“英语+法律”复合型人才培养模式。
三．英语（法律英语）专业课程设置英语（法律英语）专业旨在奠定厚实的英语语言知识和法律经贸知识、较高的人文素养、和调研创新能力的基础，该专业包含十门核心课程，三个模块。
九门核心课程分别为英国文学、美国文学、英语语言学概论、法律语言学概论、国际经贸概论、中西方思想经典、法律英语、商贸英语及（法律）英语写作；三个模块分别为专业基础课、专业主干课、专业拓展选修课。
3.1 专业基础课程英语专业基础类课程：英语语音学、英语小说选读、英语诗歌选读、经贸英语文选选读、英语散文欣赏、英语词汇学、英语演讲与辩论、跨文化交际导论、中方思想经典、西方思想经典、英语口、笔译实践、法律英语口译实践、经贸英语翻译与实践、经贸英语文选选读、第二外语等课程；法律英语技能类课程：法律英语阅读、法律英语听说、法律翻译和法律英语写作，法律英语专业知识和实务类课程。
英语词汇学笔记整理
英语词汇学笔记整理Chapter 11 - The definition of a word comprises the following points:(1) a minimal free form of a language;(2) a sound unity;(3) a unit of meaning;(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2- Sound and Meaning: symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional.A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question.3- Old English, the speech of the time was represented very much more faithfully in writing than it is today. The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart.4-A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes. Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary.5 - Vocabulary: All the words in a language make up its vocabulary. Not only can it refer to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period. We also use it to refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over million words.words used in a particular historical period. We also use it to refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over million words.words used in a particular historical period. We also use it to refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over million words.words used in a particular historical period. We also use it to refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over million words.6 - Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion, and into native words and borrowed words by origin.7 - The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though words of the basic word stock constitute a small percentage of the English vocabulary, yet it is the most important part of it. These words have obvious characteristics.8 - All national character. Words of the basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us, which are indispensable to all the people who speak the languageNatural phenomena/Human body and relations/Names of plants and animals/Action, size, domain, state/Numerals, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions9 - Stability. Words of the basic word stock have been in use for centuries.10 - Productivity . Words of the basic word stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words. They can each be used alone, and at the same time can form new words with other roots and affixes.11 - Polysemy. Words belonging to the basic word stock often possess more than one meaning because most of them have undertone semantic changes in the course of useand become polysemous.12 - Collocability . Many words of the basic word stock quite a number of set expressions, idiomatic usages, proverbial sayings and the like.13 - Terminology consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas .14 - Jargon refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves such as in business.15 - Slang belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words like cant, jargon, and argot, all of which are associated with, or most available to, specific groups of the population.Slang is created by changing or extending the meaning of existing words though some slang words are new coinages altogether. Slang is colourful, blunt, expressive and impressive.16 - Argot generally refers to the jargon of criminals.17 - Dialectal words are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question.18 - Archaisms are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.19 - Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.20 - By notion, words can be grouped into content words and functional words. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals, which denote objects, phenomena, action, quality, state, degree, quantity.21 - Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called empty words. As their chief function is to express the relation between notions, the relation between words as well as between sentences, they are known as formwords. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category.22 - However, functional words do far more work of expression in English on average than content words.23 - Native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes; the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, thus known as Anglo-Saxon words.24 - Apart from the characteristics mentioned of the basic word stock, in contrast to borrowed words, native words have two other features:Neutral in style. they are not stylistically specific.Stylistically, natives words are neither formal nor informal whereas the words borrowed from French or Latin are literary and learned, thus appropiate in formal style.Frequent in use. Native words are most frequently used in everyday speech and writing.25 - Words taken over from foreign languages are known as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms. It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modem English vocabulary. The Englishlanguage is noted for the remarkable complexity and heterogeneity of its vocabulary because of its extensive borrowings26 - Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. These words are immediately recognizable as foreign in origin.27 - Semantic-loans. Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form. But their meanings are borrowed. In other words, English has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language.Chapter 21 - It is assumed that the world has approximately 3, 000 (some put it 5, 000 ) languages, which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.2 - The Indo-European is one of them. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East, and India.3 - They accordingly fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern set: Balto-Slavic , Indo-Iranian , Armenian and Albanian ; a Western set: Celtic, Italic, Hellenic, Germanic.4 - In the Eastern set, Armenian and Albanian are each the only modern language respectively. The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, Slovenian and Russian.5 - In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian. Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are derived from the dead language Sanskrit.6 - In the Western set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic.7 - The Germanic family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavianlanguages. Then there is German, Dutch, Flemish and English.languages. Then there is German, Dutch, Flemish and English.8 - Old English (450-1150)Anglo-Saxon as Old English. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50, 000 to 60, 000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like moderm German.Anglo-Saxon as Old English. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50, 000 to 60, 000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like moderm German.9 - Middle English (1150-1500)Although there were borrowings from Latin, the influence on English was mainly Germanic.Between 1250 and 1500 about 9000 words of French origin poured into English. Seventy-five percent of them are still in use today.If we say that Old English was a language of full endings. Middle English was one of leveled endings.10 - Modern English (1500-up to now)Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England.Early (1500-1700) and Late (1700-up to the present) Modern EnglishModern English began with the establishment of printing in England.Early (1500-1700) and Late (1700-up to the present) Modern EnglishIn the early period of Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics. This is known in history as the Renaissance.Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the Western world’’s great literary heritage and of great scholarshipIn fact, more than twenty-five per cent of modern English words come almost directly from classical languages.It can be concluded that English has evolved from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present analytic language.11 - Three main sources of new words: the rapid development of modern science and technology(45%); social, economic and political changes(24%);the influence of other cultures and languages(11%).the influence of other cultures and languages(11%).12 - Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: creation, semantic change, borrowing.Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, affixes and other elements. In modern times, this is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need. This does not increase the number of word forms but create many more new usages of the words, thus enriching the vocabulary.Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of vocabulary, particularly in earlier times. Borrowed words constitute merely six to seven percent of all new worlds. In earlier stages of English, frnch, greek and Scandinavian were the major contributiors.Reviving archaic or obsolete words(复活古词和废弃词) also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though quite insignificant.Chapter 31 - These different forms occur owing to different sound environment. These minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes.In other words, the morpheme is "the amallest functioning unit in the composition of words"In other words, the morpheme is "the amallest functioning unit in the composition of words"2 - Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken , minimal carriers of meaning. The morpheme is to the morph what a phoneme is to a phone.3 - These morphemes coincide with words as they can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence. Words of this kind are called monomorphemic words.4 - Some morphemes, however, are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs.5 - There are cases where the allomorphs of the plural morpheme are realized by the change of an internal vowel or by zero morph.6 - Free Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free. These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. They are identical with root words, as each of them consists of a single free root, we might as well say that free morphemes are free roots.7 - Bound Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. They are so named because they are bound to other morphemes to form words. Bound morphemes are chiefly found in derived words.8 - Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and affix.Bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a tree root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words.In English, bound roots are either Latin or Greek. Although they are limited in number, their productive power is amazing.Bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a tree root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words.In English, bound roots are either Latin or Greek. Although they are limited in number, their productive power is amazing.Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. According to the functions of affixes, we can put them into two groups; inflectional and derivational affixes.Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes. The number of inflectional affixes is small and stable.Derivational affixes. As the term indicates, derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. Derivational affixes can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes come before the ward and the suffixes after the word.9 - A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity. The root, whether free or bound, generally carries the main component of meaning in a word. Root is that part of a wordform that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed.10 - A stem may consist of a single root morpheme as in iron or of two root morphemes as in a compound like handcuff. It can be a root morpheme plus one or more affixational morphemes as in mouthful.A stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added。
英语词汇学 ppt课件
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Chapter 1 A Brief Survey
of the English Language
Definition of Word Bloomfield: some linguistic forms, which we call bound forms are never used as sentences.
Vocabulary（口语化）, lexis（两者 之间）, lexicon（学术味） (词汇)
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1011学年第二学期词汇学试题类型 I. Explain the following terms. (20 points)
II. Complete the following statements or passages with
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1) OE Dialects 方言
West Saxon西撒克逊语 Kentish肯特语 Mercian莫西亚语 Northumbrian北恩布瑞安语
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2) OE Vocabulary 词汇
Compounding: for-(forbid, forget), in-, -ful, -dom, -
8. What is the difference between root antonyms and derivational antonyms?
9. State the vital role of context in determination of word meaning.
10. What are verb phrase idioms? What are their peculiar features?
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ENGLISH LEXICOLOGY: A GENERAL REVISION Part 1: Define the following terms. 1. English lexicology English lexicology is a branch ofl linguistics concerned with the vocabulary of the English language in respect to words and word equivalents. 2. word A word may be defined as a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form;with a unity of sound and meaning(both lexical and grammatical meaning),capable of performing a given syntactic function. 3. vocabulary 4. native words 5. loan words 6. common words 7. literary words 8. archaic words 9. poetical words 10. colloquial words 11. slang words 12. technical words 13. function words 14. content words 15. basic word stock 16. neologism 17. obsolete words 18. morpheme 19. allomorph 20. free morpheme 21. bound morpheme 22. root 23. free root 24. bound root 25. affix 26. inflextional affix 27. derivational affix 28. prefix 29. suffix 30. hybrid 31. simple word 32. word-formation rules 33. stem 34. base 35. compounding 36. compound 37. string compound 38. derivation 39. combining from 40. prefixation 2
41. suffixation 42. differentiating suffixes 43. conversion 44. functional shift 45. derivation by zero suffix 46. partial conversion 47. acronymy 48. initialism 49. acronym 50. clipping 51. blending 52. portmanteau word 53. back-formation 54. reduplication 55. words from proper names 56. neoclassical formation 57. conventionality 58. motivation 59. phonetic motivation 60. morphological motivation 61. semantic motivation 62. echoic word/onomatopoeic word 63. grammatical meaning 64. inflectional paradigm 65. lexical meaning 66. denotative meaning 67. connotative meaning 68. social or stylistic meaning 69. affective meaning 70. purr words 71. snarl words 72. componential anaylisis 73. semantic features/sense components 74. polysemy 75. primary meaning 76. cental meaning 77. radiation 78. concatenation 79. hmonymy 80. homonym 81. perfect homonym 82. homophone 83. homograph 84. synonymy 85. synonym 86. complete synonym 87. relative synonym 3
88. the double scale pattern of synonyms 89. the triple scale pattern of syonyms 90. antonmy 91. antonym 92. contraries 93. complementaries 94. conversives 95. root antonyms 96. derivational antonyms 97. marked member in tn antonymous pair 98. unmarked member in an antonymous pair 99. hyponymy 100. hyponym/subordinate 101. superordinate term/upper term 102. semantic field 103. context 104. linguistic context 105. lexical context 106. grammatical context 107. verbal context in its broad sense 108. extra-linguistic context/context of situation 109. ambiguity 110. lexical ambiguity 111. structural ambiguity 112. historical cause of semantic change 113. social cause of semantic change 114. linguistic cause of semantic change 115. psychological cause of semantic change 116. euphemism 117. grandiloquence 118. cynicism 119. restriction of meaning/specialization 120. extension of meaning/generalization 121. degeneration of meaning/pejoration 122. elevation of meaning/amelioration 123. metaphor 124. idom 125. phrase idiom 126. clause idiom 127. sentence idiom 128. Americanism 129. big words 130. prescriptive dictionary 131. descriptive dictionary 132. monolingual dictionaries 133. bilingual dictionaries 134. linguistic dictionaries 4
135. encyclopedic dictionaries 136. unabridged dictionaries 137. desk dictionaries 138. pocket dictionaries 139. specialized dictionaries 140. etymology 141. synchronic dictionaries 142. diachronic dictionaries 143. ideological dictionaries
Part 2: Answer the following question. 1. How are English words classified? 2. What are the fundamental features of the basic word stock? 3. What are the differences between function words and content words? 4. How many periods is the history of English divided into? State briefly the special features of each period in terms of the vocabulary. 5. What are the causes of the rapid growth of present-day English vocabulary? 6. How are English morphemes classified? 7. What are the fifferences between inflectional and derivational affiexes? 8. How are the various processes of word-formation classified? 9. What are the rlative criteria of a compound? 10. What are the main types of word meaning? 11. How is the lexical meaning of a word different from its grammatical meaning? 12. Elaborate three kinds of sense relationships between English words, namely similarity, oppoiteness and inclusion. 13. How is context classified? 14. What is componential analysis and what are its advantages and disadvantages? 15. What is the difference between polysemy and homonymy? 16. What are the characteristics of English idioms? 17. How are idioms classified by structural criterion? 18. What are the sources of English idioms? 19. How to use idiomatic expression appropriately? 20. Trace briefly the growth of American English. 21. What main factors contribute to the ready acceptance of American words and phrases by British people? 22. What are the characteristics of American English? 23. What is the relationship between lexicology and the dictionary?