《英语测试的理论与实践》解析51页PPT
英语测试PPT课件
Bachman和Palmer交际语 言能力
• 语言知识 • 语用知识
语言知识
• 语法知识：词汇知识、句法知识、语音 和书写知识
• 语篇知识：语句连功能知识：达意功能、操纵功能、传授 功能、想象性语言功能
• 社会语言知识：方言与语言变体知识、 语体知识、自然语言和习语知识、文化 与明、暗喻修辞知识
考试功能
• 教学功能：入学、课程、结业 • 科研功能
讨论题
联系本人曾参加过的考试，谈谈我 系考试的现状。
英语测试的基本原则
• 有用性 • 可行性
考试要素
• 效度(validity) • 信度(reliability) • 真实性(authenticity) • 互动性(interactiveness) • 考试的冲击力(washback) • 可行性(practicality)
四种英语语言测试法
• 写作----翻译法（the essaytranslation approach)
• 结构主义/心理测量法(the structuralist-psychometric approach)
• 综合法(the integrative approach) • 交际法(the communicative
• 水平测试 proficiency tests • 成绩测试 achievement tests • 分班测试 placement tests • 诊断测试 diagnostic tests • 直接性测试 direct tests • 间接性测试 indirect tests
测试关键词汇
• 分离式测试 discrete point tests • 综合性测试 integrative tests • 主观性测试 subjective tests • 客观性测试 objective tests • 常模参照性测试 norm-referenced
OUC英语测试与理论课件
CRAM FOR EXAMS, WHOSE FAULT? regurgitate
Bloom: six levels of educational objectives Knowledge Understanding Application Analysis Synthesis Evaluation
If you can’t beat them, join them?
Prov. If you have to give up fighting some group because you can„t win, band together with them. (The version with lick is informal.) E.g. Jill: I just got a kitten. Jane: I can’t believe it! You used to hate people who owned cats. Jill: If you can‘t beat them, join them．
Relationship between teaching and testing
Teaching and Testing are partners Bad teaching + good testing=tests have beneficial backwash Good teaching + bad testing=tests have harmful backwash
Backwash--- the effect of testing on teaching and learning. Harmful backwash---- CET 4,6 in the past, only 20% listening and no speaking, test—prep oriented classes focused more on reading; speaking/listening suffered Beneficial backwash---- CET 4,6 now, 35% listening plus speaking possibly, so teaching focuses on listening and speaking, ability to use English…
英语测试理论与实践期末AC部分整理
Chapter 1Section A1.Why is Elle Woods considered diverse by Harvard Law School? And why is Elle Woods admitted by Harvard Law School ? What can we learn from it about American culture?Elle Woods is considered diverse by Harvard Law School because she’s a fashion major and her practices out of class are quite different from other students, who are usually politics, history or philosophy majors、Elle Woods was admitted by Harvard Law School mainly because they are looking for diverse students like Elle、From it, we can learn that American educational system encourages the development of individuality、Furthermore, we can also realize that culture shapes people’s discourse and behaviors, which influences the communication between people、2.Discuss in groups the strengths and weaknesses of the American and Chinese education systems、Present your ideas to the whole class after your discussion、American education system emphasize that students should be diverse and take part in a lot of social practice, which contributes to the all-round development of students、However, American students usually lose in the competition with Chinese students because they don’t highlight the test skills、By contrast, Chinese education is a exam-oriented education, which put the exam at first、Therefore, Chinese students are often good at exam but lack experience of social practice and don’t know how to communicate with strangers、3.Why do Chinese and Americans develop different education systems? What are the cultural factors underlying the differences?The cultural difference generates the different education system between America and China、American culture is characteristic of opening and highlights social practice while Chinese culture is rigorous and highlights the role of parents and teachers、In this sense, students should respect for and obey their command and pay all attention to exam in terms of fierce competition、Section C1.Why did Zhao say ‘America is a good place, but it’s too dull’? What can we learn about Chinese culture?When his son went to work, Zhao was quite lonely and didn’t have any friends、This kind of life was much different from his farming life in China, where he had many friends and neighbors around, talking, drinking tea and playing mabjong together during the leisure time、Chinese culture is a group-oriented culture, where people would like to interact with each other、2.Why did most Chinese families decide to grow vegetables instead of flowers on their land?What can we learn about Chinese culture?Chinese people are very diligent and thrifty、For them, it is wasteful to use land to raise flowers、Chinese culture which is characteristic of collectivism is a guideline that shapes Chinese behaviors、3.Culture is often compared to the ‘software’ of people’ mind、Cite the examples in this case to explain the sentence、When Zhao was in American, he was very lonely and had no friend、That summer was the happiest time for him because he could communicate with his friends、From this example, we can learn that culture governs people’s mind and determines whether they are happy or not、Another example is the choice of Chinese families to grow vegetables、From it, we can learn that culture governs people’s behavior and provides guidelines for what to do and what not to do、Chapter 2Section A1.In the movie, Jonathan wants to get Sara’s phone number, but their process of communication fails、What elements go wrong in this process?When Sara gives her phone number to Jonathan, the paper is blown into a trash、Jonathan takes it as an accident, but Sara regards it as a sign of fate, which is telling her not to develop their relationship、Their different outlook to life causes the breakdown of the process of communication、2.In the movie, how many things does Sara do in order to test fate? And what are they? What do you think of these behaviors?Three things、The first one is that Sara asks Jonathan to write down his phone number on a $5 bill and spends the bill in a little grocery store、The second one is that she promises to write down her number inside a book and sell it to a used bookstore、The third one is that she asks Jonathan to get into a hotel with her and proposes that she and Jonathan pick the same floor in the lift randomly、I think Sara believes in fate and regard the fate as the foundation of feelings、3.A famous anthropologist once said that ‘Culture is communication and communication is culture、’ Do you agree? Why or why not?Yes、Because people in different cultures have different contexts, which influence how they communicate、In this case, Sara with a belief of fate can’t communicate with Jonathan not believing fate very well、Furthermore communication may be culture, because people often communicate with each other will have the same interest, habits and beliefs, which create thenew culture、Section C1.What the mode of communication favored by Asians? What cultural values underlie it?Asian people are very courteous and indirect in the communication、Because they emphasize group harmony, they ere tolerant when they are offended、These collectivism values, shaped by Confucian teachings, were spread from China to many Asian countries、2.What is the mode of communication favored by Westerners? What cultural values underlie it?Westerners are direct and frank in the communication、And they have s strong sense of protecting their own rights、Individualism values are the principles guiding their behaviors、3. 同上面3Chapter 3Section A1.In the hearing, why does Xu Datong invite John to be his lawyer although John is not familiar with family law? What can you learn from it about Chinese culture?Xu Datong invited John to be his lawyer because John was his best friend、In his opinion, Chinese usually ask their intimate relationship for help to solve some intractable problems as this kind of relationship will make more effort to help you、Hence, we know that China is a collectivism society and Chinese people usually emphasize interdependence and collective relations、2.Why doesn’t John defend Xu Datong in the hearing? What can we learn from this about Chinese culture?From the photos, John spontaneously considered that Dennis was abused by his father, which was illegal in America、That's why John rejected to defend Xu Datong、From it, we can see that in America, people are attached importance to the truth and law rather than to the interpersonal relationship, which is the most obvious characteristic of an individualism society and is different from a collectivism society、3.Why does Xu Datong tell the judge he performed Guasha on Dennis? What can we learn from this about Chinese culture?On Chinese' view, the young man is the brace of a family and he should be responsible for the whole family、Although Dennis' injury was created by his grandfather in fact, Xu Datong realized that he should shoulder the responsibility according to Chinese traditional culture、4.Who shall we ask for help when we get into legal troubles, our relatives and friends or a lawyer?I would like to ask the lawyers for help when I get into legal troubles、On the one hand, lawyers understand the laws and regulations and they know how to use laws to debate while your friends or relations who are willing to help you are possibly not familiar to laws、In fact, lawyers are useful in dealing with legal troubles than your friends and relatives、On the other hand, the fact and evidence are more emphasized in modern society、When the justice judged the legal cases and make the verdicts, they will notice the evidence and truth rather than persons、Section C1.Could you understand why Mile called the police? What can we learn about American culture and Chinese culture?Mike called the police because his grandmother beat him which was forbidden in America、In China, 'beating' is a regular and popular way to educate children、It is a commonsense、'Beating' can date back to ancient Chinese education when the teachers gave serious punishment to students doing something wrong、In America, 'beating' is forbidden and illegal、Parents always use mild methods such as persuasion or suggestion to educate their children、Meanwhile American children realize their right to protect themselves, which is influenced by freedom and equality propagated by The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizens、2.Why couldn’t Xue Suling carry out her original plan of Chinese language teaching? What can we learn Learning about American culture and Chinese culture?Chinese is very difficult, especially in speaking and writing、It must have an environment of Chinese language and substantial practices、However, Mike and Xue Suling didn't have these conditions、In China, children’ s learning is manipulated by the teachers and parents and perhaps monitored for the whole day、In America, children should learn how to be independent of their parents from the moment they are born、They arrange their own studies、Therefore, Xue Suling can't carry out her original plan、From it, we could realize that American highlight individual rights, which is the same as other individualism countries and areas、Chapter 4Section A1.Discuss the image of the whale as a symbol of nature, and Captain Ahab’s attitude towards it、The whale is a symbol of the nature, is a concrete embodiment of the powerful nature、Nature is rich and generous, it is a treasure for humans, providing humans with food and clothes、If losing it, humans will die、Nature is also stingy, it never gives something to humans on its own initiative, humans rely on plundering(掠夺)it to get what they want、Captain Ahab is the representative of human、He is a person with strength and perseverance as well as craziness, selfish and arrogance、He fights against the whale parallel to the behavior that people conquer the nature、For him ,the mission is holy and historic、In fact, human are confused a questionwhether the nature is friend or enemy, but the conflict between human and nature is inevitable、Section C1.What can we learn about Mexican culture from the reward system of PAMEX?From this case, we learn that the Mexican culture is reserved and group-oriented、It highlights the group harmony and interpersonal relationships、2.What can we learn about American culture from the reward system USAHP?The American culture is more individualistic, result-oriented and analytic、3.How do you explain the phenomenon in this case, applying the theory of the relationship between humans? What cultural differences caused the resistance of the local staff in PAMEX after the acquisition?Because of the radically cultural differences between the American management and the Mexican staff, it was a challenge for the American management to accept for the Mexican staff and pay attention to the fundamental values in human relationship under Mexican circumstances、4.If you were one of the managers from USAHP, concerning the local culture, what measures will you take to promote the motivation of the original staff in PAMEX?If I was one of the managers from USAHP, I would like to respect and promote the culture and philosophy of the original staff in PAMEX、With the merge and acquisition, the culture clash became increasingly obvious、If the company wanted to manage the PAMEX and its employees, it should observe the original cultures、It should glorify and support that PAMEX promoted, rewarded and retained employees based on their loyalty to the firm and to their immediate supervisors, and on interpersonal connections、Approving the cultures and customs of the original staff in PAMEX, they would be promoted to work hard and contribute to the company USAHP、Chapter 5Section C1.What can we learn from the first case? Use Hofstede’s ‘Uncertainty avoidance’ dimension to explain your answer、‘Uncertainty avoidance’ indicates how much a society feels threatened by ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them by providing rules, believing in absolute truths, and refusing to tolerate deviance、Some cultures, such as Greece, Portugal, Belgium, Japan and Spain are averse to the unknown、Such cultures emphasize uniformity and dislike deviance、Such cultures may be rather emotional in the process of gathering information、Foreign teachers need detailed instructions、They hope to reduce the ambiguity in their expectations for the working in China、Thus they turn to Chinese officials to tell them exactly their responsibility, rights, the regulations, the available facilities, the accommodations、Such information helps reduce the anxiety、2.If you are in America, what will you do to get a book you need? What can we learn from this case? Use Hofstede’s ‘individualism-collectivism’ dimension to explain your answer、According to Hofstede’s research, collectivist cultures tend to be Asian and Latin American, while the individualistic cultures are North American and European、Collectivist cultures emphasize common interest, cooperation, conformity and inter-dependence、They have tight social framework, where people help each other、The in-group includes one’s family, relatives, acquaintances, friends, classmates and colleagues、In individualistic cultures, people highlight their own needs、They emphasize more ‘I’ than ‘we’、Thus, if an American wants to borrow a book from another library, he would directly consult the staff working at the library to see whether the library is available to him、Then, he will inquire the procedures for obtaining books from that library、He will not ask his friends for help、In China, however, one would first try to find someone he knows to help him、3.What does ‘friend’ mean to Chinese? What does ‘friend’ mean to Americans?According to Hofstede’s research, America ranked No、1 in individualism worldwide、Americans respect other privacy and maintain certain distance、Even friends should try not to be very demanding、If friends ask for help, they should make their requests reasonable、While Chinese belong to community, so friends have a closer relationship、One encountering some troubles, wants his friend to help him、In China, friends are the people that one can depend on and trust、Chapter 6Section A1.Why is the meaning of ‘I like your sweater’ very clear in the West?In the West, the meaning of the sentence ‘I like your sweater’ is very clear because of thelow-context style of communication, in which most of the information in the communication is transmitted in the verbal speech、2.Why is the meaning of ‘I like your sweater’ very clear In Asian societies?In Asian societies, the meaning of the ‘I like your sweater’ is not clear because of thehigh-context style of communication, in which people may transmit a large amount information in the context rather than in verbal speech、3.What are the differences between Chinese and Western culture? What are the differences between Chinese and Western language?Chinese culture is a typical high-context culture in which people’s communication is indirect and tentative、Sometimes they don’t really mean what they say simply、Western culture is a low-context culture in which people’s communication is direct and frank、For example, if a westerner say that he likes the painting, he only express an appreciation while Chinese may mean he wants to have one、Section C1.Did my daughter really mean it when she refused her Filipino classmate’s offer? What can we learn about the culture? Use Hall’s culture context model to illustrate it、No, she didn’t really mean it、She wanted to have a hamburger very much、She refuse her classmate’s offer just because she was Chinese、She knew the hamburger was quite expensive, so she didn’t want to ask a favor of her classmate、If she had done so, she would have thought she had taken financial advantage of her classmate、Chinese culture is a typical high-contextculture in which people’s communication is indirect and tentative、Sometimes they don’t really mean what they say simply、2.What makes the Filipino girl consider the invitation as genuine? What can wen learn about her culture? Use Hall’s culture context model to illustrate it、Generally, westerners consider an invitation as genuine if it makes a definite time, place and activity、In this case, all three criteria were very clear, so the Filipino girl considered the invitation as genuine, and very happy to accept it、She didn’t know her Chinese classmate extended the offer just out of courtesy、For people of low-context cultures, who adopt the direct and frank communication, they must pay attention to discerning the real intentions of those of high-context cultures、Chapter 7Section A1.Why Eliza was so bad in spite of her successful performance at the party、Eliza got better education performed well in order to lure Higgins who was her teacher and who she liked and expect his concern、However, Higgins ignored exhausted Eliza, only boasted to his friends and celebrated the success, which made Eliza frustrated、Furthermore, Eliza didn’t get ready for the success and was confused about the future、Section C1.Do you think it is necessary to rename the dragon as Chinese symbol? Why?I think it is necessary to rename the dragon as Chinese symbol since the misunderstanding of the Chinese ancient totem 'dragon' has influenced the spread of Chinese culture、For Chinese view, dragon equivalent to emperor symbolizes royal and majesty which receive respect and honor、In western opinion, dragon represents a fearsome, threatening animal、If we want to make westerners have much knowledge of Chinese culture and the ancient totems especially dragon, a symbol for honesty, good fortune, and happiness in the minds of Chinese people, we are supposed to eliminate their prejudice and misunderstanding firstly、Therefore, renaming the dragon is an urgent affair and vital campaign which is associated with the China' s rebuilding the cultural system all over the world、2.Do other animals inspire different associations in China and Western countries?Peacock also inspires different associations in China and Western countries、Chinese believe that the peacock is a symbol of auspicious festival, so people often describe the peacock as beautiful people or things、For example, the ancient Chinese have a love story "the peacock flies to southeast"、The dancer Dao Meilan is famous for dancing "peacock dance", and is known as "peacock princess"、Yang Liping dances a performance called the spirit of "sparrow" beautifully, which is full of praise、Ancient oracle character "Phoenix" has a bunch of beautiful pappus, a long and beautiful tail behind、The overall graphic is a picture of the peacock pictographic drawing completely、The peacock in China since ancient times is regarded as a kind of beauty, auspicious bird、Nevertheless the peacock in the western value has a reverse implication、Westerners believe that the peacock is strutting when walking defiantly and often shows off its beauty by its tail, which is considered as 'proud' and 'vanity' in the west、So the peacock in the west has aderogatory sense、The second explanation of the 'peacock' in American Heritage Dictionary is a megalomania person given to self - display、For example, she strutted like a peacock, looking down her nose at everyone which demonstrates the woman was pride、Chapter 8Section A1.Is different social status the obstacle of true love or marriage?The different social status is the obstacle of true love and marriage、People with different status have different education and different kinds of friends、They have different communications,which create different value and outlook on life、At the same time, they have different interests and habits、If two people have many differences above, they will have controversy and disparity, which lead to disharmonious marriage、Section C1.Can you explain why Joe said, ‘While in China, I sometimes felt like a prisoner?’Because the itinerary arranged by Hong and her department without consulting with Joe was so tight that he had no free time to explore the city and the surrounding area on his own、2.Can you tell the differences between Chinese hospitality and American hospitality?Chinese hospitality features that the host should arrange everything well for the visitor、In the story, Hong and the chair of her department met Joe at the airport, put him up in a nice hotel, arranged a big dinner for him for the evening and gave him the itinerary for the next few days、In fact, Hong spent much time making sure Joe's visit would go smoothly、Similarly, if the visitor comes to China for the first time, Chinese always devise all of the itinerary and require the visitor to complete the visit according to the itinerary、Furthermore, Chinese make these plans which leave no time for the visitor to conduct independently without inquiring the visitor、As the conclusion, the visitor who from other areas especially from western countries would feel grateful for everything at the beginning but annoyed and deprived because of the tight itinerary later、However, westerners prefer to suggest and inquire rather than to make the plans directly、If the visitor needs a guide, they are grateful and honored、Surely, they will ask what you like to go and when you want to get cracking on going there、On the contrary, if you want to enjoy a trip independently, they will respect you and merely suggest some interesting and worthwhile resorts, which makes you feel more relaxed、In brief, Chinese hospitality is enthusiastic but semi-compulsory while American hospitality is more appropriate and relaxing、Chapter 9Section C1、2、Why did the same advertisement succeed in France but fail in Saudi Arabia? Why did the adapted version of the advertisement succeed?Each culture has different understanding of touching、Americans, the English, Germans and Northern Europeans belong to low-touch cultures while Hispanics, people of Eastern European, Italians, the French, Arabs, and Jews are high-touch cultures、Whether considered to be high-or low-touch, defines for its members whom they can touch, as well as when and where they can cannot touch、For example, although the French and Arabs are considered high-touch cultures,the French culture permits a mutual directional touching between men and women while in Arabian cultures, the male do it much more than the female、In France, women touching men frequently is proper, but in Arab it seems that the female is too aggressive which gives a negative impression to the male、In the adapted version, the touching was reduced and neutralized、As a result, the picture in the ads implies that the man is so irresistible that the lady can’t help getting close to him in spite of her awareness of the cultural rule、3.What do you learn from Drakkar Noir’s story?If we want a advertisement to be success in a nation, we should know about the nation’s culture、People raised in different culture would have different viewpoints,which decide whether your advertisement would lure consumers in the nation、In this case, the former advertisement failed because it didn’t follow the nation’s culture, especially the understanding of touching、Therefore, it didn’t lure consumers、However, after it investigated the culture and changed the picture, it succeeded、Chapter 10Section A1.The Indian and American concepts of ‘Time’ reflected in this movie?Americans regard time as a commodity, something to be used, bought, wasted, saved or spent、So they attach much importance to the efficiency of using time and like a fast pace of life、In India, relationship is far more important than schedules and efficiency、People live in a slower and relaxed way、In this movie, Todd is sent to India to get its MPI down from 15 minutes per call to 6、Todd thinks it is not realistic, and his fellow he meet in MacDonnell’s says ‘No way in India、’ By contrast, Puro, the Indian charger, regards an MPI of 12 is already satisfactory、Another point is that Americans are very specific about time, which is different from how Indians treat it、In this movie, Todd argues with Dave about the target MPI:should it be 6、0 or something between 6、0 and 6、59、However, when Todd asks Puro when the glass of his office will arrive, Puro says ‘It’s coming soon、’ In fact, it finally comes three weeks later、Section C1、2、What’s your opinion of the Director’s behavior? How would you explain Katherine’s feeling to the Director?This case is about the culture difference in two different time system namely Monochronic Time and Polychronic Time、The Director follows a Polychronic culture which schedules several activities at the same time、He often breaks the appointments and is more subjected to interruptions、So it is natural for him to keep talking with a Chinese teacher when it is already five minutes past his appointment time with Katherine, and later tolerate interruptions during his talk with her、By contrast, Katherine follows a Monochronic Time system which schedules only one activity at one time, is very specific about the time and efficiency、In this sense, she could not cope with the Director’s conversation with others, especially in Chinese, during her appointment time、Although the Director has realized that his behavior may not seem polite to Katherine and even apologizes to her, his apology doesn’t compensate for her frustration、Chapter 11Section A1.How would you solve Martha’s problem if you were Alex?I would communicate with my father firstly and ask him whether he can change his schedule、If he rejects, I would inquire Martha if she could change her time、If she doesn’t agree, I would consider redecorate the house and divide the house into two spaces or borrow much money from bank to buy a new larger house、Section C1、2、How would you react to Wang Liang’s behavior? Why did Wolfgang get angry?This case is about the cultural differences in the understanding of personal space、Some cultures do not give private, personal space high consideration、Sometimes, fifty Africans can crowd into the same amount of space that holds only twenty North Americans、The reason is that Africans’ sense of personal space suffers no intrusion from crowding and touching、In this sense, Wang Liang, comes from Chinese culture, is not as sensitive about personal space as is his German colleague、He tends to respect for the physical boundaries of personal territory, but pays little attention to less visible invasion、In this sense, he never realize s that his behavior may be regarded as rude、By contrast, Wolfgang’s culture is more sensitive to privacy、The boundary of his personal territory can extend to personal items、Therefore, when he found Wang Liang was reading the newspaper without his permission, he felt an invasion of his private personal space、Chapter 13Section A1.What would you do if you were Viktor at such difficult time?If I was Viktor, I would learn English at first, because it is a tool to communicate and get information, which is important for him in a strange country、Secondly, I would attempt to find a long-time job in order to survive、Thirdly, I would make friends in the country and often communicate with them and explore their behaviors、How they speak and behave rest on the local culture、My final aim is to realize local culture and integrate into the society, which makes me live better in the country、Section C1.Can you explain what is behind the culture shock the girl experienced?There are two shocks、The first one is the difference in terms of study、There is much work in America than in France、In France, the courses cover a particular subject in depth, whereas in America the classes embrace a large range of topics, but more superficially、The classes are more alive than in France、The second one is the difference in terms of technology、The students in America have easier access to computers, allowing them to go to the web for research、In France, the majority do not have access to computers、2.Have you ever encountered any culture shock in your communication with your foreign teachers or foreign friends?Foreign teachers often assign little homework, the majority of which is practical、Chinese teachers often assign much work, because they think the more we practice the more knowledge especially what in books we have a good command of、Furthermore, foreign teachers don’t。
英语测试理论与方法pdf
英语测试理论与方法1. 引言英语作为全球通用的语言之一，在现代社会中具有重要地位。
为了准确评估和衡量个体对英语语言能力的掌握情况，英语测试成为一种常见的评估手段。
本文将介绍英语测试的理论与方法，以帮助读者更好地了解和应用英语测试。
2. 英语测试的重要性英语测试对于评估个体在听、说、读、写等语言技能方面的能力非常重要。
通过英语测试，可以客观地评估测试者在不同语言能力层面上的掌握情况，并作为决策制定者在英语教育、招聘、选拔等方面的参考依据。
3. 英语测试的理论基础英语测试的理论基础主要涉及以下几个方面：3.1 语言习得理论语言习得理论主要研究个体在语言学习过程中的认知、心理和社会因素。
其中，以斯金纳的行为主义理论、查尔斯‧奥斯汀的习得功能理论以及诺姆·乔姆斯基的生成文法理论为代表。
这些理论为英语测试提供了理论基础和指导。
3.2 测量理论测量理论主要研究如何设计有效的英语测试，以准确地测量和评估个体的英语语言能力。
常用的测量理论方法包括信度、效度、等级划分、测试评分等。
3.3 评价理论评价理论主要研究如何对英语测试结果进行分析和评价。
常用的评价方法包括评分标准、评估体系和诊断性评价等。
4. 英语测试的常用方法英语测试的常用方法包括口语测试、听力测试、阅读测试和写作测试等。
下面分别介绍这些方法的特点和应用场景：4.1 口语测试口语测试是衡量个体口头表达能力的重要手段。
常用的口语测试方法包括面试、短对话、演讲等。
口语测试主要针对个体的流利度、语音语调、词汇和语法运用能力进行评估。
4.2 听力测试听力测试是评估个体听取和理解英语语音的能力。
常用的听力测试方法包括听力理解题和听力填空题等。
听力测试主要考察个体对于不同语速、语调和语境下的英语材料的听取和理解能力。
4.3 阅读测试阅读测试是评估个体英语阅读理解能力的重要方式。
常用的阅读测试方法包括阅读理解题和阅读填空题等。
阅读测试主要考察个体对于不同主题、难度和长度的英语阅读材料的理解和应用能力。
《英语测试的理论与实践》解析53页PPT
60、生活的道路一旦选定，就要勇敢地 走在、过 去和未 来文化 生活的 源泉。 ——库 法耶夫 57、生命不可能有两次，但许多人连一 次也不 善于度 过。— —吕凯 特 58、问渠哪得清如许，为有源头活水来 。—— 朱熹 59、我的努力求学没有得到别的好处， 只不过 是愈来 愈发觉 自己的 无知。 ——笛 卡儿
《英语测试的理论与实践》解析
1、纪律是管理关系的形式。——阿法 纳西耶 夫 2、改革如果不讲纪律，就难以成功。
3、道德行为训练，不是通过语言影响 ，而是 让儿童 练习良 好道德 行为， 克服懒 惰、轻 率、不 守纪律 、颓废 等不良 行为。 4、学校没有纪律便如磨房里没有水。 ——夸 美纽斯
5、教导儿童服从真理、服从集体，养 成儿童 自觉的 纪律性 ，这是 儿童道 德教育 最重要 的部分 。—— 陈鹤琴
英语测试与评估：理论与实践
The Impact of an Out-of-class Autonomous Reading Program on Chinese Secondary Learners’ Autonomy and Second LanguageDevelopmentThe background of out- of – class Autonomous ReadingReading ability, as one of the four basic language skills, plays a very important role in students’English learning. Reading ability can help students expand their knowledge, improve their reading strategies, and it also contributes to the development of listening, writing and speaking skills. Reading is not only provides opportunities for the students to acquire language, but also a beneficial way to foster students’ ability of autonomy learning. According to Krashen’s (1982:9; 1985:15) Input Hypothesis, comprehensible input is necessary in Second Language Acquisition. Being exposed to a lot of meaningful, interesting and relevant second language input is the key factor that is conducive to the development of second language. Henri Holec (1981: 3) defines learner autonomy as “the ability to take charge of one’s own learning”, this ability has “a potential capacity to act in a given situation”. Shu (2011: 5-8), when proposing four basic functions of FLT classroom instruction, emphasizing fostering learner autonomy as one of the major pedagogical objectives.Autonomous reading skill is one of the basic requirements for the L2 learners in the Chinese context. It is also what the L2 teachers exert almost all efforts to build for the L2 learners. in this paper, the author discusses out – of – class autonomous reading to experimental class to cultivate the students’ autonomous reading skillsTherefore, in the Junior Middle School stage, pay attention to the training of students’reading ability is very necessary. And the extra-curriculum English reading is a good way to improve the reading ability. Extra-curriculum English reading design with wide range of subjects to arouse students’ interest in reading, and can also cultivate students’ autonomous reading ability. Thus lay the foundation for the future learning.Research Questions:1.Does the out- of –class autonomous reading program help the students to develop learnerautonomy?2.Can out-of-class autonomous reading program improve participants’ reading proficiency?3.Can out-of-class autonomous reading program improve participants’ reading strategy?4.Can out-of-class autonomous reading program improve participants’general languageproficiency?Research Design:Participants:The participants in this study were 115 Level 8 students from Huanan Experimental School, who were randomly assigned to the experimental group (N =58 ) and the control group (N=57 ). Reading strategies training was carried out in the experimental class and teaching practices to promote learner autonomy were also introduced and implemented in and out of their class. Thecontrolled class received traditional way of teaching reading.Measurement:(1)Learner background questionnaire(2)Learner autonomy scale(3)Reading proficiency(4)Reading strategy(5)General proficiency(6)Exit questionnaireBefore carrying out the new way of reading, a questionnaire was distributed to the students to gain an overall picture of the subjects’understanding and readiness of autonomy in learning management EFL out- of – class reading. It aims to identify what difficulty the students have, how they read and what their interest really is. questionnaire is composed of two parts, Part One includes the personal information with name, age, sex and English Examination Score; Part two contains a number of questions to be answered on a five-likert scale. To avoid misunderstanding, the subjects received the questionnaire presented in Chinese.The Experiment procedure：After a long practice in English teaching, the author found cultivating Junior students’English reading skills only through textbooks can’t satisfy students’ requirements and achieve the goal of the Junior English Curriculum Standard. But English Newspapers such as Times are the supplement to textbook. The newspaper reading program is introduced into the English class. The program includes two parts: in- class reading and after- class reading.1) Choosing the appropriate reading materials: Compared to the current textbooks, English newspapers have the following distinctive characteristics: up- to – date content, authentic language, various materials close to students’ life etc. It is obvious that Times are excellent reading material for training reading strategies.2) After – class reading is mainly cooperative learning (divide the students into groups of five or six), the students can make notes (the important new words, good sentences and rewriting one favourite passage). Moreover, their reading interest is further aroused by means of: enhancing the students’ awareness of the importance of efficient reading.3) In – class reading (demo – class), the author should establish effective ways of evaluation. In demo- class, the students are encouraged to show their notes about reading newspapers once a week, practice reading strategies, enlarge their own and other student s’ vocabulary and the target cultural background.Data collection and AnalysisThe data collected from questionnaires, pre- test and post – test are analyzed with SPSS (v.22). It aims to test whether the students’ English reading ability can be improved by cultivating the good reading habit. The results are supposed to lead to the following findings:1) The students in the experimental class have greater progress in reading comprehension achievement test than those in the control class and the participants’ learner autonomy has been enhanced.2) After the experiment, the students in the experimental class were more interested in learning. They were more willing to take part in the demo- class.。
英语测试的理论与实践
《英语测试的理论与实践》——读书报告课程：英语语言测试学号：201120347姓名：赵宁宁专业：语言学《英语测试的理论与实践》——读书报告一、作者简介本书作者武尊民，北京师范大学外国语言文学学院教授，毕业于香港中文大学博士。
学术研究领域为应用语言学，着重语言测试与评估。
担任课程主要有语言测试与评估、外语课程发展、基础英语写作。
截止到2011年底正在指导的博士研究生有3名。
他的代表性著作主要有：《英语测试理论与实践》，编著。
2002，外研社。
汉语编写。
《全国英语等级考试第一级（教材）》，主编。
2003，外研社。
《中职英语（基础版）》教育部推荐教材。
主编。
1-3册学生用书及教师用书。
2005-2006，北京师范大学出版社。
《发展独立性学习者：香港大学生个案研究》，金立贤、武尊民。
《外语与外语教学》2004年第６期（总１８３期），26-29。
《课堂语言能力评估》导读，原作者Andrew Cohen 。
2005，北京：外研社。
《英语测试理论与实践》主要阐述测试在基础外语教学中的重要意义和作用，讨论测试目的的不同对测试的方法和内容的影响，介绍各类测试量刑的具体设计方法和主要特点，提供测试结果统计和分析方面的实践性的指导，引领英语测试与教学实践之间的正确关联导向。
英语测试是英语教师专业知识和技能的一个重要组成部分。
大部分中学教师已经充分认识到这一点。
我国英语教育界对英语测试的了解和认识也只是在20世纪90年代才开始的。
不少高等师范专业英语在本科生阶段开设英语测试课程。
英语测试是英语语言教育硕士的必须学位课程之一。
在普通教师提高学历的过程中，师范院校为在职专科升本科的教师们开设的课程中，也必然要有英语测试。
这是因为英语测试的基本理论和实践与学生评价技术已经是我国教师职业专业化的一个重要内容。
二、内容简介、精华摘要及个人领悟本书主要分成三大部分：第一部分主要对英语测试中涉及到的一些基本概念和关系进行了简单的阐述；第二部分是从语法、词汇、阅读、完形填空、听力、口语、写作这几个方面的测试一一进行了阐述；第三部分则主要是简单介绍了考试结果分析与解释。
课程：英语测试与评估：理论与实践.doc
课程：英语测试与评估：理论与实践案例教学之一：从两份试卷的题型分布看试题类型的变化撰写人：现象：对1983年高考试卷和2002年高考试卷做一个比较，看出两份试卷之间的题型变化：讨论分析：In the long history of language testing, its ideas and methods have been constantly changing along with the development of language teaching approach. Generally, testing system can be divided into three generations in correspondence to the three generations of language teaching. Generation 1. Traditional teaching approach and Pre-scientific testing.-Language teaching based on experience and tradition, without guidance of linguistic theory-Language is knowledge:phonetics, vocabulary and grammar-Learning is mastery of knowledge, which involves a lot of memory work. Initiation or creativeness is not emphasized.-No context, situation or irrelevant context or non-authentic situationGeneration 2. Structuralist approach (psychological behaviorism) and Psychometric-structuralist testing.-Language is a set of formal system(rules)-Learning is to master skills needed to operate the system, to form language habits, to cultivate right response to stimuli.-Discrete-point tests, meaning is not important, use is not important-No context, no situation-Objective assessmentGeneration 3. Communicative language learning and Communicative language testing / psycholinguistic-sociolinguistic testing.-Language learning is to cultivate communicative competence(linguistic, discourse, pragmatic)-Message-focused, task-based-Integrated skills-Continuous judgment (correctness, fluency, appropriateness)The development and changes of testing ideas and methods come along with the development and changes in language teaching. Here we just take a look at the changing steps in English testing by comparing the test paper of different times in China.附录：1.1983年高考英语试卷National Matriculation English Test (MET1983)一、单词辨音将下列各词，按元音读音，分别写在相应的元音音标后面。