2018年山东师范大学考研教育硕士(Ed.M)教育综合真题试卷
山东师范大学333教育综合真题2010-2019
山东师范大学2010年山东师范大学333教育综合真题一、名词解释1、教育目的2、教学3、教育制度4、学校管理5、最近发展区6、精细加工策略二、简答1、简要回答《大学》中“三纲领，八条目”的内容及其含义。
2、简述人文主义教育的主要特征。
3、简述问题解决的过程。
4、简要分析罗杰斯的学习理论。
三、论述1、有人认为“近墨者黑"，有人认为“近墨者未必黑"。
请联系相关理论和个体实践谈谈你对这个问题的看法。
2、中国当前的教育不公平主要表现在哪几个方面？请你选择某一方面并分析其产生的原因，尝试提出解决的对策。
3、试论述陶行知“生活教育"理论的主要内容。
4、试论述杜威的教育本质论。
一、名词解释1、教育目的2、教育的社会变迁功能3、学校管理4、教学5、《理想国》二、简答题1、简述先秦时期的私学兴起及作用。
2、简述杜威关于教育本质的认识。
3、简述夸美纽斯的教育史上的贡献。
4、简述清末的四次留学。
5、简述教育的经济功能6、简述晏阳初关于“四大教育”的思想。
三、论述题1、依据你所掌握的教育理论和自身的教育实践，谈谈我们新一轮基础教育改革对教师提出了哪些新的要求。
2、论述影响问题解决的因素，以及教学实际中问题解决能力培的培养？一、名词解释。
1、课程2、“三纲领八条目”3、苏格拉底方法4、修道院学校5、德育二、简答1、简要叙述稷下学宫的性质与特点。
2、简述教育的政治功能。
3、简述裴斯泰洛奇的“教育心理学化"理论。
4、简要分析影响自我效能感形成的因素。
5、简述陶行知生活教育的主要思内容。
6、简述皮亚杰认知发展阶段理论。
四、论述题。
1、中国当前的教育不公平主要表现在哪几个方面？请您选择某一方面并分析其产生的原因，尝试提出解决的对策。
2、什么是教育的社会制约性和相对独立性？怎样协调二者的关系？一、名词解释1、中体西用2、朱子读书法3、京师同文馆4、导生制5、学习风格二、简答题1、北宋的三次兴学及其结果7、学生的学习特点2、人文主义教育的主要特征3、要素主义教育学派的理论4、教学过程的性质5、问题解决的含义及心理过程三、论述题1、结合实际谈谈教师应具备哪些素质？应该怎样培养？2、评价教育目的价值取向中的个人本位论和社会本位论。
2018年山东师范大学古代现当代外国文学真题
2018山师研究生考试现当代文学古代文学外国文学文艺学
文学评论（专业课一）：《广场舞》(150)
文学基础（专业课二）：(150)
（一）文学理论
1.文学形象的特征（10）
2.生活真实与艺术真实的区别（10）
3.为什么文学创作要追求文学境界（20）
（二）古代文学
1.互见法（5）
2.唐传奇（5）
3.梅村体（5）
4.简述韩愈柳宗元的古文理论（10）
5.概述《水浒传》的版本系统（10）
6.杜甫诗史地位和影响（15）
现当代文学
1.新生代诗人的有几种创作倾向（14）
2.巴金四十年代小说与此前小说的变化（8）
3.郭沫若历史剧的创作特征（8）
外国文学
1.圣经文学（4）
3.传奇剧（4）
2.三一律（4）
4.迷惘的一代（4）
5.《神曲》中两个引导人《》象征意义或内涵（7）
6涅赫留朵夫是什么样的艺术典型？（7）。
XXX2010-2018历年教育硕士333真题汇编
XXX2010-2018历年教育硕士333真题汇编XXX2010年硕士研究生入学考试自命题科目试卷报考专业教育学硕士考试科目及代码教育综合333一、名词解释（共20分，每题5分）1.教育目的2.教学策略3.班级组织4.研究动机二、判断正误（共20分，每题1分。
请标注题号顺序依次写在答题纸上）1.教育的基本要素包括教育者、研究者和教育影响。
（）2.教育起源于人的心理模仿。
（）3.《学记》是我国古代最早也是世界最早的成体系的古代教育学作品。
（）4.XXX的《大教学论》是第一本现代教育学著作。
（）5.马克思主义关于人的全面发展的学说是我国教育目的的理论基础。
（）6.教学工作是学校教育的中心工作。
（）7.学校生活是教育者依据一定的教育方针，有目的、有计划和有组织地对受教育者进行培养的一种专门化的社会生活。
（）8.班主任是班级的组织者、教育者和指导者。
（）9.根据评价标准的不同，学生评价分为诊断性评价、形成性评价和总结性评价。
（）10.教师即研究者。
（）11.国外学者研究表明，教学的效果与教师的智力有明显相关。
（）12.教师的成长就是由教学新手成为教学专家的过程。
（）13.按照研究者是不是理解要研究的材料，研究分为有意义研究和机器研究。
（）14.反馈是影响动作技能研究的唯一身分。
（）15.20世纪50年代前，研究心理学研究对象主要是动物的研究。
（）16.教学目标在教学和教学设计中的作用主要有导教、导学和导测评三种功能。
（）17.任务分析作为教学设计的一个环节，其最初的理论基础是行为主义心理学。
（）18.根据广义知识分类，课的类型可分为陈述性知识为主要目标的课、以程序性知识为主要目标的课和以策略性知识为主要目标的课三种类型。
（）19.效度指的是所测量的属性或特征前后一致性的程度。
（）20.一般认为我国的课堂教学始于1862年清政府在北京设立的京师同文馆。
（）三、简答题（共50分，每题10分）1.简述教诲的社会功能。
2018年考研英语(一)真题(word版)
2018年考研英语(一)真题（word版）2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition 1 many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your 2, in the wrong place often carries a high 3.4, why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. 5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to 7 with one another. Scientists have found that exposure 8 this hormone puts us in a trusting 9: In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else.11 for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, “What’s in here?” before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look 15. Half of them found a toy; the other half 16 the container was empty-and realized the tester had 17 them.Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were 18 to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. 19, only five of the 30 children paired with the “20”tester participated in a follow-up activity.1. [A] on [B] like [C] for [D] from2. [A] faith [B] concern [C] attention [D] interest3. [A] benefit [B] debt [C] hope [D] price4. [A] Therefore [B] Then [C] Instead [D] Again5. [A]Until [B] Unless [C] Although [D] When6. [A] selects [B] produces [C] applies [D] maintains7. [A] consult [B] compete [C] connect [D] compare8. [A] at [B] by [C]of [D]to9. [A] context [B] mood [C] period [D] circle10.[A] counterparts [B] substitutes [C] colleagues [D]supporters11.[A] Funny [B] Lucky [C] Odd [D] Ironic12.[A] monitor [B] protect [C] surprise [D] delight13.[A] between [B] within [C] toward [D] over14.[A] transferred [B] added [C] introduced [D] entrusted15.[A] out [B] back [C] around [D] inside16.[A] discovered [B] proved [C] insisted [D] .remembered17.[A] betrayed [B]wronged [C] fooled [D] mocked18.[A] forced [B] willing [C] hesitant [D] entitled19.[A] In contrast [B] As a result [C] On the whole [D] For instance20.[A] inflexible [B] incapable [C] unreliable [D] unsuitableSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) Text 1Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering — have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.This isn't to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums —from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes onlow-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.21.Who will be most threatened by automation?[A] Leading politicians.[B]Low-wage laborers.[C]Robot owners.[D]Middle-class workers.22 .Which of the following best represent the author’s view?[A] Worries about automation are in fact groundless.[B]Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support.[C]Issues arising from automation need to be tackled[D]Negative consequences of new tech can be avoidedcation in the age of automation should put more emphasis on[A] creative potential.[B]job-hunting skills.[C]individual needs.[D]cooperative spirit.24.The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at[A] encouraging the development of automation.[B]increasing the return on capital investment.[C]easing the hostility between rich and poor.[D]preventing the income gap from widening.25.In this text, the author presents a problem with[A] opposing views on it.[B]possible solutions to it.[C]its alarming impacts.[D]its major variations.Text 2A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump’s use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source, Not a president’s social media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14and24 found they use “distributed trust” to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded.Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people’s reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media. In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills – and in their choices on when to share on social media.26. According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on[A] the justification of the news-filtering practice.[B] people’s preference for social media platforms.[C] the administrations ability to handle information.[D] social media was a reliable source of news.27. The phrase “beer up”(Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to[A] sharpen[B] define[C] boast[D] share28. According to the knight foundation survey, young people[A] tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.[B] verify news by referring to diverse resources.[C] have s strong sense of responsibility.[D] like to exchange views on “distributed trust”29. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is[A] readers outdated values.[B] journalists’ biased reporting[C] readers’ misinterpretation[D] journalists’ made-up stories.30. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online[B] A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend[C] The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.[D] The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.Text 3Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. It Is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients In 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients' rights and their expectations of privacy.DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangements- and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned. There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law it “controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed" it. But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms Denham's report is a welcome start.31.Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ?[A] It caused conflicts among tech giants.[B] It failed to pay due attention to patient’s rights.[C] It fell short of the latter's expectations[D] It put both sides into a dangerous situation.32. The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict with[A] empty promises.[B] tough resistance.[C] necessary adjustments.[D] sincere apologies.33.The author argues in Paragraph 2 that[A] privacy protection must be secured at all costs.[B] leaking patients' data is worse than selling it.[C] making profits from patients' data is illegal.[D] the value of data comes from the processing of it34.According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is[A] the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.[B] the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.[C] the uncontrolled use of new software.[D] the monopoly of big data by tech giants.35.The author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is[A] ambiguous.[B] cautious.[C] appreciative.[D] contemptuous.Text 4The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue. Meanwhile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs. There are many bankruptcies. Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new realityAnd interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPS’s ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected. This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years, leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.Now comes word that everyone involved---Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service, the unions and the system's heaviest users—has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system. Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated $28.6 billion over five years, which could help pay for new vehicles, among other survival measures. Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare. The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through the Senate – where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat, not comprehensive reform. There’s no change to collective bargaining at the USPS, a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency’s costs. Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery. That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS $2 billion per year. But postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it, at least in the House. The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS. It is not, however, a sign that they’re getting serious about transforming the postal system for the 21st century.36.The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by[A]. its unbalanced budget.[B] .its rigid management.[C] .the cost for technical upgrading.[D]. the withdrawal of bank support.37. According to Paragraph 2, the USPS fails to modernize itself due to[A]. the interference from interest groups.[B] .the inadequate funding from Congress.[C] .the shrinking demand for postal service.[D] .the incompetence of postal unions.38.The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by[A] .removing its burden of retiree health care.[B] .making more investment in new vehicles.[C] .adopting a new rate-increase mechanism.[D]. attracting more first-class mail users.39.In the last paragraph, the author seems to view legislators with[A] respect.[B] tolerance.[C] discontent.[D] gratitude.40.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] .The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days[B] .The Postal Service: Keep Away from My Cheese[C] .The USPS: Chronic Illness Requires a Quick Cure[D] .The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-AidPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building. The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments. To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected, and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871.B. Completed in 1875, the State Department's south wing was the first to be occupied, with its elegant four-story library (completed in 1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary's office decorated with carved wood, Oriental rugs, and stenciled wall patterns. The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.C. The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originally known, housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation's foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century-the period when the United States emerged as an international power. The building has housed some of the nation's most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.D. Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB's granite walls. Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.E. The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in both the national history and the architectural heritage of the United States. Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B. Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments, and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.F. Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing. When the EEOB was finished, it was the largest office building in Washington, with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors. Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety. Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.G. The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The first executive offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820. A series of fires (including those set by the British in 1814) and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building. In 1866, the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.41. à Cà42. à 43. à F à 44 à 45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Shakespeare’s life time was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama. By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy. These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical. Court, school organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment; and (47) no boy who went a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.When Shakespeare was twelve years old, the first public playhouse was built in London. For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage. Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for school or court, or for the choir boys of St. Paul’s and the royal chapel, who, however, gave plays in public as well as at court.(48)but the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literature ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood. By the time Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele, and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage - where they had played no part since the death of Euripides.(49)A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth, blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers. We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants. (50)To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions：Write an email to all international experts on campus inviting them to attend the graduation ceremony. In your email you should include time, place and other relevant information about the ceremony.You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSEWER SHEETDo not use your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)Part B52. Directions：Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should。
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试《333教育学(统考)》真题
全国硕士研究生入学统一考试备考资料2018年教育学333（统考）考研真题答案解析选择题：1．某家长认为目前学校课业负担过重，担心会影响孩子创造力和批判反思能力的发展，决定亲自给孩子上课。
该事例说明学校教育具有（）A.正面显性功能B.负面显性功能C.正面隐性功能D.负面隐性功能【参考答案】D2．教育工作需要循序渐进，主要依据的是儿童身心发展的是（）A.差异性和阶段性B.差异性和顺序性C.不均衡性和差异性D.阶段性和顺序性【参考答案】D3．对人力资本理论提出质疑，认为教育并不提高人的能力，只是用来区别不同人能力的手段，这种观点属（）A.冲突论B.文凭理论C.结构理论D.劳动力市场理论【参考答案】B4．农耕时代教育的目的是强调培养具有一定文化素养的统治者，工业时代兼顾脑力劳动者和体力者的培养。
信息时代更注重创新型人才的培养，这说明教育的目的受限制于（）A.文化传统B.生产方式C.教育政策D.教育理论【参考答案】B17.1912年蔡元培在《对于教育方针之意见》中提出五育并举的教育方针，其中超越政治的教育为（）A实利主义教育、世界观教育B实利主义教育、军国民教育C世界观教育、美感教育D军国民教育、美感教育【参考答案】C18.20世纪20年代的"工读主义"教育思潮有一派认为，工读就是用自己的劳动延续求学经费而已，不必去理会什么主义，这一派的代表人物是（）A周予同B胡适C李大钊D王光圻【参考答案】B19．1928年南京国民政府制定"戊辰学制"的指导原则，对1922年新学制标准进行了调整，特别提出（）A"多留各地伸缩余地"B"使教育利于普及"C"根据本国国情"D"谋个性之发展"【参考答案】C20．1929年南京国民政府公布《大学组织法》《大学规程》，规定大学的办学目标是（）A研究高深学问，培养专门人才B教授应用科学，培养专门人才C教授应用科学，培养技术人才D研究高深学问，培养技术人才【参考答案】A21．下列选项符合陈鹤琴"活教育"课程思想的（）A直接的知识要优于书本知识，故书本知识应予以摒弃B打破学科组织体系，采取活动中心和活动单元的形式C儿童经验固然是重要的，但学科课程体系也不可破坏D打破知识的学科界限，按照儿童的兴趣组织课程内容【参考答案】B22．20世纪30年代初期，梁漱溟在山东邹平、菏泽两县设立乡农学校，开展乡村教育实验，这种乡农学校性质上属于（）A农业职校B农民夜校C教育与行政合一的机构D教育与军事合一的机构【参考答案】C23．中国共产党领导下的抗日革命根据地的社会教育以成人教育为核心，其最广泛、最普遍的教育形式是（）A工读校B半日校C列宁学校D冬学【参考答案】D24．创设文法、修辞、辩证法科目，为后来七艺成型奠定基础的是（）A智者派B柏拉图C亚里士多德D毕德哥拉斯学派【参考答案】A25．古罗马教育家昆体良主张，在雄辩家培养中居于首要位置的是（）A高尚品质的培养B雄辩技巧的练习C优雅举止的训练D文雅风度的练习【参考答案】A26．在西欧中世纪骑士教育实践中，以"骑士七技"为主要学习内容的阶段是（）A家庭教育B礼文教育C侍从教育D社会教育答案暂无27．17世纪，以爱丁堡大学为代表的苏格兰大学与牛津大学、剑桥大学相比，更重视（）（教育学必胜习题库--中世纪大学）A大学自治B教授治校C科学教育D古典教育【参考答案】C28．为十八世纪后期德国泛爱主义教育运动兴起提供直接的思想启蒙和理论指导的是（）A卢梭自然主义教育理论B凯兴斯泰纳的公民教育理论C夸美纽斯自然主义教育理论D裴斯泰洛奇要素教育理论【参考答案】A29．依据统觉原理，赫尔巴特提出教学科目设置和教学内容组织的两项基本原理是（）A相关与集中B平行与分配C均衡与差异D连续与顺序【参考答案】A30．20世纪30年代联共（布）中央颁布实施《关于小学和中学的决定》，确定该时期苏联教育发展的主要任务是（）A实施综合教学大纲B恢复班级授课制度C建立统一劳动学校制度D加强教学与生产劳动的联系【参考答案】B31．运用心理胚胎期和敏感期概念表述儿童发展过程阶段性特征的教育家是（）A福禄贝尔B赫尔巴特C第斯多惠D蒙台梭利【参考答案】D32．20世纪70年代美国教育改革的主题是（）A返回基础B普及科学C天才教育D大众教育【参考答案】A33．确立法国高等教育"自主自治、民主参与、多科性结构"办学原则的教育法案是（）A《大学令》B《帝国大学令》C《高等教育法》D《高等教育方向指导法》【参考答案】D34．在小莉眼里所有物体都有生命，她常常会对玩具、小草说话，根据皮亚杰认知发展理论，小莉处于（）A．感觉运动阶段B．前运算阶段C．具体运算阶段D．形式运算阶段【参考答案】B35．根据过度学习原则，如果一个学生经过4次复述刚好可记住某个英语单词，那么他学习该词最适宜的复述次数应该是（）A．5次B．6次C．7次D．8次【参考答案】B学术必胜习题库第七章36．有的学生愿意为他所喜欢的老师努力学习，而面对不喜欢的老师则不愿意努力学习。
考研教育学专业基础综合(教育学原理)历年真题试卷汇编6
考研教育学专业基础综合（教育学原理）历年真题试卷汇编6(总分：300.00，做题时间：180分钟)单项选择题(总题数：20，分数：214.40)1.【2008-6】马克思主义教育学说认为，人的发展的根本动力是( )。
（分数：10.80）A.环境影响B.教育作用C.内在因素D.实践活动2.【2016-1】对“谁的知识最有价值”这一问题关注的教育学流派是( )。
（分数：10.80）A.实验教育学B.文化教育学C.实用主义教育学D.批判教育学3.【2009-6】小明的爷爷当年就读于半工半读学校，半天读书，半天劳动，既学到了系统的文化知识，又掌握了劳动技能。
他接受的教育属于( )。
（分数：10.80）A.正规教育B.半正规教育C.非正式教育D.业余教育4.【2015-12】结构功能主义者认为，结构良好的教育有助于社会流动，是实现社会公平的平衡器，因此学校是社会进步和改革最基本和最有效的工具。
这种观点强调的是教育的( )。
（分数：10.80）A.正向显性功能B.正向隐性功能C.负向显性功能D.负向隐性功能5.【2012-4】把教育隐喻为“园艺”，把学生比作“祖国的花朵”，称教师为“园丁”。
持这种观点的人在人的身心发展影响因素问题上倾向于( )。
（分数：10.70）A.遗传决定论B.成熟论C.环境决定论D.内因与外因交互作用论6.【2018-4】教育工作需要循序渐进，主要依据的是儿童身心发展的( )。
（分数：10.70）A.差异性和阶段性B.差异性和顺序性C.不均衡性和差异性D.阶段性和顺序性7.【2014-11】20世纪末，为应对知识经济的挑战，我国开始特别重视( )。
（分数：10.70）A.培养学生创新精神和实践能力B.学生全面掌握基础知识和基本技能C.发展职业教育D.义务教育均衡发展8.【2009-5】马克思主义经典作家关于人的全面发展的基本涵义是( )。
（分数：10.70）A.人的劳动能力的全面发展B.德智体全面发展C.人的独立个性全面发展D.人的身心全面发展9.【2017-2】我国社会主义教育目的的理论基础是( )。
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XXX2010-2018历年教育硕士333真题汇编
XXX2010-2018历年教育硕士333真题汇编XXX2010年硕士研究生入学考试自命题科目试卷报考专业教育学硕士考试科目及代码教育综合333一、名词解释1、班级授课制2、研究法3、勤工俭学4、锻炼5、监生历事制度6、国防教育法二、XXX答题1、教育对生产力发展的作用表现在那些方面？2、环境在人身心发展中的作用是什么？3、百日维新中教育改革的主要措施？4、动作技能形成阶段？三、论述题1、为什么教育在人身心发展中起着重要作用？2、论述XXX的职业教育理论。
3、从做中学4、需要层次理论XXX2011年硕士研究生入学考试自命题科目试卷报考专业教育学硕士考试科目及代码教育综合333一、名词解释1、教育学2、课程标准3、研究教学法4、德育5、六艺教育6、XXX二、XXX答题1、简述我国教育目的的基本要求2、简述教学过程中直接经验与直接经验的关系3、简述“百日维新”中的教诲改革步伐4、简述自我效能感理论及对研究活动的意义三、论述题1、论述教师应具备的素养2、论述《学记》中的主要教学原则3、结构主义教育代表的代表人物及主要思想4、行为主义心理学XXX2012年硕士研究生入学考试自命题科目试卷报考专业教诲学硕士考试科目及代码教诲综合333一、名词解释1、教育目的2、发现法3、课程4、教师专业发展5、骑士教育6、XXX读书法二、XXX答题1、简述XXX需要层次理论2、简述教育的文化功能3、简述学校教育制度确立的依据4、简答“百日维新”中的教诲改革步伐三、论述题1、有研讨根据教师的领导方式将教师分为强制专断型、仁慈专断型、听任自流型和民主型，假如你是一名教师，你会挑选哪种领导方式对待学生，为什么？2、论述XXX的教诲思想3、《学记》中的主要教学原则有哪些，试对其进行简要简述4、说明建构主义的基本观点及其对教育改革的意义XXX2013年硕士研究生入学考试自命题科目试卷报考专业教育学硕士考试科目及代码教育综合333一、名词解释1、学校教育制度2、谈话教学法3、课程尺度4、教师专业发展5、《白鹿洞书院揭示》6、六艺教诲7、骑士教育二、简答题（10*5）1、简述教师劳动的特性2、简述XXX发展教诲各组成部分的关系3、简述观察研究的理论并评论4、隋唐时产生的科举制度的积极意义是什么？三、论述题1、有人认为教学的方针是传授知识，有人认为教学的方针是发展学生的智力，谈谈你关于这一问题的看法（20分）2、品德主要由哪些心理成分构成？学校教育应如何培养学生的道德品质？（20分）3、论述XXX的教育思想。
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2018年山东师范大学考研教育硕士（Ed.M）教育综合真题试卷 (总分：34.00，做题时间：90分钟) 一、 名词解释题(总题数：6，分数：12.00) 1.教育中介系统 （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：教育中介系统是构成教育的三个基本要素之一。 教育中介系统是为了实现教育目的所采取的办法，包括教育内容和教育活动方式。教育内容是教育者用来作用于受教育者的影响物，它是根据教育目的，经过选择和加工的影响物。教育活动方式是教育者和受教育者在教育活动中所采用的教和学的方式和方法。) 解析： 2.认知风格 （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：认知方式是心理层面上的学习风格成分，指学生在加工信息时所习惯采用的不同方式，即个体在认知活动中所显示出来的独特而稳定的认知风格，是个体所偏爱的信息加工方式。每个人都有自己独特的认知方式，于是就形成了人们认知方式的差异，如有场独立型和场依存型认知风格等。) 解析： 3.社会本位论 （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：社会本位论也称国家本位论，其主要代表人物有柏拉图、凯兴斯坦纳、涂尔干等。主要观点是教育目的应该从社会需要出发，根据社会需要来确定；教育的最高目的在于使个人成为国家的合格公民；社会价值高于个人价值，相对于个体而言，国家或社会是绝对的和优先的价值实体。社会本位论在当代有助于动员国家和社会资源来发展教育事业，但是忽视了个体的价值，否认了个体在社会和国家生活中的积极能动作用，完全将受教育者当成是等待被加工的“原料”，违背了教育的人道主义原则。) 解析： 4.正迁移 （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：从迁移的影响效果方面看，迁移的发生并非总是积极的影响，它既可以是积极的，也可以是消极的。积极的影响通常被称为正迁移，消极的影响被称为负迁移。如阅读理解的学习有助于写作能力的提高，就是一种正迁移。教学中要积极利用知识的正迁移。) 解析： 5.课程内容 （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：课程内容是根据课程目标从人类的经验体系中选择出来，并按照一定的逻辑序列组织编排而成的知识体系和经验体系。 选择课程内容时，要注重选择两方面的知识，即间接经验和直接经验。 (1)间接经验的选择：间接经验即理论化、系统化的书本知识，它是人类认识的基本成果，间接经验具体包含在各种形式的科学中。间接经验选择的依据是科学理论知识内在的逻辑结构。 (2)直接经验的选择：直接经验是指与学生现实生活及其需要直接相关的个人知识、技能和体验的总和。如社会生活经验、学生处理与自然事物关系的知识、经验与技能技巧等。直接经验选择的依据是学生的现实社会生活需要和学生社会发展的要求。) 解析： 6.庚款兴学 （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：清末新政时期，由于留日高峰的形成，也格外引起美国朝野的注目，认为这将不利于美国在华的长远利益。美国决定将中国“庚子赔款”中的一部分以先赔后退的方式退还给中国，并和中国政府达成默契，将这笔钱用来发展留美教育。史称“庚款兴学”或称“退款兴学”。这一举动被相关国家效仿。为了实施“庚款留美”计划，中美两国分别在两地设立了“游美学生监督处”和“游美学务处”。中国着手筹建留美预备学校——清华学堂。通过这次兴学，美国的确把中国留学潮引向美国，中国留学生的流向从此发生了变化。) 解析： 二、 简答题(总题数：6，分数：12.00)
7.简述中世纪大学的意义。 （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：中世纪主要的世俗教育形式有城市学校和中世纪大学。 (1)城市学校： 城市学校是应新兴市民阶层需要而产生的，它不是一所学校的名称，而是新兴市民子弟开办的学校的总称，其种类有行会学校、商会学校(也称基尔特学校)。城市学校作为一种新的学校类型具有一些共同的特点。 ①在领导权上，大多属于行会和商会。后期，城市学校逐渐由市政当局接管，市政府决定学费的数目、教师的选聘及儿童入学资格的确定等。 ②在内容上，以读、写、算及商业、手工业相关的世俗知识为主。不仅扩大了教学内容， 更是要求学习内容为现实服务，并以地方语教学，与以拉丁语教学的教会学校形成鲜明对比。 ③在培养目标上，主要是从事手工业、商业的职业人才，大多为初等学校，但也具有一定的职业训练性质。 ④在性质上，城市学校虽然与教会有着千丝万缕的联系，但是基本上属于世俗性质。 (2)中世纪大学： 中世纪大学是新兴市民阶层成为社会发展的主要推动力量后，追求新学问成为一种时尚，中世纪大学因此应运而生。最初的中世纪大学是一种自治的教授和学习中心。一般由一名(或数名)在某一领域有声望的学者和他的追随者自行组织起来，形成类似于行会的团体进行教学和知识交易。 中世纪大学的主要办学特色： ①教育目的：中世纪大学的基本目的是进行职业训练，培养社会所需的专业人才。 ②领导体制：中世纪大学按领导体制可分为两种：“学生大学”与“先生大学”。前者由学生主管教务，教授的选聘、学费的数额、学期的期限和授课时数等，均由学生决定；后者由教师掌管校务，学校诸事均由教师决定。 ③学位制度：中世纪大学已有学位制度，学生修完大学课程，经考试合格，可得“硕士”“博士”学位。 ④课程设置：大学的课程开始并不固定，后趋向统一，应社会需求分文、法、神、医四科进行学习。 ⑤教学方法：讲演和辩论。讲演包括宣读和解释权威性教材。辩论也都从书本出发，结论是现成的。辩论有利于训练学生的逻辑推理能力，但是脱离实际。 ⑥自治：中世纪大学从最初形成就表现出自治的特点，即学校的事务基本由学校自行管理。中世纪大学具有一些自己的特权，比如，大学师生免税、免服兵役等。) 解析： 8.比较察举制和九品中正制的异同。 （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：(1)察举制。 察举制在汉武帝时期得以确立，它是先经考察举荐、再经考试、最后根据考试成绩优劣选拔人才的制度，是对太学养士选材的补充。其实是保障了读书做官、以儒术取士的落实，被称为科举制度的先导。 (2)九品中正制。 魏晋时期的选士制度。按门第授予官职，只授予“士族”，限制庶族。但是这种做法挫伤了人们的求学积极性。 (3)相同点。均为选士制度。 (4)不同点。 ①公平性：察举制不问出身，而九品中正制限制庶族。 ②影响：察举制扩大了人们的求学积极性，九品中正制挫伤了人们的求学积极性。 ③考试制度：察举制设立考试，有“孝廉”等科目，九品中正制不设考试科目。) 解析： 9.简述直接经验和间接经验的关系。 （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：第一，学生认识的主要任务是学习间接经验。在教学过程中，坚持学生以掌握间接经验为主，可以减少认识过程的盲目性，节省时间和精力，有效地避免人类历史上的偶然性和曲折，从而大大提高认识效率；使学生尽快获得大量的科学文化知识，为在此基础上为更加深入广泛地认识世界和改造世界创造有利条件。 第二，学习间接经验必须以学生个人的直接经验为基础。间接经验和书本知识是学生没有亲身实践的，在学习的过程中如果没有个人的直接经验参与和帮助，是很难对间接经验和书本知识进行接受、理解、消化和巩固的，直接经验在学生的学习过程中有着不可替代的特殊价值。所以，教学必须利用学生已有的感性经验，才能保证教学顺利进行。 第三，防止忽视系统知识传授或直接经验积累的偏向。传统教学中我们只重视书本知识， 在实用主义教育观的影响下，我们又只偏向于学生的个人经验，这都是违反教学规律的。) 解析： 10.简述影响问题解决的因素。 （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：影响问题解决的因素归纳起来有以下几个方面。 (1)有关的知识经验。有关的知识经验是影响问题解决的个人因素，如果个体有与问题相关的背景知识，则可以促进问题的表征和解答，只有依据有关的知识才能为问题的解决确定方向、选择途径和方法。 (2)个体的智能与动机。 ①智能：个体的智力水平是影响问题解决的极重要的因素。因为智力中的推理能力、理解力、记忆力、信息加工能力和分析能力等成分都影响着问题解决，也影响到问题解决的方法。 ②动机：动机是促使问题解决的动力因素，对问题解决的思维活动有重要影响。动机的性质和动机的强度会影响问题解决的进程。 (3)问题情境与表征方式。 ①问题情境。问题情境是指呈现问题的客观情境(刺激模式)。问题情境对问题的解决有重要的影响。第一，情境中物体和事物的空间排列不同，会影响问题的解决。第二，问题情境中的刺激模式与个人的知识结构越接近，问题就越容易解决。第三，问题情境中所包含的物件或事实太少或太多都不利于问题的解决。 ②表征方式。问题表征是问题解决的一个中心环节，它说明问题在头脑中是如何表现的。问题表征反映着对于问题的理解程度，涉及在问题情境中如何抽取有关信息，包括目标是什么、目标和当前状态的关系，可能运用的算子有哪些等。问题表征不同，就会产生不同的解决方案，它直接影响问题解决。如果不能恰当地进行问题表征，就会导致问题解决的失败。 (4)思维定势与功能固着。 ①思维定势。定势是指由先前的活动所形成的并影响后继活动趋势的一种心理准备状态。它在思维活动中表现为以一种易于以习惯的方式解决问题的倾向。定势在问题解决中既有积极作用，也有消极影响。 ②功能固着。功能固着是指个体在解决问题时往往只看到某种事物的通常功能，而看不到它其他方面可能有的功能。 (5)原型启发与酝酿效应。 ①原型启发。原型启发是指在其他事物或现象中获得的信息对解决当前问题的启发。 ②酝酿效应：当一个人长期致力于某一问题的解决而又百思不得其解的时候，如果他对这个问题的思考暂时停下来去做别的事情，几小时、几天或几周之后，他可能会忽然想到解决的办法，这就是酝酿效应。) 解析： 11.简述永恒主义教育的内容。 （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：永恒主义教育是在20世纪30年代形成的一种提倡复古的教育理论。代表人物有美国的赫钦斯、阿德勒，英国的利文斯通和法国的阿兰。 具体内容： (1)教育的性质永恒不变。基于古典实在论哲学，认为宇宙存在一种永恒的、绝对的、同一的实在，事物的变化以其不变的固有本质为基础，被一种永恒的普遍法则支配。理性是人性中共同的、最主要的、永恒不变的特性，建立在这一人性基础上并为表现和发展这一人性的教育在本质上是不变的。 (2)教育的目的是要引出我们人类天性中共同的要素，对人施以人性的教育，达到人性的自我实现、人的进步和完善。 (3)永恒的古典学科应该在学校课程中占中心地位。 (4)提倡通过教学进行学习。 对当代世界教育实践的影响： (1)重视了古典学科的教育内容。 (2)重视教师教学的重要性。 (3)重视人性本身，在教育实践中，提倡人性化的教育，最终达到人性的自我实现、人的进步和完善。 作为一种教育哲学思想的永恒主义教育在教育理论上有一定影响，但在教育实践中的影响范围不大，主要局限于大学和上层知识界中的少数人。永恒主义教育思潮遭到了许多人的批判，他们的思想和做法脱离了现实社会。) 解析： 12.简述教学中的理论联系实际原则。 （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：理论联系实际原则是指从教育的实际情况出发，形成和发展教育科学理论，并努力运用教育科学理论来指导教育实践和研究，以推动教育科学和教育事业的向前发展。具体表现为： (1)理