高考英语之动词不定式讲义

动词不定式

1.形式：to do(有时to可省略)；否定形式：not to do

2.时态和语态

主动语态被动语态意义

一般时to do to be done 表示动作与谓语动作同时发

生或发生在谓语动作之后

1.I’m so glad to hear from you.

2.The meeting is able to be held.

完成时to have done to have

been done

表示动作发生在谓语动作之

前

1.I’m glad to have invited you to attend my

party.

2.I’m glad to have been invited to attend

your party.

进行时to be doing 表示谓语动作发生时,不定

式的动作正在进行

He seems to be eating something.

完成进行时to have been

doing

表示动作发生在谓语动作之

前且一直持续到谓语动作发

生时,仍在进行

She is said to have been teaching English for

over twenty years.

3.作用功能：

作主语：主谓一致：

1）单个不定式作主语，谓语用单数

To improve English is the most urgent thing for me now.

2）大于等于两个不定式作主语,但语义一致或基本一致、或不定式作为一个整体时，谓语用单数To love and to be loved is sweet to us.

3）大于等于连个不定式作主语，但语义不一致，谓语用复数

To improve people’s lives and to speed up socialize construction are two important tasks today.

it做形式主语:

1）It+be+adj.+for sb to do:

(用for sb时，形容词修饰to do sth ,形容词常用修饰事或物的词，

如easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable,)

It’s difficult for him to give up smoking

= To give up smoking is difficult for him.

It+be +adj.+of sb to do

(用of sb时，形容词修饰sb，形容词常用修饰人品质的词，

如nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate, silly) It’s kind of you to help me.

=You are kind to help me

2）It+is/was+名词+to do：

It's our duty to take good care of the old.

=To take good care of the old Is our duty

3）It takes/took sb+some time+to do：

It takes me an hour to do homework everyday.

=To do homework takes me an hour everyday.

作表语：放在系动词后面，表示将来的动作或解释说明主语的内容

主语常是wish, idea, task, purpose, duty, aim,hope,mistake等表示意向、打算、计划的词

My aim is to point out the difficulties of the matter.

作状语: 目的状语:

I come here to see you.

常用：in order to,so as to,so(such)…as to…(如此……以便……)

结果状语：

表事先没有预料到的，出乎意料的结果，常放在句子末尾

He arrived at the station ,only to find that the train had left.

常用：enough to, only to. . . ，too. . . to

原因状语：

常放在表情绪或心理活动的形容词之后

I’m glad to see you.(glad的原因是see you)

作宾语：1）跟在某些及物动词的后面, 常见的有:

agree, ask, decide, hope, fail, manage, pretend, refuse等。

只跟to do作宾语的动词

(decide/determine, learn, manage, try)

(refuse, promise, pretend, agree)

(want, help, choose, plan)

(hope/expect/wish, care, offer, wait)

(happen, fail, afford)

I decide to study hard from now on.

2）能接“疑问词+to do”的动词(短语)有:

be, decide, know, consider, forget, learn, remember, show, find out, understand, see,

wonder, hear, explain, tell 等。

The question is how to put it into practice.

3）主语+动词+it+宾补+to do句式。(宾补常为形容词或名词)

it 作形式宾语, 真正的宾语为后面的不定式，常见谓语动词有feel, find,make, think, consider等。

I think it hard to get up early in the morning.

He feels it his duty to help the poor.

作宾补：动词+宾语+不定式(to do)

常见动词：advise，allow，believe，cause，challenge，compel，declare，encourage，forbid，

force，find，hire，induce，instruct，invite，like，order，permit，persuade，

remind，request，require，select，send，suppose，tell，train，urge

Father will not allow us to play on the street.

动词+宾语+ to + be 的不定式结构

常见动词：acknowledge,believe,consider,think,declare(声称),discover,

fancy(设想),feel,find,guess,judge,imagine,know,prove,

see(理解), show,suppose,take(以为),understand

We consider Tom to be the best student in our class.

to be+形容词

如think, consider, imagine, prove, find, know, suppose等。

The book is believed to be uninteresting.

省略to的动词不定式

在某些动词(词组)后的复合宾语中, 不定式不带to，但当变为被动语态时, to不能省略。

常见动词：make, let, have, see, hear, watch, notice, feel, observe, listen to, look at

It can make ourselves feel better.

People saw him go out just now.

=He was seen to go out just now.

作定语：

1）常常放在抽象名词后面作后置定语

常见有：attempt, ability, chance, desire, determination, decision, effort, plan, way或something, nothing等

It is my dream to go to a good university

2）用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any等限定的中心词, 且与中心词为主动关系

He is the first Chinese citizen to win this award.

被动形式的基本用法

形式: to + be+done(及物动词的过去分词)

使用情况: 动词不定式所表示的动作与其逻辑主语之间是被动关系时, 要用动词不定式的被动形式。

主动形式表示被动意义:

1)不定式与被修饰名词或代词有逻辑上的动宾关系, 且与句中另一名词或代词有逻辑上的主动关系时。

I have so much homework to do. (I do homework.)

2)动词不定式跟在性质形容词后, 与句子的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时。

形容词说明不定式所表示的动作特征。

The bike is difficult to control. =It is difficult to control the bike.

3)在too. . . to do sth. 和. . . enough to do sth.后

The writing is too faint to read (to be read). 这笔迹太模糊, 看不清。

These boxes are not strong enough to use (to be used) . 这些箱子不够牢, 不能用。