中苏关系破裂英文 The Sino-Soviet Split
部分核禁试条约的签订与中苏关系(1962-1963)——对肯尼迪政府分化中苏同盟政策的再研究
中共党史研究２０１７年第９期/012345*678!9":;１９６２<１９６３= ———对肯尼迪政府分化中苏同盟政策的再研究滕 帅 〔摘要〕１９６２年，根据中苏关系逐步恶化和中国即将拥有核武器的形势，肯尼迪政府初步确立了与苏联进行谈判来分化中苏同盟并阻止中国核力量发展的政策。
从１９６２年至１９６３年，肯尼迪政府不断采取外交主动，先后就核禁试和不扩散核武器问题与苏联进行了日内瓦谈判和美苏英三方会谈，并最终促成了部分核禁试条约的签订。
作为“选择性迁就”式楔子战略实施的具体策略，肯尼迪政府与苏联有关禁止核试验的谈判以及部分核禁试条约的签订，加剧了中苏之间既有的分歧和争论，加速了中苏同盟关系的分裂。
〔关键词〕核禁试条约；肯尼迪政府；中苏关系；楔子战略〔中图分类号〕Ｄ８１９；Ｄ８１５．２ 〔文献标志码〕Ａ 〔文章编号〕１００３－３８１５（２０１７）－０９－００６２－０９ＴｈｅＳｉｇｎｉｎｇｏｆｔｈｅＰａｒｔｉａｌＮｕｃｌｅａｒＴｅｓｔＢａｎＴｒｅａｔｙａｎｄＳｉｎｏ ＳｏｖｉｅｔＲｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓ（１９６２—１９６３）：ＦｕｒｔｈｅｒＳｔｕｄｙｏｎｔｈｅＰｏｌｉｃｙｏｆｔｈｅＫｅｎｎｅｄｙＡｄｍｉｎｉｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎｒｅｇａｒｄｉｎｇｔｈｅＢｒｅａｋｕｐｏｆｔｈｅＳｉｎｏ ＳｏｖｉｅｔＡｌｌｉａｎｃｅＴｅｎｇＳｈｕａｉＡｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Ｉｎ１９６２，ｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｇｒａｄｕａｌｄｅｔｅｒｉｏｒａｔｉｏｎｉｎＳｉｎｏ ＳｏｖｉｅｔｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓａｎｄＣｈｉｎａ’ｓｆｏｒｔｈｃｏｍｉｎｇｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆｎｕｃｌｅａｒｗｅａｐｏｎｓ，ｔｈｅＫｅｎｎｅｄｙＡｄｍｉｎｉｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎｉｎｉｔｉａｌｌｙｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅｄａｐｏｌｉｃｙｏｆｎｅｇｏｔｉａｔｉｏｎｗｉｔｈｔｈｅＳｏｖｉｅｔＵｎｉｏｎｔｏｄｉｖｉｄｅｔｈｅＳｉｎｏ ＳｏｖｉｅｔａｌｌｉａｎｃｅａｎｄｔｏｐｒｅｖｅｎｔｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆＣｈｉｎｅｓｅｎｕｃｌｅａｒｆｏｒｃｅｓ．Ｆｒｏｍ１９６２ｔｏ１９６３，ｔｈｅＫｅｎｎｅｄｙＡｄｍｉｎｉｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅｄｔｏｔａｋｅｔｈｅｄｉｐｌｏｍａｔｉｃｉｎｉｔｉａｔｉｖｅｔｏｃａｒｒｙｏｕｔｔｈｅＧｅｎｅｖａｔａｌｋｓｗｉｔｈｔｈｅＳｏｖｉｅｔＵｎｉｏｎａｓｗｅｌｌａｓｔｈｅＵ．Ｓ． Ｓｏｖｉｅｔ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅｔｈｒｅｅ ｐａｒｔｙｔａｌｋｓｏｎａｎｕｃｌｅａｒｔｅｓｔｂａｎａｎｄａｇａｉｎｓｔｔｈｅｓｐｒｅａｄｏｆｎｕｃｌｅａｒｗｅａｐｏｎｓ，ｅｖｅｎｔｕａｌｌｙｃｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｎｇｔｏｔｈｅｓｉｇｎｉｎｇｏｆｔｈｅＰａｒｔｉａｌＮｕｃｌｅａｒＴｅｓｔＢａｎＴｒｅａｔｙ．Ａｓａｃｏｎｃｒｅｔｅｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙｔｏｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙｉｍｐｌｅｍｅｎｔａｗｅｄｇｅｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙ，ｔｈｅｎｅｇｏｔｉａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆｔｈｅＫｅｎｎｅｄｙＡｄｍｉｎｉｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎｗｉｔｈｔｈｅＳｏｖｉｅｔＵｎｉｏｎｏｎａｎｕｃｌｅａｒｔｅｓｔｂａｎａｎｄｔｈｅｓｉｇｎｉｎｇｏｆｔｈｅＰａｒｔｉａｌＮｕｃｌｅａｒＴｅｓｔＢａｎＴｒｅａｔｙｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｆｉｅｄｔｈｅｅｘｉｓｔｉｎｇｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓａｎｄｃｏｎ ｆｌｉｃｔｓｂｅｔｗｅｅｎＣｈｉｎａａｎｄｔｈｅＳｏｖｉｅｔＵｎｉｏｎａｎｄｔｈｕｓａｃｃｅｌｅｒａｔｅｄｔｈｅＳｉｎｏ Ｓｏｖｉｅｔｓｐｌｉｔ． 关于肯尼迪政府利用“楔子战略”分化中苏同盟的问题，学术界已经有了初步的结论①，即认为美国是试图通过联苏制华的方式来分裂中苏关系的，其最终表现是“部分核禁试条约”②的签订。
大三线建设读后感5000字
大三线建设读后感5000字英文回答：The Third Front Construction Campaign was a massive undertaking initiated by the Chinese government in the 1960s, with the aim of developing China's interior regions and strengthening its national defense. This ambitious project involved the relocation of millions of people and the construction of numerous factories, mines, and infrastructure projects in remote and underdeveloped areas.The campaign was driven by several factors, including the Sino-Soviet split, which led to the withdrawal of Soviet aid and expertise. Additionally, the Chinese government was concerned about the vulnerability of its coastal regions to foreign invasion, particularly in light of the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.The Third Front Construction Campaign had a profound impact on the development of China. It created a newindustrial base in the interior regions, which helped to reduce regional disparities and boost the national economy. The construction of infrastructure projects, such as roads, railways, and airports, improved connectivity andfacilitated the transportation of goods and people.However, the campaign also came at a significant cost. The relocation of millions of people disrupted their lives and communities. Moreover, the rapid pace of development led to environmental degradation and resource depletion.The legacy of the Third Front Construction Campaign is complex and contested. Some scholars argue that it was a necessary step in China's development and modernization. Others criticize the campaign for its human and environmental costs. Nonetheless, the Third Front Construction Campaign remains a significant chapter in China's history, and its impact continues to be felt today.中文回答：大三线建设是一项由中国政府在20世纪60年代发起的庞大工程，旨在开发中国内陆地区并加强国防。
洛阳2024年07版小学第二次英语第4单元自测题[含答案]
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洛阳2024年07版小学英语第4单元自测题[含答案]考试时间：80分钟（总分:100）B卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题)1、选择题：Which instrument has keys and is played by pressing them?A. GuitarB. DrumsC. PianoD. Violin2、听力题：I see a __ in the garden. (ladybug)3、填空题：The anteater's long snout is perfect for eating ______ (蚂蚁).4、选择题：Which fruit is known for its high vitamin C content?A. AppleB. OrangeC. BananaD. Grape5、填空题：The __________ (苏联解体) happened in 1991.6、Which animal is known as the "ship of the desert"?A. HorseB. CamelC. DonkeyD. Elephant答案: B7、n Wall fell in _____. 填空题：The Berl8、选择题：What is the name of the famous artist known for "The Scream"?A. Edvard MunchB. Pablo PicassoC. Vincent van GoghD. Claude Monet9、填空题:My favorite place to visit is ________.10、听力题：A ____ is known for its strength and ability to lift heavy objects.11、What do we call the practice of planting trees?A. DeforestationB. AfforestationC. ReforestationD. Urbanization答案: B12、听力题：We are going to ___ some science. (learn)13、听力题：The state of matter that has a definite volume but no definite shape is ______.14、听力题：My ______ loves to help people in need.15、填空题：The ancient Romans built roads that connected __________ (城市).16、听力题：The capital city of Uzbekistan is __________.17、听力题：The _____ takes a long time to orbit the sun.18、填空题：My brother is a __________ (策划师).19、听力题：She has a pretty ________.20、Which color is a stop sign?A. BlueB. YellowC. RedD. Green21、填空题：The _____ (果园管理) requires knowledge and care.22、What is the base of a pyramid?A. TopB. SideC. BottomD. Edge答案:C23、填空题：Many plants can be grown in ______ (盆栽).24、What is the capital of Armenia?A. YerevanB. TbilisiC. BakuD. Ankara答案: A25、填空题：A butterfly flutters around the _______ enjoying the sunshine.26、听力题：A _______ is often used in cooking.27、填空题：I have a ________ (火箭模型) that I built myself.28、What is the currency used in Japan?A. DollarB. EuroC. YenD. Pound答案:C29、填空题：I can build a _________ (玩具车库) for my toy vehicles.The starfish has five _________ (臂).31、填空题：The _______ (羚羊) is very swift.32、What do you wear to keep warm in winter?A. ShortsB. T-shirtC. CoatD. Sandals答案: C. Coat33、听力题：The chemical symbol for bismuth is _____.34、What is the name of the famous American national park known for its wildlife?A. YellowstoneB. YosemiteC. Grand CanyonD. Denali答案:A35、听力题：The bear catches _______ in the river.36、What do we call a person who flies airplanes?A. PilotB. EngineerC. MechanicD. Stewardess答案: A37、What is the name of the famous detective created by Arthur Conan Doyle?A. Hercule PoirotB. Sherlock HolmesC. Miss MarpleD. Sam Spade38、ts have large ______ (叶片) to catch sunlight. 填空题：Some pla39、听力题：I like to _____ (play/read) in the park.The ______ helps us learn about cultural studies.41、What is the opposite of deep?A. ShallowB. WideC. BroadD. Narrow答案:A42、填空题：The country known for its beaches is ________ (以海滩闻名的国家是________).43、填空题：My friend’s name is ____ and he/she is ____.44、填空题：I love to listen to the __________ when it rains. (雨)45、ssance began in Italy in the __________ (14世纪). 填空题：The Rena46、听力题：The movement of water can reshape the ______.47、听力题：Astronomy has helped us understand the _______ of time and space.48、听力题：Objects that float in water are ______ than water.49、What do you call the end of a pencil?A. TipB. EraserC. LeadD. Barrel答案:A50、填空题：I like to watch my ________ grow.51、填空题：The dog chased the ______.52、What is the term for a baby cow?A. CalfB. FoalC. KitD. Pup答案:A53、What is the process of plants making food called?A. RespirationB. PhotosynthesisC. GerminationD. Digestion答案:B54、听力题：The ____ has a beautiful song and is often found in trees.55、填空题：A rabbit has powerful ______ (后腿) for hopping.56、填空题：Abraham Lincoln is best known for leading the United States during the __________ (南北战争).57、听力题：The __________ is a region with many rivers.58、听力题：She has a _____ (dog).59、What is the capital of Portugal?A. LisbonB. MadridC. BarcelonaD. Rome答案:A60、听力题：The _____ is the area around a star where planets can form.61、How do you say "school" in Spanish?A. EscuelaB. ÉcoleC. SchuleD. Scuola62、What is 5 3?A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 4答案:B63、What is the name of the largest land animal?A. GiraffeB. ElephantC. RhinoD. Hippopotamus答案: B64、填空题：The country known for its pyramids is ________ (埃及).65、What is the name of the bird that cannot fly and is native to New Zealand?A. OstrichB. KiwiC. EmuD. Cassowary答案：B66、填空题：I enjoy ______ (参加) language classes.67、选择题：What do you call the distance between two points?A. LengthB. WidthC. HeightD. Measurement68、What do we call the movement of tectonic plates?A. Continental DriftB. ErosionC. WeatheringD. Subduction69、听力题：Some _______ can change colors throughout the year.70、Which shape has three sides?A. SquareB. TriangleC. CircleD. Rectangle71、What is 100 25?a. 75b. 80c. 85d. 90答案:a72、填空题：My mom calls me _______ (我妈妈叫我_______).73、听力题：We can ________ (play) together.74、填空题：A ________ (植物展览馆) showcases diversity.75、听力题：The puppy is ______ in the grass. (rolling)76、What is the primary color of a blackberry?A. BlueB. BlackC. RedD. Green77、选择题：Which holiday falls on October 31st?A. ChristmasB. HalloweenC. ThanksgivingD. New Year78、填空题:During winter, I like to make ________.79、听力题：The _____ (wind/snow) is blowing.80、What is the name of the fairy tale character who had long hair?A. Snow WhiteB. RapunzelC. CinderellaD. Belle答案:BWhat do we call a place where you keep animals?A. ZooB. FarmC. SanctuaryD. All of the above82、听力题：Compounds can be classified as organic or ______.83、What is the name of the famous American holiday celebrated on the fourth Thursday in November?A. ChristmasB. ThanksgivingC. New Year's DayD. Independence Day答案:B84、填空题：My pet turtle is very _________. (慢)85、听力题：The ______ is a famous scientist.86、听力题：The _______ produces seeds for new plants.87、填空题：On sunny days, I ride my ________ (自行车) around the neighborhood. I feel so________ (自由).88、填空题：The _____ (果实采摘) can be a community event.89、Which fruit is yellow and curved?A. AppleB. BananaC. OrangeD. Grape答案: B. Banana90、听力题：We go to school _____ foot. (on)91、听力题：The _____ (pen/pencil) is on the desk.We saw a ________ in the park.93、What do we call the part of the tree that grows underground?A. BranchB. TrunkC. RootD. Leaf答案:C94、听力题：A reaction that occurs spontaneously is said to be ______.95、听力题：A __________ is a place where people go for relaxation.96、Which animal can fly?A. DogB. CatC. BirdD. Fish答案: C97、填空题：A _______ (金鱼) can be a vibrant addition to any home.98、听力题：We eat ________ for breakfast.99、听力题：I enjoy ________ (gardening) with my mom.100、听力题：The concept of clean energy emphasizes the importance of sustainable energy ______.。
苏联解体后的英语作文
苏联解体后的英语作文Title: The Aftermath of the Soviet Union's Dissolution。
The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 was a watershed moment in global history, marking the end of the Cold War era and reshaping the geopolitical landscape. This monumental event brought about significant repercussions,not only for the countries directly involved but also forthe entire world. In this essay, we will explore the aftermath of the Soviet Union's dissolution and itsenduring impact.One of the most immediate consequences of the Soviet Union's collapse was the emergence of independent states from its former republics. Fifteen new countries emerged from the ashes of the Soviet Union, each grappling with the challenges of nation-building, establishing political systems, and transitioning to market economies. The dissolution unleashed a wave of nationalism and ethnic tensions, particularly in regions like the Caucasus andCentral Asia, where longstanding grievances resurfaced.Economically, the dissolution of the Soviet Union precipitated a period of profound upheaval. The centrally planned economy of the Soviet era gave way to the complexities of a market economy, leading to widespread economic dislocation and hardship. The sudden shift from state-controlled industries to privatization brought both opportunities and hardships, with some individuals amassing vast wealth while others faced unemployment and poverty.Internationally, the end of the Cold War ushered in a new era of geopolitical dynamics. With the demise of the Soviet bloc, the United States emerged as the sole superpower, leading to a unipolar world order characterized by American hegemony. This shift in power dynamics had far-reaching implications for global politics, with the United States exerting influence over regions formerly within the Soviet sphere of influence.Furthermore, the dissolution of the Soviet Union had profound implications for global security. The end of theCold War reduced the risk of nuclear confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union, easing tensions and paving the way for arms control agreements such as the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START). However, it also created new security challenges, including theproliferation of nuclear weapons and the rise of non-state actors.Moreover, the dissolution of the Soviet Union had a profound impact on the lives of its citizens. While some experienced newfound freedoms and opportunities, others grappled with economic uncertainty, social upheaval, and political instability. The transition from communism to democracy was not without its challenges, as many struggled to adapt to the demands of a new political and economic system.In conclusion, the dissolution of the Soviet Union was a seismic event that reverberated across the globe, reshaping political, economic, and security landscapes. While it brought about newfound freedoms for some, it also unleashed a host of challenges, from economic upheaval togeopolitical realignments. The legacy of the Soviet Union's dissolution continues to shape the world we live in today, underscoring the enduring impact of this historic event.。
关于苏联事件的小作文英语
关于苏联事件的小作文英语Title: The Legacy of Soviet Union: A Historical Reflection。
The Soviet Union, a colossal empire spanning vast territories and diverse peoples, left an indelible mark on the pages of history. Its rise, reign, and eventual collapse continue to shape global politics, economics, and societal ideologies. In this discourse, we delve into the multifaceted legacy of the Soviet Union, exploring its impacts on the world stage and the enduring lessons it offers.First and foremost, the Soviet Union's imprint on the geopolitical landscape cannot be overstated. Emerging as a formidable superpower in the aftermath of World War II, it engaged in a protracted Cold War rivalry with the United States, defining much of international relations for decades. The bipolar world order that ensued polarized nations, leading to proxy conflicts, arms races, andideological confrontations. The Cuban Missile Crisis stands as a stark reminder of the perilous brinksmanship that characterized this era, threatening global annihilation.Economically, the Soviet Union pursued a centrally planned command economy, aiming to achieve rapid industrialization and societal transformation. While it made significant strides in certain sectors, such as heavy industry and space exploration, the system provedinherently flawed. Centralized decision-making stifled innovation, leading to inefficiencies, shortages, and stagnation. The collapse of the Soviet economy in the 1990s laid bare the inherent contradictions of a system devoid of market mechanisms and individual incentives.Socially, the Soviet Union embarked on ambitious campaigns aimed at reshaping society according to communist ideals. The promotion of literacy, education, and healthcare brought tangible improvements to the lives of many citizens. However, the regime's authoritarian nature led to widespread repression, censorship, and human rights abuses. Dissent was swiftly quashed, dissidents silenced,and ethnic minorities suppressed. The scars of these injustices continue to reverberate in the collective memory of affected communities.Culturally, the Soviet Union fostered a distinct identity marked by socialist realism, ideological propaganda, and state-sanctioned art. Literature, cinema, and the performing arts were harnessed as tools for indoctrination and mass mobilization. Yet, amidst the propaganda, pockets of dissent emerged, challenging the official narrative and pushing the boundaries of creative expression. Figures like Solzhenitsyn and Shostakovich dared to defy the regime, offering glimpses of truth amidst the sea of falsehoods.Environmentally, the Soviet Union pursued industrialization at all costs, often disregarding ecological consequences. The Aral Sea stands as a tragic testament to the shortsightedness of such policies, its once-bountiful waters reduced to a desolate wasteland due to unsustainable irrigation practices. Chernobyl, likewise, serves as a haunting reminder of the perils of nuclearenergy mismanagement, leaving a radioactive scar on the land and a human toll that endures to this day.In the realm of international relations, thedissolution of the Soviet Union ushered in a new era of uncertainty and opportunity. The end of the Cold War brought hopes of peace and cooperation, yet it also unleashed regional conflicts, geopolitical realignments, and the specter of nuclear proliferation. The newly independent states that emerged from the Soviet rubble grappled with the challenges of nation-building, democratic transition, and economic reform, with varying degrees of success.In conclusion, the Soviet Union's legacy is a complex tapestry of triumphs and tragedies, achievements and atrocities. Its imprint on the world stage endures, shaping the contours of contemporary geopolitics and serving as a cautionary tale of the perils of authoritarianism and ideological zealotry. As we reflect on its tumultuous history, we are reminded of the imperative to learn from the past, lest we be condemned to repeat its mistakes.。
中俄冲突作文英语
中俄冲突作文英语Throughout history, the relationship between China and Russia has been a complex tapestry of cooperation and conflict. This essay aims to explore the historical underpinnings of the Sino-Russian conflict, its impact on regional stability, and the lessons that can be drawn for future relations.The Sino-Russian conflict has its roots in the 17th century when the two empires first encountered each other'sterritorial ambitions. The Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689 was the first significant agreement that attempted to delineate the border between the Qing Dynasty and the Russian Empire. However, disputes over borderlands continued, leading to further treaties and agreements, such as the Treaty of Aigun in 1858 and the Convention of Peking in 1860, which saw significant territorial concessions from China to Russia.The 20th century brought about a new dimension to the Sino-Russian relationship. Initially, both countries found common ground as communist states and formed an alliance. However, ideological and political differences eventually led to a split in the Sino-Soviet relationship during the Sino-Soviet Split in the 1960s. This period was marked by heightened tensions, including border skirmishes and a significant military buildup along their shared borders.Despite these historical conflicts, the relationship between China and Russia has seen a significant thaw in recent years.The two countries have engaged in extensive economic and military cooperation, often collaborating on international issues to counterbalance the influence of Western powers. The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and the Belt and Road Initiative are examples of platforms where Sino-Russian cooperation has been fostered.The Sino-Russian conflict, while historically fraught, offers important insights into the dynamics of great power relations. It highlights the importance of diplomacy, the role of economic interdependence in maintaining peace, and thepotential for historical adversaries to find common groundfor mutual benefit.In conclusion, the Sino-Russian conflict is a multifaceted issue that has evolved over centuries. Understanding its historical context is crucial for appreciating the current state of relations between these two global powers. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the relationship between China and Russia will continue to be a significant factor in shaping international politics and security. It is imperative for both nations to manage their differences and work towards a stable and cooperative future.。
史上最全 蒙古 中英双语介绍
史上最全蒙古中英双语介绍HistoryIn the 13th century, Mongolia was the center of the Mongol Empire, the largest contiguous land empire in world history. After more than a century of power, the Mongol Empire ended and Mongolia fell back into a state of internal struggle and feuds, which paved the way for the Manchu conquest of Inner Mongolia in 1636 and the submission of Outer Mongolia in 1691. Both Inner and Outer Mongolia declared independence in 1911, but only Outer Mongolia succeeded, with Russian help. After the October Revolution in Russia, Chinese troops re-occupied Outer Mongolia in 1919, but were driven out in 1921 when the White and Red Russian armies extended the Russian Civil War into (Outer) Mongolian territory. In 1924, the Mongolian People"s Republic was proclaimed and aligned closely with the Soviet Union. In 1928 Horloogiyn Choybalsan rose to power.During World War II, the USSR defended Mongolia against Japan during the Battle of Halhin Gol. Mongolian forces also took part in the Soviet offensive against Japanese forces in Inner Mongolia of August 1945. The threat of Mongolian forces seizing parts of Inner Mongolia induced the Republic of China to recognize OuterMongolia"s independence, provided that a referendum was held. The referendum took place on 20 October 1945 and 100% of the electorate voting for independence.After Choybalsan died in Moscow on 26 January 1952, Yumjaagiyn Tsedenbal took power. Mongolia continued to closely align itself with the Soviet Union, especially after the Sino-Soviet split of the late 1950s. While Tsedenbal visited Moscow in August 1984, being very ill, the parliament announced his retirement and replaced him with Jambyn Batmonh.In 1990, the Communist Party relinquished control over the government, paving the way for a new constitution in 1992 that abolished the People"s Republic and created a hybrid parliamentary/presidential state.历史现在的蒙古在13世纪是蒙古帝国的中心，蒙古帝国是世界历史上国土连续面积最大的王国。
China-Russia Relations glossary 中俄政治外交词汇
1.《中苏友好同盟互助条约》Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance2.联合国常任理事国 permanent members of the UN Security Council3.社会主义阵营 socialist camp4.沙文主义chauvinism5.“老大哥”“小兄弟”"big brother" "little brother"6.156项大型工业项目 156 large industrial projects7.撕毁国防新技术的协定tearing up the "Defense technology agreement"8.武装冲突armed conflict9.苏联解体 dissolution/disintegration of the Soviet Union10.《中俄睦邻友好合作条约》Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation11.车臣分裂组织 Chechnya separatist groups12.和平共处五项基本原则 Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence13.“平等信任、面向21世纪的战略协作伙伴关系”…strategic partnership of equality and trust oriented towards the 21st century‟14.定下……基调 set the tone of15.转折点 turning point16.不首先使用核武器 no-first-use of nuclear weapons17.《中俄睦邻友好合作条约》The Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation18.新闻发布会，记者招待会 press briefing/ conference19.台湾问题 Taiwan question20.唯一的合法政府 sole legitimate government21.中国领土不可分割的一部分 an inalienable part of Chinese territory22.北约（北大西洋公约组织）NATO（North Atlantic Treaty Organization）23.国际舞台 international arena24.原油管道 crude oil pipeline25.联合军事演习joint military exercise26.互信程度已发展到新的水平mutual trust reaching a new level27.政府首脑定期会晤机制China-Russia prime ministers' regular meeting mechanism28.边界争端Border dispute29.机械和电子产品 machinery and electronic products30.模棱两可、含糊不清remain noncommittal/equivocal over sth. / not taking a clear stance31.不愿署名的分析人士 analyst who declined to be identified32.被废除的政府deposed government33.新上任政府fledgling administration34.航空母舰 aircraft carrier：a warship with a long, flat deck where aircraft can take off and land35.务实的中国 pragmatic China36.双方贸易一体化程度也大大提高occur a high degree of trade integration between the two countries。
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Brezhnev Doctrine
1968 Brezhnev is Russian leader after Khrushchev Says USSR has the right to intervene in any Communist Country moving away from Soviet Domination/Influence Why should China care?
American Aid
Chinese
Leadership Eventually Recognizes Need for Outside Aid and Knows United States Can Supply It. 1969 Border Conflict with Soviet Pushes This Idea Forward
Stalin and the Nationalists
Chinese Communist Did not Forget that Stalin Played Both Sides DuMade Treaties with the Nationalists and Chiang Kai-Shek
Reason for the Split
Soviets
Do Not Help China Build Atomic Bomb Chinese do not allow Soviets to build radio transmitter for Sub Fleet in Pacific Soviets side with India on Border Disputes with China
Results of Split
1969
Border War between USSR and China Nixon’s Visit to China Better Relations with USA Americans and Soviets can reduce Nuclear Arms and Detente
March 1969
Soviet Respond with Large Force and Full Assault In April the Soviet Leaders Attempt to Make Contact with Chinese Leaders and the Chinese Refuse to Connect the Call April More Sino-Soviet Clashes Along Western Borders More Incidents in May and during the Summer
March 1969
Soviet and Chinese Troops Fight Along Border at the Damansky/Zhenbao Island Soviets Feel War with China is a reality Soviet Intervention in Czechoslovakia is one reason Chinese become more aggressive.
Reason for the Sino-Soviet Split
Disagreement with Khrushchev’s Peaceful Co-Existence Policy Mao Is Ready to Confront Nuclear War Disagreement with Khrushchev’s Denouncing of Stalin and Stalin’s Style of Leadership Mao’s Personal Dislike of Khrushchev and vice-versa
Reasons for the Sino-Soviet Split
Distrust
After Korean War China Develops Own Brand of Communism Mao Zedong Thought Competition to be Head of the Communist World
Other Background Factors
English was the Second Language of Chinese Elite Russian Influence Isn’t Until the 1920’s Is Not a Strong Bond Between Russian Advisors and Chinese
Results of the Split
Break
of Unity Between Two Biggest Communist Powers. Soviets Withdraw 10,000 experts from China. China has to develop own nuclear weapons. Nuclear in 1964
Reason’s For Sino-Soviet Split
Soviet
Criticism of Great Leap Forward Soviets Feel Mao’s Policies Towards Taiwan Could Trigger War with US and this went against Peaceful Co-existence
The Sino-Soviet Split
Mr. Ornstein Willow Canyon High School IB: History of the Americas
Lack of Contact
Before the Communist Revolutions in China and Russia There Was Little Contact Between the Two Countries