北京市西城区2020┄2021届高三一模试题英语 解析版
第一部分：知识运用（共两节，45分）
第一节语法填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）
A
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写 1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
I often help my mom cook and baked chicken is my favorite thing to make. One day, when mom was sick, I tried to make the chicken all by myself. I washed the chicken and put it in a pan in the oven ___1___ （bake）. When the bell rang to tell me the chicken was done, I opened the oven door. Guess what？ The chicken was not cooked! I started to laugh. I forgot to turn ___2___ the oven! Did you know what I did next？ I ___3___ （order） pizza. Mom was happy I “cooked” by myself and we could eat the pizza together.
【答案】1. to bake
2. on
3. ordered
【解析】
本文是一篇记叙文。文章叙述一天妈妈生病，作者试着用烤箱做烤鸡，结果最后发现自己没有开烤箱开关，最后作者订了披萨和妈妈一起吃。
【1题详解】
考查非谓语动词。这里用不定式表示目的性。句意：我洗了鸡，把它放在烤箱的盘子里烤。故填to bake。
【2题详解】
考查短语。短语turn on打开。句意：我忘记开烤箱开关了!故填on。
【3题详解】
考查时态。陈述过去的事情，故用一般过去时态。句意：我订了披萨。故填ordered。
B
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写 1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Chocolate was first used as a drink over 3,500 years ago in Central America. It was very popular with the Mayans and the Aztecs. In fact, cocoa beans were very important to people there. That was ___4___ they were used as money. In the beginning, cocoa ___5___ （plant） in Ecuador, which was, for a long time, the world’s number-one producer of cocoa beans. It is still one of the top ___6___ （producer） of the beans, but nowadays more than 70 per cent of cocoa beans come from West Africa.
【答案】4. why 5. was planted
6. producers
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要简单地介绍了可可豆的历史和来源。
【4题详解】
考查名词性从句。表语从句中，从句缺少原因状语，故用why引导。句意：这就是为什么它们被用作货币。故填why。
【5题详解】
考查语态。句中主语cocoa与动词plant之间为被动关系，故用被动语态。句意：起初，可可种植在厄瓜多尔。故填was planted。
【6题详解】
考查名词数。one of + 复数名词。句意：它仍然是最大的可可豆生产国之一。故填producers。
C
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写 1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Wallace’s giant bee is the world’s ___7___ （large） bee, with a body the size of a human thumb and wings that can spread to about 2.5 inches. That may sound ___8___ （frighten）, but the bee isn’t likely to hurt anyone. It uses its large jaws （嘴） to collect a sticky goo, called resin, from trees. The bee ___9___ （make） its home in termite mounds （白蚁丘） found on trees, using the resin to protect its nest from the termites. Until recently, the bee had been seen by scientists only ___10___ （two）, once in 1868 and again in 1981.
【答案】7. largest
8. frightening
9. makes 10. twice
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了世界上最大的蜜蜂。
【7题详解】
考查形容词最高级。根据后句with a body the size of a human thumb and wings that can spread to about 2.5 inches.可知，华莱士的巨型蜜蜂是世界上最大的蜜蜂，所以用形容词最高级形式。句意：华莱士的巨型蜜蜂是世界上最大的蜜蜂。故填largest。
【8题详解】
考查形容词。sound为系动词，后接形容词形式。形容词frightening令人害怕的。句意：这听起来很可怕，但蜜蜂不太可能伤害任何人。故填frightening。
【9题详解】
考查主谓一致。句中主语为单数名词bee，故谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。句意：蜜蜂在树上的白蚁
丘里安家，用树脂保护巢穴不受白蚁的侵害。故填makes。
【10题详解】
考查副词。根据后面once in 1868 and again in 1981.可知，这里用副词twice。句意：直到最近，这种蜜蜂才被科学家们发现过两次，一次是在1868年，一次是在1981年。故填twice。
第二节完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，共30分）
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
We first met Tom and Gee in the early days of our marriage. Someone had been ___11___ our garbage cans to the garage each garbage day, and Jim and I had wondered ___12___. Then one day we ___13___ him：an elderly man who lived across the street.
I baked cookies and left them on a chair outside the garage ___14___ a thank-you note. When we got home from work that day, a typed letter had replaced the ___15___. The letter was from Tom and explained how he had come to ___16___ the neighborhood on garbage day, returning cans for people he ___17___ knew. Back when he’d been fighting a war I wasn’t alive to see, his young wife, Gee, had found herself living alone. Neighbors had taken the time to ___18___ her garbage cans so ___19___ didn’t have to, and he ___20___ forgot. Now he paid it forward by doing the same for all of us.
A few years after we’d moved in, Tom died. We photocopied that lett er and ___21___ it to one of our own for Gee. We told her how ___22___ Tom had been to us, how sad we felt sorry for her, how thankful we were to have ___23___ him. She wrote back and told us she still talked to Tom every day.
These days, we’re planning a ___24___. The house that seemed so huge six years ago is
filled with furniture and books and toys and, of course, people. We know it’s time to go, and ___25___ we can’t seem to stick the For Sale sign up on the lawn. Gaining a third bedroom sometimes seems like an awful trade for all we stand to ___26___.
It’s not just Gee. It’s the man who lets our kids pick peaches off the tree in his front yard. It’s the ladies who ___27___ Jim when their pool filter （过滤器） breaks and leave overflowing baskets for ou r kids on Easter. It’s the police officer living directly across from us, who smiles and waves and makes me feel a little ___28___ when Jim is away.
The moving boxes are still neatly packed in our basement, but Jim and I agree to ___29___ until January. Ma ybe before leaving I’ll talk to T om, just as Gee still does. Thank you, I’ll say, for teaching us what it means to be a ___30___.
11. A. lifting B. returning C. delivering D. fixing
12. A. who B. what C. how D. why
13. A. visited B. caught C. spotted D. followed
14. A. in B. for C. to D. with
15. A. gift B. chair C. garbage D. cake
16. A. protect B. search C. walk D. greet
17. A. only B. barely C. nearly D. surely
18. A. handle B. change C. recycle D. open
19. A. they B. we C. he D. she
20. A. never B. always C. sometimes D. seldom
21. A. wrapped B. connected C. attached D. exposed
22. A. special B. hopeful C. powerful D. lucky
23. A. contacted B. remembered C. known D. understood
24. A. party
B. trip
C. meeting
D. move 25. A. also
B. yet
C. then
D. therefore 26. A. win
B. lose
C. fail
D. save 27. A. help
B. treat
C. charge
D. call 28. A. stronger
B. happier
C. safer
D. firmer 29. A. plan
B. wait
C. prepare
D. talk 30. A. husband B. friend C. couple D. neighbor
【答案】11. B 12. A 13. C 14. D 15. A 16. C 17. B 18. A 19. D 20. A 21. C 22. A
23. C 24. D 25. B 26. B 27. D 28. C 29. B 30. D
【解析】
【分析】
本文是一篇记叙文。文章作者叙写了一位叫汤姆的老人教给我们“什么才是真正的邻居”的故事。
【11题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：每次垃圾回收日都有人把我们的
垃圾桶放回车库，我和吉姆想知道是谁。A. lifting 举起；B. returning 返回；C. delivering 传递；D. fixing 修理。故选B 。
【12题详解】
考查疑问代词词义辨析。句意：每天都有人把我们的垃圾桶放回车库，我和吉姆想知道是谁。2. A. who 谁；B. what 什么；C. how 怎么；D. why 为什么。根据后句Then one day we ___3___ him ：an elderly man who lived across the street.可知，我和吉姆想知道是谁。故选A 。
【13题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：后来有一天，我们发现了他：一个住在街对面的老人。A. visited 参观；B. caught 抓住；C. spotted 发现；认出；D. followed 跟随。根据an elderly man who lived across the street.可知，这里是发现了他们要找的人。故选C 。
考查介词词义辨析。句意：我烤了些饼干，把它们和一张感谢信一起放在车库外的椅子上。A. in在……里面；B. for为了；C. to 到；D. with和……一起。故选D。
【15题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：当我们那天下班回家时，一封打印的信代替了礼物。A. gift礼物；B. chair椅子；C. garbage车库；D. cake蛋糕。根据前句I baked cookies and left them on a chair outside the garage ___4___ a thank-you note.可知，这里是指上文的礼物。故选A。
【16题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这封信是汤姆写来的，信中解释了他是如何在垃圾回收日走到这片社区，给那些他几乎不认识的人送回垃圾桶。A. protect保护；B. search寻找；C. walk行走；D. greet打招呼。故选C。
【17题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：这封信是汤姆写来的，信中解释了他是如何在垃圾回收日走到这片社区，给那些他几乎不认识的人送回垃圾桶。A. only只有；B. barely几乎不；C. nearly几乎；D. surely一定。联系上下文可知，这些人他几乎都不认识。故选B。
【18题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：邻居们花了不少时间帮她处理垃圾桶，所以她就不用这么做了。A. handle处理；B. change改变；C. recycle回收；D. open打开。根据后文Now he paid it forward by doing the same for all of us.可知是他要像原先邻居做的那样，（邻居帮他妻子处理垃圾桶），故选A。【19题详解】
考查代词词义辨析。句意：邻居们花了不少时间帮她处理垃圾桶，所以她就不用这么做了。A. they他们；B. we我们；C. he他；D. she她。根据前句Neighbors had taken the time to ___8___ her garbage cans可知，因为邻居们的帮忙，所以她就不用这么做了。故选D。
考查副词词义辨析。句意：而他也从未忘记。A. never从不；B. always总是；C. sometimes有时；D. seldom很少。根据Now he paid it forward by doing the same for all of us.可知，对于邻居们的帮忙，他从未忘记过。故选A。
【21题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们复印了那封信，并把它附在我们自己的一份上面。A. wrapped裹；B. connected连接；C. attached附上；D. exposed揭露。短语attached … to附在……上面。故选C。【22题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们告诉她汤姆对我们来说是多么的特别。A. special特别的；B. hopeful 有希望的；C. powerful有力量的；D. lucky幸运的。故选A。
【23题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们多么庆幸认识了他。A. contacted联系；B. remembered记得；C. known知道；D. understood理解。故选C。
【24题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些天，我们计划搬家。A. party宴会；B. trip旅行；C. meeting会议；D. move搬家。根据后文We know it’s time to go, and ___15___ we can’t seem to stick the For Sale sign up on the lawn.可知，作者计划搬家。故选D。
【25题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们知道是时候离开了，但我们似乎不能把待售的牌子贴在草坪上。A. also 也；B. yet然而；C. then那时；D. therefore因此。根据we can’t seem to stick the For Sale sign up on the lawn.可知，这里是转折关系。故选B。
【26题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：因为我们可能会失去一切。A. win赢得；B. lose失去；C. fail失败；D. save
拯救。根据Gaining a third bedroom sometimes seems like an awful trade有时，获得第三间卧室似乎是一个糟糕的交易，可知，糟糕的原因是因为我们可能会失去一切。故选B。
【27题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：是女士们在她们的泳池过滤器坏了的时候给吉姆打电话。A. help帮助；B. treat对待；C. charge负责；D. call打电话。故选D。
【28题详解】
考查形容词比较级词义辨析。句意：当吉姆不在的时候，住在我们正对面的警官微笑着挥手，让我觉得更安全了。A. stronger更强的；B. happier更高兴的；C. safer更安全的；D. firmer更稳固的。根据It’s the police officer living dir ectly across from us, who smiles and waves可知，住在我们正对面的警官微笑着挥手让作者感觉更安全。故选C。
【29题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：但我和吉姆同意等到明年一月再搬。A. plan计划；B. wait等待；C. prepare 准备；D. talk交谈。故选B。
【30题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我想说，谢谢你教会了我们什么是邻居。A. husband丈夫；B. friend朋友；
C. couple夫妇；
D. neighbor邻居。故选D。
【点睛】本文是一篇记叙类的完形填空，难度中等偏易。文章逻辑性较强，只要读懂文章大意，基本能选出正确答案。考生做此完形填空时，要充分理解文章大意，特别注重语境的理解，前后句之间的联系，在语境中斟酌所选的答案。如小题3考查的是动词词义的辨析，我们需要根据an elderly man who lived across the street.可知，这里是发现了他们要找的人，从而根据语境选出正确的答案。
第二部分：阅读理解（共两节，40分）
第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，共30分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
Amsterdam Destination Guide
Amsterdam is one of the most popular travel destinations in the world, famous for its beautiful canals, top art museums, cycling culture and so on. It is the capital and most populous city in the N etherlands and often referred to as the “Venice of the North” because of its expansive system of bridges and canals. Here are some of the key points to remember as you plan your trip to Amsterdam.
Boom Season
Popula
tion
Langu
age（s）
Curr
ency
January
Climate
July
Climate
May to October
813,56
2
Dutch Euro
Average
high：5.8 °C
Averag
e high：
22.0 °C
Must-See Attractions
Most visitors begin their Amsterdam adventure in the Old Centre, which is full of traditional architecture, shopping centers, and coffee shops. You’ll also want to check out Amsterdam’s Museum Quarter in the South District, which is great for shopping at the Albert Cuyp Market and having a picnic in the Vondelpark. The top museums to visit there are the Rijksmusuem, the Ann Frank House, and the Van Gogh Museum.
If You Have Time
There are several other unique districts in Amsterdam, and you should try to explore as many of them as time allows. The Canal Ring is a UNESCO World Heritage Site that was originally built to attract wealthy home owners and is a center for celebrity spotting and nightlife today. The Plantage area has most of the city’s museums, including the Jewish Historical Museum, the Scheepvaart Museum, and the botanical gardens.
Money Saving Tips
Unless you really want to see the tulips （郁金香） blooming, avoid booking between mid-March and mid-May. This is when hotel and flight prices rise.
Look for accommodations in Amsterdam’s South District, where rates are generally cheaper than in the city center.
Buy train tickets at the machine instead of the counter to save a bit of money.
Instead of hiring a tour guide, hop on a canal boat. They’re inexpensive and will give you a unique point of view of the city.
Check out our homepage to view price comparisons for flights, hotels, and rental cars before you book.
31. What can be learned about Amsterdam from this passage？
A. Amsterdam is called the “Venice of the North” because of its location.
B. The Van Gogh Museum lies in Amsterdam’s Museum Quarter.
C. The Old Centre is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
D. The Canal Ring is a place to attract garden lovers.
32. In order to save money in Amsterdam, you can ______.
A. arrange a guided canal tour
B. buy train tickets at the counter
C. reserve a hotel in the South District
D. book flights between mid-March and mid-May
33. Where is the passage most probably taken from？
A. A magazine.
B. An essay.
C. A report.
D. A website.
【答案】31. B 32. C 33. D
【解析】
本文是一篇广告布告类短文阅读。文章主要介绍了阿姆斯特丹的旅游指南。
【31题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章Must-See Attractions中的You’ll also want to check out Amsterdam’s Museum Quarter in the South District, which is great for shopping at the Albert Cuyp Market and having a picnic in the Vondelpark. The top museums to visit there are the Rijksmusuem, the Ann Frank House, and the Van Gogh Museum.可知，梵高博物馆位于阿姆斯特丹南区的博物馆区。故选B。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章Money Saving Tips中的Look for accommodations in Amsterdam’s South District, where rates are generally cheaper than in the city center. 在阿姆斯特丹南区寻找住宿，那里的房价通常比市中心便宜。故选C。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段Check out our homepage to view price comparisons for flights, hotels, and rental cars before you book在预订之前，请查看我们的主页，从而可以推断出，此文最有可能选自网站。故选D。
B
Three months after Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Rebecca Sell, then 24, a photojournalist for Fredericksburg photographed a New Orleans couple worriedly examining water-spotted photo albums. As she took the photo, something within her clicked. “I told them I could take the ruined pictures, copy them and give them digitally restored （修复）photos,” she recalls. Although a bit sceptical, the couple agreed. Rebecca took their photos home, restored them and took them to the couple at their temporary home. “It felt so good to be able to do that for them,” says Rebecca.
When her editor, Dave Ellis, saw the photo of the couple, he suggested they go back and restore damaged photos for even more people. So in January 2006, with paid time off from the paper, the two set up shop in Pass Christian. After posting a notice in the community newsletter, Rebecca and Dave received 500 photos in four days. For each, the pair took a new digital picture, then used high-tech software to erase water spots and restore colors. It just so happened that a popular website linked to Dave’s blog about the experience, and soon Operation Photo Rescue, as it came to be known, had emails from hundreds of volunteers, including photographers and restoration experts, eager to help.
Though digital restoration is a painstaking process, mending irreplaceable family pictures means the world to victims like Emily Lancaster, 71, who took out piles of ruined photo albums after Katrina, never thinking the mess could be saved. But she just couldn’t bear to part with a few treasured pictures, including a portrait of her father, who had passed away, and a photo of her husband as a boy. Then she heard about Op eration Photo Rescue. “I didn’t have a whole lot of hope they could fix them, but they did,” Emily says. “Almost every day I think about all the pictures I’ve lost. I’m so happy to have these two.”
In the five years since Katrina, Operation Photo Rescue has collected thousands of pictures ruined by floods, hurricanes and tornadoes. Volunteers make “copy runs” to disaster areas across the country to gather damaged photos from survivors; operating costs are covered by donations. “It’s great to be able to give people some of their history back,” says Rebecca. “One person told me that thanks to us, her grandmother got to see her photos again before she passed away. Moments like that remind me why I do this.”
34. When Rebecca took the picture of the New Orleans couple, she decided to ______.
A. take them to their temporary home
B. help with their damaged photos
C. set up shop in Pass Christian
D. cover Hurricane Katrina
35. From Paragraph 2 we know that Dave and Rebecca ______.
A. quit their jobs in 2006
B. inspired volunteers to join them
C. spent four days mending the photos
D. made their work known in their newspaper
36. How did Emily Lancaster feel when she first heard about Operation Photo Rescue？
A. Excited.
B. Hopeless.
C. Satisfied.
D. Sceptical.
37. What is the best title for the passage？
A. Surviving Hurricanes
B. An Act of Generosity
C. Saving Memories
D. A Lucky Couple
【答案】34. B 35. B 36. D 37. C
【解析】
【分析】
本文是一篇记叙文。文章叙写了摄影记者丽贝卡塞尔和编辑戴夫·埃利斯通过照片修复，他们让很多人丢失的记忆得到恢复，同时，也赢得了人们的肯定。
【34题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“I told them I could take the ruined pictures, copy them and give them digitally restored （修复）photos,” she recalls.可知，摄影记者丽贝卡塞尔会帮助他们修复受损的照片。故选B。
【35题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段It just so happened that a popular website linked to Dave’s blog about the experience, and soon Operation Photo Rescue, as it came to be known, had emails from hundreds of volunteers, including photographers and restoration experts, eager to help.后来被称为“照片救援行动”的网站，收到了数百名志愿者的电子邮件，其中包括摄影师和修复专家，他们都渴望提供帮助，可知，他们的行动鼓舞了其他的志愿者加入。故选B。
36题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第三段“I didn’t have a whole lot of hope they could fix them, but they did,” Emily says. 艾米丽说:“能修好它们，我没有抱太大的希望，但他们做到了。”从而可以推断出，艾米丽最初对能够修复照片是怀疑的。故选D。
【37题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“It’s great to be able to give people some of their history back,” says Rebecca. “One pe rson told me that thanks to us, her grandmother got to see her
photos again before she passed away. Moments like that remind me why I do this.”可知，通过照片修复，他们让很多人丢失的记忆得到恢复，同时，也赢得了人们的肯定。故选C。
【点睛】考查阅读理解选择最佳标题时，需要注意排除绝对化或片面的选项，要放眼全文，从首段和末段寻找文章的主旨大意。小题4就是根据文章最后一段“It’s great to be able to give people some of their history back,” says Rebecca. “One person told me that thanks to us, her grandmother got to see her photos again before she passed away. Moments like that remind me why I do this.”可知，通过照片修复，他们让很多人丢失的记忆得到恢复，同时，也赢得了人们的肯定，从而概括出标题。
C
Like many other people who speak more than one language, I often have the sense that I’m a slightly different person in each of my languages—more confident in English, more relaxed in French, more emotional in Czech. Is it possible that, along with these differences, my moral compass （指南针） also points in somewhat different directions depending on the language I’m using at the time？
Psychologists who study moral judgments have become very interested in this question. The findings of several recent studies suggest that when people are faced with moral dilemmas （困境）, they do indeed respond differently when considering them in a foreign language than when using their native tongue.
In a 2014 paper led by Albert Costa volunteers were presented with a moral dilemma known as the “trolley problem”：imagine that a runaway trolley is moving quickly toward a group of five people standing on the tracks, unable to move. You are next to a switch that can move the trolley to a different set of tracks, therefore sparing the five people, but resulting in
the death of one who is standing on the side tracks. Do you pull the switch？
Most people agree that they would. But what if the only way to stop the trolley is by pushing a large stranger off a footbridge into its path？ People tend to be very hesitant to say they would do this, even though in both situations, one person is sacrificed to save five. But Costa and his colleagues found that presenting the dilemma in a language that volunteers had learned as a foreign tongue dramatically increased their stated willingness to push the sacrificial person off the footbridge, from fewer than 20% of respondents working in their native language to about 50% of those using the foreign one.
Why does it matter whether we judge morality in our native language or a foreign one？According to one explanation, such judgments involve two separate and competing ways of thinking—one of these, a quick, natural “feeling,” and the other, careful deliberation about the greatest good for the greatest number. When we use a foreign language, we unconsciously sink into the more careful way simply because the effort of operating in our non-native language signals our cognitive （认知的） system to prepare for difficult activity.
An alternative explanation is that differences arise between native and foreign tongues because our childhood languages are filled with greater emotions than are those learned in more academic settings. As a result, moral judgments made in a foreign language are less filled with the emotional reactions that surface when we use a language learned in childhood.
There’s strong evidence that memory connects a language with the experiences and interactions through which that language was learned. For example, people who are bilingual （双语的） are more likely to recall an experience if reminded in the language in which that event occurred. Our childhood languages, learned in the middle of passionate emotion, become filled with deep feeling. By comparison, languages acquired late in life, especially if
they are learned through limited interactions in the classroom or dully delivered over computer screens and headphones, enter our minds lacking the emotionality that is present for their native speakers.
38. What does “this question” in Paragraph 2 refer to？
A. What contributes to one’s language improvements？
B. Is it necessary to learn more than one foreign language？
C. Does the language one uses influence one’s moral judgments？
D. How do people deal with moral dilemmas in a foreign language？
39. When the “trolley problem” was presented in a foreign language, volunteers were more likely to ______.
A. care less about the five people
B. pull the switch to the side tracks
C. remain hesitant about what to do
D. sacrifice the stranger on the footbridge
40. The underlined word in Paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to ______.
A. consideration
B. guidance
C. selection
D. arrangement
41. What can we learn from the last two paragraphs？
A. Bilingual people are less emotional than others.
B. Native language learning involves greater emotions.
C. Childhood memories limit foreign language learning.
D. Academic settings promote foreign language learning.
【答案】38. C 39. D 40. A 41. B
【解析】
【分析】
本文是一篇科普类短文阅读。最近的一些研究的结果表明，当人们面对道德困境时，他们用外语思考和用母语思考时的反应确实不同。
【38题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段The findings of several recent studies suggest that when people are faced with moral dilemmas （困境）, they do indeed respond differently when considering them in a foreign language than when using their native tongue.可知，最近的一些研究的结果表明，当人们面对道德困境时，他们用外语思考的反应和他们的母语思考的反应确实是不同的。所以此问题指的是一个人使用的语言会影响他的道德判断吗？故选C。
【39题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第四段But Costa and his colleagues found that presenting the dilemma in a language that volunteers had learned as a foreign tongue dramatically increased their stated willingness to push the sacrificial person off the footbridge, from fewer than 20% of respondents working in their native language to about 50% of those using the foreign one.可知，志愿者们用已经学会的外语来表达这种两难境地时，极大地增加了他们将牺牲者推下人行桥的意愿。分别与D选择项中的sacrifice和 footbridge分别对应。故选D。
【40题详解】
词义猜测题。根据文章第五段According to one explanation, such judgments involve two separate and competing ways of thinking—one of these, a quick, natural “feeling,”这样的判断涉及两种独立的、相互竞争的思维方式——一种是快速、自然的“感觉”，所以猜测出，另外一种是对大多数人最大利益的深思熟虑。故选A。
【41题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段An alternative explanation is that differences arise between native and foreign tongues because our childhood languages are filled with greater emotions than are those learned in more academic settings. 母语和外语之间的差异是因为我们的童年语言比在学术环境中学习的语言更充满感情，和最后一段By comparison, languages acquired late in life, especially if they are learned through limited interactions in the classroom or dully delivered over computer screens and headphones, enter our minds lacking the emotionality that is present for their native speakers. 后天习得的语言，缺乏母语者所具有的情感。所以说，母语学习包含更多的情感。故选B。
【点睛】阅读理解通常都会出现词义猜测题，要求考生从上下文理解中概括出生词或短语的词义。考生作此类题型时，首先要找到所猜测词所在文章的位置，然后在理解文章大意的基础之上，对此词前后句反复研读，最后根据前后句猜测出词义。例如小题3要求猜测出deliberation的含义，就是文章第五段According to one explanation, such judgments involve two separate and competing ways of thinking—one of these, a quick, natural “feeling,”这样的判断涉及两种独立的、相互竞争的思维方式——一种是快速、自然的“感觉”，所以猜测出，另外一种是对大多数人最大利益的深思熟虑，从而推测出deliberation为“深思熟虑”之意。
D
We talk continuously about how to make children more “resilient （有恢复力的）”，but whatever we're doing, it's not working. Rates of anxiety disorders and depression are rising rapidly among teenagers. What are we doing wrong？
Nassim T aleb invented the word “antifragile" and used it to describe a small but very important class of systems that gain from shocks, challenges, and disorder. The immune （免疫的） system is one of them：it requires exposure to certain kinds of bacteria and potential