英美文学的浪漫主义
自考《英美文学选读》（美）浪漫主义时期（2）
⼆。
美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家 Ⅰ。
Washington Irving（1783-l859） Irving''s position in American literature Washington Irving was one of the first American writers to earn an international reputation， and regarded as an early Romantic writer in the merican literary history and Father of the American short stories. ⼀。
⼀般识记 His life and major works Washington Irving was born in New York City in a wealthy family. From a very early age he began to read widely and write juvenile poems， essays， and plays. In l798， he conc1uded his education at private schools and entered a law office， but he loved writing more. His first successful work is A History Of New York from the Beginning Of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty，which， written under the name of Diedrich Knickerbocker， won him wide popularity after it came out in 1809. With the publication of The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon， Gent. in serials between 1819 and 1820， Irving won a measure of international fame on both sides of the Atlantic. The book contains familiar essays on the Eng1ish life and Americanized versions of European folk tales like "Rip Van Winkle＂， and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow." Geoffrey Crayon is a carefully contrived persona and behind Crayon stands Irving， juxtaposing the Old World and the New， and manipulating his own antiquarian interest with artistic perspectives. The major work of his later years was The Life of George Washington. ⼆。
英美文学选读（英国）浪漫主义时期笔记
Chapter 3 The Romantic Period1. The Romantic Period: The Romantic period is the period generally said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament. It is emphasized the special qualities of each individual’s mind.2.Social background:a. during this period, England itself had experienced profound economic and social changes. The primarily agricultural society had been replaced by a modern industrialized one.b. With the British Industrial Revolution coming into its full swing, the capitalist class came to dominate not only the means of production, but also trade and world market.3.The Romantic Movement:it expressed a more or less negative attitude toward the existing social and political conditions that came with industrialization and the growing importance of the bourgeoise. The romantics demontrated a a strong reaction against the dominant modes of thinking of the 18th-century writers and philosophers. They saw man as an individual in the solitary state. Thus, the Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit.The Romantic period is an age of poetry. Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats are the major Romantic poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution. Wordsworth and Coleridge were the major representatives of this movement. Wordsworth defines the poet as a “man speaking to men”, and poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.” Imagination, defined by Coleridge, is the vital faculty that creates new wholes out of disparate elements. The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imamgination, but also elevate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration, regarding them as something crucial for true poetry. The natural world comes to the forefront of the poetic imagination. Nature is not only the major source of the poetic imagery, but also provides the dominant subject mattre. It is in solitude, in communion with the natural universe, that man can exercise this most valuable of faculties.Romantics also tend to be nationalistic, defending the great poets and dramatists of their own national heritage against the advocates of classical rules.Poetry: to the Romantics, poetry should be free from all rules.they would turn to the humble people and the common everyday life for subjects.Prose: It’s also a great age of prose. With education greatly developed for the middle-class people, there was a rapid growth in the reading public and an increasing demand for reading materials.Romantics made literary comments on the writers with high standards, which paved the way for the development of a new and valuable type of critical writings. Colerige, Hazlitt, Lamb, and De Quincey were the leading figures in this new development.Novel: the 2 major novelists of the period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott.Gothic novel: a tyoe of romantic fiction that predominated in the late 18th century, was one of the Romantic movement. Its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural, which strongly appeal to the reader’s emotion. With is description of the dark, irritional side of human nature, the Gothic form exerted a great influence over the writers of the Romantic period.3. Ballads: the most important form of popular literature; flourished during the 15th century; Most written down in 18th century; mostly written in quatrains; Most important is the Robin Hood ballads.4. Romanticism: it is romanticism is a literary trend. It prevailed in England during the period of 1798-1832. Romanticists were discontent with and opposed to the development of capitalism. They split into two groups.Some Romantic writers reflected the thinking of those classes which had been ruined by the bourgeoisie called Passive Romantic poets represented by Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey.Others expressed the aspiration of the labouring classes called Active or Revolutionary Romantic poets represented by Byron and Shelley and Keats.5. Lake Poets:Wordsworth, Coleridge and Robert Southey have often been mentioned as the “Lake Poets” because they lived in the Lake District in the northwestern part of England6. Byronic Hero a proud, mysterious rebelling figure of noble origin rights all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and is against any kind of tyrannical rules; It appeared first in Childe H arold’s Pilgrimage and then further developed in later works as the Oriental Tales, Manfred and Don Juan; the figure is somewhat modeled on the life and personality of Byron himself, and makes Byron famous both at home and abroad.7. Main Writers:A. William Blake(1757-1827):1. Literarily, Blake was the first important Romantic poet, showing a comtempt for the rule of reason, opposing the calssical tradition of the 18th century,and treasuring the individual’s imagination.2. His first printed work, Poetic Skelches, is a collection of youthful verse. Joy, laughter, love and harmony are the prevailing notes.3. The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings. The wretched child described in “The Chimney Sweeper,”orphaned, exploited, yet touched by visionary rapture, evokes unbearable poignancy when he finally puts his trust in the order of the universe as he knows it. Blake experimented in meter and rhyme and introduced bold metrical innovations which could not be found in the poetry of his contemporaries.4. The Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a malancholy tone. The little chinmney sweeper sings “notes of woe”while his parents go to the church and praise “God & his Priest & King”—the very intrument of their repression. A number of poems in the Songs of Experience also find a counterpart in the Songs of Experience. The 2 books hold the similar subject-matter, but the tone, emphasis and conclusion differ.5. Childhood is central to Blake’s concern in the Songs of Innocence and the Songs of Experience, and this concern gives the 2 books a strong social and historical reference. The two “Chimney Sweeper”poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic ciecumstance, i.e. the exploitation of child labor, and an ideological circumstance, i.e. the role played by religion in making people compliant to exploitation. The poem from the Songs of Innocence indicates the conditions which make religion a consolation, a prospect “illusionary happiness;”the poem from the Songs of Experience reveals the nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children.6. Blake’s Marriage of Heaven and Hell marks his entry into maturity. The poem plays the double role both as a satire and a revolutionary prophecy. Blake explores the relationship of the contrries. Attraction and repulsion, reason and energy, love and hate, are necessary to human existence. The “Marriage”means the reconciliation of the contraries, not the subordination of the one to the other.Main works: Poetical SketchesSongs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poemsHoly Thursday reminds us terribly of a world of loss and institutional cruelty.Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone.Marriage of Heaven and HellThe book of UrizenThe Book of LosThe Four ZoasMilton7. Language Character: he writes his poems in plain and direct language. His poems often carry the lyric beauty with immense compression of meaning. He distrusts the abstractness and tends to embody his views with visual images. Symbolism in wide range is also a distinctive feature of his poetry.B. William Wordsworth(1770-1850) In 1842 he received a government pension, and in the following year he succeeded Southey as Poet Laureate.Lyrical Ballads:But the Lyrical Ballads differs in marked ways from his early poetry, notably the uncompromising simplicity of much of the language, the strong sympathy not merely with the poor in general but with particular, dramatized examples of them, and the fusion of natural description with expressions of inward states of mind.Short poems:According to the subjects, Wordsworth’s short poems can be calssified into two groups: poems about nature and poems about human life.Wordsworth is regarde as a “worshipper of nature.”He can penetrate to the heart of things and give the reader the very life of nature. “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”is perhaps the most anthologized poem in english literature, and one that takes us to the core of Wordsworth’s poetic beliefs. It’s nature that gives him “strength and knowledge full of peace.”Wordswoth thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest. The joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes. “The Solitary Reaper” and “To a Highland Girl” use rural figures to suggest the timeless mystery of sorrowful humanity and its radiant beauty. In its daring use of subject matter and sense of the authenticity of the experience of the poorest, “Resolution and Independence ”is the triumphant conclusion of ideas first developed in the Lyrical Ballads.Wordsworth is a poet in memory of the past. To him, life is a cyclical journey. Its beginning finally turns out to be its end. His philosophy of life is presented in his masterpiece The Prelude.Wordsworth deliberate simplicity and refusal to decorate the truth of experience produced a kind of pure and profoud poetry which no othr poet has ever equaled. He maintained that the scenes and events of everyday life and the speech of ordinary people were the raw material of which poetry could and should be made.Main Works:Descriptive Sketches, and Evening WalkLyrical Ballads.The PreludePoems in Two VolumesOde: Intimations of ImmortalityResolution and Independence.The ExcursionPoets: The Sparrow’s Nest, To a Skylark, To the Cuckoo, To a Butterfly, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud( is perhaps the most anthologized poem in English literature.), An Evening Walk, My Heart Leaps up, Tintern AbbeyThe ThornThe sailor’s motherMichael,The Affliction of MargaretThe Old Cumberland BeggarLucy PoemsThe Idiot BoyMan, the heart of man, and human life.The Solitary ReaperTo a Highland GirlThe Ruined CottageThe PreludeLanguage character: he can penetrate to the heart of things and give the reader the very life of nature. And he thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest. The joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes. His sympathy always goes to the suffering poor.He is the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, the focal poetic voice of the period. His is a voice of searchingly comprehensive humanity and one that inspires his audience to see the world freshly, sympathetically and naturally. The most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of the growing inner self, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to natureC. Percy Bysshe Shelley(1792-1822)he grew up with violent revolutionary ideas, so he held a lifelong aversion to crulty, injusticce, authority, institutional religion and the formal shams of respectable society, condemming war, tyranny and exploitation. He realized that the evil was also in man’s mind. Even after a revolution, that is after the restoration of human morality and creativity, the evil deep in man’s heart might again be loosed. So he predicated that only through gradual and suitable reforms of the existing institutions couls benevolence be universally established and none of the evils would survive in this “genuin society,”where people could live together happily, freely and peacefully.Shelley expressed his love of freedom and his hatredtoward tyranny in several of his lyrics. One of the greatest political lyrics is “Men of England.” It is not only a war cry calling upon all working people to risse up against their political oppressors, but an address to them pointing out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation. The poem was later to become a rallying song of the British Comuunist Party.Best of all the well-known lyric pieces is Shelley’s “Ode to the West Wind”here Shelley’s rhapsodic and declamatory tendencies find a subject perfectly suited to them. The autumn wind, burying the dead year, preparing for a new spring, becoms an image of Shelley himself, as he would want to be, in its freedom, its destructive-constructive potential, its universality. The whole poem had a logic of feeling,a not easily analyzable progression that leads to the triumphant, hopeful and convincing conclusion: if winter comes, can spring be far behind?Shelley’s greatest achievement is his four-act poetic drama, Prometheus Unbound. The play is an exultant work in praise of humankind’s potential, and Shelley himself recognized it as “the most perfect of my products.”Main works:The Necessity of Atheism, Queen Mab: a Philosophical Poem, Alastor, or The Spirit of SolitudePoem: Hymn to Intellectual Beauty, Mont BlancJulian and Maddalo, The Revolt of Islam, the Cenci, Prometheus Unbound, Adonais, Hellas,Prose: Defence of PoetryLyrics:genuine society,“Ode to Liberty”,“Old to Naples”“Sonnet: England in 1819”, The Cloud, To a Shylark, Ode to the West WindPolitical lyrics: Men of EnglandElegy: Adonais is a elegy for John Keats’s early deathTerza rimaPersonal Characters: he grew up with violent revolutionary ideas under the influence of the free thinkers like Hume and Godwin, so he held a life long aversion to cruelty, injustice, authority, institutional religion andthe formal shams of respectable society, condemning war, tyranny and exploitation. He expressed his lo ve for freedom and his hatred toward tyranny in several of his lyrics such as “Ode to Liberty”,“Old to Naples”“Sonnet: England in 1819”Shelley is one of the leading Romantic poets, and intense and original lyrical poet in the English language. Like Blake, he has a reputation as a difficult poet: erudite, imagistically complex, full of classical and mythological allusions. His style abounds in personification and metaphor and other figures of speech which describe vividly what we see and feel. Or express what passionately moves us.D: Jane Austen(1755-1817): born in a country clergyman’s family:Main Works:Novel: Sense and SensibilityPride and Prejudice(the most popular)Northanger AbbeyMansfield ParkEmmaPersuasionThe WatsonsFragment of a NovelPlan of a NovelPersonal Characters: she holds the ideals of the landlord class in politics, religion and moral principles; and her works show clearly her firm belief in the predominance of reason over passion, the sense of responsibility, good manners and clear—sighted judgment over the Romantic tendencies of emotion and individuality.Her Works’ Characters: his works’s concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. Because of this, her novels have a universal significance. It is her c onviction that a man’s relationship to his wife and children is at least as important a part of his life as his concerns about his belief and career. Her thought is that if one wants to know about a man’s talents, one should see him at work, but if one wan ts to know about his nature and temper, one should see him at home. Austen shows a human being not at moments of crisis, but in the most trivial incidents of everyday life. She write within a very narrow sphere. The subject matter, the character range, the social setting, and plots are all restricted to the provincial life of the late 18th century England. Concerning three or four landed gentry families with their daily routine life.Her novels’ structure is exquisitely deft, the characterization in the hig hest degree memorable, while the irony has a radiant shrewdness unmatched elsewhere. Her works’ at one delightful and profound, are among the supreme achievements of English literature. With trenchant observation and in meticulous details, she presents the quiet, day-to-day country life of the upper-middle-class English.G: Questions and answers:1. what are the characteristics of the Romantic literature? Please discuss the above question in relation to one or two examples.a. in poetry writing, the romanticists employed new theories and innovated new techniques, for example, the preface to the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads acts as a manifesto for the new school.b. the romanticists not only extol the faculty of imagination, but also elevate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration.c. they regarded nature as the major source of poetic imagery and the dominant subject.d. romantics also tend to be nationalistic.2.Make a contrast between the two generations of Romantic poets during the Romantic AgeThe poetic ideals announced by Wordsworth and Coleridge provided a major inspiration for the brilliant young writers who made up the second generation of English Romantic poets. Wordsworth and Coleridge both became more conservative politically after the democratic idealism. The second generation of Romantic poets are revolutionary in thinking. They set themselves against the bourgeois society and the ruling class.3.what are Austen’s writing features?Jane Austen is one of the realistic novelists. Aust en’s work has a very narrow literary field. Her novels showa wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire.4. what is the historical and cultural background of English Romanticism?a. Historically, it was provoked by the French Revolution and the English Industrial Revolution.b. Culturally, the publication of French philosopher Rousseau’s two books provided necessary guiding principles for the French Revolution which aroused great sympathy and enthusiasm in England;c. England experienced profound economic and social changes: the enclosure movement and the agricultural mechanization; the capitalist class grasped the political power and came to dominate the English society.H. topic discussion:1. Discuss the artistic features of Shelley’s poems.A. Percy Bysshe Shelly is an intense and original lyrical poet in the English language.B. His poems are full of classical and mythological allusions.C. His style abounds in personification and metaphor and other figures of speechD. He describes vividly what we see and feel, or expresses what passionately moves us.2. What does Wordsworth mean when he said “All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings recollected in tranquility”?This sentence is considered as the principle of Wordsworth’s poetry c reation which was set forth in the preface to the Lyrical Ballads. Wordsworth appealed directly on individual sensations, as the foundation in the creation and appreciation of poetry.3. How do you describe the writing style of Jane Austen? What is the significance of her works?Jane Austen is a writer of the 18th century through she lived mainly in the 19th century. She holds the ideals of the landlord class in politics, religion, and moral principles. Austen’s main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. Austen defined her stories within a very narrow sphere.。
(完整版)美国浪漫主义与英国浪漫主义的相同与不同之处
美国浪漫主义与英国浪漫主义的相同与不同之处1.定义在最抽象的术语中，浪漫主义可以被认为是想象力自发性、富有远见的独创性、奇观和情感自我表达价值的胜利，它超越了平衡、秩序、克制、比例和客观性的经典标准。
In the most abstract terms, Romanticism may be regarded as the triumph of the values of imaginative spontaneity, visionary originality, wonder, and emotional self-expression over the classical standards of balance, order, restraint, proportion, and objectivity。
浪漫主义作家倾向于把自己塑造成在荒野中哭泣的先知声音，脱离社会等级体系。
The Romantic writers tended to cast themselves as prophetic voices crying in the wilderness, dislocated from the social hierarchy.他们鄙视模仿古典模式是对所有重要角色想象的自主性的侮辱。
They scorned the imitation of classical models as an affront to the autonomy of the all-important creative imagination.浪漫主义虽然继承了启蒙运动的大部分人道和政治自由精神，但在很大程度上拒绝了它的分析理性主义，将其与当代商业、政治和道德哲学的冷酷计算思维联系在一起(例如，在本-瑟姆的作品中)。
Although inheriting much of the humane and politically liberal spirit of the *Enlightenment, the Romantics largely rejected its analytic rationalism,associating it with the coldly calculating mentality of contemporary commerce, politics, and moral philosophy (as for example in the work of *Bentham).浪漫主义培养了各种形式的怀旧和原始主义。
浅析英美浪漫主义时期的文学特色
浅析英美浪漫主义时期的文学特色作者：万丽丽来源：《青年文学家》2016年第17期摘要：英美浪漫主义时期的文学产生于18世纪末到19世纪初期，这一时期正好是英国的封建主义向资本主义过渡时期，这种文学思潮的产生，对未来的英美文学乃至欧洲文学和世界文学都起到了重要的启示意义。
浪漫主义流派喜欢自然和自由的意志，用文字来诠释自己表达的意愿，代表着英美文学的成熟。
分析认为英美浪漫主义时期的文学是具有基本的特色和文学内涵的，一方面，封建主义的落后已经不能够再适应社会的发展了，作家要站在民主主义的立场；另一方面，资本主义的原始积累时期又有很血腥和残酷的一面，作家又有一种留念旧制度的立场。
因此，笔者从英美文学浪漫主义时期的基本特色入手，着重分析英国和美国浪漫主义时期文学代表作和代表作家的文学特色和内涵。
关键词：英美浪漫主义；文学特色；自由[中图分类号]：I106 [文献标识码]：A[文章编号]：1002-2139（2016）-17-0-02英美浪漫主义时期产生于18世纪末到十九世纪初期，所谓浪漫主义是一种文学思潮，是一种创作的方法，是一种文学的释放和一种人文精神的体现。
纵观浪漫主义产生的时期，其特色就是封建主义向资产阶级过渡的时期，有着一种“理性崇拜”的文学思潮，因此，这一时期的资产阶级被当成了英雄来进行描写，其这一时期的英美文学作品有着很明显的哲学寓意和政治的议论性，在艺术的表现手法上也是多姿多彩的。
19世纪的英美浪漫主义的文学是英美文学发展的辉煌时期，其发展过程为英美近代文学的发展甚至欧洲近代文学的发展都奠定了坚实的基础，也为后期的英美文学和欧洲文学带来了繁荣的景象，标志着欧洲文学和英美文学的成熟。
一、英美浪漫主义时期文学的基本特色和文学内涵首先，19世纪英美浪漫主义时期的文学特色在创作的过程中强调了创作的绝对的自由和无拘无束，喜欢在一种自由的形式下创作自己的作品，不想受英美文学早期的古典主义时期的清规和要求，因此19世纪浪漫主义时期的英美文学的书写是突破了文学在早期的写作特色的现实的藩篱的。
英国浪漫主义文学的积极贡献
英国浪漫主义文学的积极贡献【最新版】目录1.英国浪漫主义文学的概述2.英国浪漫主义文学的代表人物及作品3.英国浪漫主义文学对社会的积极贡献4.英国浪漫主义文学对后世的影响正文英国浪漫主义文学的概述英国浪漫主义文学是 19 世纪初期在英国兴起的一种文学运动。
它是对 18 世纪启蒙运动的理性主义和古典主义的反动，主张回归自然、强调个人情感和独立精神。
英国浪漫主义文学受到了法国大革命和工业革命的影响，它反映了当时社会政治和经济变革带来的思想和文化冲击。
英国浪漫主义文学的代表人物及作品英国浪漫主义文学的代表人物有华兹华斯、萨缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治、威廉· Wordsworth、拜伦、雪莱、约翰·济慈等。
他们的作品体现了浪漫主义的特点，如对大自然的热爱、对个人情感的抒发、对历史和神话的借鉴等。
其中，华兹华斯的《湖畔诗篇》、柯勒律治的《古舟子咏》和《忽必烈汗》、拜伦的《恰尔德·哈洛尔德游记》和《唐璜》、雪莱的《解放了的普罗米修斯》和《西风颂》、济慈的《奥西曼迪亚》等作品是英国浪漫主义文学的经典之作。
英国浪漫主义文学对社会的积极贡献英国浪漫主义文学对社会的积极贡献主要体现在以下几个方面：1.倡导个人独立精神。
英国浪漫主义文学强调个人的独立性和自主性，呼吁人们摆脱社会的束缚和偏见，勇敢地追求自己的理想和信仰。
这种个人独立精神对当时的社会产生了很大的影响，它为后来的个人解放和民主运动奠定了思想基础。
2.呼吁回归自然。
英国浪漫主义文学对工业革命带来的环境和社会问题进行了深刻的反思，主张回归自然、尊重自然。
这种思想对后来的环保运动产生了积极的影响。
3.丰富文学表现形式。
英国浪漫主义文学在表现手法上具有很大的创新性，它打破了古典主义的束缚，开创了新的文学形式和风格，如诗歌、小说、戏剧等。
这种创新为后来的文学发展提供了更多的可能性。
4.倡导国际主义。
英国浪漫主义文学强调国际主义精神，主张各国人民相互理解和平等合作，共同维护世界和平和正义。
英国浪漫主义文学作品
英国浪漫主义文学作品摘要：1.英国浪漫主义文学的概述2.英国浪漫主义文学的特点3.英国浪漫主义文学的代表人物及其作品4.英国浪漫主义文学的影响和启示正文：一、英国浪漫主义文学的概述英国浪漫主义文学是19 世纪初期至中期英国文学的主导地位，它源于对启蒙运动的反思和对工业革命的回应。
这一时期的文学作品强调情感、自然、历史和神秘主义，以区别于前一时期的启蒙时代的理性主义和社会的机械化。
二、英国浪漫主义文学的特点1.对自然和情感的强调：英国浪漫主义文学作品强调自然，认为自然是人性的源泉和归宿。
同时，作品也强调情感，认为情感是人类最基本的体验，是连接人与自然的桥梁。
2.对历史和传统的重视：浪漫主义文学作品重视历史和传统，常常以历史事件或传统故事为背景，以此来表达作者对社会和文化的思考。
3.对个性和自由的追求：浪漫主义文学作品强调个性和自由，认为个体应该追求自我实现和自由发展，而不是受到社会的束缚和限制。
三、英国浪漫主义文学的代表人物及其作品1.华兹华斯：他是英国浪漫主义文学的代表人物之一，作品包括《抒情歌谣集》和《长诗》等。
他的作品强调自然和情感，认为自然是人性的源泉和归宿。
2.司各特：他是英国浪漫主义文学的另一位代表人物，作品包括《威弗利》和《罗布·罗伊》等。
他的作品以历史小说著称，强调历史和传统。
3.济慈：他是英国浪漫主义文学的新星，作品包括《希腊古瓮颂》和《夜莺颂》等。
他的作品热衷于古代风格和希腊神话，同时又具有浪漫主义的特点。
四、英国浪漫主义文学的影响和启示英国浪漫主义文学对后世产生了深远的影响，它强调的自然、情感、历史和个性等观念，成为现代文学和文化的重要基石。
试析英美文学中浪漫主义情怀的比较
试析英美文学中浪漫主义情怀的比较作者：薛俊杰来源：《现代交际》2016年第18期[摘要]浪漫主义作为一种创作手法，以表达理想、描绘自然、抒发人的真实情感为主要创作特征。
浪漫主义是在古典主义之后广泛流行于西方的文学思潮，在浪漫主义旗帜的影响下，一大批英美文学家创出了大量优秀的文学作品，展现了18世纪末至19世纪初丰富多彩的社会生活画卷。
研究英美文学浪漫主义文学差异，可以有效指导文学创作活动。
本文首先对英美浪漫主义文学研究现状进行回顾，进一步从英美浪漫主义文学的起源、特点、内容、形式、创作方法等方面对英美浪漫主义文学进行分析，找出其中的差异与共同点，从而说明英美浪漫主义文学对当下文学实践的指导意义。
[关键词]英美文学浪漫主义比较研究[中图分类号]I106 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1009-5349（2016）18-0116-02英美浪漫主义文学是比较文学领域里最热门的研究课题之一，研究方向主要集中在文学题材、语言风格、作品形式、创作手法等几个方面，学界往往更热衷于对浪漫主义文学作家作品的分析。
但是英美文学的浪漫主义有其自身的发展规律，虽然有着相似的产生背景，却是在不同的政治环境和文化背景下，诞生的以两种不同方式反映社会生活的浪漫主义风格。
一、英美浪漫主义文学的研究综述英美浪漫主义文学研究范围广泛，方式方法多样，理论著作也十分丰富。
经过仔细梳理后，笔者认为当前英美浪漫主义文学的研究主要以平行研究方式进行，研究领域集中在对两种浪漫主义起源、主要作家作品评价等几个方面。
（一）对英美浪漫主义文学的起源研究对英美浪漫主义文学起源的研究主要有两方面的内容，一方面是社会环境对英美浪漫主义文学兴起有哪些影响，为什么会在当时的背景下催生出浪漫主义文学创作思潮。
研究者主要关注的是英国工业革命和法国的大革命对浪漫主义文学产生的影响，以及对作品题材、表达方式、人物塑造、文学语言运用等方面的影响。
其次，研究方向集中在英美浪漫主义文学对欧洲古典主义文学的继承与创新。
《浪漫主义时期英国文学作品中的浪漫情怀》
浪漫主义时期英国文学作品中的浪漫情怀引言浪漫主义时期是19世纪末到20世纪初，英国文学历史上一个重要的时期。
这一时期的文学作品充满了浓郁的浪漫情怀，表达了对个人感情、自然界和人类精神的强烈追求与赞美。
本文将探讨一些经典的英国文学作品，揭示其所蕴含的浪漫情怀。
文学作品：《诗人赞歌》（Ode to a Nightingale）《诗人赞歌》是约翰·济慈所写的一首著名诗篇。
通过对夜莺和诗人内心世界的描绘，表达了对逝去岁月、艺术创作和永恒之美的向往。
这首诗深深打动着读者的心灵，展示了作者对于自然与灵魂相互交融、超越现实束缚的渴望。
文学作品：《呼啸山庄》（Wuthering Heights）《呼啸山庄》是艾米莉·勃朗特（Emily Brontë）所写的一部经典小说。
这个故事讲述了希斯克里夫和凯瑟琳之间复杂的爱情纠葛。
小说中的浪漫情怀体现在对于自由、激情与追求心中真爱的追逐上。
作品中描绘了精神与物质、社会与个体之间的冲突，深入剖析人性的本质。
文学作品：《诺丁山庄》（The Nutting Girl）《诺丁山庄》是约翰·克利尔（John Clare）所写的一首抒情诗歌作品。
诗人通过对大自然和乡村景色的赞美，表达了对简单而纯净生活方式以及无拘无束感受的追求。
诗歌中流露出作者思考人类存在意义、回归本真自然状态的内心渴望。
文学作品：《简·爱》（Jane Eyre）《简·爱》是夏洛蒂·勃朗特（Charlotte Brontë）所写的一部经典小说。
这是一个关于强大女性形象简·爱的成长故事，她反抗命运限制，寻求真正的幸福与自我实现。
小说表达了女性追求独立、渴望得到平等待遇的浪漫情怀，并探讨了个人自由与宽容、爱与婚姻之间的关系。
结论浪漫主义时期英国文学作品中的浪漫情怀在对自然、爱情、艺术和人性等方面都有所体现。
这些作品强调个体情感和意识的重要性，追求内心自由和真实的表达。
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6.Romanticism 浪漫主义时期文学特征：1.Background①shaped by their New World environment美洲大陆新环境②array of ideas inherited from the romantic traditions of Europe.欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮2.美国文学特点:pluralistic多元化，manifestations表现形式: Varied多样, Individualistic个人主义,Conflicting矛盾3.romanticism的特点Frequently shared certain general characteristics; moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption.浪漫主义之间大部分是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。
4.transcendentalism超验主义：①As a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized.It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of lawand custom.不讲逻辑，不讲系统，只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达。
②They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of Americansociety.呼吁文化复兴，反对美国社会的拜金主义。
③T hey believed in the transcendence of “Oversoul,” an all-pervading power forgoodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part.相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源。
④I t could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on the human mind. “Goback to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and you’ll becomespiritually whole again.” The natur al implication of all this was, of course, that things in nature tended to become symbolic, and the physical world was asymbol of the spiritual. This in turn added to the tradition of literary symbolism in American literature.⑤RepresentativesEmerson爱默生，believed that man was a part of absolute good.人性本善Thoreau梭罗，beheld divinity in the “unspotted innocence” of nature.自然才是神圣的“洁白无瑕”5.Literary forms文学形式：Novels, short stories, and poems replaced sermons and manifestos as America’s principal literary forms.长篇小说、短篇故事和诗歌取代说教类及宣言类作品成为美国主要的文学形式。
6.Imaginative literature想象类文学7.the wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that illustratedmoral law.戏剧化特色的野性讽喻了时代的道德准则。
8.The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature.逃离社会，回到自然成为了美国文学永恒的创作习惯。
9.Nationalism stimulated a greater literary interest in America’s language. In 1828 Noah Webster published “An American Dictionary of the English Language”. American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency.受民族主义影响，作家的目光转向了美国本土的语言，具有美国特征的本土方言开始在诗歌和小说中大量涌现。
10.At mid-century a cultural reawakening brought a “flowering of New England.” Led by Hawthorne, Emerson, and Thoreau. New England→ Transcend entalism,从新英格兰文学到超验主义。
代表作家：1、Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文the first great belletrist 第一个纯文学作家，划线部分为三个主要contribution① the first great prose stylist of American romanticism.美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家②“Sketch Book”《见闻札记》, the first modern short stories and the first greatAmerican juvenile literature.现代文学史上第一部短篇小说和美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物。
③Irving restored the waning Gothic romances which Poe soon infused withpsychological subtleties.重振了没落的哥特式浪漫主义小说，随后坡在此基础上，把心理学的一些知识融入了这种体裁。
④“Legends of the Conquest of Spain”《西班牙征服记》⑤ manner形式> matter内容；avoid moralization教化to entertain娱乐/ amuse消遣2、James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀①contribution: launched two kinds of immensely popular stories→ the sea adventuretale and the frontier saga开创了两种流传极广的小说体裁，边疆传奇小说和海上传奇小说。
②“Leatherstocking Tales”《皮袜子故事集》，包括“The Deerslayer”《杀鹿者》、“TheLast of the Mohicans”《最后的莫希干人》、“The Pathfinder”《探路人》、“The Pioneers”《拓荒者》、“The Prairie”《大草原》, regard as “the nearest approach yet to an American epic.”被认为是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的作品。
③the central figure in the novels, Natty Bumppo.小说的中心人物，纳蒂.班波3、William Cullen Bryant威廉.卡伦.布莱恩特poet诗人①as Irving had shown that American prose had cone of age, so Bryant demonstratedto European readers that American poetry was ready to demand seriousattention.当欧文预示美国散文时代的到来时，布莱恩特向欧洲读者证实了美国的诗歌达到相当高的水平。
②He was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet.第一个获得美国主要诗人称号的作家。
③“To a Waterfowl”《致水鸟》the most perfect brief poem in the language.用美国英语写作的最完美的短诗。
4、Edgar Allan Poe埃德加.阿伦.坡①show his true talents as an editor, poet, literary critic.编辑、诗人、文学评论家。
②Graham’s Magazine格雷厄姆杂志（坡的工作场所）③“The Fall of the House of Usher”《鄂谢府崩溃记》、“The Raven”《乌鸦》the titlepoem of a collection,“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque”《述异集》first collection of short stories.第一部短篇小说集。
④often use grotesque or fantastic events.擅长描写哥特式和幻想类的小说。
5、Ralph Waldo Emersion拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生①be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England,是把超验主义引入新英格兰的先驱。