哥特式建筑结构

【似乎靠谱】哥特式建筑结构

歌特大教堂的最著名,也是最易区别于其他风格教堂的三个特点,一个就是尖拱(Pointed Arch),一个是飞扶壁(Flying Buttress),还有拱肋(Ribs).(there are three most famous and distinctive features of the cathedral: pointed arch, flying buttress and ribs.)

I:首先是关于拱(ARCH),以下是一些关于拱的相关词语,有助于我们更深入详细的了解(here is some keys words for Arch)

1.KEYSTONE(拱顶石) - the central stone of an arch or vault.位于拱或者拱顶的中央的石头

2.VOUSSOIRS(拱石) - stones than make the arch (usually brick or wedge-shaped).用于建造拱顶的石头(多数为砖或者楔形物)

3.IMPOST(起拱点,拱墩) - the part of the arch's wall (usually molding) on which the arch rests.拱落脚的那一段拱墙(通常是线脚)

4.ABUTMENT - the part of the arch's wall which balances the force of gravity the arch makes (thrust) .拱墙上用于平衡拱的重力(一个推力)的部位

5.CENTER - the center point of the arch.拱的中央点

6.SPAN(跨度) - the width of the arch's opening.拱的宽度

7.CROWN(冠) - the top part of an arch.拱的顶部

8.HAUNCH(拱角) - the part of the arch's wall which experiences the most thrust.拱墙承受推力最大的地方

从下面这张图可以看到这些名词所指代的地方,可以对照序号观看:(check the pic below to find the corresponding place.)

在了解了这些基本知识以后,我们就进入下一步:拱的分类

如同在上一PART里说的”歌特式建筑的一个重要特征便是它的pointed arch,

也是它区别于罗曼式建筑的主要表征之一.最常见的歌特式拱有Lancet, Equilateral和O gee.”(as is said in Part 2, the pointed arch is one of the unique feature of Gothic architecture. The most common gothic arches are Lancet, Equilateral and Ogee.)

以下就是各式ARCH的简图,这个作为一个简单的了解即可,不用深究:

这个就是标准的Gothic (Pointed)拱

Ogee: The double-curve ogee (oh-jee) was introduced from the Arab world in the 14th century and became popular throughout medi England. It was also a favorite in Venice, Italy from where it derived its other moniker - the Venetian arch. It can also be referred to as a keel arch for its apparent resemblance to ship construction.

这里有一段专门讲述Ogee拱的:双曲线Ogee是十四世纪从阿拉伯引入的,并且很快就风靡了当时处于中世纪的英格兰.在意大利的威尼斯,它也十分受欢迎,并在那里获得了一个别名:威尼斯拱.由于它与船身结构的相似性,它也可以被称作龙骨拱.

Round圆拱

Segmental弓形拱

Tudor

II：拱肋（RIBS）

哥特式教堂的结构体系由石头的拱肋(RIBS)和飞扶壁(FLYING BUTTRESS)组成的,我们先从拱肋认识起.

拱肋的构造一般来说其基本单元是在一个正方形或矩形平面四角的柱子上做双圆心骨架尖券，四边和对角线上各一道，屋面石板架在券上，形成拱顶。采用这种方式，可以在不同跨度上作出矢高相同的券，拱顶重量轻，交线分明，减少了券脚的推力，简化了施工。

拱肋所承受的穹顶压力在矩形的各个角上被内部的细圆柱承受。侧向推力被外面看得见的斜向拱垛承受，它们又把压力传到扶垛支墩上。这样，整个穹顶的力都集中在拱角上，墙壁减轻了负荷，从而可以在整个拱的宽度上用窗户来代替墙. 既然说到拱肋,就不能不说与之相关的拱顶(Vault):以下是几种常见的拱顶以及简单的说明,这有助于我们理解拱肋给穹顶建造带来的革命性的飞跃，另外就是拱肋和拱是不可分割的一套系统:

BARREL: a semicircular vault unbroken by ribs未被拱肋分割的半圆拱顶

UNDERPITCH: a barrel vault with small perpendicular vaults underneath 下方带垂直的小拱顶的BARREL拱顶

GROIN: formed from intersection of two vaults由两个拱顶交叉而成(注:垂直交叉)

QUADRIPARTITE: a four-part vault一种四分的拱顶(注意:这里的拱已经是POINTED ARCH了,拱被中间的BOSS截断)

SEXPARTITE: a six-part vault一种六分的拱顶,我们看到的布尔日大教堂的就是这种