土木工程专业英语教案
土木工程专业英语讲稿Lesson_6 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning
Lesson 6 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning供热、通风和空调Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning are all aspects of environmental engineering, a recent concept embracing all aspects of the engineering of buildings, such as structure, drainage, acoustics, and internal transportation.供热、通风和空调涵盖了环境工程的全部；环境工程的新理念还包括建筑内部各项工程，比如结构、排水、声学和内部人员流动。
The concept of environmental engineering takes cognizance of the fact that all elements of building are interrelated.环境工程原理认为：建筑物的所有部分都是相关的。
The heat produced by lighting, for instance, affects the need for air-conditioning, calling for ducts, which in turn affect the design of the structure.比如，照明产热需要空调降温，空调要使用管道，从而影响到结构设计。
The present article is confined to buildings, but the subject may be extended to cover mobile vehicles, such as motor coaches, aircraft, ships, railway trains, spacecraft, and submarines, each having highly specialized requirements.本文仅限于建筑物，但是这个主题可以扩大到包括大客车、飞机、轮船、铁路列车、宇宙飞船和潜艇等交通工具，它们要求的专业化程度都很高。
土木工程专业英语第8次课讲义
(2)Concept of Prestressing concrete
“Prestressing concrete” means the artificial creation of stresses in concrete or reinforced concrete before loading, in which internal stresses of such magnitude and distribution have been introduced that the stresses resulting from the given applied loading are counteracted to a desired degree.
【学生翻译】由于这个预应力是纵向地沿着或者平行于这个杆件的中心轴，因此预应力原则上是被人俗称的线性预应力。ຫໍສະໝຸດ parallel：平行的axis：轴线
linear prestressing：线性预应力
【教师补充】由于预应力是沿构件的纵向或平行于构件的轴线施加的，因此这种施加预应力的方法通常称为线预应力法。
【学生翻译】在这个圆柱形或者球形结构上的圆周切应力抵消了曲线表面外纤维由内力所引起的拉应力。
cylindrical：圆柱形的
spherical：球形的，环形的
curvilinear：曲线的，由曲线而成的
【教师补充】在柱形或球形结构上，由环形箍筋所产生的“套箍”应力，可以平衡由内部密闭压力在曲线形表面纤维上所产生的拉应力。
Key Issues（教学重点）：预应力混凝土的特点及适用范围。掌握专业词汇；掌握句子表达方式
土木工程专业英语(Civil Engineering)课件-翻译
It is this kind of steel that the construction worksite
needs most urgently．
建筑工地最急需的正是这种钢。
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It is these drawbacks which need to be eliminated and which have led to the search for new methods of construction.
它们主要用于大型水坝，在大坝中他们能减少水泥硬化时 释放出的热量。
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限定性定语从句有时在翻译时可压缩成宾语、谓 语、表语和同位语。
Soft-rock tunnel has its main characteristic as the tunnel process which need no explosives.
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英语中有大量从动词派生的名词和具有动作意味的名
词，这类名词在英译汉时常能转译成动词。
In spite of the growth of other kinds of transport,
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1.句子的结构： c.英语复合句结构→汉语不同的复合结构。
This place is really beautiful, and many people
土木工程专业英语unit 1(1)
Its Application
? Why Concrete gains such popularity these days
Advantages
Its success and popularity may be largely attributed to:
1. durability under hostile environments (including resistance to water)
Basic Materials Properties
◆Concrete： ◎ High Compressive Strength, but lower Tensile
strength ◎ General Tensile Strength is only about 1/8~1/20 Of Compressive Strength ◎The Failure is of Obvious Brittle Performance
Learning Guidance
Master:
The advantages and disadvantages of concrete;the composition of concrete;what is pre-tensioned method and post-tensioned method
掌握：混凝土的优缺点；混凝土的组成；什么是先张法和后张法
Teaching Important Point:
pre-tensioned method and post-tensioned method (先张法和后张法)
Teaching Diffcult Point:
skills: choice and extension of word meaning(词类的选择和延伸)
土木工程专业英语ppt课件
六、 长句(the long complex sentence)
This paper presents the results from a series of consolidateddrained triaxial compression tests that were performed on precut and polished cylindrical clay specimens to measure the drained residual strength. 本文展示了一系列对按规格裁剪并抛光处理的圆柱粘土试件 进行排水固结的三轴压缩试验的结果，以测量其排水残余强 度。
缩略词
lab (laboratory); math (mathematics); ft (foot/feet); CAD (computer aided design)； FEM (finite element method); DEM (discrete element method), in (inch)
Similarities
听，说， 读，写
大学英语
专业英语
语法
Specialty English and College English
Differences
日常应 用
科技文献 阅读翻译
大学 英语
基础
专业 英语
进阶
专业英语的特点
一、大量使用名词化结构（Nominalization)
When mass concrete is constructed, side-dump cars on narrow-gage track or belt conveyers may be used. 对大 体积混凝土施工，可能会用到窄轨式侧卸式汽车或者传送带。 For mass concrete construction, side-dump cars on narrow-gage track or belt conveyers may be used.
土木工程专业英语.最全优质PPT
应译为：对于如何避免汽车在失去控制时撞到墩柱上或别的 类似的物体上，己经有了一种新的解决办法。这种办法在北 美已普遍使用，然而在欧洲却未能做到这一点.
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3. Grouting of the tendons usually follows the freedom of the ducts from obstruction.
要求
1.了解一定的阅读与科技英汉翻译知识； 2.对课程中text和部分reading material要能够正确理解与 表达其主要内容； 3.扩充基础英语词汇、短语，巩固基础英语知识； 4.具备一定的专业外语阅读、翻译和写作能力。
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第一讲 土木工程专业英语翻译 Civil Engineering Specialty English Translation
2
1.1 概论
翻译的定义：翻译是使用不同语言的民族交流思想的工具。 翻译本身是一种语言活动，是把一种语言文字的意义用另 一种语言文字表达出来 (《现代汉语词典》)。
翻译也是一个复杂的思维过程，包括观察、记忆、理解、 分析、综合、联想、判断、选择等多种思维活动。它是一 种语言文字对原作的思想、氛围、风格进行再创造的思维 活动。
液体以和气体大致相同的方式具有膨胀和收缩 的趋势。
液体的膨胀和收缩趋势与气体大致相同。
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1.1.1 翻译的任务
翻译的任务在于准确而完整地表达原文的思想内容， 使读者对原文的思想内容有正确的理解。
以英汉笔译来说，就是要用中文准确而完整地传达英 文的思想。
翻译与创作不同，译者不能随心所欲地表达自己的思 想，他只能全部地、不折不扣地理解原作的每一句话、 每一段文字，然后用自己民族的语言如实地表达出来。
土木工程专业英语 Lesson 3 Components
② Bearing-wall construction limited the height of buildings because of the enormous wall thickness required ; for instance, the 16-story Monadnock Building built in the 1880‘s in Chicago had walls 5 feet (1.5meters) thick at the lower floors.
Skeleton construction, consisting of steel beams and columns, was first used in 1889. As a consequence of skeleton construction, the enclosing walls become a “curtain wall ” rather than serving a supporting function. Masonry was the curtain wall material until the 1930's, when light metal and glass curtain walls were used.
Lesson 2 Components of A building 建筑物的组成
Lesson 3
Components of A building
Materials and structural forms are combined to make up the various parts of a building, including the load-carrying frame, skin, floors , and partitions . The building also has mechanical and electrical systems, such as elevators, heating and cooling systems, and lighting systems.
土木工程专业英语Lesson 1 Civil Engineering
[dʒi:əu'teknikəl]
Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project．
岩土工程专家要做土工试验以确定该土是否 能承受这项工程的重量。
对于任何给定的工程，土木工程师都能广泛地利用计算机。
Computers are used to design the project’s various elements (computer-aided design，or CAD) and to manage it．
计算机被用来设计工程的各个部分并进行管理。
Depending on the type of project，the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed．
根据工程的类型，就需要土木工程师专家的各种 技能。
Scope
When a project begins，the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement-water，sewer，and power lines． 当一项工程开始时，土木工程师要勘测现场并绘图， 他们还要确定水管、污水管道和电线的实用布置。
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Lesson 1 Civil Engineering【学习目的】通过本课的学习，要求掌握本课生词表以及课文中涉及到的常用专业词汇，能通顺地翻译全文，并且掌握一种翻译方法。
【学习重点】长句和难句的翻译。
【学习建议】学会利用工具书，课后多练习，掌握最基本的翻译技巧，即，首先找出每个句子的主干部分（主语、谓语、宾语），然后再把其他部分添加进去。
【注意】由于本门课程学习的特殊性，以后每课的学习目的、学习重点和学习建议都与第1课相同。
I. Main idea of the textCivil engineering is one of the oldest engineering specialties. Depending on the type of project, civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties. They are structural engineering, water resources engineering, geotechnical engineering, environmental engineering, transportation engineering, pipeline engineering, construction engineering, community and urban planning, photogrametry, surveying, and mapping, engineering management, and engineering teaching. Each specialty has its special purposes. But they must be coordinated in order to accomplish a project. 土木工程是最老的工程专业之一。
根据工程的类型，土木工程被细分为许多技术专业。
它们是结构工程、水资源工程、岩土工程、环境工程、运输工程、管道工程、施工工程、社区和城市规划、摄影测量学、勘测和制图、工程管理和工程教学。
每个专业都有特殊的用途。
但是为了完成一项工程，必须把它们协调在一起。
II. Learning focuses1. Important words and phrasespredominate 统治，占优势specification 说明书，清单supervise 监督，管理 subcontractor 转包商toxic 有毒的 precisely 精确的coordinate 协调 derive from 起源于2. Specialized termsgeotechnical岩土工程的asphalt 沥青aluminum 铝 fill 填方excavate 开挖 plotting 测绘，标图settlement 沉降 drainage system排水系统3. Difficult sentences1)Environmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area：the potential for air and groundwater pollution，the project’s impact on local animal and plant life，and how the project can be designed to meet government requirements aimed at protecting the environment．环境专家要研究工程对当地区域的影响：潜在的空气污染和地下水污染，工程对当地动植物的影响，以及工程怎样设计才能满足政府对保护环境的要求。
[分析] 此句的主语为Environmental specialists，谓语为study，宾语为两个impact和一个how引导的宾语从句。
2）Based on information supplied by the other specialists，construction management civil engineers estimate quantities and costs of materials and labor，schedule all work，order materials and equipment for the job，hire contractors and subcontractors，and perform other supervisory work to ensure the project is completed on time and as specified．根据其他专家提供的信息，施工管理土木工程师要估计材料和劳动力的数量和成本，安排所有的工作，订购工作所需的材料和设备，雇承包商和转包人，以及做其他的监督管理工作以确保工程能按照说明按时完工。
[分析] 此句的主语为construction management civil engineers，有5个并列的谓语，分别为estimate，schedule，order，hire，perform，最后一个谓语和宾语短语中含有一个不定式to引导的目的状语短语，其中又包括一个宾语从句the project is……。
3）They coordinate the activities of virtually everyone engaged in the work：the surveyors；workers who lay out and construct the temporary roads and ramps，excavate for the foundation，build the forms and pour the concrete；and workers who build the steel framework．事实上，他们协调工程中每个人的活动：勘测员、为临时道路和斜坡定线和施工的工人、挖基础的工人、建模和浇注混凝土的工人、以及修建钢结构的工人。
[分析] 此句的主语为They，谓语为coordinate，宾语为the activities，过去分词短语engaged in the work是修饰everyone的定语，句子的其他部分是说明宾语的具体内容，其中workers who……pour the concrete一段是4个并列的定语从句，后三个省略了先行代词who。
4）They evaluate and work to minimize the potential settlement of buildings and other structures that stems from the pressure of their weight on the earth.他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最小。
III. Complementary Content长句较多是专业英语的语法特点之一，从这篇文章我们就可以看出来。
而长句的翻译又是学习本课程的一大难点，所以下面给大家补充一下长句的翻译方法：长句的翻译长句翻译时首先要弄清楚原文的句法结构，找出整个句子的中心内容及其各个部分意思，然后分析相互间的逻辑关系，再根据汉语的行文习惯，重新加以组织，力求在“明确”的基础上，做到“通顺”和“简练”。
英语长句汉译通常采用顺译、倒译、拆译并重新组织等三种方法，而且往往需要同时并用几种方法。
1．顺译1.1 在主谓连接处切断（用“/”表示）The main problem in the design of the foundations of a multi-storey building under which the soil settles is / to keep the total settlement of the building within reasonable limits, / but specially to see that the relative settlement from one column to the next is not great.在土壤沉降处设计多层建筑基础的主要问题，就是要使建筑物的总沉降量保持在合理的限度内，而且特别要注意相邻柱子之间的相对沉降量不能过大。
1.2 在并列或转折连接处切断Jointly or separately Council Committees and subsidiary commissions study the problems / and submit recommendations to the Council in due time.理事会各委员会及辅助委员会可单独或共同研究此类问题，并适时向理事会提出建议。
1.3 在从句前切断In the course of designing a structure, you have to take into consideration / what kind of load structure will be subjected to, / where on the structure the said load will do what is expected and / whether the load on the structure is applied suddenly or gradually.在设计结构时必须考虑到：结构将承受什么样的荷载，荷载作用在结构的什么位置，起什么作用，以及这荷载是突然施加的，还是逐渐施加的。
2．倒译2.1 将英语原句全部倒置About one third of all accidents happen when it is dark, although obviously there is more traffic during daytime.虽然在白天交通运输显然繁忙得多，但大约1/3的事故发生在晚上。
2.2 将英语原句部分倒置It is most important that the specifications should describe every construction item which enters into the contract, the materials to be used and the tests they must meet, methods of constructions in particular situations, the method of measurement of each item and the basis on which payment should be calculated.对于合同所列的各项施工项目、需要的材料及其检验要求、具体条件下的施工方法、每个施工项目的验收方法以及付款计算的依据等，说明书中都应加以详细说明，这一点是最重要的。