英国文学阅读与欣赏复习1-6单元
英国文学(上)复习
Chapter I The Anglo-Saxon Period (450---1066)1.The Anglo-Saxon settlement in England (in the 4th and 5th centuries )---- Small kingdoms were combined into a united kingdom called England ；the three tribes(Angles, Saxon and Jutes) mixed into a whole people called English and the three dialect grew into a single language called Anglo-Saxon---Old English.--- The Anglo-Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism. 2.“Beowulf” --- the national epic of the Anglo-Saxon and English people.--- a long poem of about 3,000 lines; a folk legend brought to England by the Anglo-Saxons and passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the 10th century.3.The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle--- an important history book as well as a piece ofliterary work (under the guidance of King Alfred)Chapter II The Norman Period (1066--1350)1.The Norman conquest under Duke William in 1066--- The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England2.Middle English--- The English language was greatly enriched by the Norman conquests and a large number of French words were absorbed.3.The Black Death(1348-1349)4.The Romance --- the most prevalent kind of literature in feudal England--- a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of knights.--- the content of romance :love, chivalry and religion--- there are many cycles of Arthurian romances, among which “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight” is most famous and still kept reading.5.“Piers Plowman”--- a long alliterative poem by William Langland--- the story takes the form of an allegory, but it gives a realistic picture of 14th century England.--- a bitter and incise satire directing at the social vices of the time.Chapter III The Age of Chaucer (1350--- 1400)1.The Hundred Year’s War (1337---1453)--- a series of wars fought between the English kings and the French kings for the French throne2.The peasant uprising of 1381--- the direct result of exploitation and oppression of the peasants by the feudal lords.3.Geoffrey Chaucer (1340---1400)--- “the father of English poetry” (by John Dryden) and the founder of English realistic literature: the greatest literate before Shakespeare--- important works:The Romaunt of the Rose,Troilus and Criseyde and The Canterbury TalesOthers: T he House of Fame,The Book of the Duchess4.About “The Canterbury Tales”--- Chaucer’s masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature--- a vivid and comprehensive picture of Chaucer’s time--- written in heroic couplet；humor and satireChapter IV The Fifteenth Century (1400---1550)1.The War of the Roses (1455---1485)--- a series of civil wars fought between two great families for the English throne2.Popular Ballads--- one of the main stream of English literature in the 15th century: folk literature--- ballad meter: 4-line stanzas---“Robin Hood Ballads”, dealing with the famous outlaw Robin Hood and his menChapter V The English Renaissance (1550---1642)1.Historical background--- The reign of Queen Elizabeth: a period of peace and prosperity--- The defeat of Spanish fleet “Armada”(1588)--- The enclosure movement: bringing about the development in industry--- The Authorized Version of Bible or the King James Bible (Under the auspices of James I. 1611)--- The Renaissance and Humanism2.Thomas More (1478--- 1535)--- the greatest of the English humanists: the author of “Utopia”, a ideal state: “liberty, Fraternity and Equality”; written in the form of a conversation between More and a returned voyager: the existence of private property is pointed outas the source of all social evils and injustices.3.The Flowering of poetry1) Sir Thomas Wyatt and Earl of Surrey--- Both of them introduced sonnet form Italy to England, one of the most popular verse forms for th e next half century. Surrey, also wrote in his translation of Virgil’s “Aeneid”, the first English blank verse, the form of poetry to be masterly handled byShakespeare and Milton.2) Sir Philip Sidne y--- Well-known as a poet and critic of poetry: Astrophel and Stella --- a collection of love sonnets: Apology for Poetry --- one of the earliest English literary essays.3) Edmund Spenser --- “the Poets‟ poet”--- He had an exceptional command of language, of verbal music, of giving poetry an exalted and dream-like feeling.--- important works:The Shepherd‟s Calendar , Amoetti (a series of 88 sonnets printed with “Epitalamion”)“Faerie Queene” (dedicated to Queen Elizabeth: Spenser‟s masterpiece written in a special verse form which has since been called the Spenserian Stanza) 4) Michael Drayton--- a versatile poet; best known for his beautiful sonnet “Since there’s no help, come let us kiss and part”5) William Shakespeare--- two narrative poems: Venus and Andonis ,The Rape of Lucrece--- a sequece of 154 sonnets (rhyming scheme: abab cdcd efef gg)6)George Chapman:famous for his translation of Homer4.The Flowering of Drama: the highest glory of the English Renaissance1)The early form of drama: miracle play, morality play, interlude and theclassical drama2)The university wits: a dramatic circle ; the immediate predecessors ofShakespeare; furnished the Elizabethan stage with a large part of its repertoire3)Thomas Kyd--- His The Spanish Tragedy, a tragedy of blood and revenge, anticipated Shakespeare‟s“Hamlet”4)Christopher Marlowe: the most gifted of “the university wits”--- important works: Tamburlaine , The Jew of Malta and Doctor Fanstus--- These plays show, in various ways, the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie, its insatiable appetite for power, money an knowledge.--- His masterpiece is Doctor Faustus , in which Dr. Faustus sells his soul to the devil (Mephistopheles) in return for the promise of eternal life.--- It is Marlowe who first made blank verse the principle instrument of English dr ama. He was also famous for his “mighty line”5)Robert Greene: one of the university wits; famous for his attack onShakespeare as “an up-start crow beautiful with our feathers”6)William Shakespeare (1564-1616)--- Plays in chronological order: (see History Book PP.67-68)---important works and their major characters:Henry VII and Henry V(History): Prince Henry, Sir John Falstaff “Romeo and Juliet” (Romantic Tragedy): Romeo, Juliet“Julius Caesar ”(Historical Tragedy): Caesar, Brutus, AntonyThe great comedies:The Merchants of Venice : Portia, Bassanio, Antonio, ShylockAs you like it : Rosalind , Orlando, Celia, Oliver, JacquesTwelfth Night : Viola, Oliva, Malvolio, Sir TobyMuch Ado About Nothing : Beatrice, Benedick, Malaprop, DogberryThe Great tragedies:Othello: Othello, Desdemona, IageKing Lear: king Lear, Corelia, Goneril, RegainMacbeth: Macbeth, Lady Macbeth, Banquo, MacduffHamlet: prince Hamlet, Claudius, Ophelia, PoloniusThe tragic-comedies or romances:The Tempest: Prospero, MirandaCymbelineThe Winter’s TaleShakespeare‟s character portrayal, plot construction, mastery of language as well as his humanist ideasChapter VI The Seventeenth Century (1603-1688)1.Historical background1) The outburst of the English Revolution(1642)2) Charles I was beheaded in 1649 and England became a commonwealth3) The split within the revolutionary camp and the restoration.4) The Glorious Revolution (1688) and England has become a country ofconstitutional monarchy2.Francis Bacon (1561-1626)--- the first great English prose writer; his essays began the long tradition of the English essay in the history of English literature; “the real progenitor of English materialism and experimental sciences of modern times ingeneral” (by Marx)--- Bacon‟s 58 essays were published in 1625. They are the author‟sreflections and comments, mostly on rather abstract subjects, such as “Of Truth” , “Of Friendship”, and “of Riches”. They are known for theirconciseness and brevity, simplicity and forcefulness, practicality andversatility.3. Metaphysical Poets1)The main themes are love, death and religion; characterized bymysticism in content and fantasticality in form. The chief representative of this school was John Donne.2)John Donne (1572-1631)--- His best-known poetry may be divided into two parts --- love poetry and religion poetry. His S ongs and Sonnets are arguments about love: the tone is direct, passionate; the discussion sophisticated. He had a great influence on modern poets such as T.S. Eliot and W.B.Yeats.3)George Herbert : the saint of the metaphysical schoolThe lyrics in The Temple use unusual imagery to express his religions experience4)Andrew Marvell: famous for his lyric “To his Coy Mistress”4. The Cavalier Poets:--- They were lyrical poets, and dealt chiefly with the theme of love and the theme of “Carpe diem”; marked by courtliness, urbanity and polish. The chief representative was Ben Jonson.5. Ben Jonson (1572-1637)1)the best-known contemporary and successor of Shakespeare; a dramatist, apoet laureate and a critic; famous for his comedies of Humor; the representative of the cavalier poets; the author of the beautiful lyric “ To Celia” starting with “Drink to me with thine eyes”2)His important works:“Every Man in His Humor” ,“ The Alchemist” and “Volpone”--- his masterpiece 3)He was an advocate of classic drama and took a firm stand for the “threeunities ”.6. Robert Herrick--- a follower of Ben Jonson, famous for his lyric “To the Virgins” starting with “Gather ye rose buds while ye may”7. John Milton (1608-1674)1)the greatest of all English epic poets; a master of blank verse; a stylistfamous for grand style; the greatest English revolutionary poet and pamphleteer (The revolutionary enthusiasm of the bourgeois revolution and the bitter hatred for the tyrant is best shown in the works of John Milton) 2)His important works:--- Hid prose writings are in the form of pamphlet and they are all for freedom and against tyranny.“Areopagitica” (A defense of the freedom of the press)(The Defense of the English People)“Pro Populo Anglicano Secunda”(The Second Defense of the English People)Both are written in Latin, in answer to the foreign royalists’ attacks upon the commonwealth and the revolution.--- a sequence of 24 sonnets; the best known: “To Mr. Cyriack Skinner Upon His Blindness”--- His major poetical works:“Paradise Lost ”,“Paradise Regained” and “Samson Agonists”8. John Bunyan (1628-1688)--- the greatest fiction writer of the 17th century; best remembered for “Pilgrim‟s Progress”. Though it has generally been read and appreciated as a religious book, it nevertheless contains behind the allegory a series of real examples which give a faithful picture of the English society in Bunyan‟s age. --- Bunyan is also known for his simple and lively prose style.9. John Dryden (1631-1700)--- the most distinguished literary figure of the Restoration Period poet, playwright and critic; the forerunner of the English classical school of the literature.--- His important works:“Absalom and Schitophel” (a long poem), “All for Love” (his best known play, )“An Essay of Dramatic Poesy” (his most famous prose work)--- He established the heroic couplet as one of the principal English verse forms, clarified the English prose and raised English literary criticism to a new level.Chapter VII The Eighteenth Century (1666-1798)1. The Enlightenment--- The 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in theEurope, known as the Enlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism.--- The representatives of the Enlightenment in English literature were JosephAddison and Richard Steele (the essayists) and Alexander Pope (the poet) 2. Neo - classicism--- The classicists modeled themselves on Greek and Latin authors, and tried tocontrol literary creation by some fixed laws and rules drawn from Greek andLatin works. They emphasized reason rather than emotion, form rather than content. Most of their writings were didactic and satirical. As elegance,correctness and appropriateness were preferred; the poets found closedcouplet the only possible verse form for serious work. Their literary works mainly appeal to the middle class readers.3. Joseph Addison and Richard Steele--- Richard Steele started a paper “The Tatler”--- Joseph Addison collaborated with Steel in publishing “The Spectator”--- Humour, intimacy and elegance are the striking features of their familiar essays. In their hands, the English essay had completely established itself as a literary genre.4.Alexander Pope (1688---1744)--- the greatest English poet of the classical school in the first half of the 18thcentury; a great satirist; a rather sound critic; bringing the heroic couplet toperfection; Many commonplaces become household sayings under his pen.--- His important works:“An Essay on Criticism” (his masterpiece, a didactic poem in heroic couplets), “The Rape of the Lock”, “The Dunciad ” “An Essay on Man”--- Pope translate the entire “Iliad” and half of the “Odyssey”; he was also ane ditor of Shakespeare‟s plays5.Samuel Johnson (1709-1784)--- a versatile literary genius: the greatest lexicographer, critic, poet, dramatist; “the great charm of literature”; an outstanding representative of classical school.--- His major works:“A Dictionary of the English Language”,“Letter to Lord Chesterfield”, “Lives of the Poets” , “Vanity of Human Wishes”--- He also edited two periodicals, “The Rambler” and “The Idler”6.James BoswellHis “Life of Johnson” had become a classic of English biography.7.Daniel Defoe (1661-1731)--- a pioneer novelist of England; one of the forerunners of the English realistic novel;a true representative of the Enlightenment; a prolific writer on a great variety of subjects .--- His major works:“Robinson Crusoe” (his mas terpiece ),“Captain Singleton” “Moll Flanders” “Colonel Jacque”, “A Journal of the Plague Year”8.Samuel Richardson (16891761)--- an early representative of sentimental school; the first psycho-analytical novelist--- His works and central characters:“Pamela, or virtue Rewarded”: Pamela, Mr. B“Charissa Harlowe ”: Clarissa, Lovelace“Sir Charles Grandison”9.Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)--- “the greatest genius of the age ” (by Addison); “a striking figure who towered above other writers by reason of his more profound imagination, mordant wit and emotional intensity”; a superb satirist (His satire is marked by an outward gravity, and an apparent calmness conceals his bitter irony); one of the greatest masters of English prose (His language is simple, clear and vigorous).--- important works:“The Battle of Books”, “A Take of a Tub”, “The Drapier‟s letters”, “A Modest Proposal”, “Gulliver‟s Travels” (His masterpiece)10.Henry Fielding (1707-1754)--- the real founder of the English realistic novel (He set up the theory of realism in literary creation ); a playwright of high standing; a political pamphleteer; a satirist (Satire abounds everywhere in his works); a master of style.--- His important works: 1) His plays : “Don Quixote in England”,“Pasquin” , “The Historical Register for 1736”2)His novels and central characters:“Joseph Andrews”: Joseph, Lady Booby, Parson Adams“Jonathan Wild the Great”: Jonathan Wild“The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling”: Tom Jones, Blifil, Sophia, Squire Western, Partiridge11.Tobias Smollett (1721-1771)--- He used the form of the picaresque novel (流浪汉小说)and even influenced Charles Dickens--- important works :“Roderick Random”, “Peregine Pickle” , “Humphry Clinker” (his best novel) urence Sterne (1713-1768)--- one of the oddest and most original of English novelist; a novelist of the sentimentalist school--- His literary career is represented by two works:“Tristram Shandy ”(a novel without a regular plot) and “A Sentimental Journey”13.Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751-1816)--- the most important English playwright of the 18th century; His plays are remembered for their verbal detriment and laughter which his well-planned scenes can create. His plays repudiate the high society for its vanity, great and hypocrisy.---important works and characters:“The Rivals” : Lydia, Captain Absolute, Mrs. Malaprop ( From her is derived the term “malapropism‟‟)“The School for Scandal” (his masterpiece, a great comedy of manners 风俗喜剧):Joseph Surface, Charles Surface, Lady Teazel, Lady Sneerwell14.Oliver Goldsmith (1728-1774)--- a poet, novelist, dramatist and essayist; one of the representatives of English sentimentalism--- his poems: “The Traveller” and “The Deserted Villag e”--- his novels and characters“The Vicar of Wakefield” : Dr. Primrose (the vicar), Thornahill, Sir William--- his plays:“The Good-Natured Man” (a comedy of character)“She stoops to Conquer” (a comedy of manners) : Marlow, Kate--- his essay : “The Citizen of the World”15.Edward Gibbon (1737-1794)--- His “ The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire” is a remarkable product of the Enlightenment of the 18th century and the greatest historical work in English literature. Gibbon is also famous for his style, characterized by precision, lucidity ，economy and elegance.16.Sentimentalism in poetry--- Sentimentalism came into being in the middle of the 18th century. Dissatisfied with reason which classicists appealed to, sentimentalists appeal to sentiment. They turn to the countryside for their material in contrast to classicists who confined themselves to the clubs and drawing rooms of the city. Sentimentalism marks the midway and the transition from classicism to its opposite, Romanticism.--- Thomas Gray : “Elegy Written in a country churchyard” (a model of sentimentalist poetry)--- Edward Young: “Night Thoughts”--- Jame Thompson : “Seasons”--- George Crabble : “The Village”17.Pre-Romanticism in Poetry--- it arose in the latter half of the 18th century , marked by a strong protest against bondage of classicism and by a recognition of the claims of passion and emotion. It was ushered in by Percy(“Reliques of Ancient English Poetry”), Macpherson (“Ossian”) and Chatterton (Rowley Papers), and represented by Blake and Burns.18.William Blake (1757-1827)--- a Pre-Romantic or a forerunner of the Romantic poetry of the 19th century; a symbolist or a mystic (Some of his poems are obscure and can be interpreted only symbolically); politically a radical and supporter of the French Revolution;a prophetic writer looking forward to a time when the human spirit would be liberated from oppression.--- important works:“The Poetical Sketches”, “The Songs of Innocence”, “The Songs of Experience”, “The Prophetic Books”Which includes “The Marriage of Heaven and Hell”, “The French Revolution”, “Milton ”and “Jerusalem”19.Robert Burns (1757-1796)--- the greatest poet Scotland has ever produced; a remarkable lyricist on the theme of love and friendship; a patriotic poet calling for national independence, liberty, equality and fraternity for all the people in the world; a satirist criticizing various social vices, a pe asant poet sharing his people’s feelings and drawing material f rom the folk legends and songs; a great master of language, expressing himself in simple and musical language.--- important works:“Poems, chiefly in the Scottish Dialect”Best known for such poems as “A red, Red Rose”“A Man‟s a Man for a …That‟”, “Auld Lang Syne”, “My Heart‟s in the Highland”etc.。
英国文学复习提纲加诗歌赏析方法
英国⽂学复习提纲加诗歌赏析⽅法I. PART ONE. EARLY&MEDIEV AL1. Beowulf: the national epic史诗of the Anglo-SaxonsBeowulf against: monster Grendel, she-monster and a fire dragonArtistic features: Using alliteration（头韵）Using metaphor（⽐喻）and understatement（陈述）2. The Class Nature of the Romance: They were composed for the noble, of the noble, and in most cases by the poets patronized by the noble.3. Geoffery Chaucer: The father of English poetry/ the founder of English poetry The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集：英国⽂史上现实主义第⼀部杰作fir st time to use ‘heroic couplet’(双韵体) by middle EnglishII. The Renaissance Period1. The Renaissance & Humanism: R: 2 features: a curiosity for classical literature (Greek & Latin)→dissatisfaction at Catholic & feudal ideas/ activities of humanit y→new feeling of admiration for human beauty & achievementH: the key-note of R, new outlook of the rising bourgeois class2. Francis Bacon弗兰西斯?培根: Essays随笔(famous quotas: Of studies)3.Drama: the miracle P奇迹剧(Bible story); the morality P道德剧(abstract characters/conflict of good&evil with allegorical personages); the interlude幕间喜剧(short/interesting); the classical drama(+Greek&Latin/rules&structure&style/5 acts);4. Shakespeare:Four Comedies: As You Like It皆⼤欢喜; Twelfth Night; A Midsummer Night’s Dream; Merchant Of Venice威尼斯商⼈Four Tragedies: Hamlet; Othello奥赛罗; King Lear李尔王; Macbeth麦克⽩154 Sonnet: Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefggA sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic抑扬格pentameter 五步格诗restricted to a definition rhyme scheme. III. REVOLUTION1. John Milton约翰?弥尔顿①Epic: Paradise Lost 失乐园: it is a long epic in 12 books, written in blank verse. The stories were taken from the Old Testament: the creation; the rebellion in Heaven of Satan & his fellow-angels; their defeat & expulsion from Heaven; the creation of the earth & of Adam & Eve; the fallen angels in hell plotting against God; Satan’s temptation of Eve; & the departure of Adam & Eve from Eden.②Paradise Regained 复乐园2. John Bunyan约翰?班扬The P ilgrim’s Progress天路历程: religious allegory宗教寓⾔; the spiritual pilgrimage of Christian, who flies from the City of Destruction, meets the perils and temptation of the Slough of Despond, Vanity Fair, and Doubting Castle, faces and overcomes the demon Appollyon, and finally comes to the Delectable Mountains and the Celestial City.3. John Donne: (the founder) the Metaphysical poet(⽞学派诗⼈).（⽤语）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual, the form is frequently an argument with the poet’s beloved, with god, or with himself.（主题：love, religious, thought）Artistic features: conceits or imagery奇思妙喻syllogism三段论The Flea 虱⼦IV The 18th Century：Enlightenment1. The Enlightenment: clear away the feudal ideas with bourgeois ideology资阶思Classicism: 重理性rationality/follow principles in drama, poetry & prose/tidy up capitalist social order2. Jonathan Swift乔纳森?斯威夫特: Gulliver’s Travel格列佛游记(fictional work) Four parts: Lilliput ⼩⼈国、Brobdingnag ⼤⼈国Flying Island 飞岛、Houyhnhnm 智马岛A Tale of a Tub⽊桶的故事3. Daniel Defoe丹尼尔?笛福The father of novel.Robinson Crusoe鲁宾逊漂流记It praises the fortitude of the human labor and the Puritan.Robinson grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man, tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life.It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England.4.Henry Fielding亨利?菲尔丁“Father of English realistic novel” He was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose”(散⽂体史诗), and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.弃婴汤姆?琼斯约瑟夫?安德鲁5. Sentimentalism & Pre-Romanticism in Poetry：anti-rationalism/anti-classicism6. William Blake威廉?布莱克(Pre-R)Songs of Innocence天真之歌A happy and innocent world from children’s eye.< the chimney sweeper> 扫烟囱的孩⼦Songs of Experience经验之歌7. Robert Burns罗伯特?彭斯(Pre-R)The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th C Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要⽤苏格兰⽅⾔写的诗A Red, Red Rose⼀朵红红的玫瑰Auld Lang Syne 友谊地久天长My Heart’s in the Highlands我的⼼在那⾼原上, The Tree of LibertyV The Romantic Period1. William Wordsworth威廉?华兹华斯Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集2. George Gordon Byron乔治?⼽登?拜伦Don Juan唐?璜She Walks In Beauty3. 4. Persy Bysshe Shelley波西?⽐希?雪莱A Defence of Poetry诗辩Ode to the West Wind西风颂Theme: The author expresses his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. Compare the west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new who scatter the seeds which still come to life in the spring. This is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing life back into dead things, implying not just an arc of life (which would end at death) but a cycle, which only starts again when something dies.Comment: it is written in iambic pentameter. It contains five sonnet length stanzas诗节, each with a closing couplet. The rhyming scheme form is aba bcb cdc ded ee. The tone is poignant. Many will agree that this poem is an invocation for an unseen force to take control and revive life.Artistic features: Using rerza rima(三⾏诗aba bcb cdc de d efe …)4. John Keats约翰?济慈Four great odes: Ode on a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂Ode to a Nightingale夜莺颂Ode to Psyche⼼灵颂Ode On Melancholy 忧郁颂Ode to Autumn秋颂Theme: The theme is that change is both natural and beautiful. The poem praises the glories of the fall season by using almost every type of imagery to both charm and appeal to the reader.Comment: The speaker in the poem acknowledges that time passes by, but also asserts that this change usually yields something new and better than what came before. Each of the poem's three stanzas represents the evolving of two different types of change. One type of change shown in the poem is the change of periods in a day.VI CRITICAL REALISM1. Charles Dickens查尔斯?狄更斯（批判现实主义⼩说家）critical realist writer Oliver Twist雾都孤⼉;David Copperfield⼤卫?科波菲尔;Hard Times艰难时世Great Expectations远⼤前程2. William Makepeace Thackeray威廉?麦克匹斯?萨克雷Vanity Fair名利场3. Jane Austen简?奥斯丁Sense and Sensibility理智与感情；Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见；Emma爱玛4. Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂?勃朗特Jane Eyre简?爱Emily Bronte艾⽶莉?勃朗特Wuthering Heights呼啸⼭庄5. George Eliot乔治?艾略特（批判现实）The Mill on the Floss弗洛斯河上的磨坊Middlemarch⽶德尔马契ⅦMid and Late 19th Century1. Robert Browning罗伯特?⽩朗宁My Last Duchess我已故的公爵夫⼈Elizabeth Barrett Browning: Sonnet from the Portuguese葡萄⽛⼗四⾏诗2. Christina. G. Rossetti: Seek and Find; Song3. Literary Trends at the end of the century: naturalism: environmental force & internal impulse/pessimism & determinism;aestheticism: art should serve no religious, moral or social end, nor any end except itself: Oscar Wilde王尔德Salomo Ⅷ20th Century1. Henry James(stream of consciousness): a portrait of a woman贵妇画像2. Thomas Hardy托马斯?哈代Tess Of The D’Urbervilles德伯家的苔丝; Jude The Obscure⽆名的裘德3.George Bernard Shaw乔治?伯纳?萧critical realistic dramatistMrs. Warren’s Pro fession华伦夫⼈的职业; Widowers’ Houses鳏夫的房产Man And Superman⼈与超⼈; The Apple Cart苹果车; Saint Joan圣⼥贞德4. Imagism: free verse/conventional/ common speech/ new rhythms/ clear images5. 1.William Butler Yeats威廉?勃特勒?叶茨,Ireland when you are old celebrated & accomplished symbolist poet/ use an elaborate system of symbols6. Thomas Sterns Eliot: The Waste Land; Four Quartets7. David Herbert Lawrence戴维?赫伯特?劳伦斯Sons And Lovers⼉⼦与情⼈;The Rainbow虹；Women In Love恋爱中的⼥⼈8. James Joyce詹姆斯?乔伊斯stream-of-consciousness：Ulysses尤利西斯9. Virginia Woolf弗吉尼娅?沃尔芙stream-of-consciousnessMrs. Dalloway达洛维夫⼈；To The Lighthouse到灯塔去；The Waves浪；the mark on the wall墙上的斑点ⅨSecond War1. E. M. FosterA Passage To India印度之⾏Hawards End霍华兹别墅 a room with a view看得见风景的房间2. George Orwell: 19843. William Golding: Lord of the Flies蝇王4. Doris Lessing多丽丝?莱⾟The Golden Notebook⾦⾊笔记5. Samuel Beckett: waiting for godat6. Harold Pinter: the room诗歌评论抑扬格（iamb, iambic）扬抑格（trochee, trochaic）抑抑扬格（Anapaest, anapaestic）扬抑抑格（dactyl, dactylic）. Meter步律英⽂诗⾏的长度范围⼀般是⼀⾳步⾄五⾳步。
英国文学阅读与欣赏课本知识整理
Bible–the Old Testament(Jews & Christians) + the New Testament (only Christians)
King James I
the greatest of English translation
Essays(58):cover various topics, written in a clear, concise, almost epigrammatic style
The Fairie Queene
5. Renaissance prose:
Forms: religious writings, translation, prose fiction, short essays
Thomas More:early humanist in Eng Renai
Utopia
The Canterbury Tales:24 stories
Stories told by some of the thirty pilgrims
characterization: all walks of life; realistic picture;
the Dark Age(blind to truth);corrupting church life
4. Preparation of Renaissance
Hundred Years’War, The Wars of the Roses–peasants’rising, social unrest–express in lit–works of social protest:Piers Plowman(William Langland)
英国文学史及选读复习总汇
Part One: Early and Medieval English Literature1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题）2. Romance （名词解释）3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur‟s story4. Ballad（名词解释）5. Character of Robin Hood6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet)7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)第一章古英语和中古英语时期1、古英语时期是指英国国家和英语语言的形成时期。
最早的文学形式是诗歌，以口头形式流传，主要的诗人是吟游诗人。
到基督教传入英国之后，一些诗歌才被记录下来。
这一时期最重要的文学作品是英国的民族史诗《贝奥武夫》，用头韵体写成。
2、古英语时期（1066—1500）从1066年诺曼人征服英国，到1500年前后伦敦方言发展成为公认的现代英语。
文学作品主要的形式有骑士传奇，民谣和诗歌。
在几组骑士传奇中，有关英国题材的是亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士的冒险故事，其中《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》代表了骑士传奇的最高成就。
中世纪文学中涌现了大量的优秀民谣，最具代表性的是收录在一起的唱咏绿林英雄罗宾汉的民谣。
王守仁《英国文学选读》（第3、4版）笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解
目 录第1单元 杰弗里·乔叟1.1 复习笔记1.2 课后习题详解1.3 考研真题与典型题详解第2单元 威廉·莎士比亚2.1 复习笔记2.2 课后习题详解2.3 考研真题与典型题详解第3单元 弗朗西斯·培根3.1 复习笔记3.2 课后习题详解3.3 考研真题与典型题详解第4单元 17世纪英国诗人4.1 复习笔记4.2 课后习题详解4.3 考研真题与典型题详解第5单元 冒险小说作家5.1 复习笔记5.2 课后习题详解5.3 考研真题与典型题详解第6单元 浪漫主义诗人(1)6.1 复习笔记6.2 课后习题详解6.3 考研真题与典型题详解第7单元 简·奥斯汀7.1 复习笔记7.2 课后习题详解7.3 考研真题与典型题详解第8单元 浪漫主义诗人(2)8.1 复习笔记8.2 课后习题详解8.3 考研真题与典型题详解第9单元 夏洛蒂·勃朗特9.1 复习笔记9.2 课后习题详解9.3 考研真题与典型题详解第10单元 查尔斯·狄更斯10.1 复习笔记10.2 课后习题详解10.3 考研真题与典型题详解第11单元 维多利亚时代的诗人11.1 复习笔记11.2 课后习题详解11.3 考研真题与典型题详解第12单元 托马斯·哈代12.1 复习笔记12.2 课后习题详解12.3 考研真题与典型题详解第13单元 现代剧作家13.1 复习笔记13.2 课后习题详解13.3 考研真题与典型题详解第14单元 约瑟夫·康拉德14.1 复习笔记14.2 课后习题详解14.3 考研真题与典型题详解第15单元 20世纪英国诗人(1) 15.1 复习笔记15.2 课后习题详解15.3 考研真题与典型题详解第16单元 现代主义小说家(1)16.1 复习笔记16.2 课后习题详解16.3 考研真题与典型题详解第17单元 现代主义小说家(2) 17.1 复习笔记17.2 课后习题详解17.3 考研真题与典型题详解第18单元 E. M. 福斯特18.1 复习笔记18.2 课后习题详解18.3 考研真题与典型题详解第19单元 威廉·戈尔丁19.1 复习笔记19.2 课后习题详解19.3 考研真题与典型题详解第20单元 多丽斯·莱辛20.1 复习笔记20.2 课后习题详解20.3 考研真题与典型题详解第21单元 约翰·福尔斯21.1 复习笔记21.2 课后习题详解21.3 考研真题与典型题详解第22单元 20世纪英国诗人(2) 22.1 复习笔记22.2 课后习题详解22.3 考研真题与典型题详解第23单元 A. S. 拜厄特23.1 复习笔记23.2 课后习题详解23.3 考研真题与典型题详解第24单元 V. S. 奈保尔24.1 复习笔记24.2 课后习题详解24.3 考研真题与典型题详解第25单元 格雷厄姆·斯维夫特25.1 复习笔记25.2 课后习题详解25.3 考研真题与典型题详解第26单元 石黑一雄26.1 复习笔记26.2 课后习题详解26.3 考研真题与典型题详解第27单元 伊恩·麦克尤恩27.1 复习笔记27.2 课后习题详解27.3 考研真题与典型题详解第28单元 朱利安·巴恩斯28.1 复习笔记28.2 课后习题详解28.3 考研真题与典型题详解第1单元 杰弗里·乔叟1.1 复习笔记Geoffrey Chaucer (杰弗里·乔叟)(1343-1400)1. Life (生平)Geoffrey Chaucer, born in 1343 in London, is the founder of English poetry. He was the son of a wine merchant who had connections with the Court. He later became a courtier and comptroller.Chaucer’s learning was wide in scope. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. He had broad and intimate acquaintance with persons high and low in all walks of life, and knew well the whole life of his time, which left great impressions upon his works and particularly upon his variegated depiction of the English society of his time.He died in 1400 and was buried in W estminster Abbey, thus founding the Poets’ Corner.杰弗里·乔叟于1343年出生于伦敦，他是英语诗歌之父。
英国文学复习(工商学院)
• Sonnet 18
• the permanence or immortality of poetry. Poetry will bring eternity to the one the poet loves and eulogizes.
• Figurative devices
Metaphor: summer’s day---the beloved person.
•
2. The Age of Chaucer (1340-1400)
Geoffrey Chaucer --- “father of English poetry” --- the first to write about common people in a realistic way instead of in an allegorical way --- The Canterbury Tales in rhyming couplet—heroic couplet
Shakespeare
• His 4 great comedies are The Merchant of Venice; Much Ado About Nothing; As You Like It; Twelfth Night.
• His 4 great tragedies are Hamlet; Othello; King Lear; Macbeth.
W. Wordsworth(1770-1850)
• In 1798, in collaboration with Coleridge, he published us first major volume of poetry, “The Lyrical Ballads”, an epoch-making book in English poetry.
英国文学选读复习重点
1英国文学选读复习June, 2010Part I 复习重点章节1. William Shakespeare;2. Francis Bacon;3. John Donne;4. William Blake;5. Jane Austen;6. Charles Dickens;7. Thomas Hardy; 8. Oscar Wilde; 9. William Butler Y eats;10. James Joyce;11. D.H. Lawrence;Part II 考试题型1. In this part you are going to explain the following literary terms brieflyand to give examples from the stories you have learned from the course to illustrate the terms. (about 15 points)Examplescharacter and characterization; symbol and allegory allegory, , theme, point of view, etc.)2. Analysis of short stories and novels (about 40 points)Example 1Mr. Bennet was so odd a mixture of quick parts, sarcastic humour, reserve and caprice, that the experience of three-and-twenty years had been insufficient to make his wife understand his character. Her mind was less difficult to develop. She was a woman of mean understanding, little information, and uncertain temper. When she was discontented, she fancied herself nervous. The business of her life was to get her daughters married; its solace was visiting and news.QuestionsWhat can we learn from this short passage about Mr. Bennet and Mrs. Bennet? What was the tone of the passage? Does this passage illustrate the style of Jane Austen?Example 2One evening I went into the back drawing-room in which the priest had died.It was a dark rainy evening and there was no sound in the house. Through one of the broken panes I heard the rain impinge upon the earth, the fine incessant needles of water playing in the sodden beds. Some distant lamp or lighted window gleamed below me. I was thankful that I could see so little.All my senses seemed to veil themselves and feeling that I was about to slip from them, I pressed the palms of my hands together until they trembled, murmuring: O Love! O Love! many times.QuestionsWhat can we learn about “I” from this short passage? What was the meaning of the sentence “I was thankful that I could see so little.” ? What rhetorical device was used in this passage?Example 3“Justice was done, and the President of the Immortals (in Aeschylean phrase) had ended his spot with Tess. And the d’Urbervilles knights and dames slept on in their tombs unknowing. The two speechless gazers bent themselves down to the earth, as if in prayer, and remained thus a long time, absolutely. As soon as they had strength motionless: the flag continued to wave silentlyflag continued to wave silently. As soon as they they rose, joined hands again, and went on.QuestionsWhat is your understanding of the sentence “And the d’Urbervilles knight and dames slept on in their tombs unknowing”? Was justice really done?What is your understanding of the very end of the novel “Tess of the D’Urbervilles” by Thomas Hardy?3. Analysis of the poems (about 30 points)Example 1Little Lamb I’ll tell thee,Little Lamb I’ll tell thee!He is called by thy name,For he called himself a Lamb;He is meek & he is mild,He became a little child;I a child & thou a lamb,We are called by his name.Little Lamb God bless thee.Little Lamb God bless thee.QuestionsWho is “he ” in the third line of this stanza? What is the dominant feeling in this stanza? What are you understanding of the last two lines?Example 2Oh stay Oh stay, three lies in one flea spare, , three lies in one flea spare,Where we almost, nay more than married are.The flea is you and I, and thisOur marriage bed and marriage temple is; Though parents grudge, and you, we are met,And cloistered in these living walls of jet.Though use make you apt to kill me,Let not do that, self-murder added be, And sacrilege, three sins in killing three.QuestionsWhat extraordinary metaphors (conceits) do you find in this stanza? Give an example and explain it. What is the central idea in this stanza?4. Paraphrasing (about 15 points)Example 1Certainly wife and children are a kind of discipline of humanity; and single men, they e many times more charitable, because their means are less exhaust, yet on the other side, they are more cruel and hard-hearted (good to make severe inquisitors), because their tenderness is not so oft called upon.Example 2Arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon,Who is already sick and pale with griefThat thou her maid art far more fair than she.Be not her maid, since she is envious.Her vestal livery is but sick and green,And none but fools do wear it. Cast it off.Example 3Thus conscious does make coward of us all, And thus the native hue of resolutionIs sicklied o ’er with the pale cast of thought,And enterprises of great pitch and momentWith this regard their currents turn awryAnd lost the name of action.。
《英国文学于阅读与欣赏_英国文学》Unit 6 Restoration and 18thCentury 王朝复辟
Unit 6 Restoration and 18th CenturyI. Historical BackgroundPolitically:●After Bourgeois Revolution, the Tory and Whig joined hands against tyranny andrestoration of Catholicism, and welcomed to the throne Mary and her husband, William of Orange (Glorious Revolution/Bloodless Revolution) in 1688, thus ending autocratic monarchy君主独裁制, replacing it with a constitutional monarchy君主立宪制.●The power passed from the king gradually to the parliament and cabinetministers.●With it established the capitalist system once and for all in England.Stuart DynastyCharles II (1660-1685)James II (1685-1688)Mary II and William III (1688-1694, -1702)Anne (1702-1714))Hanoverian dynastyGeorge I (1714-1727)George II (1727-1760)George III (1760-1820)urban middle class, who worked hard, economized and accumulated great wealth and became the mainstay of the nation●continued to expand its colonies abroad in Asia, Africa and North America, whichled to social unrest in Scotland, Ireland, AmericaIdeologically:Under the influence of scientific discoveries (Newton) and flourishing of philosophies, French enlightenment started.Enlightenment:●an intellectual movement beginning in France and then spread throughout Europe ●the guiding principle or slogan is Ration/Reason, natural right and equality(American Independence War in 1776; French Revolution in 1789)●Ration became standard for measurement of everything● a continuation of Renaissance in belief in the possibility of human perfectionthrough educationSocially:The old aristocratic class was fast loosing its power politically and economicallyto the rising urban middle class or bourgeoisie who became the mainstay of the society (Age of Bourgeoisie). The Puritan spirit of wisdom, diligence, honesty, and thriftiness contributed greatly to the development of the country. They accumulated more wealth and money, and their social status was raised.Literarily:Inspired by the spirit of Enlightenment,●better education facilitated by developing economy, was available to more andmore people, esp. middle-class men and women, more schools and social clubs were established.●Ancient classic works and contemporary French works were models of writing(Age of Neoclassicism; Age of Pope)●New genres of literature appeared to satisfy middle-class readers:---Periodicals (Tatler and Spectator) to write interesting sketches and stories, to entertain and teach---Novels about middle class by common middle class for middle class’s education for middle class readersII. Literature:1.Neoclassicist poetry: 新古典主义a)Upheld the classic principles of ration, morality, balance, unity, order,propriety, decorum, etc.b)Led by Alexander Pope and Samuel Johnsonc)Mock epics, romance, literary criticism, satires2.Prose●Satire: Jonathan Swift’s “Proposal” and Gulliver’s Travels●Journalism/Periodicals: Steels and Addison’s literary journals●Realist novel: bourgeois in essence 写实/现实主义小说---subject matter,----readership,----didactic purpose,---form (prose, comic epic);---Samuel Richardson’s Pamela (epistolary)Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe,Henry Fielding’s Joseph Andrews (comic epic in prose);Tom Jones (picaresque)Smollett (sea novel), Sterne (sentimentality), Goldsmith, etc.●Gothic novel (from mid-century) 哥特式小说---against the rigid rationality principle---emphasize on the irrational and dark side of human nature: the imaginative, the supernatural, the discarded Medieval castle ---1st book: Horace Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto (1764)--- Ann Radcliffe the most successful:The mysteries of Udolpho (1794)---influenced the later generations: Coleridge, Dickens, Bronte sisters, etc.●Sentimentality literature伤感文学---started by Samuel Richardson’s Pamela and Clarissa---represented in novel form by Laurence Sterne---represented in poetry by “The Graveyard School”: Thomas Gray, Edward Young---emphasizing the emotion/heart instead of ration---gradually merged into Romanticism●Religious AllegoryJohn Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress●BiographyJames Boswell’s Life of Samuel Johnson3.Drama●theatres moved from outskirts into the cities;●tragedies replaced by comedies as source materials and audience changed;target for satirizing the upper middle class people;●the best playwrights Sheridan (The School for Scandal, The Rivals)and Goldsmith (She Stoops to Conquer).III. Text StudyJonathan Swift (1667-1745)1. A master of prose:“proper words in proper places”simple, direct, precise prose style:---clear, simple and concrete diction 用词明了、简单、具体---uncomplicated sentence structure 简单句子结构---economy and conciseness of language 语言简约2. A master satirist:Satire: was to ridicule, censure and correct the vices, follies, stupidities and corruptions of the society. It answered well the purpose of the Enlightenment, which aimed at public education in moral, social as well as cultural life. --Pope and Swift, two masters of satire.Jonathan Swift:A Modest Proposala model satire--the most devastating protest against the inhuman exploitation and oppression of the Irish people by the English ruling class--the apparent eagerness, sincerity and detachment of the author adds to the bitter irony and biting sarcasmIt is by far the most consummate artistic expression of Swift’s indignation toward the terrible oppression and exploitation of the Irish people by the English ruling classes, especially of the poor Irish peasants by the rich English absentee landlords.Jonathan Swift:A Modest Proposal-- It reveals Swift’s consistent fight for the Irish people & the greatest and bitterest of his Irish tracts.--The full title reveals the bitter irony that runs through the whole piece.Though the ironical suggestion of offering one-year-old children of poor Irish parents on sale as food for the rich appears gruesome（可怕的）at first sight, it is necessary to remember that Swift’s bitterness came as a result of the fruitlessness of his many positive proposals for reform made earlier.--After ironically enumerating（列举）the many advantages of the proposal, Swift dwells upon the terrible miseries of the poor Irish people and upon the inhuman cruelties of the landlords.To remedy the problem of the poverty-stricken, oppressed and uneducated population of Catholics in Ireland, Swift’s projector calmly and rationally proposes that thousands of the children should be killed and eaten. This will help both the overpopulated poor, who can’t afford to care for their children anyway, and the rich, who will get a good meal out of the whole process.The projector uses The following reasons to advance his plan.First, eating the poor children will solve the problem of population among the papists, or the Catholics.Second, it will make the remaining papists richer, since they will have such valuable commodities to sell in exchange for rent，credit, etc.Third, it will help the economy since less money will have to be spent on the upbringing of so many poor children. This system, lastly, will produce a better cultural environment for Ireland as a whole, encouraging marriage and the charms of the tavern.Finally, the projector defends his intentions in offering such a proposal, explaining that he has no personal advantages which will be derived from his plan, since his children are all too old to kill and his wife is too old to have more children.--He makes references to the terrible practices of abortions and child-murder and the selling of boys and girls above twelve years of age, all on account of the dire poverty of the parents.--He describes the awful sight of mother-beggars followed by many children all in rags and of numerous ages, and of diseased or maimed poor people “every day dying, and rotting, by cold, and famine, an d filth, and vermin.”--Repeatedly speaking of the impossibility of the poor tenants to pay their landlords’ rent, Swift fiercely attacks “the oppression of landlords” who would seize the tenants’ corn and cattle upon their failure to pay rent and would l eave the poor peasants “withneither houses nor clothes to cover them from the inclemencies of the weather.”18th-century Literature (2)I. Study of Pope’s Essay on Man (p.89-90):Alexander Pope: great satirical poetAn Essay on Man--4 epistles（书信体诗文）, revealing the poet’s political views and philosophical inclinations.--Pope’s identification of God almost with nature, his belief in God as the creator of the universe，but his denial of any supernatural elements in the Christian religion, his emphasis on the study only of the human world, his insistence on rationalism, his practical morality by holding to the golden mean, and his general optimistic view of bourgeois progress and of possible concord between social harmony and self-love.Text studyTheme:the dialectical（辨证的）concept of human nature and life：Analysis of the divinity as well as limitation of human beings;emphasis of the common road, or balance between ration and passion.Poetic pattern: heroic couplet (first used by Chaucer, but perfected by Pope.)Text study: Extract 1L1. The appropriate subject in study of mankind is man. (philosophical research: Who am I?)L2. We are placed on the middle part of the universe linked by the Heaven and the Hell. (H and H are two destinations for human beings. Life is temporary and transitional.L3. Oxymoron矛盾修饰法：darkly: ignorant; rudely: uncultivated, uncivilized, savage; great: divine; (a combination of good and bad)L4. Skeptic side: school of philosophy in ancient Greece which challenged everything and doubted everything.With so much knowledge we tend to doubt. /The more you know, the more you want to know.L5. Stoic:斯多葛学派（禁欲主义者）With too much weakness, we are proud of ourselves for being ascetic.L6. Christianity: we should be passive. We should listen to God to arrange everything for us.Greek Mythology: we should enjoy our life and try to seek for our pleasure.L7 & 8 combination of divine qualities and beastly featuresL9. We are born only to die and we are arguing all the time, but we are makingmistakes all the time.L10. Human beings are as ignorant as they are reasonable. (on the one hand they are ignorant , on the other hand they are reasonable.)L12. Chaotic combination of reason and passion;L 13. Abused : make mistakes; disabused: correct mistakes (错上加错）L14. We can upgrade our life to God’s life or lower our life to a beastly life.L15. Bible: Adam is the master of the world.Greek Myths: Epimetheus gave all the good things to animals, for example, strength, swiftness and so on.Man is prey to everything/ is the most vulnerable in nature.L16. Bible:Adam is given the right to name all animals.Only human beings have ration, (animals live in instinct) but we can not control ourselves. (often make mistakes)L17. Joke: laughable, ridiculousGlory: ma n is the perfect creation of God’s.The dual aspects of human nature is analyzed.Extract 2L2. Self-love: passion; self-fulfillment;L 3. Pope corrects the Christian belief that passion is bad and reason is good.This :reason; that: self-love;L4. Ends: functions, purposes, goal;L5. Proper operation: appropriate functionL7. Self-love is the motivation of action which makes the inner desire act;L8. Reason’s comparing balance rules the body.L9 &10. Man, without passion, could attend no action./ is not in the mood of doing anything. Without reason, man is busy with no result or no purpose.L11. Peculiar: specific l12. Propagate: reproduceAn Essay on ManBy Alexander PopeKnow then thyself , presume not God to scan ;The proper study of mankind is Man.Placed on t his isthmus of a middle state ,A being darkly wise , and rudely great ;With too much knowledge for the skeptic side ,Wit h too much weakness for t he stoic’s pride ,He hangs between ; in doubt to act , or beast ;In doubt to deem himself a god , or beast ;In doubt his mind or body to prefer ;认识汝自己,勿妄论上帝;要研究人类,研究人自己。
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1、The earliest form of literature in Anglo-Saxon period was oral.2、Anglo-Saxon 代表作《Beowulf》“national epic of the Anglo-Saxons”特征：alliteration3、Religious poet Caedmon，story in Bible4、The first great book in prose散文in English is 《Anglo-Saxon Chronicle》(AD1 to 1154)5、Anglo- Norman period, French Latin and English, 重要形式metrical romance(源自法国文学) 关于love or knight adventure 或两者都有。
最出名素材Legend of King Arthur 和round table knights. 代表作：《Sir Gawain and the Green Knight》6、Preparation of Renaissance, Hundred Y ears' War,, the War of Roses. 先锋代表作《Piers Plowman》(by William Langland)著名人物Geoffrey Chaucer, 代表作《The Canterbury Tales》.风格satirical and narrative7、同时期，a collection of the legends of King Arthur by Sir Thomas Malory(法翻英)8、John Wyclif 翻译Bible（拉丁翻英）《Wyclif Bible》9、一种folk literature 叫ballad（民谣）10、Geoffrey Chaucer,(1340-1400), 受早期意大利文艺复习影响，《The House of Fame》《The Parliament of Fouls》《Troilus and Criseyde》《The Legend of Good Women》,死后第一个第一个葬在“Poet's Corner" 的诗人。
特点：heroic couplet11、文艺复兴到英国大概16世纪，the Tudors，English merchant class, agrarian revolution, clothing industry, the geographical exploration and trade expansion, reformation. 主要事情separate the English Church from Rome.12、William Caxton 引进印刷术13、文艺复兴时期三种文学：poetry, prose and drama14、Drama 起源于宗教，miracle plays，morality plays(《Everyman》15、Drama黄金时期伊丽莎白一世，appeal to all classes in society16、Dramatists, "University Wits", 七个成员，代表Christopher Marlowe(先于Shakespeare)其成就Elizabethan tragedy, using blank verse.代表作《The tragical History of Doctor Faustus》德国传说，献身魔鬼。
17、Ben Jonson的喜剧，《Every Man in His Humor》,《V olpone》假死贪婪, 《The Silence Woman》, 《The Alchemist》and 《Bartholomew Fairs》他的To Celia 情诗18、Shakespeare,17th, 第一部剧《A comedy of Errors》historical drama《Titus Andronicus》《Henry 4th》narrative poems 《V enus and Adonis》and《The Rape of Lucrece》.其他《Midsummer Night's Dream》《Much Ado About Nothing》四大悲剧《Hamlet》《Othello》《King Lear》《Macbeth》最后一篇《The Tempest》19、文艺复兴初期，lyric poetry 代表《Thomas Wyatt》和《Earl of Surrey》sonnet 和blank verse 的引进，Wyatt开创新世界，人成为诗歌主题20、Sonnet的代表人物Sidney(第一个写完十四行诗系列，sonnet sequence组诗，示爱) 和Shakespeare（不仅示爱，还affection for his young friend，搞基？？XD）21、同时期，Edmund Spense r,,当时最有名，The Fairie Queene ,combining Arthur legend with religious and Platonic idealism and political commentary22、Prose散文，Sir Thomas Mor e, early humanist, 代表作《Utopia》,对话形式，prose包括religious writingTranslation the Authorized V ersion of the Bible, King Jamesprose fiction 《Euphues》by John Lyly , English novel 的起源.realistic prose, adventures of Jack Wilton by Nasheshort essay.23、Francis Bacon(1561-1626) English philosopher,writer and statesman ;a philosophical treatise 《Instauratio Magma》,上篇为《The advancement of Learning》下篇为《Novum Organum》观点human nature, not as it ought to be, but as it is.24、17th Anglican Church 与Puritans 的矛盾以及revolution，人物John Webster,其作品revenge tragedy,《The White Devil》《The Duchess of Malfi》另一人Middleton，最佳喜剧作者，描写gamblers. Prostitutes,decayed soldiers and other beings of its underworld. 两个剧作家Beaumont 和Fletcher ,作品《The Maid's Tragedy》25、诗歌的两个学派，Cavalier poets（受Ben Jonson影响）特点：for the aristocratic (贵族)simple and graceful in structure and finely polished in style,代表人物Herrick, Lovelace and Suckling metaphysical school（形而上学，受John Donne 影响）特点：learned imagery and striking metaphors and comparisons,也对数学、科学、地理有兴趣。
26、John Milton, 支持Puritans,关注liberty, idealism and self-sacrifice代表作《Paradise Lost》它的诗歌特点：一是puritan strain 二是classical strain27、18th the Age of Reason, prose 特征: uncomplicated and clear sentence, 而poetry 特征：neat and reasonable heroic couplet 主导地位didactic and satirical（说教讽刺）28、John Dryden, 代表作《Absalom and Archistophel》political satire, 英国第一个桂冠诗the title poet laureate of England 同时，也写heroic tragedy 和critical essay29、Heroic couplet的典型、巅峰人物Alexander Pope “best technician in English verse"《The Rape of the Lock》（他最好的诗歌）《The Dunciad3》30、18世纪中期，poet of sentiment, 关注穷人生活，nature become an independent theme 代表人物：James Thomson, James Collins, Edward Y oung and Thomas Gray(著名情诗《Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard》）。
31、理性时代向Romanic movement 过渡期代表：William Cowper和Robert Burns.32、Modern prose and the rise of journalism, 18th, periodicals，期刊包括news-sheet 和journals。
代表Sir Richard Steele 的《The Tatler》和他与Joseph Addison合写的《Spectator》。
期刊的发展推动了creative writing和criticism，著名作家代表：Defo e，Swift，Fielding和Smollett.33、18世纪prose writers 代表Jonathan Swift,《Gulliver's Travels》,《A Modest Proposal》Samuel Johnson,James Boswell《Johnson's Biography》34、18世纪Restoration drama in both comedy and tragedy 不再主流，悲剧方面，模仿French classical drama, 主题是Greek and Roman 喜剧方面，sentimentality 和morality 。