Word study (U1-6)

Unit 1raw: adj. 阴冷的; 生的, 未经加工的The event took place on a raw February morning.Raw materials are the natural substances from which industrial products are made.launch: vt. 1) start这家电脑公司今年开始生产一种新产品。

This computer company launches a new product this year.2) 发射,发动launched the world’s first artificial satellitelaunch an attack 发动进攻launch a company 开一家公司launch threats at sb. 向某人发出威胁campaign: n. 运动,战役The government is launching a massive campaign against corruption.(发动一场大规模的运动)在我们城市开展的灭鼠运动开端良好。

The campaign against rats in our city got off to a good start.conquest: n. conquering, defeat1939年德国征服了波兰。

The year 1939 had witnessed the conquest of Poland by Germany.retreat: v. withdraw 撤退我们采取如下策略：敌进我退，敌退我追。

We adopted the following strategies: When the enemy advances, we retreat; when they retreat, we pursue.retreat from 从…撤退retreat to 撤退到retreat advance：advance against (on, to, toward) 朝…前进engage: vt. 1)交战他们与敌人交战。

They engaged the enemy.2) involve 使参加We tried to engage him in our conversation, but in vain.3)吸引(注意力)Nothing engages his attention for long.4) occupy 占用Work engages much of her time.engage (sb.) in sth.: (使)从事某事be engaged in politics/business 从政/做生意crucial: adj. 至关重要的(后接to)增强消费者信心是经济复苏的关键。

Improved consumer confidence is crucial to economic recovery.take a gamble: take a risk 冒险The company took a gamble by cutting the price of their products, and it paid off.press on/ahead: 继续句型: press on/ahead (with sth.)Our school authorities are keen to press on with educational reform.bide one’s time: 等待时机His political rivals are biding their time for an attack on his policies.minus: prep.零下, 减Tomorrow’s temperature will be as low as minus ten degrees centigrade.我在期末考试中得了B减。

minus 的反义词是plus（加上）: 3 plus 6 is 9.2) minus 形容词，“负的；减去的”:a minus quantity 负数；minus electricity 负电minus 名词，“负号，减号；负数”drag on: 缓慢费力地走,拖延这个会还要拖多久？How much longer is the meeting going to drag on?at the cost of: with the loss of 以…为代价The local government developed its economy but at the cost of environment.at no costat all costs 不惜一切代价limp vi. 一瘸一拐地走I injured my ankle and had to limp.adj. 软弱的,无精神的a limp handshake 无力的握手limp opposition 微弱的反抗catch sb. off guard: 趁不备The invitation to his wedding caught me off guard.instruct: vt. 1) give directions to (sb.)The professor instructed us that we had one month to conduct the project.instruct sb. to do sth.instruct sb. thatinstruct sb. with quote2) teach (sb.) instruct sb. in/on sth.他们教给了我做这项工作的最好办法。

They instructed me in the best ways of doing the job.render: vt. (same as make) 使成为地震导致成百上千的人无家可归。

Hundreds of people were rendered homeless by the earthquake.render into 译成(某种语言)render blow for blow 以牙还牙render good for evil 以德报怨bring… to a halt: stop completely我们的旅行因风暴而终止。

Our journey was brought to a halt by a storm.offensive: n. attack 进攻The Red Army led a massive military offensive.launch/mount an offensive 发动进攻carry out/undertake an offensive 进攻on the offensive 处于攻势assume/go on/go over/take the offensive进攻，采取攻势adj.进攻的;这支进攻的军队很快地赢得了阵地。

The offensive troops gained ground quickly.offend (v.) 冒犯,攻击reckon: v. 计算,认为,加以考虑The existence of the U.S. is reckoned from the Declaration of Independence.句型: be reckoned with=be taken into consideration 被加以考虑All these problems had to be reckoned with as they arose. toll: n. 伤亡人数1) The death toll rose from 270 in 1952to 5,000 in1954.war toll 战争伤亡人数take a heavy toll 造成重大伤亡（危害或损失）(路桥) 通行费2) Each car must pay a toll to cross the bridge.charge/exact/impose a toll征收(道路、桥梁等的)通行费toll-gate 收费亭levy toll on sb. 向某人收费（或征税）v. 敲(钟)Bells were tolled all over the country at the President’s death. Unit 2eliminate (L.19): : vt. remove; get rid of 排除，取消The police have eliminated all the other suspects.句型: eliminate sth. from sth.她已被取消了参加游泳比赛的资格。

She has been eliminated from the swimming race. elimination (n.)in the air (L.21): : 在空中,悬而未决Hundreds of birds suddenly rose in the air.我们的计划尚未确定。

Our plans are still in the air.start up (L.21) : 发动,启动,开始Put the key in the ignition and turn it to start the car up.alert (L.22) : vt. warn sb. 使警觉,使注意句型: alert sb. to sth.警察警告我有危险。

The policeman alerted me to the danger.adj. attentive; watchful 警觉的,警惕的句型: be alert to dangerThe squirrels are quite alert to dangers.n. watchfulness句型: on the alert 警惕The hunters are on the alert for wolves.prototype (L.29): n. 原型,样品prototype equipment /machine /modelproto- 前缀，表示“最初的，原始的”，protocluster 原星团(cluster 丛)protogalaxy 原星系( galaxy 星系, 银河)protovirus 原始病毒(virus 病毒)monotonous (L.31): adj. 单调的,一成不变的His voice was so monotonous that it sent me to sleep.The explorers lived on monotonous diet of rice and vegetables. hazard (L.31) : n. a danger or risk 危险,危害hazard to / for sth.Polluted water sources are a hazard to wildlife.The lead in the exhaust gas is a real health hazard.at all hazards 不顾一切风险; 在任何情况下in hazard 在危险中, 受到威胁be on the hazard 在危险中vibrate (L.46) : v. shake颤动,震动当司机发动了发动机时，公共汽车颤动着。