新编跨文化交际英语教程单元知识点梳理
跨文化交际 知识点总结
跨文化交际知识点总结一、文化差异文化差异是跨文化交际中最显而易见的挑战之一。
不同文化有着不同的价值观、信仰、习俗和礼仪，这些差异可能会导致误解和冲突。
因此，了解不同文化之间的差异是非常重要的。
在跨文化交际中，人们需要尊重并理解对方的文化，避免出现冲突和误解。
二、语言障碍语言是人们进行跨文化交际的工具，而不同的语言可能会带来沟通障碍。
在跨文化交际中，人们可能面对语言不通、口音差异、语法错误等问题。
因此，提前学习和了解对方的语言是非常重要的。
此外，人们还可以通过学习一些国际通用的语言，比如英语，来帮助解决语言障碍。
三、非语言交流除了语言交流之外，非语言交流也是跨文化交际中非常重要的一部分。
比如肢体语言、眼神交流、面部表情等都能传递出人们内心的真实想法和感情。
在跨文化交际中，人们需要学会观察和理解对方的非语言信号，这样才能更好地进行交流和沟通。
四、文化敏感度文化敏感度指的是对不同文化的敏感和理解能力。
在跨文化交际中，人们需要拥有足够的文化敏感度，才能更好地进行交流和合作。
文化敏感度包括对不同文化的尊重、理解和包容，同时也要避免出现歧视和偏见。
五、文化适应能力文化适应能力是指在不同文化环境中，人们能够适应和融入当地文化的能力。
在跨文化交际中，人们有时需要到不同的文化环境中工作和生活，这就需要他们具备一定的文化适应能力。
文化适应能力包括对当地文化的理解和尊重，同时也要保持自己的文化特色和认同感。
六、跨文化沟通技巧跨文化沟通技巧包括对话技巧、谈判技巧、冲突管理等。
在跨文化交际中，人们需要具备一定的跨文化沟通技巧，才能更好地进行跨文化交际。
比如，人们需要学会用简单明了的语言沟通，避免使用隐晦难懂的词语；在谈判时，要尊重对方的文化和利益；在冲突出现时，要学会妥善处理，避免情绪化和愤怒。
总之，跨文化交际是当今社会中非常普遍的现象，人们需要学会适应和处理好跨文化交际中的各种挑战和障碍。
除了以上所述的知识点之外，还有许多其他的跨文化交际知识点，比如文化适应、文化冲突解决等等。
英语专业跨文化交际期末知识点整理summary
U1:1.views on intercultural communicationTwo different views on intercultural communication: “people are people”VS. “contact is not equal to communication”2. 3 major socio-cultural elements influencing perception and communicationCultural value, world view , social organizations.3.What is globalization?Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and gover nments of different nations。
a process driven by international trade and investment and aided b y information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political sys tems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world.4.What are the stumbling blocks in intercultural communication?(1)assumption of similiarities: people expect that simply being human and having commonrequirements of food,shelter,security and so on makes everyone alike.(2)Language differences.: “yes”and “no” cause trouble.(3)Nonverbal misinterpretatons: misinterpretation of observable sians andsymbols—gesture ,postures, body movenment.(4)Preconceptions and stereotypes: Arabs are “inflammable”may cause U.S.students to keeptheir distance .(5)Tendence to evaluate: to approve or disapprove ,to statements and actions of other personor group.(6)High anxiety/ tension.U2:1.What is culture?Culture is a very extensive concept, it is very difficult to define it strictly and accurately, because culture involves too much. Culture is a complex system of behavior, values, beliefs, traditions and artifacts, which is transmitted through generations.What are the five basic needs for human beings?(1)physiological needs (things that make us alive,food water air)(2)safety needs (physical safe and psychologicallly secure)(3)belongingness needs (needs tobe accepted by others and to belong to a group )(4)esteem needs ( recognition, reputation,self respect )(5)self-actualization needs (actualize onself and to reach one’s full potential)2.What are values, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors? How are they linked?(1)Values are what people go to war over or conduct bussiness by. Values tell us how to weighthe worth of something, they can indicate a relative hierarchy.(2)Attitudes are feelings about things .it is a tendency to respond the same way to the sameobject or situation or idea. Attitudes is learned and can change.(3)Beliefs are convictions or certainties based on subjective and often personal ideas ratherthan on proof or fact.(4)Links: values underlie attitudes and also shape beliefs. Attitudes are based on beliefs as wellas values.values enable us to evaluate what matters to us or apply standars to our attitudes and beliefs.value→belief →attitude. For example , you have an attitude toward eating rawfish,which is positive and is based on the belief that expert prepararion of sushi and sashimi by Japanese chefs results in culinary delicacies ,or you have an attitude that is negative,based on the belief that raw fish can contain parasites that cause unpleasant consequences in the human digestive system. You can even have both attitudes at the same time.if you do ,then probably you value both fine eating experiences and physical health.3.What are the elements of communication?①context: physical setting, psychological ,historical,culture ,the communication norms②participants: senders who form messages and communicate with symbols, receiverswhoprocess and react the massages.③Massages: meanings, symbols ,encodings and decodings④Channels :a variety of sensory channels⑤Noise ;internal external and semantic noise.⑥Feedback : the verbal and nonverbal responses4.What are norms?Norms are the guildelines that we establish for conducting transactions. Norms tell us what kinds of messages and behavior are proper in a given context or with a particular person or group of people. People acquire communication norms from their experiences in life.5.What is the difference between encoding and decoding?Encoding is the process of transforming ideas and feelings into symbols and organizing them. Decoding is the process of tansforminf meeages backe into ideas and feelings.Transforming and organizing Transforming and intepretingideas and feelings--------------------→symbols/massages------------→ideas and feelings↓↓Encoding decoding6.What is the difference between external noise, internal noise and semantic noise? external noise : Sights and sounds and other stimuli in the environment that draw people’s attention away from intended meaning.internal noise : Thoughts and feelings that interfere with the communication process. Feelings of anger or anxiety ,stereotypeor prejudice in your mind.semantic noise: the meanings we assign to words depend on our own experience, other people may at times decode a word or phases differently from the way we intend.7.What is communication?Communication is a process involving the exchange of messages and the creation of meaning.U3:1.What are the five basic questions at the root of any culture’s value system?(1)what is the character of innate human nature?-----human nature(2)what is the relation of man to nature?------t he relationship of man to nature.(3)What is the temporal focus of human life?----sense of time /time orientation.(4)What is the mode of human activity?-------activity orientation.(5)What is the mode of human relationships?----social relationships2.What are the key principles of Confucianism?(1)social order and stability are based on uneqal relationships between peopleincluding leaders and followers ,father and son ,husband and wife , older brother and younger brother,and friends .(2)family :follow rules for ordering(3)proper social behavior consists of not treating others as you would not like to be treatedyouself.,learn to be sensitive to other’s feels(子所不欲勿施于人)(4)people should be skilled ,educated hardworking,thrifty ,modest, patient and persevering. 3.How do living situations account for value differences between different cultures?For example,Japanese live in a little of arable land ,even mainly valcanoes.thus,they built their homes together very closely in order to make use of every available land and they can work together in planting and harvesting of rice effectively . In this situation, japanenes’central social valuebecause of living close proximity that gave very little privacy was that an idividual does not matter. However, in the U.S. it is common to see a pattern of a single farmhouse surrounded by firelds.the nearnest neighbor was perhaphs two miles distant.inevitably, the central social values were self-reliance and independence.4.What are cultural values?The commonly held standards of what is acceptable or unacceptable, important or unimportant, right or wrong, good or bad, true or false, workable or unworkable, etc., in a community or society.Values represent a learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving the conflicts.5.What are the five dimensions to consider when doing studies of cultural differences(culturevalue)?(1)Idividualism versus collectivism (involves people’s relationship sto the largersocial groups;social relationship)Idividualism;key words include independence,privacy,self,and all important ICollectivism believe in obligations to the group, we consciouceness and an emphasis on belonging.(2)uncertainty avoidance(how to adapt to changes and cope with uncertainties,) Greece(plan everything0 versus Singapore (like uncertainty)(3)power distance(all people in a culture do not have equals levels of status or socialpower.) Malaysia versus New Zealand(4)masculinity versus femininity(work harder to get achievement ,wealth versuscaring for the others and the quatity of life) Japan versus Thailand(5)orientation to time (a long-term orientation schedule for work and life versus ashort-term orientation toward changing events)6.What are the differences between a high-context culture and a low-context one?Low-context interaction emphasizes direct talk, person-oriented focus, self-enhancement mode, and the importance of “talk”: high- context interaction, in contrast stresses indirect talk, status-oriented focus , self- esffacement mode, and the importance of nonverbal signals and even silence.U4:1.What is the relationship between language and culture?Culture and language are interwined and shaped each other. Each time we select words ,form sentence, and send a message ,either oral or written,we also make cultural choices. Cultural literacy(特定领域的能力或知识) is necessary to understand the language being used.(1)all languages have social questions and information questions.For exemple: in Ameirca English ,the question “How are you” is a social question,the Americans register the phrase as “hello”. But in Germany and Russia ,the phase is an imformation qustion .the speaker atually wants to get an answer to it.(2) language reflects the environment in which we live .For exemple, in the Amazon area snow is not part of the environment. Therefore , people in that region do not have a word for snow . however , most Americans ,who live an environment where Iit snows most months of the year, use terms such as snow , sleet , slush, blizzard and ice. (3)language reflects cultural values. a way of thinking .when we translate concepts from a foreign language and cultural with words ,we have to choose the priority words in oder to communicate effectively. Cultural kowledge is impotant as linguistic knowledge.For example ,Amerians are frustrated with the manana mentality(西班牙语的明天心态) of Spanish-speaking countries : for American tomorrow means midnight to midnight ,a very precise time period , To Mexicans ,manana means in the future,soon.（4,）Different cutures use identical words that have rather different meanings.For example, for Amercans ,adminisration in the university context means department chair or dean,for Frenches adminisration means upper level clerical staff . What Americans consider to be an adminstrator, Frenches consider faulty.（5）language changes overtime.words and prases that are used commonly at one time may be discontinued or their meaning my change overtime.For example, the word gay means happy lightened. In recent decades ,however the word has taken on the meaning” homosexual”.English speaking countries do n’ t use the original meaning anymore..Communication across cultures and language is difficult and full of hurdles and pitfalls. Even if two people from different countries spesk a common language ,they may misinteptet the cutural signal. If that happens ,in all likelihood , there will be a cutural problem rhather than a language problem.2.What is the relationship between environment and language?(2) language reflects the environment in which we live .For exemple, in the Amazon area snow is not part of the environment. Therefore , people in that region do not have a word for snow . however , most Americans ,who live an environment where Iit snows most months of the year, use terms such as snow , sleet , slush, blizzard and ice.3.How does language change over time?language changes overtime.words and prases that are used commonly at one time may be discontinued or their meaning my change overtime.For example, the word gay means happy lightened. In recent decades ,however the word has taken on the meaning” homosexual”.English speaking countries do n’ t use the original meaninganymore..4.Denotations and connotationsDenotations: denotations of a word or phrase are the meanings that relate it to the objects or concepts referred to the actual or fictional “things”that are symbolized.For example, the denotation of the English word “bird”is a tow –legged,winged,egg-laying creature.Connnotations: connnotations refer to the additional meanings that a word or phrase has beyond its central meaning .These meanings show people’s attitudes or feelings toward what the word or phase refers to.For example: consider the word “dog” in English and 狗in Chinese. They can be said to have the same denotative meaning；however,people from different cutures may have different connotative reactions to these words ,compare “a homeless dog” (流浪狗) with 丧家之犬5.What are the ways of expressing “no”? Why do people in countries like Japan and Chinaoften refuse to say “no” directly?(1)be vague(2)be silent or ask a question(3)change the topic or leave(4)tell a white lie or refuse to answer the question. Say one cannot answer(5)put the reaponsibility to the trird party or offering an alternative.The reason: In Japan and China’s culture ,to refuse an invitation or request with “no”, or a similar phrase, is felt to be impolite. It is thought to be selfish and unfriendly.6.How does language affect people’s perception and experiences?The language we use may to some exten determine the way we perceive and experience the world.(!)in japan language varies substantially in different social situatons like sddressing superior peers and inferiors.(2) the Thailand language（3）splanish language reveals male dominance through use of gendered nouns and pronouce. A group of man referred to as ello, agroup of wemen referred to as ellas7.What are the five intended types of equivalence when doing translation?(1)lexical equivalence 例子;there is no equivlent to the English color word blue in Russian.Russia only have the according words of light blue and dark blue that an be translated into English.(2)Idiomatic equivalence : “raining cats and dogs”(3)Grammatical equivalence ；’in Filipino language ,there is no equivalent of the english verb“to be”.(4)Experience equivalence(5)Conceptual equivalence8.Why do people say language is always ambiguous?(1)we can never fully control the meanings of the things we say and write in the way ofpaticipants interpret(2)language can never fully express our meanings whether in writing or speaking(3)whether the participants share the same assumptions and knowledge about the world ornot.U5:1.What is a rich point?Conversation is a rich point ,a rich point is something in one culture that makes it difficult to be connected with another culture.2.What basic differences can we still find between the English-speaking people and theChinese people concerning compliment and response?In English countrries, the “best way “to respond to a compliment is to accept it. Rejection of compliments is often regarded as a symptom of problem, such as low self-esteem. In contrast to english ,the best way rasponse to compliments in Chinese is traditionally thought to be a rejection or denial. A denial is the routinized response to a compliment.3.What are the differences between “high involvement”style and “high considerateness”style?High involvement styles tend to : (1) talk more ；（2）interrupt more ; (30 expect to to be interrupted (4) talk more loudly at times and (5) talk more quickly than those from cultures favoring “high considerateness styles.High considerateness styles；(1) speak one at times (2)use polite listening sounds;(3) refrain from interrupting; and (4) give plenty of positive and respectful responses to their conversation partners ;4.Directness & indirectness‘get to the point! Don’t beat around the bush” & have many ways to say “no” directly5.Different communication patternsPeople’s communication patterns differ the way people converse.Americans hold a conversation, it seems like they are having a PingPong game.one person has the ball and then hits it to the other side of the table. The other player hits the ball back the game continutesJapanes conversationstyle is like a bowling game,answer to questions are carefully thought out rather than blurted out ,enven long silences are tolerated. Give a answer to a question must be given enough time .6.Cross-cultural verbal communication stylesOur verbal communication styles reflects our cultural and personal values and sentiments.(1)diect and indirect verbal interaction styles,in the direct verbal styles, statements clearlyreveal the speaker’s intention. Say what you mean “don no beat around the bush(2)person-oriented(treat other people with casualness and informality )and status-orientedverbal styles(uphold formality in the human relationship)(3)self-enhancement (boast one’s accomplishments and ablilities) and self-oriented verbal styles(signal modesty or humanity)7.What cultural implications are there underlying the difference betweenspeaker-responsibility and listener-responsibility in organizational structure?187In Speaker-responsible language, the speaker provides the structure and therefore much of the specific meaning of the statement. Because the speaker want to tell the listener exactly what is goning to be talked about,and what the speaker wants the listener to know. Prior knowledge of the speaker’s intent is necessary.In listener-responsible language, speakers need to indicate only indirectly what they are discussing. The listener is forced to construct the meaning and usually does so ,based on shared kownledge between the speaker and the listener.U6:1.Values shown in nonverbal communication: intonation, body language (hand movement,eye contact, smile, touch)2.Baptics (touch)There are many kinds of touch to commonly used in the western world. The study of how we use touch in communication is called baptic.3.Gender and nonverbal communicationWhat we know as gender is a set of “acts”or social performences that people are repearedly compelled to enact.Touch, in the us,wemen friends and relatives may walk arm-in-arm, dance together and hug one another .touch between heterosexual males is generally more restricted.Height ,height equels power and wemen are not supposed to be more powerful than man, taller women may attempt to diminsh themselves,so as to retreat as little space as possible.Gaze, looking directly into person’s eyes can connote an aggressive threat, a sexual invitation,or a desire for honest and open communication. in some culture, children are taught that to look adults in the eyes is a sign of disrespect. In mixed-sex paries,women are more likely than men to avert their eyes.Gesture and demeanor ,or “act like a lady”.Artifactual (objects)message , when worn ,they have beed used to signify a wear’s gender, culture, and socioeconomic class. From the moment at which families or hospital assign infants pink or blue blankets,artifacts annouce and contribute to the shaping of children’s experience of gender.. maant of us have our notions of masculine and femininity resting on the nonverbal message we display.4.Functions of nonverbal communicationOur nonverbal communication haves many uses and functions in communication. Repeating: a nonverbal message can repeat a verbal one. Eg; place fingers to his lips to mean “stop”Complementing : using of the voice and facial expression to express appology. Subsituting, regulating ,contradictiing5.ParalanguageParalanguage (辅助性语言) lies between verbal and nonverbal communication. It involves sounds but not words. (语音和语调，感叹词的使用，美国中的插入语：you know ,okay, well ,the wors simply build a bridge to what the speaker says next.U7:1.Private space & public space2.Conversational distance3.The layout of a city reflects its social structure and cultural values.美国NewYork is arrranged in a grid pattern of right-angled street,any corner can becomen a center ,reflect more equality and independence.French is star pattern everthing should be surrounded the center of highly centrealized government.4. 3 perspectives on a culture’s conception of time(1)Informal time :,conception of late and attitutude to the conversation time.(2)Past ,present ,and future: behavior and time are linked.Chinese proverb ；consider the past and you will know the present.Americans are constanly planning for the future.(3)monochronic and polychronicM-time people: do one thing at atime ,concentrate on the job,take the deadline,schedules seriously , adhere to plans,show great respect for privacy.P-time people；do many things at once ,change the plans ofen easily and often,5.German use of space美国与德国的比较，germans sense their own space as an extension of the egoU8:1.perceptions/images related to the term “gaijin” in Japaneseblond hair and blue eyes outgoning.2.ethnocentrism & ethnorelativismethnocentrism (民族中心主义)is nagetively judging aspects of another culture by the standars of one’s own culture. It is the technical name for the view of things in whivh one’s own group is the center of everything,and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it.Ethnorelativism involves the view that all cultures areof equal value and the values and behaviors of a culture can only be judged using that culture as a frame of reference..no one cultural trait is right or wrong ,it is merely diferent from alternative cultural traits.3.stereotype : a tereotype is over simplified idea about a person ,group,.cultural stereotypeabout americans “we and they “.many american view jew and arab as a menace and demon and they may avoid to talk to them and escape them when they meet them on the way.4.What is perception? The three-step process of perceptionPerception is the means by which you make sense of your physical and social world.(1)selection,(2) organazation (3)interpretation5.What are cultural patterns?6.Racial prejudice7.the 3 ways in which stereotypes are formed(1)we may categorize people or things by the most obvious characteristics they possess.(2)We may apply a set of characteristics to a whole group of people..(3)We may give the same treatment to each member of the group.8.the 4 dimensions of stereotypesA rereotype is an overgeneralized and oversimplified belief we use to categorize a group of people.（1）direction (positive or negative statements, american honest, ambitious)（2）intensity ：the strenth of a belief about agroup of people（3）accuracy(4)content9.What is prejudice? The five common forms of prejudiceAn attitude based on erroneous beliefs or preconceptions is called prejudice.Vebal abuse,. Physical avoidance, discrimination, physical attack and massacre.U9:1.What is cultural shock? What are the symptoms?cultural shock refers to the transition period and the accompanying feelings of stress and anxietya person experiences during the early period unpon entering a new culture.(1)physiological such as headache and sleeplessness(2)emotional such as anxiety,and feeling helpless and loneliness(3)communication such as frustration and excessive complainting,withdrawal from relationshipand conversation.2.model that explains the normal cycles or stages of early adaptation and culture shock predeparture stage :everything is beatiful ,awful, okadaption and reentry3.What is reverse culture shock?The shock suffered by expatriates returning home after lengthy overseas assignments. It is caused by the fact that the cultural norms of the ex-pat's overseas assignment become natural to them, over their home country's own traditions and customs.suggestions for culture shock adaptationcontrol emotion be patient meet people try new things give youself period of rest and thought, work on your self-concept observe bady language ,learn the verbal language4.5. 2 major views of culture shock: the disease view (hepless victim leave the cuture quickly)&self-awareness view (positive learning experience)6.7.positive cross-cultural learning experiences8.9.overcoming ethnocentrism in communication10.Who are “sojourners”? What is cross-cultural adaptation? What are challenges to sojourneradaptation?People who cross cultural boundaries are referred to as sojourners.including immigrants ,refugees ,studentsCross-cutural adaptation refers to how a sojourner chooses to cope with cutural changes. Challenges to sojourner adaptation include ethnocentrism, language barriers, disequilibrium(fit into the host culture0，length of stay, level of knowledge11.key qualities of a mindful state of being(`1) creation of new categories (2)openness to new information (3)awareness of more than one perspective.U101.2.betweenness of identity3.metaphors of US cultural diversity4.5.steps to improve intercultural communication6.7.attributes of a competent intercultural communicator 8.9. 3 cognitive processes of perceptiondescription, interpretation, evaluation。
跨文化交际知识点总结
跨文化交际知识点总结随着全球化的深入发展，跨文化交际成为一种越来越重要的能力。
无论是在学术领域还是在商业领域，都需要跨文化交际的能力。
在跨文化交际中，了解对方文化的知识是非常重要的。
同时，还需要掌握一些跨文化交际的技巧。
本文将通过深入分析的方式，总结出一些跨文化交际的知识点，希望能够帮助读者更好地进行跨文化交际。
第一部分：跨文化交际的定义和重要性跨文化交际是指在不同文化背景下进行沟通和交流的过程。
在today’s globalized world，跨文化交际成为了一种非常重要的能力。
无论是在学术交流中，还是在商业交易中，跨文化交际都起着至关重要的作用。
跨文化交际的目的是促进不同文化之间的相互理解和合作，避免文化冲突，提高跨文化交流的效果。
第二部分：跨文化交际的挑战和障碍在跨文化交际中，可能会遇到很多挑战和障碍。
其中最主要的挑战之一是语言障碍。
在不同的文化背景下，人们使用的语言可能会有很大的差异。
此外，文化差异也会导致跨文化交际的困难。
不同文化之间的价值观、信仰、习俗等也会产生很大的差异，这些差异可能会导致误解和冲突。
第三部分：跨文化交际的重要技巧在进行跨文化交际时，掌握一些重要的技巧是非常重要的。
首先，要尊重对方的文化。
要学会欣赏和尊重不同文化的差异，不要试图改变对方的文化。
其次，要保持开放的心态。
要学会接纳不同的文化，接受文化差异，不要过分强调自己文化的优越性。
此外，要注重非语言交流。
在许多情况下，非语言交流比语言交流更加重要。
要学会关注对方的肢体语言、面部表情等非语言信号。
最后，要积极学习对方的文化。
只有深入了解对方的文化，才能更好地进行跨文化交际。
第四部分：跨文化交际中的文化差异分析每个文化都有其独特的特点，跨文化交际时，我们需要了解对方文化的具体特点。
比如，在中国文化中，注重集体主义，强调家庭和社会的和谐；而在美国文化中，强调个人主义和自由。
对于这些文化差异，我们需要了解并尊重，以便更好地进行跨文化交际。
大学英语跨文化交际 要点汇总29页PPT
66、节制使快乐增加并使享受加强。 ——德 谟克利 特 67、今天应做的事没有做，明天再早也 是耽误 了。——裴斯 泰洛齐 68、决定一个人的一生，以及整个命运 的，只 是一瞬 之间。 ——歌 德 69、懒人无法享受休息之乐。——拉布 克 70、浪费时间是一桩大罪过。——卢梭
大学英语跨文化交际 要点汇总
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6、、心急吃不了热汤圆。
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8、你可以很有个性，但某些时候请收 敛。
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9、只为成功找方法，不为失败找借口 (蹩脚 的工人 总是说 工具不 好)。
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10、只要下定决心克服恐惧，便几乎 能克服 任何恐 惧。因 为，请 记住， 除了在 脑海中 ，恐惧 无处藏 身。-- 戴尔． 卡耐基 。
跨文化交际全书总结
全书共分为九个单元，第一单元为绪论，第二三单元介绍日常言语交际，第四单元介绍语言交际，第五单元介绍非语言交际，第六单元介绍跨性别文化交际，第七单元介绍谈判风格的文化差异，第八单元介绍跨文化交往中的幽默认知，最后一单元介绍了中西方世界观在对宇宙、自然、知识、社会、时间及交际等人事方面上的差异性和互补性。
第一单元：绪论绪论部分总体介绍了文化与交际、跨文化交际和跨文化交际学的基本知识。
1文化成员分享着行为模式以及世界运行模式，然而，尽管在不同文化的冲击影响下，人的行为和习俗会发生快速的转变，但是人的价值观却很难因文化环境的不同而发生改变。
2．交际在我们的生活中无处不在，存在三个因素影响着人们的交际。
一是人的个性，二是所处的文化，三是所处的物理环境。
交际是一种互动的行为。
3．跨文化交际是具有不同文化背景的人之间的交际。
跨文化交际作为研究领域是始于20世纪50年代的美国。
跨文化交际的鼻祖，EdwardHall于1959年发表了《无声的语言》一书。
也有研究发现是四种趋势----便捷的交通系统、创新的交流系统、经济全球化以及大范围的移民（Samovar & Porter，2003），促进了地球村全球化的发展。
第二、三单元：日常言语交际二、三单元介绍日常言语交际，主要介绍跨文化日常交际中经常出现的问题，如称呼、话题选择、拜访礼仪、赞语与赞语应答等。
1．称呼。
中西称谓语分为两种，一是亲属称谓，一是社交称谓。
由于中西方文化背景不同，无论亲属称谓还是社交称谓都存在很大的差异。
汉语亲属称谓系统繁杂多样，而英语亲属称谓则相对贫乏，指称宽泛，语义模糊，比如一个Cousin就相当于汉语的“堂兄弟姐妹，表兄弟姐妹”等八个词。
中英语在社交类称谓方面差异也较显著，汉语的身份类称谓种类多，范围广，尤其表现在头衔性称谓的偏好，英语身份类称谓种类少。
中文中身份类称谓可细分为三种：（1）姓+职务；（2）姓+职称；（3）姓+职业。
类似王院长、李教授、肖律师等称谓在生活中屡见不鲜。
跨文化交际知识点总结
跨文化交际知识点总结随着全球化的深入，跨文化交际变得越来越重要。
跨文化交际是指在不同文化背景下进行的交流互动。
对于从事国际贸易、外语教育、海外学习等领域的人来说，掌握跨文化交际知识点是必不可少的。
在本文中，我们将总结一些跨文化交际的知识点，希望能够给您提供帮助。
一、文化差异文化是不同地域、不同族群、不同历史阶段人们的共同体验和思维方式的总和。
文化背景不同，人们的价值观、行为方式和传统习惯也会不同。
在跨文化交际中，文化差异是一个非常重要的问题，因为文化差异可能会导致沟通障碍、误解和冲突。
1、时间观念在不同的文化环境中，人们对时间的认知和运用都会有所不同。
在一些文化中，时间被视为一种固定的资源，应该被精确地利用。
比如说，美国文化中的时间就是金钱；而在中国文化中，时间常常被视为一种循环，它存在于人们之间的关系中，对于“准时”也有一些灵活的理解。
意大利、西班牙等南欧国家虽然有严谨的公共时间表，但在私人交往中强调情感和人际关系，在时间管理上相对宽松和弹性。
了解不同文化的时间概念，可以帮助我们更好地把握时间、精确地计划和实施任务，同时也能够避免因时间观念差异导致的误解和冲突。
2、礼仪习惯不同的文化中，人们对礼节和礼仪也会有所差异。
在日本、韩国等文化中，人们注重礼节和尊重他人，他们有很多规范和习惯需要遵守，比如在进屋时要脱鞋、在用餐时要用筷子等等。
在教堂、公共场所、重大活动等地区域中，西方文化中介绍穿着正式，男士要穿西服领带。
如果在跨文化交际中忽视和破坏这些礼仪和习惯，会引起对方的不满，降低你自己的形象和信誉度。
因此，尊重别人的文化习惯和传统礼仪是跨文化交际中一个很重要的方面。
3、语言差异不同的文化中，语言的表达方式也会有所不同。
中式英语且各地口音，甚至不同文化中的口头禅和惯用语，都可能会导致跨文化交际中的不同理解和误解。
比如，在西方国家中，对别人的称呼往往比较简洁明了，而在亚洲一些国家中，对别人的称呼往往会比较热情和亲切；在外国企业中，重要的决策和安排都可能会用英语或其他国际语言来表达，导致语言差异的问题尤为突出。
跨文化交际知识点整理
跨⽂化交际知识点整理第⼀章.跨⽂化交际概论1跨⽂化交际汉语国际教育本质上是⼀种跨⽂化的活动。
新世纪如此⼴泛⽽深⼊的跨⽂化交际主要是受到以下因素的影响1.交通和通信技术的发展2.经济的全球化3.⼈⼝的流动4.⼴泛的国际交流与合作什么是跨⽂化交际？跨⽂化交际既是⼀种⼈类的社会活动，也是指⼀门研究跨⽂化交际活动的学科。
根据⼏个定义归纳出跨⽂化交际的重要特点：1.跨⽂化交际是不同⽂化背景的⼈们之间的交流；2.跨⽂化交际是通过象征符号来实现的；3.跨⽂化交际是⼀种动态的过程4.跨⽂化交际是⼀种双向的互动；5.跨⽂化交际的⽬标是创建共享的意义跨⽂化交际是不同⽂化背景的⼈们之间的交际，这⾥的跨⽂化交际实际上包含着两个层⾯⼀个层⾯是指不同国家和不同民族的⼈们之间的交际，例如中国⼈与美国⼈等另⼀个层⾯是指同⼀个国家或民族中，不同性别、年龄、职业、地域的⼈们之间的交际，例如男性和⼥性之间的交往就可以被看做是⼀种跨⽂化的交往跨⽂化交际的特点1.跨⽂化交际主要指⼈与⼈之间⾯对⾯的交流⾯对⾯的交流既包括了语⾔交际也包括了⾮语⾔交际，⽽且是⼀种双向交流和互动的过程2.跨⽂化交际中涉及很多差异性（陈国明）差异可以是⽂化传统、价值观、信仰等⽅⾯的差异，也涉及⾏为⽅式和习俗⽅⾯，如⼿势、⾐着、语⾔使⽤的差异，同时也涉及个⼈⽂化⾝份和社会⾓⾊⽅⾯的差异。
这些存在差异的因素相互作⽤，影响了跨⽂化交流的过程和结果3.跨⽂化交际容易引起冲突由于语⾔、交际风格、⾮语⾔⾏为、思维模式、社会准则、价值观等⽅⾯的差异，跨⽂化交际很容易产⽣误解和冲突4.跨⽂化交际的误解和冲突⼤多属于“善意的冲突”许多冲突往往不是出于⼈们恶意的动机，⽽是来源于⼈们良好的愿望。
在⾃⼰⽂化中得体⽽礼貌的⾏为到了另⼀种⽂化中却成了⽆礼的举动，善良的意图却产⽣了意想不到的误解和不愉快5.跨⽂化交际常常引起情感上的强烈反应很容易造成⼼理紧张，⼈们经常提到的“⽂化休克”就是形容在跨⽂化交际中产⽣的⼼理反应。
跨文化交际复习unit 1
Unit 1 An introduction to Intercultural Communication
celiadan22@
1. Warm-up Exercises
1) Proverbs and sayings 2) Questions 3) A Comparative study
c. How: How should the communicators deal with the differences so as to communicate with each other effectively or successfully?
影响跨文化交际的三个变项： 一是观察事物过程：其中包括信念、价值观念、态度、 世界观及社会组织。 二是语言过程：其中包括语言及思维模式。
?从人类活动范围看可专门研究不同文化中家庭成员的关系的关系师生关系雇主与雇员的关系顾客与店主师生关系雇主与雇员的关系顾客与店主的关系熟人朋友之间陌生人之间的交际方式等等
Intercultural Communications
2012-2013
Contents
Unit 1 An introduction to Intercultural Communication Unit 2 Culture and Communication Unit 3 Daily Verbal Communication Unit 4 Verbal Communication Unit 5 Language and Culture Unit 6 Nonverbal Communication Unit 7 Cultural Differences Unit 8 Intercultural Adaptation
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新编跨文化交际英语教程单元知识点梳理
-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1
Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures
need for intercultural communication:
New technology; Innovative communication system; Globalization of the economy; Changes in immigration patterns
major socio-cultural elements influence communication are: cultural values;
worldview(religion); social organization(family and state).
behavior: gestures, postures, facial expressions, eye contact and gaze, touch
(Chinese people are reluctant to express their disproval openly for fear of making others lose face.)
4. Six stumbling blocks in Intercultural communication
(1)Assumption of similarities
(2)Language differences
(3)Nonverbal misinterpretations
(4)Preconception and stereotypes先入之见刻板印象
(5)Tendency to evaluate
(6)High anxiety
Unit 2 Culture and Communication
1.Characteristics of Culture: Culture is learned;
Culture is a set of shared interpretations;
Culture involves Beliefs, Values, and Norms(规范，准则); Culture Affects Behaviors; Culture involves Large Groups of people
2.Cultural identity文化身份refers to one’s sense
of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. People consciously identify themselves with a group that has a shared system of symbols and meanings as well as norms for conduct.
3.Characteristics of Cultural Identity：Cultural
identity is central to a person’s sense of self.
Cultural identity is dynamic（动态的）. Cultural identity is also multifaceted（多方面的）components of one’s self-concept.
4.Intercultural communication defined:
Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct
enough to alter the communication event.
5.Elements of communication: Context; Participants;
Message; Channels; Noise; Feedback
Unit 3 Cultural Diversity
1.Define worldview and religion
Worldview: deals with a culture’s most fundamental beliefs about the place in the cosmos （宇宙）, beliefs about God, and beliefs about the nature of humanity and nature.
Religion:refers to belief in and reverence for a supernatural power or powers regarded as creator and a governor of the universe.
Three major religions :
a. Christian Religions Groups （基督教的）
b. Islam （伊斯兰教）
c. Buddhism （佛教）
nature: (1) is evil but perfectible
(2) is a mixture of good and evil
(3) good but corruptible(易腐化的)
of Man to Nature: (1) subjugation to nature
(2) harmony with nature
(3) mastery with nature
Relationship：Hierarchy; Group; Individual
Dimensions: Hofstede identity 5 dimensions individualism vs collectivism; uncertainty
avoidance; power distance; masculinity vs
femininity; long-term vs short-term orientation
6. High-Context and Low-context Cultures
A high-context(HC)—high-context cultures(Native Americans, Latin Americans, Japanese, Korean and Chinese): information is often provided through gesture, the use of the space, and even silence. Meaning is also conveyed through status(age, sex, education, family background, title, and affiliations) and through an indiv idual’s informal friends and associates.
A low-context(LC)—low-context cultures(German, Swiss as well as American) For example, the Asian mode of communication is often indirect and implicit, whereas Western communication tends to be
direct and explicit—that is, everything needs to be stated.
For example, members of low-context cultures expect messages to be detailed, clear-cut, and definite. The high-context people are apt to become impatient and irritated when low-context people insist on giving them information they don’t need.。