否定句结构

一、全部否定

全部否定通常由含有全部否定意义的词，如no, none, nobody, nowhere, no one, never, neither, nor 等加上表示肯定意义的谓语动词构成。例如：

1. We couldn't eat in a restaurant because ____ of us had ___ money on us.(MET1991)

A. all; no

B. any; no

C. none; any

D. on one; any

析：根据句意“我们不能在餐馆吃饭”，可推测后句为“因为我们谁也没带钱”。no one 虽能表示全部否定，但其后不能跟of 短语。所以该题选C 。类似试题：

(1)They were all tired, but ____ of them would stop to take a rest.(NMET1995)

A. any

B. some

C. none

D. neither

(2)Both teams were in hard training; ____ was willing to lose the game. （上海2001 ）

A. either

B. neither

C. another

D. the other

注意：“否定谓语+ 不定代词any/either 等”也可构成全部否定。例如：

We won't buy any of the books. 我们不会买任何一本书。

二、部分否定

部分否定是由表示总括意义的词如all, both, every, each, everything, everybody 以及always, completely, entirely, wholly 等加上否定词not, never 等构成的，含有“不全是、并非都”等意思。例如：

I agree with most of what you said, but I don't agree with___. (NMET1997)

A. everything

B. anything

C. something

D. nothing

析：由前一句“你说的我绝大部分同意”可推知后半句应为“但我并不是每一个细节都同意”。在所给的四个选项中只有everything 与not 连用才能构成部分否定。故选A 。再如：

All that glitters is not gold. （莎士比亚语）=Not all that glitters is gold. 闪闪发光的未必都是金子。

三、延续否定

延续否定是在前文否定的基础上，再追加一个或数个否定的句子或结构，以补充说明已经否定的人或物的情况。其结构为“否定句+neither/nor+ 助动词+ 主语+ ……”，或者是“ not … or …”等。例如：

1. — Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother?

— I don't know and ____. (MET1991)

A. nor don't I care

B. nor do I care

C. I don't care, neither

D. I don't care also

析：I don't know 已是一个否定句，而后面又紧跟一个否定句，进一步说明主语的态度，整句意为：我不知道，也不关心。答案为 B 。

2. — I don't like chicken____ fish.

— I don't like chicken, _____ I like fish very much.(MET1993)

A. and; and

B. and; but

C. or; and

D. or; but

析：当同时否定两者时，若重复否定词，则用and 连接，如：I like no chicken and no fish. 若只在前边加否定词，则用or 连接。由于后一句不是延续否定，故使用but 表示转折。答案为 D 。

四、半（部分）否定

当句中出现含有否定意义的词，如little, few, seldom, rarely, scarcely, hardly, barely 等时，该句就构成半否定句；当这些半否定词置于句首时要采取部分倒装。例如：

? Little____ about his own safety, though he was in great danger. （上海1994 ）

A. does he care

B. did he care

C. he cares

D. he cared

析：表否定意义的词little, never, seldom, hardly 等用于句首时句子要倒装。根据语境，此处应该用过去时态。答案为 B 。

got into the room, ____ the telephone rang. (MET1988)

A. He hardly had; then

B. Hardly had he; when

C. He had not; than

D. Not had he; when

析：hardly … when …是个常见句型，意为“一……就……”。当hardly 位

于句首时句子也应倒装，但hardly 也可放在句中，这时不倒装，即：He had hardly got into the room when the telephone rang. 答案为B 。

五、否定转移

当主句中含有动词think, believe, expect, feel, guess, imagine, suppose 等时，其后宾语从句的否定词往往转移到主句的谓语动词上。如：I don't think he is right. （我认为他不对。）从近年高考试题来看重点在于考查一些简略答语中的否定转移问题。例如：

1. — Do you think it's going to rain over the weekend?

— ______.(NMET1994)

A. I don't believe

B. I don't believe it

C. I believe not so

D. I believe not

析：此题考查的是表达个人看法时的日常交际用语，肯定回答为：I believe so 否定回答有两种：I believe not. 或I don't believe so. 答案为D 。

2. — The boys are not doing a good job at all, are they?

— ____. （北京2003 春招）

A. I guess not so

B. I don't guess

C. I don't guess so

D. I guess not

析：根据习惯，guess, hope, be afraid 的否定答语只有一种形式，即：I guess/hope/am afraid not. 而不能说：I don't guess/hope so. 也就是说这几个词不能否定转移。答案为 D 。

六、特指否定

含有非谓语动词否定形式的句子，叫作特指否定句，其否定形式是在其前加not/never. 例如：

1. Tom kept quiet about the accident _____ lose the job.(MET1990)

A. so not as to

B. so as not to

C. so as to not

D. not so as to

析：so as to do sth. 表目的时相当于in order to do sth，其否定式为so as not to do sth. 。答案为B 。

2. Mrs. Smith warned her daughter _____ after drinking.(MET1991)

A. never to drive

B. to never drive

C. never driving

D. never drive

析：warn 后接不定式作补语，“警告某人不要干某事”应说：warn sb. not to do sth.。答案为A 。

a reply, he decided to write again. (MET1992)

A. Not receiving

B. Receiving not

C. Not having received

D. Having not received

析：根据语境可知，“没收到答复”先于谓语“决定再写”，故排除 A 。答案为C 。

另外，还有双重否定句等。例如：

______ he comes, we won't be able to go.

A. Without

B. Unless

C. Except

D. Even

析：此题选择 B 构成双重否定，全句意为“除非他来，否则我们不能走。”当然，高考涉及否定的题目还有很多，限于篇幅，在此不再一一赘述。