国际私法英文翻译英文

一，先决问题条件

1.The main issue should be governed by a foreign law.

主要问题依法院地的冲突规则，应以外国法为准据法。

2.There should be a subsidiary question which could have arisen separately , and this subsidiary question has its own independent choice of law rule.

该附带问题可以作为单独的问题向法院提出, 并且该附带问题有自己的冲突规范可以援用。

3.The choice of law rule should lead to a conclusion different from that which would have been reached had the law governing the main question been applied.

该问题依法院地国的冲突规范和依主要问题准据法所属国的冲突规范将会适用不同的法律，得出不同的结果，从而使主要问题的判决也不同。

二，法律规避

When the parties artificially change the mobile connecting factors in order to evade the law which is rendered applicable to their legal relationship by the appropriate choice-of-law rule, we have the case of fraud (evasion of law).

By fraudulent selection of law, the parties seek to gain individual advantage: either to avoid the undesirable

consequences of their legal relationship or to produce a favorable legal effect.

涉外民商事法律关系的当事人，为逃避原应对其适用的某一国法律，故意改变冲突规范连接点的具体事实，使对其有利的另一国法得以适用的行为。

当当事人故意改变动态连接点，为了规避根据冲突规范指引的对他们的法律关系应该试用的法律，我们叫做欺诈（法律规避）

通过不诚实的选择法律，当事人寻求获得个人利益，无论是逃避对他们法律关系产生的不希望的后果还是去制造良好的法律效力。

三，公共秩序保留

( reservation of public order )

1，Under the traditional approach to choice of law, the forum’s conflicts rules would direct it to the law of a

particular state, initially without regard to the content of the law. Upon examination of the other state’s law, the forum might then discover that the other law offended its local public policy. In this circumstances, the forum would not apply the foreign law to avoid an unpalatable result.

当一国法院根据其国内冲突规范本应适用外国法时，如果该外国法的适用将违反法院地国的公共秩序，则内国法院可以依据此理由直接限制或排除该外国法的适用。

根据传统的法律选择方法，法院的冲突规则将直接导致适用某一特定国家的法律，最初并不理会法的内容，在查明特定国家的法律之后，法院可能发现这一特定国家的法律违反了它当地的公共秩序，在这种情况下，法院将不予适用该外国法以避免不利的后果。

The structure of the Choice-of-law Rule

冲突规范的结构

The theory legislation distinguishes between three structural elements of a legal norm: fact, provision and sanction.

The choice-of-law rule (conflict rule) is a legal norm of special structure exhibiting some peculiarity in each of these elements. It most striking feature consist in never containing sanctions.

In this sense every conflict rule is dependent norm.

Some connecting factors at times fail to provide guidance for the judge in the discovery of the applicable law. Nationality, for instance, is a connecting factor which is inapplicable to stateless persons (have nonationality). Some connecting factors (nationality, domicile, residence, seat, location, etc.) are subject to change over time. It is necessary that the point of time relevant to the choice of law should always be defined in the conflict rules.

。此理论立法区别于一个法律规范的三元素结构：事实，规定和制裁。

冲突规范是一个结构独特的法律规范，呈现出一些不同于这些元素的特性，他最主要的特征就是不包含制裁。

在这种意义上，冲突规范是一个独立的法律规范。

一些连接点有时不能为法官找到准据法提供指导，例如，国籍是一个不适用于无国籍人的连接点，，一些连接因素随时间的改变而改变，如国籍，住所，居所，所在地等，因此，在冲突规范中经常明确定义与冲突规范有关的时间点是必要的