Chapter 3 The Prokaryotes 微生物学 教学课件 英文版
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3、微生物分类与命名
第三章微生物的分类(1.0～1.5 学时)[内容提要]细菌的分类以种为根本单位，它的命名遵循“双名法“，用拉丁文。
什么是细菌的分类鉴定参照的标准，长期以来主要是依据其表型，目前则多考虑其种系发生关系，从基因水平进展分类，主要实行测定DNA 碱基〔G+C〕mol%值、核酸分子杂交及16S rRNA 寡核苷酸编目等方法，尤其以后者最为常用。
分类的方法除用传统的双歧检索条目法外，目前普遍承受数值分类方法。
《伯吉氏系统细菌学手册》及《伯吉氏细菌鉴定手册》建立了细菌分类的公认体系。
“国际系统细菌学杂志”反映分类的最争辩成果。
依据表型特征建立了一套动物致病菌检测程序，商品化的快速鉴定系统已应用于常规细菌学鉴定。
细菌作为自然界中的生物广泛存在，而且不断进化和进展，种类繁多，性质各异。
人类出于生疏自然的需要，对包括细菌在内的各种生物进展了分类和命名，并已形成了既定的体系和公认的准则。
将全部生物按其亲缘关系的亲疏和性状的相像程度，逐级归并划分为各种等阶的类群，建立起界(Kingdom)、门(Phylum)、纲(Class)、目(Order)、科(Family)、属(Genus)、种(Species)，以及有时在种下再分型(Type)的分类等阶。
在中间型过多而上述等阶不够用时，可曾设各级亚类，如亚门、亚纲、亚目、亚科、亚属、亚种和亚型等。
对整个生物的划分，有五界和六界划分两种观点，前者是将整个生物划分成动物界、植物界、真菌界、原核生物界和病毒界，而后者是将动物界中的原生动物另立一界，即原生生物界。
第一节细菌的分类地位细菌归属原核生物〔Procaryote〕界。
在原核生物中，细菌〔Bacteria，又称真细菌Eubacteria〕和古细菌〔Archaea〕是性质有别的两大类。
古细菌是一个独特的系统进化类别，其成员产甲烷、极端耐盐、高度嗜热，细胞壁组成与细菌不同。
这些极端微生物被认为是生物进化过程中的早期产物，因此称之为古细菌。
微生物及实验(双语)Lecture 3-1 (arachae and fungi)
Difference between S-layer and Slime layer
Archaeal flagella--movement
1. Flagellar motility is widespread among archaea;
2. Roughly half the diameter of bacteria flagells;--Slower than bacteria.
CH4
1. Exist in human and animal parasites and protists
2. Lack cristae 3. Lack citric acid cycle enzymes, no TCA cycle 4. Oxidize pyruvate into CO2, H2 and acetate.
Not all Archaea have pseudomurein, and they contain other polysaccharide wall (polymer of glucose..)，
some of them are associated with SO4 2-
All about structure and function
Sexual reproduction
Sporangium
Asexual reproduction Zygosporangium
Black bread mold ( ) Rhizopus stolonifer
Glomeromycetes
– Only reproduce asexually – Small group of fungi that have major ecological importance – All known species form endomycorrhizae with the roots of
Archaeal flagella--movement
1. Flagellar motility is widespread among archaea;
2. Roughly half the diameter of bacteria flagells;--Slower than bacteria.
CH4
1. Exist in human and animal parasites and protists
2. Lack cristae 3. Lack citric acid cycle enzymes, no TCA cycle 4. Oxidize pyruvate into CO2, H2 and acetate.
Not all Archaea have pseudomurein, and they contain other polysaccharide wall (polymer of glucose..)，
some of them are associated with SO4 2-
All about structure and function
Sexual reproduction
Sporangium
Asexual reproduction Zygosporangium
Black bread mold ( ) Rhizopus stolonifer
Glomeromycetes
– Only reproduce asexually – Small group of fungi that have major ecological importance – All known species form endomycorrhizae with the roots of
华中农业微生物学第一章英文版
• The development of microbiology as a scientific discipline has depended on the availability of the microscope and the ability to isolate and grow pure cultures of microorganisms.
of microbiology
Concepts
• Microorganisms are responsible for many of the changes observed in organic and inorganic matter (e.g., fermentation and the carbon, nitrogen and sulfur cycles that occurred in nature.
The first person to accurately observe and describe microorganisms
The first person to observe and describe microorganisms was the amateur microscopist Antony van leeuwenhoek of Delft, Holland.
lens
Object being viewed
adjusting screws
A drawing of one of the microscopes showing the lens a; mounting pin b; and focusing screws c and d.
• Microbiology is a large discipline, which has a great impact on other areas of biology and general human welfare
of microbiology
Concepts
• Microorganisms are responsible for many of the changes observed in organic and inorganic matter (e.g., fermentation and the carbon, nitrogen and sulfur cycles that occurred in nature.
The first person to accurately observe and describe microorganisms
The first person to observe and describe microorganisms was the amateur microscopist Antony van leeuwenhoek of Delft, Holland.
lens
Object being viewed
adjusting screws
A drawing of one of the microscopes showing the lens a; mounting pin b; and focusing screws c and d.
• Microbiology is a large discipline, which has a great impact on other areas of biology and general human welfare
第三章-植物病原原核生物及其病害
2. 植物青枯病(Ralstonia solanaceareum)，各 大洲都有发生，但主要在热带、亚热带及 部分温带地区温暖、酷热、潮湿、多雨的 条 件下严重为害。中国的黄河流域及其南 方各省均有发生，但以长江流域以南为害 最重。
番茄青枯病
3. 植物软腐病，由几种欧文氏菌 (Erwinia)引起的病害，主要为害十字 花科作物，也为害禾本科及其它栽培 植物，世界各国及中国南北方都有发 生。
（E. amylovara）是我国的对外检疫对象。
玉米细菌性枯萎病 (Erwinia stewartii)
6. 黄单胞菌属（Xanthomonas）1939，Dowson
菌体直杆状，0.4-0.7x0.7-1.8m, 单极生鞭 毛；绝对好氧；G-；菌落一般为黄色、光滑或 粘稠；产生黄单胞菌色素（Xanthomonadins）； G+C 63-71mol%。
畸形根据症状、侵染和传播特点 •2、接种实验（如利用菟丝子传染长春花） •3、电镜下观察菌原体 •4、分子生物学技术（如PCR） •5、菌原体可以穿过细菌过滤器 •6、注射四环素以后，初期病害的症状可以隐退消 失或减轻；对青霉素不敏感。
A~B：螺旋形；C：球形
菌体短杆状，0.2-0.5x1.0-4.0m, 单生，无 鞭毛；兼性好气性；G-, 无芽孢；营养要求苛刻， 琼脂上不能生长，需要血清蛋白或焦磷酸铁等 （需要可溶性铁），喜欢在木质部中活动故称 为木质部难养菌（Xylem fastidious bacteria, XFB）。
• 已知仅一种：木质部难养菌（X. fastidiosa）,引
大白菜软腐病 Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora
4. 梨火疫病
• Erwinia amylovora (Burrill)Winslow et al.引
生物化学英文课件Biochemistry-chapter 3
(2) Storage and transport of biochemical molecules (Hb, Mb)
(3) Physical cell support and shape (tubulin, actin, collagen)
(4) Mechanical movement (flagella, mitosis, muscles)
➢ (2) According to polymerization of protein molecules;
➢ Monomeric proteins ➢ Oligomeric proteins (multimeric proteins)
➢ (3) According to conjugation of protein molecules;
106 Da or more。 ➢ Usually insulin (5700 Da) or RNase (126000 Da)
was as the boundary of proteins and polypeptides. ➢ Mr of proteins ≈ Mr of amino acid ×110.
➢Mirror image pairs of amino acids are designated L (levo) and D (dextro)
➢Proteins are assembled from L-amino acids (few D-amino acids occur in nature)
Chapter 3 Amino Acids and the Primary
Structures of Proteins
3.1 Outline of Proteins 3.2 Structures of Amino Acids 3.3 Other Amino Acids and Amino
(3) Physical cell support and shape (tubulin, actin, collagen)
(4) Mechanical movement (flagella, mitosis, muscles)
➢ (2) According to polymerization of protein molecules;
➢ Monomeric proteins ➢ Oligomeric proteins (multimeric proteins)
➢ (3) According to conjugation of protein molecules;
106 Da or more。 ➢ Usually insulin (5700 Da) or RNase (126000 Da)
was as the boundary of proteins and polypeptides. ➢ Mr of proteins ≈ Mr of amino acid ×110.
➢Mirror image pairs of amino acids are designated L (levo) and D (dextro)
➢Proteins are assembled from L-amino acids (few D-amino acids occur in nature)
Chapter 3 Amino Acids and the Primary
Structures of Proteins
3.1 Outline of Proteins 3.2 Structures of Amino Acids 3.3 Other Amino Acids and Amino
现代生物学英文版课件
Words and phrase
配子 Gametes 授精Fertilization 配子配合Syngamy 减数分裂Meiosis 有性生殖sexual reproduction 联会 Synapsis 自花受精self-fertilization 异花受精crossfertilization 同源homologous 重组recombination
Words
浓缩condensation 脱水dehydration 水解hydrolysis 磷脂phospholipid 甘油glyceerol 饱和酸Saturated fat 多糖polysaccaride 模体Motif 核苷Nucleotide
共显性codominance 异形杂合体epistasis 异位显性heterozygote 显型phenotypes 多基因polygene 多效性的Pleiotropic 血友病Hemophilia 聚合酶polymerase
常染色体autosome 基因连锁gene Linkage 互补 complementarity 半保留 semiconservative 中心法则The central dogma 限制性内切酶 endonuclease restriction 色盲color blondness
Stomata 气孔 Fern蕨类 moss 苔藓 livewort 地钱 hornwort 金鱼藻 diecious 雌雄异株 Embryo 胚 phloem 韧皮部
Words and phrase
Chapter 8 Microbial genetics 微生物学 教学课件 英文版
A number of prokaryotes have been found to be naturally transformable
• certain species of G+ and G- Bacteria
• some species of Archaea
However, even within transformable genera, only certain strains or species are transformable
8.2 Genetic recombination
Genetic recombination is the process by which genetic elements contained in two separate genomes are brought together in one unit.
❖ Value in industry
• Antibiotics
• Increase yields and improve manufacturing processes ❖ Diseases
• Understanding the genetics of disease-causing microorganisms
• The colonies not appearing on the replica plate are marked with an X
• The replica plate lacked one nutrient (leucine) present in the master plate
• Therefore, the colonies marked with an X are leucine auxotrophs
微生物及实验(双语)Lecture 3-1 (arachae and fungi)
Difference between S-layer and Slime layer
Archaeal flagella--movement
1. Flagellar motility is widespread among archaea;
2. Roughly half the diameter of bacteria flagells;--Slower than bacteria.
Bacterial cell wall Peptidoglycan (肽聚糖)
S-layer (surface layer)
1. Present in most Archaea, and several bacteria 2. Consists of interlocking protein or glycoprotein
Not all Archaea have pseudomurein, and they contain other polysaccharide wall (polymer of glucose..)，
some of them are associated with SO4 2-
All about structure and function
Monolayer confers extreme resistance to high temperature
the cell membrane of bacteria and eukaryotes—permeability , barrier.
Archaeal cell wall Pseudomurein (胞壁质）
organisms
Chapter 2,3 and chapter 20
Halobacterium, high concentraion of salt
Archaeal flagella--movement
1. Flagellar motility is widespread among archaea;
2. Roughly half the diameter of bacteria flagells;--Slower than bacteria.
Bacterial cell wall Peptidoglycan (肽聚糖)
S-layer (surface layer)
1. Present in most Archaea, and several bacteria 2. Consists of interlocking protein or glycoprotein
Not all Archaea have pseudomurein, and they contain other polysaccharide wall (polymer of glucose..)，
some of them are associated with SO4 2-
All about structure and function
Monolayer confers extreme resistance to high temperature
the cell membrane of bacteria and eukaryotes—permeability , barrier.
Archaeal cell wall Pseudomurein (胞壁质）
organisms
Chapter 2,3 and chapter 20
Halobacterium, high concentraion of salt
microbial+genetics+3
减数分裂
Meiosis review 减数分裂
有丝分裂
（一）粗糙脉胞菌的生活史
粗糙脉胞菌是一种丝状真菌，其生 殖方式包括无性和有性生殖，并以 无性生殖为主。
在无性生殖过程中，由菌丝体上的 气生菌丝产生两类不同的分生孢子 ，大、小分生孢子均可萌发长出新 菌丝而完成无性世代的循环。
无性生殖
子囊孢子在子囊中排列有6 种方式：
子囊孢子在子囊中排列有6种方式
2:4:2
4:4
2:2:2:2 子囊夹内的8个子囊孢子
子囊夹内的8个子囊孢子
子囊
子囊果
（Ⅰ）型和（Ⅱ）型的出现，是由于在减数 分裂过程中接合型基因座位（A或a）与着丝 粒之间未发生染色体交换的缘故。
在进行减数分裂的第一次分裂中，来自同一 亲本的两个A和来自另一亲本的两个a发生相 互分离分裂，又称为还原分裂。
Total = 300
第二次分裂分离子囊recombinant asci : 9 + 11 + 10 + 12 = 42 子囊总数 total asci: 300
着丝粒距离等于 42/300 (1/2) = 7 map units
3、重组频率(p88,表3.3-A,B)
位于同一染色体上的两个基因的重组频率与它们的之 间距离有关。距离越远,重组频率越大.
第三章 孟德尔式遗传
第一节 微生物遗传体制概论
孟德尔式遗传：染色体遗传 真菌微生物：核遗传，设计整个染
色体 放线菌：部分染色体 细菌：部分染色体或个别基金
第二节 产生有性孢子的微生物遗传分析
真菌是在细胞结构和遗传体制上具有特殊 性的真核微生物。
一方面它们具有类似高等动植物的细胞核 与染色体结构，可进行有性生殖；
Chapter 5 Viruses 微生物学 教学课件 英文版
General morphology
Three main classes - animal viruses, bacterial viruses (bacteriophages), and plant viruses.
Size
Viruses vary considerably in size. Although most are quite a bit smaller than bacteria, some of the larger viruses (such as the smallpox virus) are about the same size as some very small bacteria (such as the mycoplasmas, rickettsias, and chlamydias).
A virus can have either DNA or RNA but never both !!
Structure of viruses
• Most viruses are too small to be seen under light microscope. • All viruses consists of an RNA or DNA core genome surrounded by a protein coat capsid.
Genome in virion
The genomes of viruses can be composed of either DNA or RNA, and some use both as their genomic material at different stages in their life cycle. However , only one type of nucleic acid is found in the virion of any particular type of virus.
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They have chlorophyll and carry out oxygenproducing photosynthesis, much as plants and the eukaryotic algae do.
Nonfilamentous cyanobacteria
Filamentous Cyanobacterium,
Various types of spore-bearing structures on the streptomyces
Actinomycetes
Antibiotics
Representive genera: Streptomyces Nocardia Actinomyces Micromonospora Streptosporangium Actinoplanes Frankia
• Streptomyces require a lower water potential for growth than many other soil bacteria.
• Media often selective for Streptomyces contain the usual assortment of inorganic salts
Representatives: Escherchia coli Alcaligenes Proteus Flavobacteria Pseudomonas Rhizobium Azotobacter
Vibrio, Spirillum and Spirochete
vibrio spirillum spirochete
How to identify an unknown bacterial species ?
Factors: • Morphology (shape) • Chemical composition (often detected by
staining reactions)
• Nutritional requirements • Biochemical activities • Source of energy (sunlight or chemicals)
Chapter 3 The Prokaryotes
3.1 Bacteria
Size, Shape, and Arrangement of Bacterial Cells
Most bacteria fall within a range from 0.2 to 2.0 μm in diameter and from 2 to 8μm in length.
Filamentous, High G + C content, Gram-positive (63 – 78% GC)
Chain of conidiospores
Aerial hyphae
Agar surface
Substrate mycelium
The cross section of an actinomycete colony showing the substrate mycelium and aerial mycelium with chains of conidiospores
Over 500 distinct antibiotic substances have been shown to be produced by streptomycete.
Most antibiotics are efficient against different bacteria.
More than 50 antibiotics have been used in human and veterinary medicine, agriculture and industry
Some bacteria are shaped like long rods twisted into spirals or helices; they are called vibrios (like commas or incomplete spirals), spirilla if rigid and spirochetes when flexable.
Cm = 10-2 meter mm = 10-3 meter μm = 10-6 meter nm = 10-9 meter
They have a few basic shapes-spherical coccus (plural, cocci, meaning berries), rod-shaped bacillus (plural, bacilli, meaning little staffs), and spiral.
Streptococcus - facultatively anaerobic or microaerophilic, catalase negative, gram-positive, Cell arranges in pairs or chains, usually nonmotile,
A few species are anaerobic rather than facultative.
Streptomyces spores, called conidia, are not related in any way to the endospores of Bacillus and Clostridium because the streptomycete spores are produced simply by the formation of crosswalls in the multinucleate sporophores followed by separation of the individual cells directly into spores.
Arrangement of Spherical Bacterial Cells
The Micrococcaceae
The family Micrococcaceae contains gram-positive cocci, 0.5-2.5 μm in diameter, that divide in more than one plane to form regular or irregular clusters of cells. All are aerobic or facultatively anaerobic. The peptidoglycan di-
Various types of spore-bearing structures on the streptomyces
Ecology and isolation of Streptomyces:
• Alkaline and neutral soils are more favorable for the development of Streptomyces than are acid soils.
Rod-shaped bacteria
Bacilli divide only across their short axis, so there are fewer groupings of bacilli than of cocci.
Single bacillus
Diplobacilli
streptobacilli
staphylococci
staphylococci
Staphylococcus - facultatively anaerobic, grampositive, usually form irregular clusters, nonmotile, catalase positive but oxidase negative, ferment glucose anaerobically.
Concept
• The streptonycetes are a large group of filamentous, gram positive bacteria that form spores at the end of aerial filaments. • They have the highest GC percentagein the DNA base composition of any bacteria known. • Many clinically important antibiotics have come from Streptomycetes species
3.2 Actinomycetes
Actinomycetes are filamentous bacteria. Their morphology resembles that of the filamentous fungi; however, the filaments of actinomycetes consist of procaryotic cells. Some actinomycetes resemble molds by forming externally carried asexual spores for reproduction.
amino acid is L-lysine.
The three most important genera are:
1. Micrococcus 2. Staphylococcus 3. Streptococcus
Micrococcus – aerobic, gram-positive, catalase positive, cell arranges mainly in pairs, tetrads, or irregular clusters, nonmotile. They are often yellow, orange or red in color
Nonfilamentous cyanobacteria
Filamentous Cyanobacterium,
Various types of spore-bearing structures on the streptomyces
Actinomycetes
Antibiotics
Representive genera: Streptomyces Nocardia Actinomyces Micromonospora Streptosporangium Actinoplanes Frankia
• Streptomyces require a lower water potential for growth than many other soil bacteria.
• Media often selective for Streptomyces contain the usual assortment of inorganic salts
Representatives: Escherchia coli Alcaligenes Proteus Flavobacteria Pseudomonas Rhizobium Azotobacter
Vibrio, Spirillum and Spirochete
vibrio spirillum spirochete
How to identify an unknown bacterial species ?
Factors: • Morphology (shape) • Chemical composition (often detected by
staining reactions)
• Nutritional requirements • Biochemical activities • Source of energy (sunlight or chemicals)
Chapter 3 The Prokaryotes
3.1 Bacteria
Size, Shape, and Arrangement of Bacterial Cells
Most bacteria fall within a range from 0.2 to 2.0 μm in diameter and from 2 to 8μm in length.
Filamentous, High G + C content, Gram-positive (63 – 78% GC)
Chain of conidiospores
Aerial hyphae
Agar surface
Substrate mycelium
The cross section of an actinomycete colony showing the substrate mycelium and aerial mycelium with chains of conidiospores
Over 500 distinct antibiotic substances have been shown to be produced by streptomycete.
Most antibiotics are efficient against different bacteria.
More than 50 antibiotics have been used in human and veterinary medicine, agriculture and industry
Some bacteria are shaped like long rods twisted into spirals or helices; they are called vibrios (like commas or incomplete spirals), spirilla if rigid and spirochetes when flexable.
Cm = 10-2 meter mm = 10-3 meter μm = 10-6 meter nm = 10-9 meter
They have a few basic shapes-spherical coccus (plural, cocci, meaning berries), rod-shaped bacillus (plural, bacilli, meaning little staffs), and spiral.
Streptococcus - facultatively anaerobic or microaerophilic, catalase negative, gram-positive, Cell arranges in pairs or chains, usually nonmotile,
A few species are anaerobic rather than facultative.
Streptomyces spores, called conidia, are not related in any way to the endospores of Bacillus and Clostridium because the streptomycete spores are produced simply by the formation of crosswalls in the multinucleate sporophores followed by separation of the individual cells directly into spores.
Arrangement of Spherical Bacterial Cells
The Micrococcaceae
The family Micrococcaceae contains gram-positive cocci, 0.5-2.5 μm in diameter, that divide in more than one plane to form regular or irregular clusters of cells. All are aerobic or facultatively anaerobic. The peptidoglycan di-
Various types of spore-bearing structures on the streptomyces
Ecology and isolation of Streptomyces:
• Alkaline and neutral soils are more favorable for the development of Streptomyces than are acid soils.
Rod-shaped bacteria
Bacilli divide only across their short axis, so there are fewer groupings of bacilli than of cocci.
Single bacillus
Diplobacilli
streptobacilli
staphylococci
staphylococci
Staphylococcus - facultatively anaerobic, grampositive, usually form irregular clusters, nonmotile, catalase positive but oxidase negative, ferment glucose anaerobically.
Concept
• The streptonycetes are a large group of filamentous, gram positive bacteria that form spores at the end of aerial filaments. • They have the highest GC percentagein the DNA base composition of any bacteria known. • Many clinically important antibiotics have come from Streptomycetes species
3.2 Actinomycetes
Actinomycetes are filamentous bacteria. Their morphology resembles that of the filamentous fungi; however, the filaments of actinomycetes consist of procaryotic cells. Some actinomycetes resemble molds by forming externally carried asexual spores for reproduction.
amino acid is L-lysine.
The three most important genera are:
1. Micrococcus 2. Staphylococcus 3. Streptococcus
Micrococcus – aerobic, gram-positive, catalase positive, cell arranges mainly in pairs, tetrads, or irregular clusters, nonmotile. They are often yellow, orange or red in color