大学英语语法之existentialsentence.ppt
【全文】英语写作课PPT-第三课-sentences
Chengdu is a beautiful city. —— As you know, Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan province situated in the center of “ the Land of Abundance”, is a beautiful city with many interesting places of historical significance, so I’d like to show you some of the tourist attractions such as The Thatched Cottage of Du Fu (who was a famous poet in Tang Dynasty), The Wu Hou Memorial Temple (which was built in commemoration of Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang ) and The Dujiangyan Dam (an ancient water irrigation project constructed on the Minjiang River).
(1) Loose Sentence & Periodic Sentence ➢ A. You cannot make great progress in English
without good study habits. ( loose sentence )
➢ B. Without good study habits, you cannot make
winning the Olympic gold medal according to
the newspaper reports.
语法讲义
Lecture 28 Existential SentenceTeaching objectives:1.Getting to know the structural properties of existential sentences;2.Getting to know the grammatical relationship in existential sentences; Lecturing:1.Structural properties of existential sentences: There + be + NP + locative/temporal adverbialWhat we should pay attention to is the “notion al” or “real subject” that determines the number in verbs.2.Notional subject is usually a noun phrase with indefinite specific reference.3.Predicator in existential sentence includes forms of the verb “be”, finite ornon-finite, simple or perfective. Modals and semi-auxiliary can also be used in the predication. There are also semantically-related verbs that can act as predicator in an existential sentence, including “exist, live, stand, lie, come, go, walk, emerge, develop, happen, occur” , etc.4.Non-finite existential clauses: There to be and there being.There to be, used as prepositional complementation, especially after the word “for”; it can also be used after a certain verbs as object including “expect, mean, intend, want, like, prefer, hate”, etc.There being, used as subject and adverbial.Lecture 29 It-PatternsTeaching objectives:1.Getting to know types of It-patterns;2.Getting to know the grammatical relationships in It-patterns.Lecturing:1. Empty “it”Empty “it”does not refer to anything. It is meaningless and is chiefly used as formal subject in sentences denoting time, place, distance, and atmospheric conditions. And it is also used in sentences denoting a general situation. Besides, it can also be used in some idioms and idiomatic expressions.2. Anticipatory “it”Anticipatory “it” is used in sentences with a nominal clause as subject or object. To make the sentence balanced, the subject is usually shifted to the end of the sentence, and using formal subject to take its place. This kind of extraposition is more frequent than its natural position.3.“It” as introductory word of cleft sentencesThe general pattern of a cleft sentence is: It + be + focal element + that-/ who- clauseGenerally speaking, except the predicator, almost all the elements of a statement can be singled out as the focal element of a cleft sentence. As to the predicator of a cleft sentence, it can be a simple form of the verb “be”; it may also be a complex verb phrase with a form of the verb be as headword, such as “ might have been”.4.Pseudo-cleft sentencesWhen you want to single out the verb phrase as the focal element, you can use what is called “pseudo-cleft sentence”. It is essentially an SVC construction with a what-clause as subject, eg: I gave her a handbag.→What I did was (to )give hera handbag.The other types are “ what-clause + be + noun phrase” and “ noun phrase + be + what-clause”.Lecture 30 CoordinationTeaching objectives:1.Getting to know the types of coordination;2.Getting to know coordinators and their usageLecturing:1.Types of coordinate constructionsCoordination can be on different ranks in grammatical hierarchy. They may be a sequence of coordinated words, phrases, or clause. A coordinate construction can be formed with coordinating devices including coordinators and some punctuation marks. Two coordinated items can be interrupted by an insertion just to lend emphasis to the second item. We must pay attention to the symmetrical organization of coordinate constructions.2.Coordinators semantically consideredThree basic coordinators: “and, or, but”. “yet, so, nor”can function both as conjunctions and as conjunctive adverbs. There are correlative pairs including “both…and, not only… but also, not… nor, neither… nor, either… or”, etc. There are quasi-coordinators like “as well as, as much as, rather than, more than”, etc.They ranked between a coordinator and a subordinator or a complex preposition.Besides, “for” can be used as a coordinator or as a subordinator.HomeworkExercises in the book in the following two lectures.。
新概念英语第二册存在句课件
提示1 它们都是表心理状态的及物动词。
提示2 大多可利用want / intend / expect sb. to do sth.等来助记。
提示3 anticipate，envisage（设想）之后要用there being形式作宾语。
该题考查存在句的非限定形式。存在句的非限定形式主要有there to be和 there being两种，这两种形式都可作介词补足成分，但如果介词是for， 便只能用there to be的形式。该题中的介词为for，因此D为正确答案。
3. 作介词补足成分 （1）介词for — there to be e.g. They planned for there to be a family reunion.
Jim asked for there to be give-and-take on both sides.
提示 可利用for sb. to do sth.来助记。
（地点状语） There was a strong wind here last night. （地点状语、 时间状语）
提示 在一定上下文中如所指时间、地点已经明确，存在句也可不带状语。
2. there + be + 名词词组 + 非限定分句 e.g. There is work to employ thousands of people.
提示1 提示2
提示3
存在句的主要交际功能是表示某人或某物的“存在”，从而引出新 话题，因此实义主语一般不能是定冠词等表确定特指的限定词。
可以结合不定冠词的“非确定特指”用法，比如提供新信息时，我 们说“I met an old man in the street.”，不说“*I met the old man in the street.”。
28 existential sentence
Existential Sentences
Teaching Contents
28.1 Structural properties of existential
sentences
28.2 Non-finite existential clauses
The existential sentence is a special type of
1. There is some people. 现代英语的一种变化趋势：there is先已发展成 为一个固定套话，既用于单数形式的主语，也用 于复数形式的主语。现代英语语法学家都认为这 是正确的用法。有的语法学家经调查发现，以英 语为本族语的人，在讲话中，不管there be句型 的主语是单数还是复数，使用there is的人占绝 大多数。 e.g. There’s some people I like you to meet. There’s lots of cars on the road these days.
Secondly, verbs of motion, such as come, go,
walk. --There came a time when the people felt the need to settle down and live in peace. Thirdly, verbs of emergence or development, such as appear, rise, emerge, develop, happen, occur, etc. --There occurred at that moment a most remarkable incident.
Existential Sentence
(2)The predicator may also be realized by “modal+be/have been”.eg:
There must be no more money wasted . Mustn’t there be another reason for his behavior? There can/can’t be very little doubt about his guilt. There can’t have been much traffic so late at night. There used to be a church round the corner.
(4)Apart from this,there are at least three classes of semantically-related verbs that can act as predicator.
Verbs of existence and position.such as exist,live,stand,lie Verbs of motion,such as come,go,walk Verbs of emergence or development ,such as:appear,arise ,emerge ,develop,happe n,occur,etc.
Non-finite existential clauses
A non-finite existential clauses is one whose predicator is a non-finite verb phrase .There are two types of non-finite existential clauses : There to be/(to have been) +NP+locative/temporal adverbial There being/having been +NP+locative/temporal adverbial
SentenceStructure五种基本句型PPT课件
03
定义
简单句是由一个主语和一 个谓语组成，没有复合句 中的从句或并列句中的并 列成分。
例子
She sings beautifully. （她唱得很美。）
特点
简单明了，表达一个完整 的思想，是英语中最基本 的句型。
03 The Compound Sentence (并列句)
两个独立分句
并列句由两个独立分句组成，它们之间的关系是并列的，没 有主次之分。
答案
对于每个练习句子，给出详细的 句型分析和答案解释。
对于填空、选择、改错等题型， 给出正确答案和解析，帮助学生
理解错误原因。
可以额外提供一些拓展练习和答 案，供学有余力的学生进一步提
高。
THANKS FOR WATCHING
感谢您的观看
正确的句型结构是有效沟通交流的关 键，有助于避免歧义和误解。
介绍PPT课件的内容和目的
PPT课件内容
PPT课件将详细介绍五种基本句 型的特点、用法和示例，帮助学 习者更好地理解和掌握。
目的
通过PPT课件的学习，学习者可 以更直观地了解五种基本句型的 结构和用法，提高语言运用能力 。
介绍PPT课件的适用人群和学习方法
sentencestructure五种基本句型 ppt课件
目 录
• 引言 • The Simple Sentence (简单句) • The Compound Sentence (并列句) • The Complex Sentence (复合句) • The Compound-Complex Sentence (并列
连词类型
并列连词（and、or、but等）、从属连词（when、while、if 等）。
结构特点
第6讲和第7讲存在句和IT句
It’s important for there to be a fire-escape.
2. There being a bus stop so near the house is a great advantage. 在房子附近有公交车站是个很大的优势。 3. 他们计划再开一次会议。
They planned for there to be another meeting.
This is the fastest train there is to Beijing.
This is the fastest train that there is to Beijing.
Lecture Seven It-Patterns
Three types of sentence with non-referring it as formal subject: 1) sentences with it (empty it) as formal subject denoting time, distance, and atmospheric conditions; 2) sentences with anticipatory it (anticipatory it) as subject; 1) cleft sentences introduced by it (introductory it).
A Lead-in
24. ____ to be nobody working in the room when the fire broke out. A. There happened B. It happened C. There being D. It took place
Lecture Six Existential Sentence
Existential Sentence 存在句
I. There be 结构主要用以表达"某处 (某时) 有某人 (某物)", 其基本句型为"There be + 某物或某人 + 某地或某时", 其中there 是引导词, 做形式主语，没有词义; be是谓语动词;"某人或某物"是句子的真正主语;"某地或某时"作句子的状语, 多是介词短语。
There is a cherry tree in my garden.我家花园有一棵樱桃树。
这里there做引导语，形式主语，谓语动词是 is，a cherry tree作为句子的真正主语，介词短语in my garden做状语II. There be 结构中的谓语动词be在人称和数上应与其后的主语保持一致。
主语是不可数名词或单数可数名词时用is,是复数时用areThere is a flower in the bottle.（这里的is，对应后面的单数a flower）瓶子里有一朵花。
There is some money in the purse.（这里的is，对应后面的不可数名词money）钱包里有一些钱。
There are fifteen students in my class.（这里的are和复数形式fifteen students对应）我们班有15个学生。
There are many people in the cinema. （这里的are 和复数形式many people对应）电影院里有很多人。
*people 是集体名词，一般泛指人们，无单复数形式III.若句子中有几个并列的主语时, be的形式要与离其最近的一个主语在人称和数上保持一致（就近原则）There is a boy, a girl and two women in the house.房子里有一个男孩,一个女孩和两个妇女。
There are ten students and a teacher in the office.办公室里有十个学生和一个教师。
大学英语语法PPT(全)
Plural nouns
02
referring to more than one thing, e.g., "cats", "books"
Zero plural
03
referring to a group of things without a plural form, e.g.,
"people", "fish"
They
used as the subject or object of a verb to express a group of people, or in place of a subject pronoun when the gender is unknown or insignificant.
The possessive case of nouns
Formation
adding "-'s" or "'s" to the end of the noun, e.g., "cat's", "dog's"
Usage
indicating ownership or possession, e.g., "the cat's food", "my brother's car"
used as the subject or object of a verb to express any person, thing, or idea without specifying which one.
used as the subject or object of a verb to express every single person, thing, or idea in a group without exception.
大学英语写作课件6-Effective-sentences
Examples
a. She decided to study English though she was interested in music. b. Although she was interested in music, she finally decided to study English.
The main point of this sentence is that the writer prefers to live in Canada, and the writer makes the point at the very beginning: everything which follows is simply extra information.
He was offered a professional contract after winning the Olympic gold medal for figure skating, according to newspaper reports.
Loose Sentence
According to newspaper reports, after winning the Olympic gold medal for figure skating, he was offered a professional contract.
Periodic Sentence
It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.
有一条举世公认的真理:那就是凡有钱的单身汉 总想娶位太太.
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There+ be + NP+ Locative Expression (+ Temporal Expression)
Subject
1. Formal subject and notional(real) subject the determiners of notional subject include: (1) the indefinite article; (2) the zero article; (3) other indefinite determiners such as some, any, no, several, many, much, more, (a) few, (a) little, less, another, a lot of, plenty of, a number of, enough, as well as the cardinal numerals.
ＳＶＯＯ：A girl has been telling me her troubles.
→There has been a girl telling me her troubles. ＳＶＣ： Someone is painting the door green.
→There is someone painting the door green. ＳＶＡ： Is anyone in the room? →Is there anyone
1. Verb in the sevesnebnasticesnencteenc.e patterns is
progressive aspect (进行体)，we could transform that into the existential sentence with –ing participle
The notional subject can also be realized by some-, any-, no- compounds such as something, nothing, anyone, etc.
Transform from other sentence
patterns into an existential
SV： A tree is falling. → There is a tree falling. ＳＶＣ： A computer was available. → There was a computer available. A new film will be on. → There will be a new film on. ＳＶＯ： No one was greeting him. →There was no one greeting him.
No one came here. →There was no one who came here. I must visit a friend. → There is a friend I must visit.
3.The subject is the noun phrase with generic reference （类指)，transform that into double
There is a cinema here before the war. There can be very little doubt about his guilt. There can’t have been much traffic so late at night. 2. Some fixed collocation be going to, be to, be certain/sure to, be likely to, appear to, happen to, seem to There is likely to be a big snowstorm tonight. There seem to be still some questions unsolved.
2. Omission of formal subject On the hill(there) stands a temple. In the valley (there) lies a stream.
3. Subject-verb concord There is an old worker, two teachers and ten students in our group. There is not only a mother but also 5 babies that are being looked after there.
negative structure
A plant needs light and water. →There is no
plant that does not need light or water. →(误) There is a plant that needs light and water.
4. Introductory there vs. frontedቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱadverb There are too many people here. (introductory there)
There are our friends. (initial adverb)
Predicator
1. Verb be
in the room? ＳＶＯＡ：Many workers have been building the
bridge since then.
→There have been many workers building the
bridge since then.
2. Verb is not progressive aspect, transform that into relative clause