综合教程第七册Chapter 2

Grammatical vs. Lexical Words: Grammatical/Function words: Those express grammatical meanings, such as, conjunctions, prepositions, articles, and pronouns, are grammatical words.
Compounds and Compounding
WORDS: SOME BACKGROUND CONCEPTS
1. What is word? ……we ……we might say that a word is an arbitrary pairing of sound and meaning.
Lexical/Content words: Those which refer to substance, action and quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, are lexical words.
ClosedClosed-class vs. Open-class OpenWords:
ClosedClosed-class words are those belonging to grammatical, or function, classes (such as articles, quantifiers, conjunctions, and prepositions), which in any language tend to include a small number of tined elements.
A grammatical unit: unit: sentence clause phrase word morpheme
Identification of words Stability Relative uninterruptibility A minimum free form
Stability: stable linguistic units. Words are the most stable of all linguistic units, in respect of their internal structure, i.e. the constituent parts of a complex word have little potential for rearrangement chairman, but not *manchair
Variable vs. Invariable
In variable words, one can find ordered words, and regular series of grammatically different word form; on the other hand, part of the word remains relatively constant.
Coined Words(造词) Words(造词) Acronyms（首字母词） Acronyms（首字母词） Alphabetic Abbreviations（字母缩写词） Abbreviations（字母缩写词） Clippings（剪裁词） Clippings（剪裁词） Blends （缩合词） Generified Words （类化词） Proper Nouns（专有名词） Nouns（专有名词） Borrowings（借词） Borrowings（借词）
But we can add another word between words: Paul, (John) and Mary ...
A minimum free form: Leonard Bloomfield. He advocated treating sentence as “the maximum free form” and word “the form” minimum free form,” the smallest unit that form,” can constitute a complete utterance by itself, eg
ClosedClosed-class words: A word that belongs to the closed-class is one closedwhose membership is fixed or limited. New members cannot normally be added, eg pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, auxiliaries. auxiliaries.
Phonological: Orthographic: It is wonderful. Three words are recognized.
A lexical item or a lexeme
A lexical item is an entry in a dictionary. A lexeme(词素, 词位) is the smallest unit in lexeme(词素, 词位) the meaning system of a language that can be distinguished from other similar units. It is an abstract unit. It can occur in many different forms in actual spoken or written sentences, and is regarded as the same lexeme even when inflected.
Three senses are involved in defining “word”, none of which is word” satisfactory to cope with all the situations.
Three senses of “word” word”
A physical unit: a cluster of sound segments or letters between two pauses or blanks, eg
E.g. the word “write” is the lexeme of “write, writes, wrote, writing and written.” A lexeme WRITE includes all of its grammatical forms:
write, writes, writing, wrote, written
Variable words: write, writes, writing, wrote, written; cat, cats.
Invariable words refer to those words such as since, when, seldom, through, hello, etc. They have no inflective endings. Invariable words: since, when, seldom, through, etc.
A unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form. – A vague definition. A word is the smallest of the linguistic units that can constitute, by itself, a complete utterance in speech or writing.
Changing the Meaning of Words
Change in Part of Speech(词性的改变) Speech(词性的改变) Metaphorical Extension（比喻扩展） Extension（比喻扩展） Broadening（扩展） Broadening（扩展） Narrowing（收缩） Narrowing（收缩） Semantic Drift（词义转变） Drift（词义转变） Reversals（逆向意义） Reversals（逆向意义）
The open-class words are those openbelonging to the major part-of-speech part-ofclasses (nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs), which in any language tend to be quite large and "open-ended” "open-ended”
First, it does not distinguish between words and phrases or sentences, which are also (derivatively) arbitrary pairings of sound and meaning. Second, a word such as it in a sentence such as It is snowing. has no meaning.
Relative uninterruptibility: though we recognize three components in the word disappointment, we cannot pause and add another component in between, as in *disinterestappointment.