上海中考英语必考语法点梳理

上海中考英语必考语法点梳理XXX:一.宾语从句1.宾语从句的含义宾语从句是整个句子中做宾语的从句。

例如：“XXX.” 这里，“XXX”是由连接词that引导的从句，同时也是knew的宾语。

2.宾语从句的分类1）动词宾语从句：位于动词后面的宾语从句。

例如：“He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class.”2）介词宾语从句：位于介词后面的宾语从句。

例如：“I agree with what you said just now.”3）形容词宾语从句：位于形容词后面的宾语从句。

例如：“I am afraid that I will be late.”3.引导名词性从句的连接词1）that：在宾语从句中不做成分，没有实际含义。

2）whether/if：表示是否，在宾语从句中不做成分。

例如：“I don't know if/whether he still lives here after so many years.”3）连接代词：what。

which。

who。

whom。

whose（在宾语从句中做主、宾、表和定语）；连接副词：where。

when。

how。

why（在宾语从句中做状语）。

例如：“The small children don't know what is in their stockings.”4.在做宾语从句的题目时应注意两点1）时态：当主句是现在时态时，宾语从句可以根据需要使用任何时态。

例如：“I don't know when he will come back.”他告诉我他的姐姐昨天回来了。

当主句是过去时态时，宾语从句必须使用一种过去的时态。

她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。

他说他能在晚饭前完成他的工作。

任何时候表示客观事实或普遍真理的句子做宾语从句时，都使用一般现在时。

老师说地球绕着太阳转。

定语从句是修饰某一名词或代词的从句。

被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。

定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词。

常见的关系代词包括that，which，who（宾格whom，所有格whose）等，关系副词包括where，when，why等。

定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。

限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省略。

非限制性定语从句与主句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。

关系代词that既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。

在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。

作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。

例如：XXX喜欢安静温柔的音乐（that作主语），我放在桌子上的外套是蓝色的（that作宾语）。

关系代词which用于指物，在句中作主语、宾语或表语。

作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。

例如：火车站附近的建筑是一家超市（which作主语）。

The building near the train XXX。

The movie we watched last night was fantastic。

Who and whom are used to refer to people。

Who is used as a subject and whom is used as an object。

In spoken language。

who can sometimes replace whom。

When who or whom is used as an object。

it can also be omitted。

For example: The girl who often helps me with my English is from England。

XXX XXX。

The relative adverbs have different uses。

When refers to time and is used as a time adverb in a relative clause when XXX time。

For example: This was the time when he arrived。

Where refers to n and is used as a n adverb in a relative clause when XXX n。

For example: This is the place where he works。

XXX: Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school。

The basic structure of the present perfect tense:Affirmative: Subject + have/has + past participle + othersNegative: Subject + have/has + not + past participle + othersInterrogative: Have/Has + subject + past participle + othersSpecial interrogative: Special interrogative word + interrogative sentence (have/has + subject + past participle + others)The present perfect tense is used to indicate the XXX n in the past on the present。

In other words。

the n or state occurred in thepast。

but its impact still exists in the present。

emphasizing the present。

I have already posted the photo。

The time adverbs used with this usage are some vague past time adverbs。

such as already (in affirmative sentences)。

yet (in negative/interrogative sentences)。

just。

before。

recently。

still。

lately。

never。

etc.He has lived here since 1978.which means he started living here in 1978 and has been living here since then。

with the possibility of continuing to live here in the XXX by "for" (followed by a n of time) or "since" (followed by a specific time point or a past tense sentence)。

The verb used must be a XXX。

such as "go out" ing "be out"。

"finish" ing "be over"。

"open" ing "be open"。

"die" ing "be dead"。

"buy" ing "have"。

"fall ill" ing "be ill"。

"come back" ing "be back"。

and "catch a cold" ing "have a cold"。

In exams。

the use of present perfect tense is often XXX choice ns。

XXX。

or XXX "instantaneous verbs cannot be used with adverbs indicating a d of time"。

For example。

in the n "His father _____the party since 1978"。

the correct answer is "has been in"。

This n tests students' proficiency in using the present perfect tense。

"Since 1978" means the n has been ongoing from the past until now。

so the present perfect tense should be used with a continuous verb。

ns A and B are instantaneous verbs and cannot be used with a time d。

so they are incorrect。

n C is in the simple past tense and is also incorrect。

Both the past simple tense and the present perfect XXX difference is that the present perfect tense emphasizes the impact and result of the past n on the present。

while the past simple tense only indicates the time when the n occurred in the past without any n to the present。

For example。

"I saw the film yesterday evening" only tells us the time when the n occurred。

while "I have seen the film before" suggests that the speaker has some knowledge or experience related to the film.一般过去时通常与具体明确的过去时间状语连用，比如yesterday。