2015年考研英语一真题详解
2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试
英语（一）试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
①Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. ②That is 1 a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has 2 .
①The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1,932 unique subjects which
4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. ②The same people were used in both
5 .
①While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. ②As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin.”
①The study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. ②Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now.
③10 , as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it. ④There could be many mechanisms working together that 12 us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 “functional kinship” of being friends with 14 !
①One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving
15 than other genes. ②Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor.
①The findings do not simply explain people’s 18 to befriend those of similar 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. ②Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20 that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. ③The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.
1. [A] what [B] why [C] how [D] when
2. [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised
3. [A] for [B] with [C] by [D] on
4. [A] separated [B] sought [C] compared [D] connected
5. [A] tests [B] objects [C] samples [D] examples
6. [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C] unreliable [D] incredible
7. [A] visit [B] miss [C] know [D] seek
8. [A] surpass [B] influence [C] favor [D] resemble
9. [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus
10. [A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps
11. [A] about [B] to [C] from [D] like
12. [A] limit [B] observe [C] confuse [D] drive
13. [A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with
14. [A] chances [B] responses [C] benefits [D] missions
15. [A] faster [B] slower [C] later [D] earlier
16. [A] forecast [B] remember [C] express [D] understand
17. [A] unpredictable [B] contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive
18. [A] tendency [B] decision [C] arrangement [D] endeavor
19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic
20. [A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tell
Section ⅡReading Comprehension
Part A
Directions：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
①King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they die in their sleep.” ②But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. ③So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? ④Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?
①The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. ②When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.
①It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’ continuing popularity as heads of states. ②And so, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). ③But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.
①Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. ②Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today—embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. ③At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.
①The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. ②Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). ③Even so,
these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.
While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to strive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.
①It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. ②The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. ③He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service—as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. ④Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.
21. According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain _______.
[A] used to enjoy high public support
[B] was unpopular among European royals
[C] eased his relationship with his rivals
[D] ended his reign in embarrassment
22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly _______.
[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status
[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality
[C] to give voters more public figures to look up to
[D] due to their everlasting political embodiment
23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?
[A] Aristocrats’ excessive reliance on inherited wealth.
[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies.
[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.
[D] The nobility’s adherence to their privileges.
24. The British royals “have most to fear” because Charles _______.
[A] takes a tough line on political issues
[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised
[C] takes republicans as his potential allies
[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role
25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?
[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined
[B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne
[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs
[D] Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats
Text 2
①Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? ②The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.
①California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. ②It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.
①The court would be recklessly mod est if it followed California’s advice. ②Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.
①They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smart phone—a vast storehouse of digital information—is similar to, say, rifling through a suspect’s purse. ②The court has ruled that police don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when th ey go through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. ③But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. ④A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. ⑤The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.
①Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. ②But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. ③Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.
①As so often is the case, stating t hat principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. ②In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. ③They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. ④The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.
①But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole. ②New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. ③Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.
26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to_______.
[A] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents
[B] search for suspects’ mobile phones without a warrant
[C] check suspects’ phone contents without being authorized
[D]prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones
27. The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of_______.
[A] disapproval
[B] indifference
[C] tolerance
[D]cautiousness
28. The author believes that exploring one’s phone contents is comparable to_______.
[A] getting into one’s residence
[B] handling one’s historical records
[C] scanning one’s correspond ences
[D] going through one’s wallet
29. In Paragraphs 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that_______.
[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed
[B] the court is giving police less room for action
[C] citizens’ privacy is not effectively protected
[D] phones are used to store sensitive information
30. Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that_______.
[A] the Constitution should be implemented flexibly
[B] new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution
[C]California’s argumen t violates principles of the Constitution
[D]principles of the Constitution should never be altered
Text 3
①The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. ②The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.
①“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. ②Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE).③Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. ④The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.
①Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”
①Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, is a member of the SBoRE group. ②He says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.”③He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. ④This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”
①John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.”②“Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. ③I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. ④But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.
①Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. ②Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engagin g reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”. ③Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to id entify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place”.
31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that _______.
[A] Science intends to simplify its peer-review process
[B] journals are strengthening their statistical checks
[C] few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis
[D] lack of data analysis is common in research projects
32. The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to_______.
[A] found
[B] marked
[C] revised
[D] stored
33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may _______.
[A] pose a threat to all its peers
[B] meet with strong opposition
[C] increase Science’s circulation
[D] set an example for other journals
34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now _______.
[A] adds to researchers’ workload
[B] diminishes the role of reviewers
[C] has room for further improvement
[D] is to fail in the foreseeable future
35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?
[A] Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers
[B] Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect
[C] Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’ Desks
[D] Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science
Text 4
①Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”. ②Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism” in society should be profit and the market.
③But “it’s us, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit”.
①Driving her point home, she continued: “It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom.” ②This same absence of moral purpose was
wounding companies such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking .
①As the hacking trial concludes—finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge—the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stand. ②Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. ③This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. ④Others await trial. ⑤This long story still unfolds.
①In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. ②One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. ③The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.
①In today’s world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run. ②Perhaps we should not be so surprised. ③For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. ④The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. ⑤Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.
①The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. ②It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. ③Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.
36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by_______.
[A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism
[B] companies’ financial loss due to immoral pr actices
[C] governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues
[D]the wide misuse of integrity among institutions
37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that_______.
[A] Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime
[B] more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking
[C] Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge
[D] phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions
38. The author believes the Rebekah Books’s defence_______.
[A] revealed a cunning personality
[B] centered on trivial issues
[C] was hardly convincing
[D] was part of a conspiracy
39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows_______.
[A] generally distorted values
[B] unfair wealth distribution
[C] a marginalized lifestyle
[D] a rigid moral code
40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?
[A] The quality of writing is of primary importance.
[B] Common humanity is central in news reporting.
[C] Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper.
[D] Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.
Part B
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your implicit knowledge of English grammar. (41) ______________________________ You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: Who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where？
The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues. (42) ______________________________ Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of a n absolute, fixed or “true” meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world. (43) ______________ Such background material inevitably reflects who we are. (44) _____________________ This doesn’t, how ever, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page—including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns—debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.
How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it.
(45)____________________ Such dimensions of reading suggest—as others introduced later in the book will also do—that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading. It doesn’t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy, or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.
[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a given
course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a
train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.
[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender, ethnicity, age and
social class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.
[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented
in the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.
[D] In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image
or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.
[E] You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you, or
about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.
[F] In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not
necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.
[G] Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call
textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal struc tures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America. (46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.
(47) The United States is the product of two principal forces—the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world. (48) But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.
(49)The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th-and-16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they survived on barely enough food
allotted to them. Many of the ships were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.
To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief. Said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues’ distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” The colonists’ first glimpse of the new la nd was a sight of dense woods. (50)The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.
Section III Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
You are going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members.
You should state reasons for your recommendation.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address (10 points)
Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following picture. In your essay, you should
1) describe the picture briefly,
2) interpret its intended meaning, and
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
2015年试题精读透析
2015年试题精读透析
Section ⅠUse of English
文章大意
本文介绍了加州大学和耶鲁大学的一项最新研究。该研究揭示，尽管没有血缘关系，但朋友之间存在着基因上的相似性。朋友之间最具有相似性的基因是影响嗅觉的基因，同时，这些相似的基因比其他基因进化得更快。
试题透析
1. [A] what……的东西/事情（关系代词）[B] why为何（连接副词）
[C] how如何（连接副词）[D] when何时（连接副词）
[试题考点] 语意关系+连接词辨析。[难度等级]★
[解题思路] 本题空格位于首段句②，观察句子可知，两个逗号之间的过去分词短语published from…为后置定语，修饰a study，句子的主干部分为That is 1 a study…has
2 。由于本题空格位于句中系动词is之后，因此本题需要填入一个引导表语从句的连
接词。That承上前指句①所述的内容：“尽管不存在血缘关系，但朋友就像我们的第四代表亲一样，与我们拥有1%的相同基因。”显然这里是说这项研究的结果。四个选项中能表达此意义的只有what，故为正确选项。what是一个特殊的关系代词，在此引导一个陈述的内容，没有任何疑问的性质，同时又在这个表语从句中担任宾语。除了可以引导表语从句，还可用于引导主语从句、宾语从句，如：What caused the accident hasn’t been made public.（什么事情导致了这场事故还未公之于众。）I told him what the problem was.（我告诉他问题之所在。）
[干扰排除]其他三个选项在语法上都符合条件，但不符合本句语境。这里所说的是与这项研究相关的内容，而不是指该研究的原因（why）、方式（how）和时间（when），因此其他三项均被排除。
2. [A] defended支持；辩护[B] concluded 下结论；推断
[C] withdrawn 撤消；撤回[D] advised提议；建议
[试题考点] 语意关系+动词辨析。[难度等级] ★★
[解题思路] 本题空格位于句②中的表语从句中，需要填入一个动词，作该从句的谓语。
由上一题的分析可知，本段指加利福尼亚大学和耶鲁大学在《美国国家科学院院刊》上发表了它们的研究成果，结论即句①所述。四个选项最符合题意的只能是concluded，conclude意思是“经推理得出结论”，如：The jury concluded, from the evidence, that she was guilty. （陪审团根据证据作出结论, 认定她有罪。）故答案为选项[B]。
[干扰排除]其他三个选项都可以代入空格处，但不符合上下文语境。defend意思是“支持；辩护”，如：He defended his policy of imposing high rates.（他为自己征收高地方税额的政策进行辩护。）withdraw意思是“撤回或撤消（诺言、提议、言论等）”，如：I insist that you withdraw your offensive remarks immediately. （我要求你必须立刻收回那些过头的话。）advise意思是“建议；提议”，如：We advised that they should start early.（我们建议他们应该及早开始。）从本段内容可知，这是加州大学和耶鲁大学联合研究出来的成果，并非对于他人的成果，他们予以支持，故排除选项[A]。既然是研究成果，必然经过科学推理而得出结论，而非提议或建议，故排除选项[D]。浏览后文可知，全文围绕着这一研究结果而进行详细说明，因此谈不上撤回或撤消，故排除选项[C]。
3. [A] (conducted sth) for为……（实施某事）
[B] (conducted sth) with 与……一起（实施某事）
[C] (conducted sth) by由……（实施某事）
[D] (conducted sth) on 对……（实施某事）
[试题考点] 语意关系+介词辨析。[难度等级] ★
[解题思路] 本题空格位于过去分词短语“conducted 3 1,932 unique subjects”之中，该短语作定语，修饰其前的a genome-wide analysis，我们可将这两个部分化为一个句子：(The researchers) conducted a genome-wide analysis 3 1,932 unique subjects. （研究人员 3 1,932个独特的受试者进行了一个基因组范围内的分析研究。）subjects一词说明了他们是接受这个分析研究的被测试对象，观察四个选项，能表达这种被测试关系的介词只能是on，conduct sth on sb意思就是“对某人实施某事”，再如：Is it really necessary to conduct experiments on animals?（真的有必要进行动物实验吗？）故答案为选项[D]。
[干扰排除]其他三个选项for、with、by代入空格，意思分别为这个分析研究是为了受试者进行的、与受试者共同进行的、由受试者进行的，这都与文意不相符合，故全部被排除。
4. [A] separated分开；分离[B] sought寻找；征求
[C] compared 比较[D] connected联系；联络
[试题考点] 语意关系+动词辨析。[难度等级] ★★
[解题思路] 本题空格位于which引导的定语从句中，作该从句的谓语，后跟pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers（成对的没有亲属关系的朋友和陌生人）作其宾语。由前文可知，这项研究是关于朋友间基因上的相关性问题，因此很有可能是比较没有亲属关系的朋友和陌生人的基因来进行的，所以最佳选项为compared。compare意思是“比较”，如：The police compared the forged signature with the original.（警察将伪造的签名与原来的作比较。）
[干扰排除]这项研究得出的结论是朋友之间拥有一定比例的相同基因，很明显，这个结果需要通过将一些属于朋友关系的受试的基因与属于陌生人关系的受试者的基因进行比对才能得出。三个干扰项separated、sought、connected分别意为“分开；分离”、“寻找；征求”、“联系；联络”，与此语境不相符合，故全部排除。
5. [A] tests测试[B] objects物体；对象
[C] samples样品，样本[D] examples样例；榜样
[试题考点] 语意关系+名词辨析。[难度等级] ★★★
[解题思路] 本题空格位于句②，需要填入一个名词，受both的修饰限定。由句①可知，该研究通过比对成对的非亲属关系的朋友和非亲属关系的陌生人来判断朋友之间基因相关性，unrelated friends和unrelated strangers是两个（both）被用于比对的实验对象群体。在统计学中，研究中从总体中选取出来用于实际观测或调查的一部分个体称为样本，与句①中的subjects相对应，这里只能填写samples。sample意思是“样品；样本”，如：Our sample comprised 250 catering workers. （我们的样本包括250 名餐饮工作人员。）故答案为选项[C]。
[干扰排除]其他几个选项都颇有混淆性：test意思是“测试”，如：The test used in detecting the disease carries its own risks.（用以检测这种疾病的检验方法本身也带有风险性。）但both 5 所指为unrelated friends and unrelated strangers，这并非两次测试，故排除选项
[A]。object意思是“物体”或“极欲得到的/注意的/研究的对象/目标”，是行为、感觉
或思想所指向的人或物，如：Disease became the object of investigation.（疾病成为调查的对象。）并不适合本句的语境，因此选项[B]也被排除。examples在本题中干扰性最大，也有“样例”的意思，但它通常指很典型地代表了整体事物的特点，如：Japan is often quoted as the prime example of a modern industrial nation.（人们经常提及日本，视其为现代工业国家的典范。）文中是讲将两个群体的基因进行比较，examples代入空格，并不符合文意，故选项[D]也被排除。
6. [A] insignificant不显著的[B] unexpected意想不到的
[C] unreliable不可靠的[D] incredible难以置信的
[试题考点] 语意关系+形容词辨析。[难度等级] ★★
[解题思路] 本题空格位于第三段句①中的让步状语从句之中，需填入一个形容词，对朋友之间有1%基因相似性的这一比例进行评价。该句的意思为：尽管1%可能看起来似乎_____，但遗传学家可不这么认为。可见这里说的是公众与专家对这一数字的不同看法，本句前后部分形成对比转折的逻辑关系。由前文可知，研究人员将这一发现发表在科学刊物上，可见他们认为这一数字意义重大。那么，与之相反，空格处应填入表示“不重大”的形容词，选项中与此相符合的只有insignificant，insignificant意思是“不重要的；无足轻重的”，如：The rate has fallen by an insignificant amount. （比率虽有下降, 但微不足道。）故答案为选项[A]。
[干扰排除]其他三个选项分别意为“意想不到的”（unexpected）、“不可靠的”（unreliable）、“难以置信的”（incredible），如：His death was not entirely unexpected. （他的死并非
完全出人意料。）He's totally unreliable as a source of information.（他提供的消息完全不可信。）He gave an incredible explanation of the cause of the accident.（他对事故发生的原因作了令人难以置信的解释。）本空格所填词表明的是公众对1%这一数字的看法，在公众眼中，1%显然是一个非常小的数字，而文中并没有相关文字表明公众对这一数字的期待，因此谈不上出乎意料，故排除选项[B]。文中也没有对这一数字表示怀疑的论述，故排除选项[C]、[D]。
7. [A] visit拜访[B] miss思念
[C] know知道；认识[D] seek寻找
[试题考点] 语意关系+动词辨析。[难度等级] ★
[解题思路] 本题空格位于第三段句②中James Fowler的话语中，该直接引语是一个表示转折关系的复合句。由句子意思不难看出，“the people who 8 our kin”与their fourth cousins所指相对应，因此“the people who 8 our kin”可以用“这些人”模糊代替，即该引语意思是“绝大多数人甚至不_____自己的第四代表亲是谁，但他们却总会选择这些人做朋友。”由本句的转折逻辑关系，四个选项中符合要求的只有know。
know意为“知道；认识”，如：But I hardly know the woman!（可是我几乎不认识那个女人！）故答案为选项[C]。
[干扰排除]其他三个选项分别意为“拜访”（visit）、“思念”（miss）、“寻找”（seek），代入空格处，意思为“绝大多数人甚至不拜访/思念/寻找自己的第四代表亲，但他们却总会选择这些人做朋友”，语意不通，故全部被排除。
8. [A] surpass超越，胜过[B] influence影响；对……起作用
[C] favor喜欢；偏袒；有利于[D] resemble相似
[试题考点] 语意关系+动词辨析。[难度等级] ★★
[解题思路] 本题空格位于第三段句②中的定语从句中，并在从句中作谓语，并且该从句连同其先行词the people合为一体，作select的宾语。由句意“绝大多数人甚至不认识自己的第四代表亲，但他们却总会选择与自己的亲戚_____的这些人做朋友”可知，“the people who 8 our kin”与their fourth cousins所指相对应，即这些被选做朋友的人与我们的第四代表亲存在关联的，再由前文所说的朋友之间拥有1%的相同基因，可判断我们选择的朋友与我们的亲戚是存在有相似之处的，所以正确选项为[D] resemble。resemble意思是“相似；像”，如：He does not resemble his brother in any way.
（他和他兄弟一点儿都不一样。）
[干扰排除]其他三个选项分别意为“超越，胜过”（surpass）、“影响；对……起作用”
（influence）、“喜欢；偏袒；有利于”（favor），如：He continued to surpass me at all games.
（他仍然在所有的竞赛中都胜过我。）Astrologers believe that planets influence human character.（星相家认为星体能影响人的性格的信念）Many countries favour a presidential system of government.（很多国家选择总统制政府。）这三个选项代入空格处，意思为“他们总会选择胜过/影响/喜欢他们亲戚的人做朋友”，从上下文无法推知这些信息，故全部被排除。
9. [A] again再次；重新[B] also又
[C] instead反而；却[D] thus因此；于是
[试题考点] 语意关系+副词辨析。[难度等级] ★
[解题思路] 本题空格位于第四段句①的主语The study和谓语found之间，found之后的that从句作其宾语。空格处需要填入一个副词，修饰found。上文说到研究发现朋友之间拥有1%的相同基因，本句说到研究发现朋友之间相同的基因是嗅觉基因，而非免疫基因，这是与朋友之间基因相似性有关的另一个发现，故[B] also为最佳选项。
[干扰排除]本句所述的发现与前文所述的发现是同一研究中不同层面的发现，但不是完全一样的发现，因此称不上再一次，故排除again；它们也不是相互矛盾的发现，故排除instead；后面的发现也不是在上一发现的基础之上才能得到的结果，故前后无法构成因果关系，因此，thus也被排除。
10. [A] Meanwhile与此同时[B] Furthermore此外；而且
[C] Likewise同样地；相似地[D] Perhaps可能；或许
[试题考点] 逻辑关系+副词辨析。[难度等级] ★★
[解题思路] 本题空格位于第四段句③之首，需要填入一个副词，修饰整个句子。句②说到，这种嗅觉基因上的相似性迄今尚难以解释。句③中的it指代的就是这种嗅觉基因上的相似性：研究小组认为，_____它吸引我们到相似的环境中去。既然难以解释这种现象，这里又给出研究小组的解释，可见这种解释是推测性的。四个选项中，只有Perhaps表达的是这种推断性的语气，如：Perhaps it will snow tomorrow. （明天或许会下雪。）故答案为选项[D]。
[干扰排除]其他几个选项也可以作句子副词，但意思和用法却各不相同。Meanwhile 意思是“与此同时”，表达的是前后动作时间上的同时发生的关系，如：I went to college.
Meanwhile, all my friends got well-paid jobs.（那时我上大学去了，与此同时，我的朋友全都找到了收入不错的工作。）但文中前句说这种现象难以说明，后面给出了研究小组的看法，这种情况并不符合meanwhile所表达的关系，故排除选项[A]。Furthermore意思是“此外；而且”，表达的是递进的关系，如：It was also a highly desirable political goal.
Furthermore, it gave the English a door into France.（这也是个极其值得努力的政治目标。
而且，它为英国打开了进入法国的门户。）但文中句③并非对句②的进一步说明，故排除选项[B]。Likewise意思是“同样地；相似地”，表达的是比较或对比的关系，如：The clams were delicious. Likewise, the eggplant was excellent.（蛤蜊味道鲜美，茄子也同样美味。）但句③与句②之间并不存在这样的关系，故排除选项[C]。
11. [A] about关于[B] to 对，对于
[C] from来自[D] like像；类似
[试题考点]语意关系+介词辨析。[难度等级] ★★
[解题思路] 本题空格位于本句的后半部分之中but there is more it，该部分与本句的前半部分形成转折。前半部分说明了出现这一现象可能的原因，后半部分显然在说明还不仅仅是上面的原因，并且随后的句④也点明“可能存在许多机制的共同作用……”
也证明了这一点，因此空格所在部分的意思为“对于这一现象的产生还有更多（因素）”，远非前述原因就说明了问题。四个选项中能与此意相符合的只有to，介词to在这里指受某一行为、某种态度或情况等影响的对象，如：The factory clearly represents a danger to health.（这家工厂对于健康显然是个危害。）故最佳答案为选项[B]。
[干扰排除]其他几个选项虽然也可以代入空格，但代入后意思分别为“关于它还有很多”、“来自它还有很多”、“类似它还有很多”，都不切合文意，因为文中所述为造成这一现象的更为复杂的因素，同时，“there is more to it”基本上是一个固定搭配，故其他选项全部予以排除。
12. [A] limit限制[B] observe观察；监视
[C] confuse使迷惑；混淆[D] drive驱使；促使
[试题考点]语意关系+动词辨析。[难度等级] ★★
[解题思路] 本题空格位于句④中that引导的定语从句中，所填词作该从句的谓语动词，由于mechanisms为定语从句的先行词，因此，为便于理解，我们可将句④改写为：many mechanisms us in choosing genetically similar friends。上文提及朋友之间嗅觉基因的相似性并给出一个研究小组推测的原因，但作者认为产生这一现象远非上述原因那么简单，于是作者提出了自己的见解：许多机制一起我们选择基因相似的朋友。
也这就是说有许多机制共同对我们产生影响，从而使我们交友时做出这样的行为。选项中表明影响或推动意思的词语只有drive，drive意思为to strongly influence some one to do something“驱使（某人做某事）”，如：Hunger drove her to steal.（饥饿逼得她行窃。）[干扰排除]其他几个选项分别意为“限制”（limit）、“观察；监视”（observe）、“使迷惑；混淆”（confuse），文中所述为：可能有几种机制共同作用使我们在交友时做出了这样的选择，这种影响是推动我们行为的动力，而非限制，故排除选项[A]，同时，文中也没有关于这几种机制对我们交友选择的监控或干扰的说明，因此，选项[B]、[C]也被排除。
13. [A] according to根据；依照[B] rather than而不是
[C] regardless of不管；不顾[D] along with连同……一起；同时
[试题考点]语意关系+介词短语辨析。[难度等级] ★★
[解题思路]本题空格位于句④介词短语in choosing genetically similar friends
“functional kinship” of being friends …中，对比空格前后的genetically similar friends和“functional kinship” of being friends …，它们都是名词短语，前者意思为“基因相似的朋友”，后者意思为“功能上的/实用的亲近关系”，一个因基因结交，一个因功能结交，一内一外，很明显二者是相对的。上文指出朋友与朋友之间具有基因相似性的特征，也就是说人们交友时，会选择基因相似的人，因此，根据文章主题，这里应是肯定前者，否定后者，四个选项中能表达这种关系的只有rather than。rather than相当于instead of “而不是”，如：Bryson decided to quit rather than accept the new rules.（布赖森决定辞职，而不是接受新规定。）因此，答案为选项[B]。
[干扰排除]其他几个选项分别意为“根据；依照”（according to）、“不管；不顾”（regardless of）、“连同……一起；同时”（along with），如：According to their ability, all the students are put in different groups.（根据能力，所有学生被分为不同的小组。）He continued speaking, regardless of my feelings on the matter. （他不顾及我在此事上的感情继续往下说。）I was chosen, along with twelve other artists.（我和其他十二位艺术家一起被选中。）代入空格处，意思分别为“许多机制一起驱使我们根据实用性亲密关系而选择基因相似的朋友”、“许多机制一起驱使我们不顾实用性亲密关系而选择基因相似的朋友”、“许多机制一起驱使我们选择基因相似的朋友时也选择了实用性亲密关系”，都无法说通，故全部予以排除。
14. [A] chances机会[B] responses答复；回应
[C] benefits实惠；好处[D] missions使命；任务
[试题考点]语意关系+名词辨析。[难度等级] ★★
[解题思路]本题空格位于句④与genetically similar friends相对应的“functional kinship”
of being friends with ，共同作choosing的宾语。由于人们选择基因相似的人做朋友，而不是选择因成为朋友而构成的实用性的关系。既然是实用性的关系，那说明是为了利益而走到一起的，四个选项中与此相符合的只有benefits，benefit意为“实惠；好处”，如：I've had the benefit of a good education.（我得益于受过良好的教育。）2011年在美国上映的一部由Will Gluck导演的浪漫喜剧电影的名字就叫做Friends with Benefits。因此，答案为选项[B]。
[干扰排除]由“functional kinship”就已经限定了空格处只能填写benefits，虽然其他几个词填入空格处在语法上也没有问题，但要么语义不通，要么没有benefits更贴切，故全部被排除。
15. [A] faster更快地[B] slower更慢地
[C] later更迟地[D] earlier更早地
[试题考点]语意关系+副词辨析。[难度等级] ★★
[解题思路]本题空格位于第五段句①中由that引导的表语从句中，修饰该从句的谓语seem to be evolving，该从句意为“相似基因似乎比其他基因进化得更”。从句①本身我们无法推出答案，需要联系后文来判断。句②中的this指代句①所述的相似基因的进化特征，句②意为：研究这一点有助于为何人类在近三万年以来加快了进化的步伐，也就是说相似基因的进化特征对人类在近三万年以来加快进化步伐起了重大的作用，显然，相似基因只有进化更快才能出现这一结果，句②中的picked pace与“seem to be evolving ”形成呼应，故答案为选项[A] faster。
[干扰排除]将其他三个选项代入空格处，意为“相似基因似乎比其他基因进化得更慢/迟/早”，都无法与句②所述“人类在近三万年以来加快了进化的步伐”构成合乎逻辑的衔接，故全部被排除。
16. [A] forecast预测[B] remember记住
[C] express表达；陈述[D] understand理解；明白
[试题考点]语意关系+动词辨析。[难度等级] ★
[解题思路]本题空格位于第五段句②，该句主语为Studying this，谓语为“could help ”，宾语为由why引导的从句，其句意为“研究这一点有助于人类在近三万年以来加快了进化步伐的原因”，研究的目的必然是要弄清楚事实背后的原因，选项中最符合此意的只有understand，故答案为选项[D]。
[干扰排除]其他几个选项分别意为“预测”（forecast）、“记住”（remember）、“表达”
（express），代入原文，意思为“研究这一点有助于预测/记住/表达……原因”，因为研究只能是揭示原因，而不能是预测原因，也谈不上记住或表达原因，文意不通，故全部被排除。
17. [A] unpredictable无法预料的；不可预知的
[B] contributory起促成作用的；有助于……的
[C] controllable可控制的；可操纵的
[D] disruptive破坏性的
[试题考点]语意关系+形容词辨析。[难度等级] ★★
[解题思路]本题空格位于句②由with引导的介词短语中，需要填入一个形容词，表达社会环境对人类进步所起到的作用。本句前半部分说人类在近三万年以来加快了进化步伐，说明社会环境在其中起了积极的作用。四个选项中，能表达这种促进性的作用的只有contributory，contributory意思是“起促成作用的；有助于……的”，如：Alcohol is a contributory factor in 10% of all road accidents.（所有交通事故中有10% 是酒后驾车造成的。）因此，答案为选项[B]。
[干扰排除]其他几个选项分别意为“无法预料的；不可预知的”（unpredictable）、“可控制的；可操纵的”（controllable）、“破坏性的”（disruptive），如：The result is entirely unpredictable. （结果是完全无法预料的。）Diabetes is a serious but controllable disease.
（糖尿病是一种严重但可以控制的疾病。）Long working hours are very disruptive to home life.（工作时间长严重影响家庭生活。）很明显，不可预知的、可控制的或破坏性的因素很大程度上都是起相反作用的，无法满足本句的语境，故其他选项全部被排除。
①The findings do not simply explain people’s 18 to befriend those of similar
19 backgrounds, say the researchers. ②Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20 that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. ③The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.
18. [A] tendency趋势；倾向[B] decision决定
[C] arrangement安排[D] endeavor努力
[试题考点]语意关系+名词辨析。[难度等级] ★★
[解题思路]本题空格位于最后一段句①的宾语部分people’s to befriend those…，而空格后的不定式短语作“people’s ”的后置定语，此处befriend意思是“与……
交朋友”，该宾语部分意思即“人们交友的”。句首的The findings指代的是前文所述的朋友之间存在基因上的相似性、最具相似性的是影响嗅觉的基因、相似的基因比其他基因进化快这三个发现，因此，句①还包含了总结上文的意味。由此可判断，这里在说人们交友的特点，联系第三段句②James Fowler的话：“绝大多数人（Most people）压根不知道自己的第四代表亲是谁，但他们却总会选择与自己的亲属相似的人做朋友。”
可见，这里说的是人们普遍性地总会不自觉地选择某一种人做朋友的倾向，因此，答案为选项[A]。tendency意思为“倾向；趋势”，如：There’s a growing tendency for women to marry later. （女性越来越倾向于晚婚。）
[干扰排除]由上面的分析可知，人们这种选择朋友的特点是不自觉地，并非有意识的选择某一类人的行为，因此“决定/安排/争取与人交朋友”都不符合本句的语境，其他三个选项都被排除。decision意思为“决定”，如：The management committee upheld her decision to fire two of her staff. （管理委员会支持她解雇两名员工的决定。）arrangement 意思为“安排”，如：Her teacher made a special arrangement to discuss her progress at school once a month. 她的老师作了特别安排，每月讨论一次她在学业上的进展情况。
endeavor意思为“努力”，如：The government made honest endeavors to improve the lives of
the poor.（政府为改善贫困人口生活付出了真诚的努力。）
19. [A] political政治的[B] religious宗教的；宗教上的
[C] ethnic种族的；人种的[D] economic经济学的；经济的
[试题考点]语意关系+形容词辨析。[难度等级] ★★
[解题思路]本题空格位于句①中的名词短语those of similar backgrounds，该句意思是“人们倾向于与自己背景相似的人交朋友”，联系到第四段句④所述“人们总会选择基因相近的人做朋友（choosing genetically similar friends）”，可以判断空格词与基因有很大的相关性。四个选项中，最合适的词为ethnic，ethnic意思为“种族的；
人种的”，如：The school teaches children from different ethnic groups.（该校教授不同种族的孩子。）只有种族背景相似的人才最有可能有相似的基因，故答案为选项[C]。
[干扰排除]其他三个选项分别意为“政治的”、“宗教的”、“经济的”，与基因相关性并不强，因此其他三个选项都被排除。
20. [A] see确保；务必（做到）[B] show表明；显示
[C] prove证明；证实[D] tell显示；断定
[试题考点]语意关系+动词辨析。[难度等级] ★★
[解题思路]本题空格位于句②，该句的主干为care was taken，其后为不定式短语作句子的目的状语，逗号之前的部分为though引导的让步状语从句，在不定式短语中又包含了一个由that引导的从句，作空格需填入的动词的宾语。该句意思为：尽管所有选取的受试都是欧洲血统，研究人员还是花心思所有受试以及用于比对的他们的朋友和陌生人源自该血统中的同一族群。可以看出，这里是说，所有的受试都是欧洲血统还不够，研究人员还要做到他们和他们的朋友和陌生人都是一个族群，选项中与此意相符合的只有see，see意思是to make sure or check that something is done“确保；务必（做到）”，如：It’s up to you to see that the job’s done properly.（你要确保这项顺利完成。）故答案为选项[A]。
[干扰排除] show意思是通过提供事实或信息表明或证明，如：The figures clearly show that her claims are false.（这些数字清清楚楚地表明她的说法是错误的。）prove表明某事是真实的，如：All this proves conclusively that she couldn’t have known the truth.（这一切无可置疑地证明她不可能知道真相。）tell也有“提示；说明”的意思，如：The light tells you when the machine is ready.（机器准备完毕灯光会有显示。）而文中是说研究人员小心翼翼地做到不出差错，这三个选项与文意都有出入，不符合本句语境，故全部被排除。
词汇突破
biologically有血亲关系
proceedings（讨论会、会议、大会等的）报道，记录，公报
genome染色体组，基因组
geneticist遗传学家
immunity免疫力
kinship血缘关系；亲属关系
evolve进化
befriend对……以朋友相待；和……交朋友
extraction血统；出身；家世
ancestry世系；祖先