计算机专业英语复习题

课文A：计算机概览

A computer is an electronic device that can receive a set of instructions, or program, and then carry out this program by performing calculations on numerical data or by compiling and correlating other forms of information.

计算机是一种电子设备，它能接收一套指令或一个程序，然后通过对数字数据进行运算或对其他形式的信息进行处理来执行该程序。

The modern world of high technology could not have come about except for the development of the computer. Different types and sizes of computers find uses throughout society in the storage and handling of data, from secret governmental files to banking transactions to private household accounts[1]. Computers have opened up a new era in manufacturing through the techniques of automation, and they have enhanced modern communication systems. They are essential tools in almost every field of research and applied technology, from constructing models of the universe to producing tomorrow's weather reports, and their use has in itself opened up new areas of conjecture.

Database services and computer networks make available a great variety of information sources[2]. The same advanced techniques also make the invasions of privacy and restricted information sources possible, and computer crime has become one of the many risks that society must face if it is to enjoy the benefits of modern technology.

要不是由于计算机的发展，现代的高科技世界是不可能产生的。不同类型和大小的计算机在整个社会被用于存储和处理各种数据，从保密政府文件、银行交易到私人家庭账目。计算机通过自动化技术开辟了制造业的新纪元，而且它们也增强了现代通信系统的性能。在几乎每一个研究和应用技术领域，从构建宇宙模型到产生明天的气象报告，计算机都是必要的，工具，并且它们的应用本身就开辟了人们推测的新领域。

数据库服务和计算机网络使各种各样的信息源可供使用。同样的先进技术也使侵犯个人隐私和商业秘密成为可能。计算机犯罪已经成为作为现代技术代价组成部分的许多风险之一。

Also in the 19th century, the British mathematician and inventor Charles Babbage7 worked out the principles of the modern digital computer. He conceived a number of machines, such as the Difference Engine, that were designed to handle complicated mathematical problems. Many historians consider Babbage and his associate, the mathematician Augusta Ada Byron8, the true pioneers of the modern digital computer. One of Babbage’s designs, the Analytical Engine, had many features of a modern computer. It had an input stream in the form of a deck of punched cards, a “store” for saving data, a “mill” for arithmetic operations, and a printer that made a permanent record.9 Babbage failed to put this idea into practice, though it may well have been technically possible at that date.

也是在19世纪，英国数学家和发明家查尔斯?巴比奇，提出了现代数字计算机的原理。他构想出旨在处理复杂数学题的若干机器，如差分机。许多历史学家认为，巴比奇及其合伙人，数学家奥古斯塔?埃达?拜伦，是现代数字计算机的真正先驱。巴比奇的设计之一，分析机，具有现代计算机的许多特征。它有一个以一叠穿孔卡片的形式存在的输入流、一个保存数据的“仓库”、一个进行算术运算

的“工厂”和一个产生永久性纪录的打印机。巴比奇未能将这个想法付诸实践，尽管在那个时代它在技术上很可能是可行的。

ENIAC (see Figure 1A-1) contained 18,000 vacuum tubes and had a speed of several hundred multiplications per minute, but originally its program was wired into the processor19 and had to be manually altered. Later machines were built with program storage, based on the ideas of the Hungarian-American mathematician John von Neumann20. The instructions, like the data, were stored within a “memory”, freeing the computer from the speed limitations of the paper-tape reader during execution and permitting problems to be solved without rewiring the computer. ENIAC（见图1A-1）含有18,000个真空管，具有每分钟几百次的乘法运算速度，但是，其程序最初是通过导线传送到处理器内的，必须由人工更改。根据美籍匈牙利数学家约翰? 冯?诺伊曼的想法，后来制造的机器带有一个程序存储器。指令像数据一样存储在“存储器”中，使计算机在执行过程中摆脱了纸带阅读器的速度限制，并使问题在不给计算机重新接线的情况下得以解决。

A digital computer is not a single machine: rather, it is a system composed of five distinct elements: (1) a central processing unit; (2) input devices; (3) memory storage devices; (4) output devices; and (5) a communications network, called a bus, which links all the elements of the system and connects the system to the external world

一台数字计算机不是单一的机器。确切地说，它是由5个不同的要素组成的系统：（1）中央处理器；（2）输入设备；（3）存储设备；（4）输出设备；以及（5）被称作总线的通信网络，它将系统的所有要素连接起来并将系统与外界连接起来。

One continuing trend in computer development is microminiaturization, the effort to compress more circuit elements into smaller and smaller chip space. Researchers are also trying to speed up circuitry functions through the use of superconductivity, the phenomenon of decreased electrical resistance observed in certain materials at very low temperatures.

计算机发展的一个持续不断的趋势是微小型化，亦即将更多的电路元件压缩在越来越小的芯片空间上的努力。研究人员也在设法利用超导性来提高电路的功能速度。超导性是在超低温条件下在某些材料中观察到的电阻减少现象。

Programming languages, in computer science, are the artificial languages used to write a sequence of instructions (a computer program) that can be run by a computer. Similar to natural languages, such as English, programming languages have a vocabulary, grammar, and syntax. However, natural languages are not suited for programming computers because they are ambiguous, meaning that their vocabulary and grammatical structure may be interpreted in multiple ways. The languages used to program computers must have simple logical structures, and the rules for their grammar, spelling, and punctuation must be precise.

在计算机科学中，编程语言是用于编写可由计算机运行的一系列指令（计算机

程序）的人工语言。与英语等自然语言相类似，编程语言有词汇、语法和句法。然而，自然语言不适合为计算机编程，因为它们会引起歧义，也就是说它们的词汇和语法结构可能被用多种方式进行解释。用于计算机编程的语言必须有简单的逻辑结构，它们的语法、拼写和标点符号规则必须精确。

语言类型

Programming languages can be classified as either low-level languages or high-level languages. Low-level programming languages, or machine languages, are the most basic type of programming languages and can be understood directly by a computer. Machine languages differ depending on the manufacturer and model of computer.High-level languages are programming languages that must first be translated into a machine language before they can be understood and processed by a computer.

编程语言可分为低级语言和高级语言。低级编程语言或机器语言，是编程语言中最基础的类型，可以被计算机直接理解。机器语言视计算机制造商与型号不同而有所区别。高级语言是必须首先翻译成机器语言计算机才能理解和处理的编程语言。C、C++、PASCAL和FORTRAN都是高级语言的例子。汇编语言是中级语言，非常接近于机器语言，没有其他高级语言所表现出的语言复杂程度，但仍然得翻译成机器语言。

1、机器语言

In machine languages, instructions are written as sequences of 1s and 0s, called bits, that a computer can understand directly. An instruction in machine language generally tells the computer four things (1) where to find one or two numbers or simple pieces of data in the main computer memory (Random Access Memory, or RAM), (2) a simple operation to perform, such as adding the two numbers together, (3) where in the main memory to put the result of this simple operation, and (4) where to find the next instruction to perform.

在机器语言中，指令被写成计算机能够直接理解的1和0（称作位）序列。一条机器语言指令一般告诉计算机4件事：（1）到计算机主存（随机存储器）的什么位置去找一两个数字或简单的数据片；（2）要执行的简单操作，如将两个数字相加；（3）在主存的什么位置存放该简单操作的结果；（4）到什么位置去找下一条要执行的指令。

高级语言的分类

High-level languages are commonly classified as procedure-oriented, functional, object-oriented, or logic languages. The most common high-level languages today are procedure-oriented languages. In these languages, one or more related blocks of statements that perform some complete function are grouped together into a program module, or procedure, and given a name such as “procedure A.”

高级语言通常分为面向过程语言、函数式语言、面向对象语言或逻辑语言。当今最常见的高级语言是面向过程语言。在这种语言中，执行某个完整功能的一个或多个相关的语句块组成一个程序模块或过程，而且被给予诸如“过程A”一类名称。

Object-oriented languages are outgrowths of functional languages.

In object-oriented languages, the code used to write the program and the data processed by the program are grouped together into units called objects. Objects are further grouped into classes, which define the attributes objects must have. A simple example of a class is the class Book. Objects within this class might be Novel and Short Story. Objects also have certain functions associated with them, called methods.

面向对象语言是函数式语言的发展结果。在面向对象语言中，用来编写程序的代码和由程序处理的数据，组合成叫做对象的单元。对象进一步组合成类，而类则定义对象必须具有的属性。类的一个简单例子就是书这个类。这个类中的对象可能是小说和短篇小说。对象还有某些与其相关的功能，称为方法。

Object-oriented programming (OOP) languages like C++ are based on traditional high-level languages, but they enable a programmer to think in terms of collections of cooperating objects instead of lists of commands. Objects, such as a circle, have properties such as the radius of the circle and the command that draw it on the computer screen. Classes of objects can inherit features from other classes of objects. For example, a class defining squares can inherit features such as right angles from a class defining rectangles. This set of programming classes simplifies the programmer’s task, resulting in more reliable and efficient programs.

面向对象程序设计语言，如C++和Java，基于传统的高级语言，但它们使程序设计员能够从合作对象集而非命令列表的角度进行思考。诸如圆之类的对象具有像圆的半径一类的属性，以及在计算机屏幕上绘制该对象的命令。一个对象类可以从其他的对象类继承特征。例如，定义正方形的类可以从定义长方形的类那里继承直角等特征。这一套程序设计类简化了程序设计员的工作，带来了更多“可复用的”计算机代码。可复用代码使程序设计员可以使用已经设计、编写和测试的代码。这使得程序设计员的工作变得比较容易，并带来更加可靠和高效的程序。

1. artificial intelligence 人工智能

2. paper-tape reader 纸带阅读器

3. optical computer 光计算机

4. neural network 神经网络

5. instruction set 指令集

6. parallel processing 并行处理

7. difference engine 差分机

8. versatile logical element 通用逻辑元件

9. silicon substrate 硅衬底

10. vacuum tube 真空管

11. 数据的存储与处理the storage and handling of data

12. 超大规模集成电路very large-scale integrated circuit

13. 中央处理器central processing unit

14. 个人计算机personal computer

15. 模拟计算机analogue computer

16. 数字计算机digital computer

17. 通用计算机general-purpose computer

18. 处理器芯片processor chip

19. 操作指令operating instructions

20. 输入设备input device

1. storage register 存储寄存器

2. function statement 函数语句

3. program statement 程序语句

4. object-oriented language 面向对象语言

5. assembly language 汇编语言

6. intermediate language 中间语言，中级语言

7. relational language 关系（型）语言

8. artificial language 人工语言

9. data declaration 数据声明

10. SQL 结构化查询语言

11. 可执行程序executable program

12. 程序模块program module

13. 条件语句conditional statement

14. 赋值语句assignment statement

15. 逻辑语言logic language

16. 机器语言machine language

17. 函数式语言functional language

18. 程序设计语言programming language

19. 运行计算机程序run a computer program

20. 计算机程序员computer programmer