语言学导论考试整理
语言导论试题及答案
语言导论试题及答案一、单选题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言导论中，语言的最小意义单位是：A. 音素B. 词C. 短语D. 句子答案：A2. 下列哪项不是语言的社会功能？A. 信息传递B. 文化传承C. 情感表达D. 个人娱乐答案：D3. 语言的任意性是指：A. 语言符号与其所指对象之间没有必然联系B. 语言符号与其所指对象之间有必然联系C. 语言符号与其所指对象之间有逻辑关系D. 语言符号与其所指对象之间有物理关系答案：A4. 语言的双重性是指：A. 语言的任意性和线性B. 语言的任意性和系统性C. 语言的线性和社会性D. 语言的系统性和社会性答案：A5. 语言的线性是指：A. 语言符号的排列顺序B. 语言符号的排列顺序和组合方式C. 语言符号的排列顺序和意义D. 语言符号的排列顺序和语法规则答案：B6. 语言的系统性是指：A. 语言符号的任意性B. 语言符号的线性C. 语言符号的组合方式D. 语言符号的内部结构和规则答案：D7. 语言的变异性是指：A. 语言随时间而变化B. 语言随地域而变化C. 语言随社会群体而变化D. 所有上述情况答案：D8. 语言的交际功能包括：A. 叙述B. 描述C. 命令D. 所有上述情况答案：D9. 语言的表达功能包括：A. 情感表达B. 思想表达C. 意图表达D. 所有上述情况答案：D10. 语言的元语言功能是指：A. 描述语言本身B. 描述语言的规则C. 描述语言的使用D. 所有上述情况答案：D二、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. 简述语言的创造性。
答案：语言的创造性是指说话者能够根据需要创造新的表达方式来描述新的事物或表达新的思想，而不需要改变语言的基本结构。
2. 描述语言的符号性。
答案：语言的符号性是指语言中的符号（如音素、词、短语等）与其所指对象之间没有直接的物理或自然联系，而是通过社会约定俗成的方式建立起的联系。
3. 举例说明语言的任意性。
答案：语言的任意性可以通过“猫”这个词来说明。
语言学导论复习资料-推荐下载
Chapter 1IntroductionI. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.1. If a study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be CA. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic2. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language? DA. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness3. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ___C_________.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable4. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because______D_____.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of informationconveyed.C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mothertongue.D. All of the above5. A historical study of language is a __B__ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative6. Saussure took a(n) ___A____ view of language, while Chomsky looks at languagefrom a ________ point of view.A. sociological, psychologicalB. Psychological, sociologicalC. applied, pragmaticD. semantic, linguistic7. According to F. de Saussure, _C___ refers to the abstract linguistic system sharedby all the members of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. LangueD. language8. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between__B____ and meanings.A. senseB. SoundsC. objectsD. ideas9. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situationsof the speaker. This feature is called___A___.A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission10. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the nextthrough __D__ , rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and BII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.1.1.Duality is one of the design features of human language which refers to thephenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for humancommunication.3.The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words intopermissible sentences in languages is called __syntax .4.Human capacity for language has a genetic_ basis, but the details of languagehave to be taught and learned.5.Parole_ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.6.Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of somepractical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as applied _ linguistics.nguage is productive_ in that it makes possible the construction andinterpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.III. Define the following terms.1. Syntax:The study of how morphemes and words are combined to formsentences is called syntax.2. Applied linguistics:In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to theapplication of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching andlearning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In abroad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solutionof practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.3. Arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that thereis no logical connection between meanings and sounds.4. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer tothings which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past,present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can beused to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of thespeaker.5. Duality:The duality nature of language means that language is a system,which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and theother of meanings.6. Design features:Design features refer to the defining properties of humanlanguage that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.IV. Answer the following questions.1. A wolf is able to express subtle gradations of emotion by different positions of the ears, the lips, and the tail. There are eleven postures of the tail that express such emotions as self-confidence, confident threat, lack of tension, uncertain threat, depression, defensiveness, active submission, and complete submission. This system seems to be complex. Suppose there were a thousand different emotions that the wolf could express in this way. Would you then say a wolf had a language similar to man’s? If not, Why not?答案1. No. Hint: Wolf’s way of expressing emotions does not present the defining features of human language. Examine them one by one.2. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?答案2. While speech is the vocal/spoken form of language, writing is the written form of language. They belong to different systems though they mayoverlap.That speech is primary over writing is a general principle of linguistic analysis. First, speech existed long before writing systems came into being.Second, written forms just represent in this way or that the speech sounds.Third, genetically children learn to speak before learning to write.However, emphasizing the primacy of speech is by no means to deny the importance of writing, which gives language new scope and uses thatspeech does not have. First, with writing, messages can be carried throughspace and time. Second, oral message are subject to distortion, eitherintentional or otherwise, causing misunderstanding, while written messagesremain exactly the same whether read a thousand years later or ten thousandmiles away.Everything considered, speech is believed to more representative of human language than writing. Most modern linguistic analysis is thusfocused on speech, different from traditional grammar of the 19th centuryand therebefore.3. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?答案3. First, linguistics is descriptive, while traditional grammar is prescriptive.Linguistics describes languages as they are and does not lay down rules ofcorrectness; traditional grammar emphasizes such matters as correctnessand aims to prescribe what is right.Second, linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.Third, traditional grammar is based on Latin and it tries to impose the Latin categories and structures on other languages (Latin patterns andcategories, especially its case system and tense divisions of past, presentand future), while linguistics describes each language on its own merits.Linguists are opposed to the notion that any one language can provide an adequate framework for the others. They are trying to set up a universalframework, but that will be based on the features shared by most of thelanguages used by mankind.(Traditional grammar is usually based on earlier grammars of Latin and applied them, often inappropriately, to some other language. Forexample, some grammarians stated that English had six cases because Latinhad six cases. )4. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?答案4. According to Saussure, langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to therealization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions andrules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concreteuse of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; itis not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers tothe naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable, it doesnot change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and fromsituation to situation.According to Chomsky, competence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the languageuser to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences andrecognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. However,performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguisticcommunication. Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mother tongue isperfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social andpsychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc. Chomsky believesthat what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, notthe performance, which is too haphazard.Although Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language andhis notion of langue is a mater of social conventions, and Chomsky looks atlanguage from a psychological point of views and to him, competence is aproperty of the mind of each individual.Chapter 2 The Sounds of Language1.If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and theydistinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution. F2. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning. F3.English is a tone language while Chinese is not.F4.In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. T5.In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms ofthe amount of information conveyed. T6.Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.T7.English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the partof the tongue that is raised the highest. F8.According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which theconsonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar. F9.Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tonguein the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels. T10.According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels,semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels. FII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1.Of all the speech organs, the t _1. tongue _ is the most flexible, and is responsiblefor varieties of articulation than any other.2.English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in termsof p__2. place_ of articulation.3.When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speechsound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s_3. stop.4.S__4. Suprasegmental_ features are the phonemic features that occur above thelevel of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.5.The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are calleds_5. sequential_ rules.6.The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_6. narrow _ transcription.7.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i__ 7. intonation _.8.P_8. Phonology_ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.9.T__9. Tone_ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.10.Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_10. sentence_ stress.III. Define the terms below:1 Phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctive value. But it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.2. Allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.3. International phonetic alphabet: It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.4. Intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.5. Auditory phonetics: It studies the speech sounds from the hearer's point of view. It studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.6. Acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. It studies the physical means by which speech sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.7. Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.Phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctive value. But it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.IV.1What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?答案. They differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified. Phonology, on the other hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech soundsanswer to the question, or will best complete the sentence.1.The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme2. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phraseD. None of the above3. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of __________.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements4. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined withother morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words5. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic6. Bound morphemes are those that ___________.A. have to be used independentlyB. cannot be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be combined with other morphemes2.Morpheme: It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.3.Free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent unitsof meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with oth-er morphemes.4.Bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be usedindepen-dently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free orbound, to form a word.5.Root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although itbears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.6.Affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional affixesmanifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories, whilederivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.7.Prefix: Prefixes occur at the begin-ning of a word. Prefixes modify the meaning ofthe stem, but they usually do not change the part of speech of the original word. 8.Suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of theoriginal word and in many cases change its part of speech.9.Derivation: Derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixesare added to an existing form to create a word.pounding: Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two orsometimes more than two words to create new words.V. Answer the following questions.1. What are the main features of the English compounds?Orthographically a compound can be written as one word, two separate words with or without a hyphen in between. Syntactically, the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is idiomatic, not calculable from the meanings of all its components. Phonetically, the word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element.2.Distinguish between phonologically and morphologically conditioned allomorphs.Give examples.Morphophonemics is an intermediary level of analysis between phonology and morphology in which the phonological regularities in the framework of morphology, especially the systematic phonological variants of morphemes and the conditions of their occurrence are described. 1) Phonological conditioning of allomorphs. The distribution of the allomorphs of a morpheme is stated in terms of their phonetic environment, e.g. the phonetic variations of the past tense morphemes, -ed, as /d/ in stayed, /t/ in heaped, and /id/ in needed. 2) Morphological conditioning of allomorphs. The morphologically conditioned allomorphs of a morpheme are regarded as irregular in contrast to the phonologically conditioned allomorphs which are regarded as regular. For instance, it is the particular morphemes rather than the sounds of the words that determine the plural forms of nouns. E.g. child: children, foot: feet.3. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.Free morphemes: They are the independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves, for example, “book-” in the word “bookish”.Bound morphemes: They are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as “-ish” in “bookish”. Bound morphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it has a clear and definite meaning, such as “gene-” in the word “generate”. Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-” in the word “misinform”. Derivational affixes can also be divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word such as “dis- ” in the word “dislike”, while suffixes occur at the end of a word such as “-less” in the word “friendless”.4. What have you learned about the topic of morphology, can you put them into practice in you English learning?(This is an open question. No answer is provided there.Chapter 4 Syntaxl.F 2.T 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.T7.T8.F9.F10.T11.F12.T13.T14.T1.Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including thecombination of morphemes into words.2.Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.3.Sentences are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order, with oneadding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic.4.Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise thesystem of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.5.The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number ofsentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.6.In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.7.Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong tothe same syntactic category.8.Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members areallowed for.9.In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed,namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.10.In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.11.What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words andphrases rather than grammatical knowledge.12.A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.13.It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentencesat the level of D-structure.14.WH-movement is obligatory in English which changes a sentence from affirmative tointerrogative.plex 20.embedded 21.open 22.adjacency 23.Parameters 24.CaseII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.15.A s________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate andstands alone as its own sentence.16.A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words toform a complete statement, question or command.17.A s______ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.18.The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which sayssomething about the subject is grammatically called p_________.19.A c_________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into theother.20.In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called ane_______ clause.21.Major lexical categories are o___ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.22.A _____ Condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient shouldstay adjacent to each other.23.P_______ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way oranother and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.24.The theory of C_____ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject andobject positions.25.D26.D27.A28.29.A30.A31.D32.C33.D34.B25. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical26. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator27. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional28. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.A. how words and phrases form sentencesB. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. All of the above.29. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called ________.A. transformational rulesB. generative rulesC. phrase structure rulesD. x-bar theory30. The theory of case condition accounts for the fact that __________.A. noun phrases appear only in subject and object positionsB. noun phrases can be used to modify another noun phraseC. noun phrase can be used in adverbial positionsD. noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary31. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. Only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical32. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite33. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational34._______ rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.A. GenerativeB. TransformationalC. X-barD. Phrase structureIV. Define the following terms.35.Syntax: Syntax is a subfield of linguistics. It studies the sentence structure of language. Itconsists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences.36.Sentence: A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number ofwords to form a complete statement, question or command. Normally, a sentence consists of at least a subject and a predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phrase.37.Coordinate sentence: A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking wordcalled coordinating conjunction, such as "and", "but", "or".38.Syntactic categories: Apart from sentences and clauses, a syntactic category usually refers toa word (called a lexical category) or a phrase (called a phrasal category) that performs aparticular grammatical function.39.Grammatical relations: The structural and logical functional relations of constituents arecalled grammatical relations. The grammatical relations of a sentence concern the way each noun phrase in the sentence relates to the verb. In many cases, grammatical relations in fact refer to who does what to whom.40.Linguistic competence: Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntacticrules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic competence.41.Transformational rules: Transformational rules are the rules that transform one sentence typeinto another type.42.D-structure: D-structure is the level of syntactic representation that exists before movementtakes place. Phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.V. Answer the following questions.43. What are the basic components of a sentence?Normally, a sentence consists of at least a subject and its predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phrase.44. What are the major types of sentences? Illustrate them with examples.Traditionally, there are three major types of sentences. They are simple sentence, coordinate (compound) sentence, and complex sentence.A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence, for example:John reads extensively.A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word that is called47. What is NP movement? Illustrate it with examples.NP movement involves the movement of a noun phrase. NP movement occurs when, for example, a sentence changes from the active voice to the passive voice:(A) The man beat the child.(B) The child was beaten by the man.B is the result of the movement of the noun phrases "the man" and "the child" from their original positions in (A) to new positions. That is, "the man" is postposed to the right and "the child" is preposed to the left.Not all instances of NP-movement, however, are related to changing a sentence from the active voice to the passive voice. For example:(C) It seems they are quite fit for the job.(D) They seem quite fit for the job.These sentences are identical in meaning, but different in their superficial syntactic representations. It is believed that they have the same underlying structure, but (27b) is the result of an NP movement.Chapter 5 Semantics1. Define the following terms briefly.semantics naming theory truth-conditional semanticsbehaviourist theory use theory sensereference conceptual meaning connotative meaninglexical field lexical gap componential analysissemantic feature synonymy antonymyhyponymy meronymy semantic role。
《语言学导论》(练习题及答案)
《语言学导论》(练习题及答案)语言学导论练题及答案1. 什么是语言学？语言学是研究语言的科学。
它涉及语言的结构、演化、语音、语法、语义、语用等方面的研究。
2. 语言学的主要分支有哪些？- 语音学：研究语音的产生、传播和感知。
- 语法学：研究语言的规则和结构。
- 语义学：研究语言意义的构成和理解。
- 语用学：研究语言在特定情境下的使用和交际功能。
- 社会语言学：研究语言与社会的关系。
3. 什么是语言的结构？语言的结构是指语言中各个层次（如语音、词汇、句子等）的组织方式和规则。
4. 语音学研究的是什么？语音学研究语音的产生、传播和感知。
它关注语音的音素、音位、音节以及音系等方面。
5. 语法学研究的是什么？语法学研究语言的规则和结构。
它涉及句子的构成和分析，包括词类、短语、句法关系等。
6. 语义学研究的是什么？语义学研究语言意义的构成和理解。
它关注词汇、句子和篇章层面的语义关系和意义表达。
7. 语用学研究的是什么？语用学研究语言在特定情境下的使用和交际功能。
它关注言语行为、话语策略和交际意图等。
8. 社会语言学研究的是什么？社会语言学研究语言与社会的关系。
它探讨语言在不同社会群体中的变化、语言的地位和使用情境等。
9. 语言学在日常生活中的应用有哪些？- 语言教育：帮助人们研究和教授语言。
- 语音技术：开发语音识别和合成等技术。
- 翻译和口译：促进不同语言之间的交流和理解。
- 语言规范：制定语法规则、文字标准等。
- 语义分析：帮助机器理解和处理自然语言。
10. 语言学为理解人类语言能力提供了哪些洞见？语言学研究揭示了语言是人类认知和交流的基本工具，提供了对语言产生、理解、学习和变化的深入认识。
(完整word版)语言学导论复习资料
Chapter 1 IntroductionI. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can bestcomplete the statement.1. If a study describes and an alyzes the Ian guage people actually use, it is said to beCA. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic2. Which of the follow ing is not a desig n feature of huma n Ian guage? DA. Arbitrari nessB. Displaceme ntC. DualityD. Meaningfuln ess3. Moder n lin guistics regards the writte n Ian guage as C ________ .A. primaryB. correctC. sec on daryD. stable4. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because_____ D ____ .A. in lin guistic evoluti on, speech is prior to writ ingB. speech plays a greater role tha n writ ing in terms of the amount of in formati onconveyed.C. speechis always the way in which every n ative speakeracquires his mother tongue.D. All of the above5. A historical study of Ian guage is a __B__ study of Ian guage.A. synchronicB. diachr onicC. prescriptiveD. comparative6. Saussure took a(n) A view of Ian guage, while Chomsky looks at la nguage7. Accordi ng to F. de Saussure, _C _ refers to the abstract lin guistic system sharedby all the members of a speech com mun ity.A. paroleB. performa neeC. Lan gueD. la nguage8. Lan guage is said to be arbitrary becausethere is no logical conn ecti on betwee n__B ___ and meanin gs.A. senseB. SoundsC. objectsD. ideas9. Lan guage can be used to refer to con texts removed from the immediate situati onsof the speaker. This feature is called _ A __ .from a _______ point of view.A. sociological, psychologicalC. applied, pragmatic B. Psychological, sociologicalD. sema ntic, li nguisticA. displaceme ntB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural tran smissi on10. The details of any Ian guage system is passed on from one gen erati on to the n ext through__D__ , rather tha n by in st inct.A. lear ningB. teach ingC. booksD. both A and BII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.1.1. Duality is one of the design features of human Ianguage which refers to the phe nomenon thatIan guage con sists of two levels: a lower level of meanin gless in dividual sounds and a higher level of meanin gful un its.2. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human com muni catio n.3. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in Ian guages is called syntax .4. Human capacity for Ianguage has a genetic, basis, but the details of Ianguage have to betaught and lear ned.5. Parole _ refers to the realizati on of Ian gue in actual use.6. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems.The study of such applicati ons is gen erally known as applied _ lin guistics.7. Language is productive, in that it makes possible the construction and in terpretati on of newsig nals by its users. In other words, they can produce and un dersta nd an infin itely large nu mber of senten ces which they have n ever heard before.III. Define the following terms.1. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form senten ces is called syntax.2. Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the applicati on of lin guisticprin ciples and theories to Ian guage teachi ng and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second Ianguages. In a broad sen se, it refers to the applicatio n of lin guistic findings to the soluti on of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.3. Arbitrari ness: It is one of the desig n features of Ian guage. It means that thereis no logical connection betwee n mea nings and soun ds.4. Displaceme nt Displaceme nt means that Ian guage can be used to refer to things which areprese nt or not prese nt, real or imag ined matters in the past, prese nt, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, la nguage can be used to refer to con texts removed from theimmediate situati ons of the speaker.5. Duality: The duality nature of Ianguage means that Ianguage is a system, which con sists of twosets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanin gs.6. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of humanIan guage that dist in guish it from any an imal system of com muni catio n.IV. Answer the following questions.1. A wolf is able to express subtle gradations of emotion by different positions of the ears, the lips, and the tail. There are eleve n postures of the tail that express such emotio ns as self-c on fide nee, con fide nt threat, lack of tension, un certa in threat, depression, defensiveness, active submission, and complete submission. This system seems to be complex. Suppose there were a thousa nd differe nt emoti ons that the wolf could express in this way. Would you then say a wolf had a Ianguage similar to man's? If not, Why n ot?答案1. No. Hint: Wolf' way of expressing emotions does not present thedefi ning features of huma n Ian guage. Exam ine them one by one.2. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of Ianguage as primary, not the writte n? 答案2. While speech is the vocal/spoken form of Ianguage, writing is the writte n form of Ian guage. They bel ong to differe nt systems though they may overlap.That speech is primary over writi ng is a gen eral prin ciple of lin guistic an alysis. First, speech existed long before writi ng systems came into being.Second, writte n forms just represe nt in this way or that the speech soun ds.Third, gen etically childre n lear n to speak before lear ning to write.However, emphasiz ing the primacy of speech is by no means to deny the importa nee of writi ng, which gives Ian guage new scope and uses thatspeech does not have. First, with writ ing, messages can be carried through space and time. Second, oral message are subject to distortion, either inten ti onal or otherwise, caus ing misun dersta nding, while writte n messages rema in exactly the same whether read a thousa nd years later or ten thousa nd miles away.Everyth ing con sidered, speechis believed to more represe ntative of human Ianguage than writing. Most modern linguistic analysis is thus focused on speech, differe nt from traditi onal grammar of the 19th cen tury and therebefore.3. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?答案3. First, linguistics is descriptive, while traditional grammar is prescriptive.Lin guistics describes Ian guages as they are and does not lay dow n rules of correctness;traditional grammar emphasizessuch matters as correctness and aims to prescribe what is right.Second, linguistics regards the spoken Ianguage as primary, not the writte n.Third, traditi onal grammar is based on Lat in and it tries to impose the Lat in categories and structures on other Ian guages (Lati n patter ns and categories, especially its case system and tense divisions of past, present and future), while lin guistics describes each Ian guage on its own merits.Lin guists are opposed to the no ti on that any one Ian guage can provide an adequate framework for the others. They are tryi ng to set up a uni versal framework, but that will be based on the features shared by most of the Ian guages used by mankind.(Traditional grammar is usually based on earlier grammars of Latin and applied them, ofte n in appropriately, to some other Ian guage. For example, some grammaria ns stated that En glish had six cases because Lat in had six cases.)4. S aussure ' destinction between Iangue and parole seems similar to Chomsky' s dist in ctio n betwee n compete nee and performa nee. What do you think are their major differe nces?答案4. According to Saussure,langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech com mun ity, an dparole refers to the realization of Iangue in actual use.Langue is the set of conventions and rules which Ian guage users all have to follow whileparole is the con crete use of the conven ti ons and the applicati on of the rules. Lan gue is abstract; it is not the Ian guage people actually use, but parole is con crete; it refers to the n aturally occurri ng Ian guage eve nts. Lan gue is relatively stable, it does not cha nge frequently; while parole varies from pers on to pers on, and from situatio n to situati on.Accord ing to Chomsky, compete nee is the ideal user ' s kno wledge of the rules of his Ian guage. This intern alized set of rules en ables the Ian guage user to produce and un dersta nd an infin itely large nu mber of senten ces and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. However, performanee is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic com muni cati on. Although the speaker ' s kno wledge of his mother ton gue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassme nt, etc. Chomsky believes that what lin guists should study is the compete nee, which is systematic, not the performa nee, which is too haphazard.Although Saussure "dstinction and Chomsky' sare very similar, they differ at least in thatSaussure took a sociological view of Ian guage and his no ti on of Ian gue is a mater of social conven ti ons, and Chomsky looks at Ian guage from a psychological point of views and to him, compete nee is a property of the mind of each in dividual.Chapter 2 The Sounds of Language1. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they dist in guishmeaning, they are said to be in compleme ntary distributi onF2. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaningF3. English is a tone Ianguage while Chinese is noF4. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. T5. In everyday com muni cati on, speech plays a greater role tha n writ ing in terms of the amountof in formati on eonv eyed.T6. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.7. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the ton guethat is raised the highestF8. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can beclassified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolaF.9. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth,the ope nn ess of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the len gth of the vowels. T10. A ccording to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-closevowels, semi-ope n vowels and ope n vowels.11. F ill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. Of all the speech organs, the t _. tongue_ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties ofarticulati on tha n any other.2. English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p__2.place_ of articulatio n.3. When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech soundproduced with the obstructi on audibly released and the air pass ing out aga in is called a s_3.stop4. S__ . Suprasegmenta_ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of thesegme nts. They in clude stress, tone, inton ati on, etc.5. The rules that gover n the comb in ati on of sounds in a particular Ian guage are calleds_5. sequentia l rules.6. The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad tran scripti on while the tran scripti on with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_6. narrow _ tran scripti on.7. Whe n pitch, stress and sound len gth are tied to the sentence rather tha n the word in isolatio n, they are collectively known as i__ 7. intonation _.8. P_8. Phonology_ is a discipli ne which studies the system of sounds of a particular Ianguage and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic com muni cati on.9. T 9. Tone_ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibrati on of the vocal cords and which can disti nguish meaning just like phon emes.10. Depe nding on the con text in which stress is con sidered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s10. sentenc_ stress.III. Define the terms below:1 Phon eme: The basic unit in pho no logy is called phon eme; it is a unit of disti nctive value. But it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collecti on of disti nctive phon etic features.2. Allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phon etic en vir onments are called the allopho nes of that pho neme.3. International phonetic alphabet: It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phon etic tran scripti on.4. Intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolati on, they are collectively known as inton ati on.5. Auditory phonetics: It studies the speech sounds from the hearer's point of view. It studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.6. Acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. It studies the physical means by which speech sounds are tran smitted through the air from one pers on to ano ther.7. Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segme nt which occurs in the same place in the stri ngs, the two words are said to form a mini mal pair.Phoneme: The basic un it in phono logy is called phon eme; it is a un it of disti nctive value. But it is an abstract un it. To be exact, a pho neme is not a sound; it is a collecti on of disti nctive phon etic features.IV. 1 What are the major differe nces betwee n phono logy and phon etics?答案.They differ in their approach and focus. Phon etics is of a gen eral n ature; it is in terested in all the speech sounds used in all huma n Ian guages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phon etic features they possess, how they can beclassified. Phono logy, on the other han d, is in terested in the system of sounds of a particular Ian guage; it aims to discover how speech soundsin a Ian guage form patter ns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning inlin guistic com muni cati on.1. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.答案1) The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, such as 'import and im'port. The similar alternation of stress also occurs between a compound noun and a phrase con sisti ng of the same eleme nts. A pho no logical feature of the English compounds, is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element and the sec ond eleme nt receives sec on dary stress, for example: 'blackbird is a particular kind of bird, which is not n ecessarilyblack, but a black 'bird is a bird that is black.2) The more importa nt words such as nouns, verbs adjectives, adverbs, etc. arepronounced with greater force and made more prominent. But to give special emphasis to a certa in no ti on, a word in sentence that is usually un stressed can be stressed to achieve differe nt effect. Take the sentence “ He is driv ing my car.example. To emphasize the fact that the car he is driving is not his, or yours, butmine, the speaker can stress the possessive pronoun my, which under normal circumsta nces is not stressed.3) English has four basic types of intonation, known as the four tones: When spoken in differenttones, the same sequenee of words may have different meanin gs. Gen erally speak ing, the falli ng tone in dicates that what is said is a straight-forward, matter-of-fact stateme nt, the risi ng tone ofte n makes a questi on of what is said, and the fall-rise tone often indicates that there is an implied message in what is said.2. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?答案A basic way to determine the phonemes of a Ianguage is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning. If it does, the two sounds then represe nt differe nt phon emes.Chapter 3 MorphologyExercise and Discussion Questionsanswer to the question, or will best complete the sentence.1. The morpheme “visio n ” in the com mon word “ televisi on ” is a(n) __________ .A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. i nflectio nal morphemeD. free morpheme2. The compound word “ bookstore ” is the place where books are sold. This indicatesthat the meaning of a compo und _________ .A. is the sum total of the meaning of its comp onentsB. can always be worked out by look ing at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phraseD. None of the above3. The part of speech of the compo unds is gen erally determ ined by the part of speechof __________ .A. the first eleme ntB. the sec ond eleme ntC. either the first or the sec ond eleme ntD. both the first and the sec ond eleme nts4. ______ are those that cannot be used in depe nden tly but have to be comb ined withother morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words5. The meaning carried by the in flecti onal morpheme is ______ .A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic6. Bound morphemes are those that ___________ .A. have to be used in depe nden tlyB. cannot be comb ined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be comb ined with other morphemes7. ___ m odify the mea ning of the stem, but usually do not cha nge the part of speech of the origi nal word.A. PrefixesC. Roots 8. -s ” in the word “ books ” is .A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an in flecti onal affixD. a rootII. Decide whether each of the following statements True or False.1. Although the vast majority of prefixes do not change the original word class, there are prefixesthat are class-cha nging: a-, be-, em-, en-.2. Inflectional ending can be added to derivational ones, but not vice-versa.3. The syllabic structure of a word and its morphemic structure must correspond.4. Derivations can make the word class of the original word either changed or unchanged.5. Words are the smallest meaningful units of Ianguage.6. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.7. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories suchas nu mber, ten se, degree, and case.8. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be abound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.9. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.10. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word.Therefore, words formed accord ing to the morphological rules are acceptable words.III. Define the following terms.1. Morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of wordsand the rules by which words are formed.2. Morpheme: It is the smallest meaningful unit of Ianguage.3. Free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units ofmeaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in comb in ati on with otler morphemes. B. Suffixes D. Affixes4. Bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be usedin depe n-den tly but have to be comb ined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.5. Root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear,defi nite meaning; it must be comb ined with ano ther root or an affix to form a word.6. Affix: Affixes are of two types: in flecti onal and derivati on al. I nflecti onal affixesmani fest various grammatical relati ons or grammatical categories, whilederivati onal affixes are added to an existi ng form to create a word.7. Prefix: Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word. Prefixes modify the meaning ofthe stem, but they usually do not cha nge the part of speech of the orig inal word.8. Suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the orig inalword and in many cases cha nge its part of speech.9. Derivation: Derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixesare added to an exist ing form to create a word.10. Compo unding: Compo unding can be viewed as the comb in ati on of two orsometimes more tha n two words to create new words.V. Answer the following questions.1. What are the main features of the En glish compo un ds?Orthographically a compo und can be writte n as one word, two separate words with or without a hyphe n in betwee n. Syn tactically, the part of speech of a compo und is determ ined by the last eleme nt. Sema ntically, the meaning of a compo und is idiomatic, not calculable from the meanings of all its comp onen ts. Phon etically, the word stressof a compo und usually falls on the first eleme nt.2. Disti nguish betwee n phono logically and morphologically con diti oned allomorphs. Giveexamples.Morphoph on emics is an in termediary level of an alysis betwee n phono logy and morphology in which the phono logical regularities in the framework of morphology,especially the systematic pho no logical varia nts of morphemes and the con diti ons oftheir occurre nee are described. 1) Phono logical con diti oning of allomorphs. The distribution of the allomorphs of a morpheme is stated in terms of their phonetic en vironment, e.g. the pho netic variati ons of the past tense morphemes, -ed, as /d/ i n stayed,/t/ in heaped, and /id/ i n n eeded. 2) Morphological con diti oning of allomorphs. The morphologically con diti oned allomorphs of a morpheme are regarded as irregular incon trast to the pho no logically con diti oned allomorphs which are regarded as regular.For instanee, it is the particular morphemes rather than the sounds of the words thatdeterm ine the plural forms of nouns. E.g. child: childre n, foot: feet.3. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.Free morphemes: They are the independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves, for example, -” in thebw o kd “ bookish ” .Bound morphemes: They are those that cannot be used in depe nden tly but have to be comb ined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as-ish ” in “ bookish ” . Bound morphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is see n as part of a word; it can n ever sta nd by itself although it has a clear and definite meaning, such as“ ijette word “generate ” . Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as -s” in the word “ books Io indicate plurality of nouns. Derivati onal affixes are added to an existi ng form to create a word such as “miisin the word “ misi nform ” . Derivatio nal affixes can also be divided in to prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beg inning of a word such as - ” n the “ dis word “ dislike ” , while suffixes occur at the end of a word suchla s s ” in the word ““ friendless ” .4. What have you lear ned about the topic of morphology, can you put them into practice in you En glish lear ning?(This is an ope n questi on. No an swer is provided there.Chapter 4 Sy ntaxl.F 2.T 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.T 7.T8.F 9.F 10.T 11.F 12.T 13.T 14.T1. Syn tax is a subfield of lin guistics that studies the sentence structure of Ian guage, in cludi ng the comb in ati on ofmorphemes into words.2. Grammatical sentences are formed followi ng a set of syn tactic rules.3. Sentences are composed of sequenee of words arranged in a simple linear order, with one addi ng on to ano therfollowi ng a simple arithmetic logic.4. Uni versally found in the grammars of all huma n Ian guages, syn tactic rules that comprise the system ofinternalized linguistic knowledge of a Ianguage speaker are known as linguistic compete nee.5. The syn tactic rules of any Ian guage are fin ite in nu mber, but there is no limit to the nu mber of senten ces native speakers of that la nguage are able to produce and comprehe nd.6. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold un equal status, one subord in at ing the other.7. Con stitue nts that can be substituted for one ano ther without loss of grammaticality bel ong to the same syn tacticcategory.8. Minor lexical categories are ope n because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.9. In En glish syn tactic an alysis, four phrasal categories are com monly recog ni zed and discussed, n amely, nounphrase, verb phrase, infin itive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.10. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.11. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather tha ngrammatical kno wledge.12. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.13. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the in serti on of the lexic on, gen erate senten ces at the level of D-structure.14. WH-moveme ntin terrogative.is obligatory in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to15. simple 16. sentence 17. subject 18. predicate 19. complex20. embedded 21. ope n 22. adjacency 23. Parameters 24. CaseII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.15. A s _______ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate andsta nds alone as its own senten ce.16. A s _____ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words toform a complete stateme nt, questi on or comma nd.17. A s _____ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.18. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which sayssometh ing about the subject is grammatically called p ________ .19. A c _______ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into theother.20. In the complex sentence, the in corporated or subord in ate clause is no rmally called ane ______ clause.21. Major lexical categories are o _ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.22. A ____ Con diti on on case assig nment states that a case assig nor and a case recipie nt shouldstay adjace nt to each other.23. P ______ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way orano ther and con tribute to sig ni fica nt lin guistic variati ons betwee n and among n atural Ian guages.24. The theory of C ____ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject andobject positi ons.27. A 28. 29. A 32. C 33. D 34. B25. A sentence is con sidered ____ whe n it does not conform to the grammatical kno wledge in themind of n ative speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. un grammatical26. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces theembedded clause.A. coord in atorB. particleC. prepositi onD. subord in ator27. Phrase structure rules have ____ p roperties.A. recursiveB.grammaticalC. socialD. functional28. Phrase structure rules allow us to better un dersta nd ___________A. how words and phrases form senten cesB. what con stitutes the grammaticality of stri ngs of words25. D26. D 30. A 31. D。
《语言学导论》期末复习及练习
《语言学导论》复习及各章节练习CHAPTERONEI.Designfeaturesoflanguage:productivity,duality,arbitrariness,anddisplacementII.Originoflanguage:•Themysteriousoriginofthelanguageorholyorigin•Bow-wow自然模声说•Yo-he-ho劳动号子说•Evolution进化说•Conventionalism约定俗成说•Innatism先天论•After-birthacquisition后天习得说•Gestures手势说•Embodiment体验说(Reality---cognition---language)III.Functionsoflanguage:informativefunction,interpersonalfunction,performativefunction,emotivefunction,phaticcommunion,recreationalfunctionandm etalingualfunctionIV.Linguisticsanditsbranches1.Sixperiodsoflinguistics•Philology传统语文学时期(19世纪前)•Historical&comparativelinguistics历史比较语言学时期(19世纪)•Structurallinguistics结构主义语言学时期(20世纪初)•Functionallinguistics系统功能主义语言学时期(20世纪中)•Transferredgenerativelinguistics转换生成语言学时期(20世纪中)•Cognitivelinguistics认知语言学时期(20世纪80年代)2.internalbranches:inrea-disciplinarydivisions(内部分支)1）Phonetics（语音学）studieshowspeechsoundsarepronounced,transmittedandperceived.2）Phonology（音系学）isthestudyoftherulesgoverningthestructure,distributionandsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.（研究语音和音节的结构、分布和序列）3）Morphology（形态学）isconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords.Itstudiestheminimalunitsofmeaning-morphemesandword-formationprocesses.4）Syntax(句法学)isthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyofinterre lationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructures.5）Semantics（语义学）isthestudyofhowmeaningisencodedinalanguage,oritisthestudyofmeaningoflinguisticunits,wordsandsentencesinparticular.6）Pragmatics（语用学）isthestudyofmeaningincontextorinuse.3.externalbranches:inter-disciplinarydivisions（外部分支：跨学科分支，即宏观语言学分支）1）Psycholinguisticsisthestudyoftheinterrelationoflanguageandmind.2）Sociolinguisticsstudiesthecharacteristicsoflanguagesvarieties,languagefunctionsandspeakersasthethreeinteractandchangewithi naspeechcommunity.3）Anthropologicallinguisticsstudiestheemergenceoflanguageandthedivergenceoflanguageoverthousandsofyears.4）Computationallinguisticsstudiestheuseofcomputerstoprocessorproducehumanlanguage.ChapterTwoPhonetics1.Sub-branchesofphoneticsArticulatoryphonetics:theproductionofspeechsoundsAcousticphonetics:thephysicalpropertiesofspeechsoundsAuditoryphoneticsorperceptualphonetics:theperceptivemechanismofspeechsounds2.GroupsofspeechsoundsConsonantsandvowels3.Waystodescribeconsonants1)positionofarticulation2)mannerofarticulation3)voicedorvoiceless4.Waystodescribevowels1)theheightoftongueraising(high,mid,low);2)thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue(front,central,back)3)thelengthortensenessofthevowel(xorlongvs.short);4)lip-rounding(roundedvs.unrounded)ChapterThreePhonologyI.PhonemesandAllophones1.Phoneme:adistinctive,abstractsoundwithadistinctivefeature(具有区别意义的最小语音单位)2.Allophones:thevariantsofaphoneme(音位变体)3.Contrastivedistribution(对立分布)：thetypicaltobefoundinMinimalPairs(最小对比对)。
语言导论试题及答案解析
语言导论试题及答案解析一、选择题1. 语言的基本功能是什么？A. 交流思想B. 表达情感C. 记录历史D. 以上都是答案：D2. 下列哪一项不是语言的属性？A. 任意性B. 创造性C. 稳定性D. 可变性答案：C3. 语言学研究的主要对象是什么？A. 语言结构B. 语言使用C. 语言发展D. 所有以上答案：D二、填空题4. 语言的最小意义单位是________。
答案：语素5. 语言的音位系统是由________构成的。
答案：音位6. 语言的语法规则包括词法规则和________。
答案：句法规则三、简答题7. 请简述语言的任意性特征。
答案：语言的任意性是指语言符号与其所代表的对象之间没有必然的、自然的联系，而是一种社会约定俗成的关系。
8. 什么是语境对语言理解的影响？答案：语境是指语言交流发生的社会环境和上下文环境。
语境对语言理解的影响体现在它能够提供额外的信息，帮助听者或读者更准确地理解说话者的意图和话语的含义。
四、论述题9. 论述语言与文化的关系。
答案：语言与文化是相互依存、相互影响的。
一方面，语言是文化的载体，通过语言可以传承和表达文化；另一方面，文化也影响语言的发展和使用，不同的文化背景会产生不同的语言习惯和表达方式。
10. 请分析现代科技对语言发展的影响。
答案：现代科技对语言发展有着深远的影响。
首先，科技的发展促进了语言的传播和交流，如互联网使得语言信息传播速度加快，范围扩大。
其次，科技改变了语言的使用方式，例如语音识别和机器翻译技术的发展，使得语言处理更加高效。
最后，科技还催生了新的语言形式和表达方式，如网络语言和数字媒体语言的出现。
五、案例分析题11. 阅读以下对话，分析其中的语言现象。
- A: “你今天看起来很高兴。
”- B: “是的，我通过了驾照考试。
”答案：这段对话中体现了几个语言现象。
首先是礼貌原则，A通过赞美B来开启对话；其次是话题转换，B通过回答A的问题并提供额外信息来转换话题；最后是语境的利用，B的回答提供了他高兴的原因，这有助于A更好地理解B的情绪状态。
大学《语言学导论》试题及答案
大学网络与继续教育学院课程考试试题卷类别：网教专业：英语 20 年6月课程名称【编号】：语言学导论【0181】 A卷大作业满分：100分（要求：学生必须按各大题的答题要求，完成全部题目）Ⅰ. For each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question, or would best complete the sentence. Write the corresponding letter on your ANSWER SHEET. (20%)1. ________ refers to the language user’s underlying knowledge about the systemof rules of his language.A. RegisterB. PerformanceC. CompetenceD. Dialect2. “classmate” is a _______.A. compoundB. phraseC. derivativeD. morpheme3. The function of the sentence “I promise to come on time tomorrow” is mainly_______.A. directiveB. informativeC. performativeD. phatic4. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless stop? _______.A. [d]B. [p]C. []D. []5. “-ed” and “-s” are ______ because they do not help to form new words.A. free morphemesB. inflectional morphemesC. derivative morphemesD. roots 6. Systemic-functional grammar has been developed by _______.A. GriceB. AustinC. ChomskyD. Halliday7. The syllabic structure of the word “studied” is ______.A. CCCCVVCB. CCCCVCC. CCCVVCD. CCVCVC8. ______ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have thesame form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy9. The study of meaning in context is called _______.A. pragmaticsB. sociolinguisticsC. applied linguisticsD.semantics10. _______ means that certain authorities, such as the government, choose aparticular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.A. Language testingB. Language changeC. Language planningD. Language transferⅡ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False. Write True or False on the ANSWER SHEET. (20%)11. Diachronic linguistics studies language development or change over time.12. Ultimate constituents are constituents directly below the level of aconstruction.13. Standard dialect is a particular variety of a language, which is used by aparticular social class.14. Compounds are words that are formed by joining two or more words.15. Transformational-Generative grammar was first proposed by P. H. Grice.16. To linguists, no languages are superior to any other languages.- 1 -- 2 -- 3 -。
语言导论期末考试试题及答案
语言导论期末考试试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言的基本功能是：A. 交流思想B. 表达情感C. 记录历史D. 传递文化答案：A2. 下列哪个选项不属于语言的任意性原则？A. 单词与意义之间没有必然联系B. 语言符号是任意的C. 每个语言都有其独特的语法规则D. 语言符号是约定俗成的答案：C3. 语言的最小意义单位是：A. 音素B. 词C. 句D. 语素答案：D4. 下列哪个选项是语言的组合规则？A. 语音学B. 音韵学C. 语法学D. 语用学答案：C5. 语言的演变主要受到以下哪个因素的影响？A. 社会变迁B. 科技发展C. 地理环境D. 所有以上因素答案：D6. 语言的普遍性指的是：A. 所有语言都有相同的语法结构B. 所有语言都有相同的词汇量C. 所有语言都有相同的音素系统D. 所有语言都具有表达复杂思想的能力答案：D7. 语言学中的“同源词”是指：A. 来自同一词源的词语B. 意义相同的词语C. 发音相似的词语D. 形式和意义都相同的词语答案：A8. 下列哪个选项是语言的交际功能？A. 描述功能B. 表达功能C. 指示功能D. 命令功能答案：B9. 语言的“方言”是指：A. 同一语言内部的变体B. 不同语言之间的相似性C. 语言的书面形式D. 语言的口头形式答案：A10. 语言的“借词”是指：A. 从其他语言借用的词汇B. 从其他语言借用的语法结构C. 从其他语言借用的发音规则D. 从其他语言借用的语用规则答案：A二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 简述语言与思维的关系。
答案：语言与思维的关系是相互影响的。
一方面，语言可以影响个体的思维方式和认知结构，因为语言提供了分类和概念化的框架。
另一方面，思维也会影响语言的使用和发展，因为人们在交流思想时需要选择合适的语言来表达。
2. 解释什么是“语境”以及它在语言交际中的作用。
答案：语境是指语言交际中除了语言本身之外的所有相关因素，包括说话者和听话者的知识背景、交际场合、时间地点等。
语言导论试题及答案解析
语言导论试题及答案解析一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言导论中，语言的最小意义单位是：A. 音素B. 词C. 短语D. 句子答案：A2. 下列哪一项不是语言的任意性特点？A. 语言的音义关系是任意的B. 语言的音义关系是固定的C. 语言的音义关系是不可预测的D. 语言的音义关系是不可更改的答案：B3. 语言的层级结构中，最小的语法单位是：A. 音素B. 词C. 词组D. 句子答案：B4. 语言的演变过程中，以下哪一项不是语言变化的类型？A. 语音变化B. 词汇变化C. 语法变化D. 语域变化5. 语言的交际功能不包括以下哪一项？A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 社会认同D. 艺术创作答案：D6. 语言的方言是：A. 同一语言内部的变体B. 不同语言之间的变体C. 语言的书面形式D. 语言的口头形式答案：A7. 以下哪一项不是语言的规范性特点？A. 语言的规则是固定的B. 语言的规则是可变的C. 语言的规则是可预测的D. 语言的规则是可学习的答案：B8. 语言的语用功能主要涉及：A. 语言的语法结构B. 语言的词汇选择C. 语言的语境使用D. 语言的音素组合答案：C9. 语言的语义变化中，以下哪一项不是常见的语义演变类型？B. 特化C. 转喻D. 同化答案：D10. 语言的交际功能中，以下哪一项不是语言的交际目的？A. 描述B. 命令C. 询问D. 翻译答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言的______性是指语言的音义关系是任意的，不可预测的。
答案：任意2. 语言的______性是指语言的规则是固定的，可预测的。
答案：规范3. 语言的______性是指语言随着时间的推移而发生变化。
答案：动态4. 语言的______性是指语言在不同的语境中可以有不同的意义。
答案：语境依赖5. 语言的______性是指语言的规则是可学习的，可传授的。
答案：可学6. 语言的______性是指语言在不同的社会群体中可以有不同的变体。
语言学导论考试
1. 什么是语言学研究的对象？答：人类语言。
2. 请解释共时性和历时性语言观。
答：共时（synchronisch）：以静态观察法看待语言或语言的某个结构部分在某一时期的状态。
例如：现代语言的词汇特点，构词特点，或者不同年龄群体的语言特征。
历时（diachronisch）：以时间为轴线，观察记录不同时期语言的发展演变过程和特点。
是动态的。
例如：词源学，历时比较语言学。
3. 谁是现代语言学的创立者，请列举他的三个贡献。
答：瑞士语言学家索绪尔。
贡献（1）区分开了代表社会语言规范的语言（Langue）和个体行为的言语（Parole）,划清了语言学研究的不同领域。
（2）语言是一个符号系统，是能指和所指的结合物。
（3）共时语言学和历时语言学。
4. 现代语言学有哪些方面不同于传统语言学？答：传统语言学没有独立成一个学科，研究对象是书面语。
研究没有系统性，研究对象有限，没有相应的理论指导，而且不涉及语言的本质和规律。
5. 什么是语言（Langue）？什么是言语（Parole）?答：语言是人们进行交际和思维的音义结合的符号系统。
言语是指具体的人运用语言规则所讲的话。
6. 语言有哪些功能？答：（1）交际功能（2）社会心理功能a.心理功能 b.社会功能（3）思维认识功能7. 为什么说语言是符号，请说明语言所具有的两大符号特性。
答：语言具有符号的全部基本特征。
符号可以被感知。
符号具有指代功能。
8. 有哪些符号形式，它们分别具有什么特征？如何判断某一事物是否是符号？答：（1）标志性符号：它是自然形成的，与它所代表的事物有必然的联系，二者存在因果关系，而且它本身就是所指事物的一部分。
（2）图像符号：是人为的，被感知的符号形式是模仿某事物的声音或图像，它所标志的意义属于人们的常识范围，不需要专门学习就可以推敲出其意义。
（3）象征性符号：这类符号的意义不可推敲，它是任意的，受社会惯例制约的。
如何判断：看它是否能被人感知和是否含有指代功能（具有一定的意义）。
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填空1Linguistics语言学：the scientific study of language.2Language ：a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.3Prescriptive vs descriptive ：Descriptive描写性的：describe and analyse the language people actually use.Prescriptive规定性的：lay down rules for “correct and standard”behavior in using language.4Synchronic vs diachronic：Synchronic共时：studies a language at some point of time in history.Diachronic历时：describes a language as it changes through time.5Morphemes词素—the minimal units of meaning6phonological rules:Sequential rules序列原则,在某些特定的语言中存在支配语音组合的规则⑴the first phoneme must be /s/⑵the second phoneme must be /p/ or /t/ or /k/⑶the third phoneme must be /l/ or /r/ or /wassimilation rules同化原则,通过“复制”序列中音位的特征来使一个语音同化为另一个，从而使两个音素相似。
deletion rules省略原则,一个在拼写上有表现的语音在什么时候该省略。
7Synonymy 同义关系8Polysemy 多义关系9Homonymy 同形异义10hyponymy上下义关系11Antonymy 反义关系12Context语境:constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hear.13locutionary act (言内行为) is the act of saying something; it is an act of conveying literal meaning. illocutionary act (言外行为) is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.perlocutionary act (言后行为) is the act resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of , or the change brought about by the utterance.14Changes of meaning:semantic broadening,semantic narrowing,semantic shift.15 Register语域—the type of language which is selected as appropriate to a type of situation.名词解释Chapter11Arbitratriness任意性There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.2Productivity / Creativity(能产性/创造性）Humans have the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in our native language, including sentences we have never heard before.3Duality of structure （结构二重性）Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless; at the higher level these sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning such as words.4Displacement （不受时空限制的特性）Language can be used to refer to things which are presentor not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far away places. It can be used to talk about language itself.5Cultural transmission （文化传递性）Language is not genetically transmitted from generation to generation. The details of the language system must be learned anew by each speaker (though human capacity for language has a genetic basis).Chapter21Phonetics (语音学）-the study of human speech sounds2Phonology（音位学）-the study of the system of speech sounds of a language3phoneme (音位) a phonological unit, it is a unit that is of distinctive value . It is an abstract unit. Chapter3-71Morphology (形态学)the part of grammar that is concerned with word formation and word structure. 2Syntax (句法）a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences. 3Semantics（语义学）the study of meaning in language.4Pragmatics（语用学）The study of meaning of language in context .Chapter8-91Sociolinguistics(社会语言学）the field that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.2Speech community言语社团A group of people who form a community and share the same language or a particular variety of a language.3cultural overlap文化重叠similarities between cultures due to similarities in natural environment and human psychology.4cultural diffusion文化流传through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B, thus creating cultural diffusion. (For example, borrowed words.)配对题Saussure (the father of modern linguistics,language and parole)Langue和parole的区别Chomsky :in1950针对Saussure’s langue&parole提出Competence和performance,TG grammar Austin(Speech and theory)Searle(development of speech act theory)Grice(cooperative principle,conversational)Sapir-whorf (SW Hypothesis, linguistic relativity)Halliday(functional grammar,register theory)论述题Sentence meaning and utterance meaning1句子意义Sentence meaningIt refers to a sentence and is a grammatical concept, the meaning of a sentence is often studied as the abstract intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of predication.话语意义Utterance meaningIt refers to a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes and utterance and it should be considered in the situation in which it is actually uttered.2。