文化翻译论文
文化翻译视域下《边城》英译本中文化负载词的英译研究
121［摘 要］ 文化翻译理论对文学作品的翻译和传播至关重要。
《边城》这部小说中蕴含了大量的文化负载词，其英译本在海外广受欢迎，成为中国文化走出去的成功典范。
为探索《边城》英译本取得成功的关键，为更多文学作品的翻译提供参考，以金介甫的译本为例，基于文化翻译理论对其中文化负载词的英译策略和技巧进行了讨论和分析。
研究发现，金介甫并未固守某种特定的翻译策略，而是巧妙地采用以异化为主、归化为辅的翻译策略，灵活运用音译、直译、音译加注、音译加直译和意译等翻译技巧。
［关 键 词］ 文化翻译；《边城》；文化负载词文化翻译视域下《边城》英译本中文化负载词的英译研究王 晗随着全球化的发展和跨文化交际的频繁，文学作品翻译不仅仅涉及语言的转换，更重要的是如何传达作品中所蕴含的文化内涵。
而文学作品中的文化负载词由于承载着特定的文化背景、价值观念和情感内涵，对读者理解作品的文化细节至关重要。
《边城》作为中国现代文学的经典之作，不仅承载了大量湘西文化元素，还蕴含着丰富的中国传统文化。
其英译本是国外读者了解湘西地区优美景色、历史文化和风土人情的重要途径。
为探索译者是如何处理文化负载词来传达《边城》中所呈现的文化特色，本文以文化翻译理论为指导，探讨了金介甫（Jeffrey C. Kinkley）的译本Border Town ： A Novel 中所采用的策略和技巧，以期为翻译研究者补充有关文化负载词翻译的策略，从而促进跨文化交流和理解。
一、文化翻译理论概述20世纪70年代中叶，随着全球化的发展和跨文化交流的增加，翻译学者们意识到传统的翻译理论只注重语言形式的转换，而忽视了背后的文化因素。
这时，翻译作为一门独立的学科开始了广义上的文化转向。
不过，直到20世纪90年代，著名翻译理论学者苏珊·巴斯内特（Susan Bassnett）和勒弗维尔（Lefevere）在《翻译、历史与文化》这一论文集中正式谈到了“文化转向”，这才有了“文化翻译”这个概念［1］。
文化负载词翻译
文化负载词翻译四川师范大学文理学院本科毕业论文Translation of Chinese Culture-loaded Words 中国文化负载词的翻译作者：郑秋红院系：文理学院外语系年级： 2006级专业班级：英语（师范）2班学号： 6411106232指导教师：刘慧玲答辩日期： 4月24日中国文化负载词的翻译学生：郑秋红指导教师：刘慧玲摘要：中国文化负载词是表达中国文化中的特有事物，当中国的文化传出中国走向世界的时候,这些文化负载词又是怎样不失原味的被翻译成外语，被外国人所接受的呢? 本文从中式英语、中国特色词汇和中国文化负载词的对比分析入手，尝试探讨中国文化负载词的特点，分析文化负载词英译中出现的各种问题及其成因。
最后得出结论：在中国文化负载词英译中，译者可以通过意译、直译、意译等方法实现文化负载词的转化和使用，从而逐渐融入传统英语中，为英语使用者所接受。
关键词：中国文化负载词；文化差异；翻译Translation of Chinese Culture-loaded WordsAbstract: Each language contains elements which are derived from its culture, such as idioms, proverbs, and other fixed expressions. Translation is not only an Interlingua transfer, but also a cross-cultural communication. Chinese culture-loaded words are becomingincreasingly important in the study of China English. Chineseculture-loaded wordsrefer to the uniqueness of Chinese items, and of course, contain the connotation ofChinese culture. With the wide spread of Chinese culture to the world, how can they beunderstood and accepted by foreigners accurately in translation? The paper, by giving agood number of examples, introduces some methods of translating Chineseculture-loaded words, including transliteration, literal translation, and free translationand so on. These methods help to understand how Chinese culture-loaded words aretransformed into and used in English.Key words: Chinese culture-loaded words; culture differences; translationContentsIntroduction (1)Part ⅠThe r elation between Chinese Culture and Chinese Culture-loaded word (2)1.1Culture-loaded word, China English and Chinglish (2)1.2 The characteristics of Chinese Culture-loaded words (3)1.3 The influence of Chinese culture on Chinese Culture-loaded words (4)Part ⅡThe translation difficulties of Chinese culture-loaded word (7)2.1 The lexical gap which caused by traditional history culture (7)2.2 The lexical gap caused by the Regional cultural differences (8)2.3 The lexical gap caused by the differences of customs and cultures (8)Part ⅢTranslation methods of Chinese Culture-loaded words (10)3.1 Hypo taxis and Parataxis (10)3.2 Translation methods in culture-loaded words (11)3.2.1 Transliteration plus free translation (11)3.2.2 Literal Translation plus free translation (12)3.2.3 Interpretation in culture-loaded words (13)Conclusion (15)Bibliography (16)IntroductionToday, English is undeniably becoming a more widely used international language, and it is the interaction tool between countries. Along with the accelerated process of global integration, China’s foreign deepening of reform and opening up and China’s further economic development, a large number of new terms appeared in modern Chinese, including the old words with new meaning, buzzwords, new alien words and expressions, etc.; even many old words that have been annihilated for many years frequently appears. Words with Chinese characteristics are part of the culture-loaded words. Therefore the research of words with Chinese characteristics will gradually become an important discussion of the subject on China’s English teaching and the research community. Cultural-loaded words, as a series of symbols for communication, are the carriers of national culture. They not only open up the unique characteristics of a nation, but also bring difficulties and confusion to English learners Mr.SunZhili said, “It is the meaning of the culture that makes the translation the most difficult ratherthan the language itself.” Mr.WangZuoliang has also said, “The most difficulty of translation is the difference of two different cul tures.” Mr.LiuShouhua thinks, “People with different culture have different view to the real world, therefore making their own language demonstrate uniqueness and nationality in its develop ment.”Cultural terms have different names, such as culture-loaded words, cultural vacancies words, vocabulary vacancies. This paper prepares to discuss the translation of Chinese culturally-loaded words in the following aspects: the characteristics of Chinese culturally-loaded words and the reason why it come into being, and will also introduce some of the translation methods of the Chinese culturally-loaded words.Part ⅠThe relation between Chinese Culture and ChineseCulture-loaded word1.1Culture-loaded word, China English and ChinglishSince China is a country with a long history of more than 5000 years, during which it has cultivated and accumulated a broad and profound culture. Chinese culture-loaded words refer to the uniqueness of Chinese items, and of course, contain the connotation of Chinese culture, such as “Baxianguohai”in the “Eight Immortals”Who was this guy?Which, “Liu Qin”? There is a saying called “seven things” (seven daily needs of household), which “7”?“柴米油盐酱醋茶”(fuel, rice, oil, soy sauce, vinegar and tea) somehow is highlighted. As for the “三教九流”can be translated into people of all sorts, people of different social origins and backgrounds and so on English words with Chinese culture can be regarded as China English, which is almost the same with culture-loaded words. While China English is absolutely different from Chinglish. It is necessary to make it clear what are China English and Chinglish. China English, mainlyused as an international language in China, with Chinese unique borrowings, or phrases, contributes much to the international communication. In contrast, Chinglish refers to the English usually created by inferior Chinese English learners, who translate English into their own words so arbitrarily, that the interpretation fails to accord with grammar rules or custom usages, thus being regarded as an unaccepted form of English.The distinctions between China English and Chinglish lie in three aspects. First, grammatical or spelling mistakes are inevitably found in Chinglish while China English complies with English practical norms strictly. For example, “Open the door see mountain” is a typical Chinglish term, which means explaining one object in very clear words directly before any specific information is given. In the sense of grammar, the phrase is poor. Both “open” and “see” are verbs. They shouldn’t be put together without a conjunction. On the contrary, China English is always accurate, concise polished and hit the nails on the head. Take “one country, two systems” as an examp le. It refers that two diverse political systems coexist in one unified country. With respect to grammar, this term is correct to the core. Besides, it is brief; yet, well-polished, conveying a sophisticated idea with concise words. Thus, correctness differentiates Chinglish and China English. Furthermore, people’s attitudes towards these two languages also set them apart from each other. China English is considered as an accepted new form of English, contributing to enriching original language whileChinglish causes barriers and misunderstandings in communication. China English is gaining increasing importance in multinational communication, for the sake of better understanding about Chinese unique policy. Nevertheless,Chinglish is suffering a stead decline, for its negative influences.Actually, that the English language is originally the language of English people. Other peoples who use English should follow the idiomatic and conventional ways of the English people. However, each nation has its specific culture. As in China, there must be special Chinese culture and way of life to be expressed in English, that is, China English is to express Chinese phenomena and ideas.As for China, be it old or new words, it has many things with Chinese characteristics that need to be expressed when they are translated in English. To support this idea, we can cites some examples as follows: Hanlingyua n(翰林院),Imperial examination(科举), May Fourth Movement(五四运动),Xiucai(秀才),Eight-legged essay(八股文),Baihuawen(白话文),Two hundred policies(双百方针), Ideological remolding(思想改造),Four modernization(四个现代化),and so on. All these English versions with Chinese characteristics are correct English and should belong to China English.1.2 The characteristics of Chinese Culture-loaded wordsCulture-loaded words are mainly an international variety. We take Chinese borrowings for instance. From seventeenth to twentieth century, many Chinese borrowings directly entered English through transliteration such as tea (茶), kowtow(叩头), yamen(衙门), Great Leap Forward (大跃进), Great Cultural Revolution (文化大革命), Gang of Four (四人帮), Four Modernizations (四个现代化). All these English versions of course belong to China English no matter where they are used. As is well known, the relation between language and thought is of dialectical unity. Language development can promote that of thought, and vice versa. An accomplished language acquisitionmarks the formation of a certain thinking mode. One’s English inevitably has Chinese features once he or she has acquired Chinese and formed the way of Chinese thinking.Accordingly, the Chinese features of China English are unavoidably caused by the intrinsic thinking model specific to Chinese people and culture. What are the characteristics of culture-loaded words?Firstly, Culture-loaded words do not exist without Chinese interference. When one’s English proficiency is improved, one’s Chinese interference may be less, but it can never disappear completely. This is even so for an expert in English. So long as one has Chinese as one’s nat ive language and thinks in Chinese way, one’s English is definitely characteristic of Chinese flavors. The fourth is on the scope of the features of China English, that is, whether China English has the features at the level of phonology.Secondly, in the process of English language learning, it has been realized that there are sometimes no equivalence between English and Chinese culture-loaded. There exist big differences in the connotation of diverse words, due to unparallel historical and cultural developments of the two languages. By tracing the distinctive cultural elements reflected by certain words, learners are able to thoroughly understand the language itself and the disparity between the Chinese and western cultures, which is definitely conductive to the master of English.Language is closely related to the development of culture, while the various elements of vocabulary in the language can best reflect the material aspects of the culture, and therefore it is greatly influenced by the I culture. By studying a culture of a nation can learn its values and way of thinking, customs, way oflife and traditional customs, religious beliefs, etc.（XuJun, 2001）It is better to give some examples to illustrate the characteristics of the culture-loaded words. Th e mascots “Fuwa” of the Olympic Games in 2008 is a cultu re-loaded word. The English translation of “Fuwa” ---“friendliness” has aroused controversy since its birth. The first, “friendliness” are suspected of having something wrong w ith its spelling; because as an adjective “friendly” means: “affable, friendly, environmentally.” Used as a noun it means “friendly competition”. As in this plural form, it must be used as noun, but its meaning is not proper. The second, “friendliness” is hard to display Chinese characteristics and reflect the distinctive Chinese language and culture.The mascots of each Olympic Games are required to have a wide range of cultural content, which can reflect the national characteristics of the host country.1.3 The influence of Chinese culture on Chinese Culture-loaded wordsLanguage is a long history of development in the form, the language is the carrier of culture, and culture is the language of the soil. For this the true meaning of culture and cultural groups, it is all too familiar for something, but for different cultural groups, it is very strange. Different cultures create different language groups, so that when different language groups in the process of mutual exchange term vacancies on the rise, that can not be within the scope of non-native languages to find to express the meaning of the correspondingvocabulary, these cultural differences, mainly manifested in the belief, art, ethics, law, Customs, as well as the rest of the community learned abilities and habits.From a certain prospective, it covers all special things. Obviously, there’re many things with Chinese characteristics that haven’t been described in English, not to mention the new things that constantly spring up in recent years. For example, in the aspect of food, there are new different kinds of vegetables and fruits which need to be further discussed. At present, the comparatively practical method is to use Chinese spelling and add notes, most of which have been the Chinese loans in English. For example, lychee, litch(荔枝), baozi, jiaozi, tofu, mantou, tangyuan, etc have been the popular Chinese loans in English. Foreigners can totally understand what they are referring to, for they have accepted the China English version. However, many Chinese specific words cannot be translated in proper English, which is used among the native English speakers, such as “汤圆、馄饨、刀削面”etc, they cannot be replaced by dumplings. That’s because there is no correspondent thing in western countries. Accordingly, few Chinese loans share the same meaning with English words. Therefore, the Chinese loans get involved in English in a completely new meaning.V ocabulary is the accumulation of cultural information, the nation’s cultural values and values at all levels of culture are reflected in the vocabulary of their own systems, which form a kind of cultural words with cultural connotations. As with the load of a special connotation of the national culture, cultural terms is often posed as difficulties in the translation of The original existence of the cultural lexical gap shows that translation is not only just a language activity, but also a kind of cultural activities. Therefore, the translator is required not only a bilingual abilities, but also a double-cultural competence. If he can not see the original cultural lexical gap, he will impose his ownunderstanding of the translation to the reader.For example, in an English article, whose author talked about his favorite saying when he was a teacher: Being a teacher is being present at the creation, when the clay begins to breathe? The translation is: “当一名教师意味着创造,使泥土开始呼吸” it is no doubt that very few Chinese readers can understand this meaning. However, the sentence implied in the cultural lexical gap of the Western reader is very clear: According to the “Bible”, which say that humans were made by God with the earth, when the God endowed life to the clay, this clay is completed by the creative process, becoming a living creature. Here the author compared the work of teachers to the God’s work, suggesting that teachers help students to become a flesh and blood person with a soul, so that students have a real life.Cross-cultural communicative and even become an obstacle to information transmission. In next chapter, I will discuss the difficulties in culturally-loaded words translation.Translation is not only the conversion between languages, but also the communicationbetween cultures. Translation language and culture are closely linked. Because language is an integral part of culture, it is also the symbols of culture, its using ways and expressing content still possess a certain cultural connotation. In the process of creating works, the original author’s intended readers generally do not include foreign readers, particularly does not include those with different language and culture. Therefore, the cultural background knowledge which is easy to understand for the original mother tongue speakers in communication is possible not understood or missed the meaning by the people from other culture.Part ⅡThe translation difficulties of Chinese culture-loaded word2.1 The lexical gap which caused by traditional history cultureChina is an ancient oriental civilization with a long history, its traditional culture and thought of a natural reaction to the language. While tradition is deeply rooted in people's minds, like the “dragon” character, in the Chinese culture, the “dragon” is a legend of the miraculous character of animals, and the phoenix, the unicorn, turtle collectively k nown as the “four spirits”. In addition to the word meaning, it can also be regarded as a symbol of the Chinese nation, forming a kind of totem of the Chinese culture, and now that Chinese people as “Descendants of the Dragon”, is indicative of the great. Later emperors sat on the “dragon” were regarded as a symbol of authority, such as sitting on the throne, wearing gown and robe, sleeping dragon bed and so on. However, in Western countries, “Dragon” (dragon) is a danger thing, because in English history from the Beowulf times, the dragon is a symbol of evil, dangerous and is a monster spit fire injuries. This is the accumulated result of the traditional people’s different interpretations of the same thing; its further development will result in a lexical g ap. What’s more, “Mid-Autumn Festival”Mid-Autumn Day; “Splash”Water-Splashing Day, etc, which are the Chinese traditional festival, are excellent cultural accumulations that has a long history of heritage treasures, these traditional cultural festival is now not only exclusive to the Chinese people, but also a number of foreigners like the Chinese culture. While Europe and the United States is a Christian faith, so there are a lot of words, including their festivals with the “Bible” and Christian related.If a covenant of salt (not betray the Covenant), as poor as achurch mouse (utterly destitute); than the Han culture, an important part and is inseparable from Buddhism and Taoism, such as: Oliver bounds repent and are saved, Buddhism boundless. Then there are some, such as “martial arts”wu shu, “kung fu”kung fu, “Niu Yangge”yang ko, the characteristics of these folk cultures in China has not yet opened to the outside world, which is unheard of for a Westerner, and these reflect The vocabulary of the vacancy caused by two different history and culture.2.2 The lexical gap caused by the Regional cultural differencesRegional cultural differences refer to a nation’s geographical location, natural conditions and ecological environment formed by various cultural differences. Language generations and people’s working and living environment greatly related to the culturally-loaded words. The large number of English idioms, allusions, slangs, sayings, maxims and proverbs are with a thick Chinese name, ethnic and geographical characteristics. Han Chinese living in the Asian continent, the people’s life is inseparable from land. The UK is an island nation; the maritime industry has been very well developed. The difference appeared in Chinese culture, a lot of vocabulary are land-related, while in the English vocabulary in many of which are related with the sea; for example, Chinese with “土崩瓦解” to describe the total collapse and can not be collected, while the English version “get into hot water”, describing a difficult p osition. “烂醉如泥” English with “drunk as a sailor”, here they use sailor to replace “mud”. It may wondered why they use “sailor” instead of “mud”, that’s because the regional culture differences. In English native speakers, they could not use“mud” to describe a person, while in Chinese people’s eyes, they usually use some others words to make the phrase more active, actually these words as “mud” are often without any relation with the phrase itself.In addition, the geographical differences in turn affected by changes in the weather will affect agriculture and animal husbandry;Humid and rainy mountains northwest of the British Isles, followed by an moist type, suitable for the growth of mushrooms in the woods, while China is located in Southeast Asia, the difference between them is quite large, so the Chinese language is used to prompt a large number of new things compared to emerged phrase. For instance: “雨后春笋” was translated into English when the spring up like mushrooms or to mushroom up.Springing up like mushroom refers to after the rain of spring, bamboo shoots turn out suddenly, which means a lot of new things are emerging constantly. England could n ot produce “shoot”, “bamboo” is a foreign language, therefore, use “mushroom” is more acceptable for the r ecipient, but also convey the same meaning. What need to mention is that the emotional color and pragmatic effect are not entirely right, bamboo shoots give vibrant sense, which is compliment, “mushrooms”, with a short growing season, turn out and disappear rapidly, is neutral.2.3 The lexical gap caused by the differences of customs and culturesThe difference between English and Chinese customs, reflected in many aspects, such as diet, marriage, solar terms, the preference of color, family relations, etc. These differences between languages often make a relatively lexical gap. For example, in China, people like the red to decorate and theauspicious red represents good luck and new love in marriage when they are wearing red clothes; while in Western countries，they think that the red represents the violence and bloody, the new people in the wedding use white to represent their love, but in China, white has often been regarded as unfortunate thing .Therefore, the auspicious day in Chinese is a white day which the English people couldn’t not understand. The attitude in the treatment of animals, dogs are one of the British national favorite pets, they think the dog is very loyal. The dog in the Chinese culture is a kind of humble animal, it is considered a “humble” a synonym. Therefore, most of the dog-related derogatory terms such as: “狗胆包天” ,monstrous audacity“狗仗人势” ,a cock is bold on his own dunghill ，use the influence of sb. in bullying others, be a bully with the backing of a powerful person , be a bully under the protection of a powerful person “狗腿子”,henchman; lackey; hired thug“狗头军师” ,a person who offers bad advice , a person who offers bad advice; inept adviser“狗急跳墙” ,a cornered beast will do something desperate, even a worm will turn , do something desperate; but in English, there is no pejorative term on the majority of phrases concerned with dog, such as: be top dog “living high” ; “lucky”a lucky dog. Again, the Chinese women in ancient times should take three inch golden lotus (“三寸金莲”translated in lite ral meaning) for beauty, so there is woman “bound feet”: A vile feudal practice which crippled women both physically and spiritually and the “child bride” child wife: girl rose from childhood to be wife of son of family. There are some words that reflect C hina’s living habits, such as “kang”: a heat able brick bed and so on. All these can be seen as a result of cultural differences, customs lexical gap.The whole chapter demonstrates some of the reasons that cause our culturally-loaded words: they are traditional history culture, regional cultural differences and the custom differences. These differences will absolutely make our translation more difficult. For example, when we translate “三寸金莲”,we can not use the literal translation”three inch golden lotus” w hich will confuse the foreigners, they cannot understand what it refers to and don’t know it’s deep meaning. Therefore we must pay more attention to these cultural differences when we do the translation. The translation methods of the culture-loaded words must be chosen according to certain circumstancesPart ⅢTranslation methods of Chinese Culture-loaded words 3.1 Hypo taxis and ParataxisHypo taxis and Parataxis are the basic difference between English and Chinese language. . Hypo taxis is the meaning of the dependent or subordinate relationship of clauses with connectives (Christiane, Nord.1988:128), while, the concept of parataxis means that the juxtaposition of clauses or phrases without the use of coordinating or subordinating conjunctions.Hypo taxis reflect the thought pattern that westerners attach more importance on logic and empirical, while parataxis reflect that Chinese emphasize on introspection and simple way of expressing, they don’t emphasis the logic, with a ambiguous meaning mode of thinking. With an appropriate understanding of hypo taxis and parataxis is beneficial to the translation of English and Chinese. The translator should be carefully to figure out the differences of the source language and target language, both should not only loyal to the original work, but also think of the feeling of the reader, so that letting the translation be as close as possible with the original article. Mr. Flake once said theexcellent words:” the ideal translation of the works of foreign authors usually gives readers feel as if they are writing in Chinese.”The main difference in sentence structure between English and Chinese is that English is a language of Hypo taxis while Chinese is a language of parataxis. Therefore, English words or sentences are well knitted, and Chinese ones are terse and lucid. Some shortened sentence forms are adopted in Chinese so as to make words or sentences concise. Consequently, this features of Chinese sentence translation is reflected in China English consisting of many short sentences forms, the following translation examples can well illustrate this point:(1) Life is above and service is first. “生命至上,服务第一”(2) Safety is first and prevention is most. “安全第一,预防为主”(3) The higher authorities have polices and the localities have their counter-measures. “上有政策,下有对策”（4）Ten thousand years are too long, seize the day, and seize the hour. “一万年太久,只争朝夕”(李文中, 1993:53) These examples fully demonstrate the characteristics of Chinese, whose translation is not rigidly adhere to the original sentences, instead, it uses short, colloquial Chinese language words and sentences to make it read natural and active.Here is another example:“原文：有一个老村子叫格兰骞斯德，有一个果子园，你可以躺在累累的桃李树荫下吃茶，花果会掉入你的茶杯，小雀子会到你桌上来啄食，那真是别有一番天地.”English version：There is an old village called Grant Chester, and an orchard where you can lie under clustering fruit-trees, sipping tea, as flowers or fruit hang down into your teacup, and little sparrows come to your table to feed – truly a paradise on earth.The Original article is taken fro m Xu’s essay, “I know Cambridge,” the article writes with delicate strokes, refreshing style which is easy to read and feel quite cordial. The picture depicted in the text is just like a group of Cambridge landscape, from far to near, and then from near to far. The whole sentence is not connected with a word, the subject to clause changing every time, but there is no offensive feeling. However, when they were translated in English, the original meaning must be skillfully and reasonable weaving in the “form”with proper English syntax. The most important thing is to identify a verb as the main axis of the structure. Here the translation use the str ucture of “There is ... “as the main line,“Where you can lie under clustering fruit-trees” as attributive clause of “an orchard” , “as flowers or fruit hang down into your teacup, and little sparrows come to your table to feed” as the adverbial of “you ca n lie under clustering fruit-trees, sipping tea “of , with a dash leads to” truly a paradise on earth “as conclu sive and further describe. The translation make s full use of the English translation Hypo taxis features, which make the text read with a sense emotion and fluently, almost like the original style.All these English translation versions mentioned above are close to the structure and style of the original Chinese, and every phrase conforms to English syntax. A series of the symmetric short forms reflect the features of Chinese sentence structure3.2 Translation methods in culture-loaded words3.2.1 Transliteration plus free translationFrom an information-theoretical point of view, transliteration is a mapping from one system of writing into another, word by word, or ideally letter by letter. Transliteration attempts to use a one-to-one correspondence and be exact, so that an informed。
文化翻译观下的字幕汉英翻译
文化翻译观下的字幕汉英翻译1. 内容综述随着全球化进程的加速，跨文化交流变得日益频繁，字幕翻译在跨文化交流中的重要性愈发凸显。
特别是在影视作品、网络视频等多媒体内容中，字幕翻译不仅是语言转换的过程，更是文化传递的桥梁。
在文化翻译观的指导下，字幕汉英翻译尤为关键。
文化翻译观强调在翻译过程中不仅要关注文本的语义翻译，更要注重文化因素的传递和解读。
在字幕翻译中，这意味着不仅要准确传达对话内容，还要考虑到文化背景、语境、风俗习惯等因素，确保目标观众能够准确理解和感知源语言的意图和文化内涵。
文化翻译观对于字幕汉英翻译具有极大的指导意义。
语言特点与转换策略：分析汉语和英语的字幕特点，包括语言风格、表达习惯等，并在此基础上探讨有效的转换策略，确保翻译的准确性和地道性。
文化因素的处理：探讨在字幕翻译中如何处理文化差异，如成语、俗语、传统价值观等，确保文化信息的有效传递，避免误解和歧义。
语境与语境分析：分析字幕翻译的语境特点，包括画面、声音、情感等因素，以及上下文之间的联系，确保翻译的连贯性和准确性。
目标观众的理解与接受：考虑目标观众的文化背景、教育水平等，确保翻译的易于理解和接受，促进跨文化交流。
文化翻译观下的字幕汉英翻译是一个复杂而富有挑战性的过程。
它不仅要求译者具备扎实的双语能力，还要求其对两种文化有深入的了解和敏锐的洞察力。
才能确保字幕翻译的质量，促进跨文化交流和理解。
1.1 研究背景与意义随着全球化的不断推进，跨文化交流的需求日益增长。
在这一背景下，语言作为文化的载体和交流工具，其重要性愈发凸显。
字幕汉英翻译作为跨文化传播的重要手段，对于促进不同文化之间的理解和沟通具有不可替代的作用。
在字幕汉英翻译的实际过程中，我们常常面临着一系列挑战。
中英两种语言在结构、语法和表达方式上存在显著差异，这使得翻译者在处理原文时需要付出更多的努力来确保译文的准确性和流畅性。
文化差异也是影响翻译质量的关键因素，不同的文化背景孕育了不同的价值观念、思维方式和行为习惯，这些差异在语言中的体现尤为明显。
《孔雀东南飞》中“文化意象”的翻译-英语论文-语言学论文
《孔雀东南飞》中“文化意象”的翻译-英语论文-语言学论文——文章均为WORD文档，下载后可直接编辑使用亦可打印——认知语言学是语言学的一门分支学科，大约在1980年代后期至1990年始成形。
它以第二代认知科学和体验哲学为理论背景，认知语言学涉及人工智能、语言学、心理学、系统论等多种学科，它针对生成语言学天赋观，提出：语言的创建、学习及运用，基本上都必须能够透过人类的认知而加以解释，因为认知能力是人类知识的根本。
语言是人类在生产劳动的过程中对外部世界和外部事物的抽象认识，人类在此过程中获得体验和认知。
世界上的语言虽然千差万别，但是我们可以透过现象看到其中思维的共同之处，这才使得人类能够在跨文化交际中获得理解，才使得翻译成为可能。
翻译也是一种认知活动，翻译是译者理解了原作之后进行的再创作。
用认知语言学的角度对翻译进行研究可以使研究者站在更高的高度上宏观看待翻译问题，人们对语言的研究不再仅仅停留在what,why和how的上，越来越多的学者开始用认知的视角对人类的理解和翻译活动做出更加本质和始源性的解释。
本文从认知语言学对语言共性的解释角度，结合《孔雀东南飞》的两个英译本，对典籍中的文化负载词是的可译性问题进行求证，以及如何操作的问题给出肯定的回答及解决办法。
1 可译性（translatability）可译性（translatability）一直是翻译界争论的话题。
许多西方翻译理论都各给出了回答。
奈达（Eugene Nida）在论文《翻译：可能与不可能（Translation:possible and Impossible）》（1991）中提出的最切近的自然对等物（closest natural equiva-lents）；以及卡特福德（J. C. Catford）在《翻译的语言学理论（ALinguistic Theory of Translation）》中提出的可译限度（limitsof translatability）都对可译性（translatability）进行了深入系统的探讨。
LiteralTranslationAndFreeTranslataion语言文化论文
Literal Translation And Free Translataion语言文化论文推荐文章HandsAllOver--Maroon5英文歌词热度：JasonMraz--YouandIboth 热度：歌曲YoungAndBeautiful推荐热度： android 局域网扫描器怎么样热度： excel中and函数的使用教程详解热度：英语和汉语是两种不同的语言。
每种语言都有各自独立和分明的系统，在形态和句法方面二者存在很大差异。
然而，两种语言之间又存在一些相似性。
比如在主谓词序和动宾词序上是一致的。
正是由于英汉两种语言既有共同点又有不同点，所以在翻译实践中，我们不能千篇一律地使用一种方法进行翻译。
直译和意译是重要的翻译理论和基本的研究主题。
直译是既保持原文内容、又保持原文形式的翻译方法或翻译文字。
意译，也称为自由翻译 Free Translataion ，它是只保持原文内容、不保持原文形式的翻译方法或翻译文字。
直译Literal Translation 与意译相互关联、互为补充，同时，它们又互相协调、互相渗透，不可分割。
通过对直译与意译二者关系的正确研究，更多地认识了解到什么时候采用直译、什么时候采用意译，在运用直译与意译的时候所应该掌握的技巧、遵循的原则和应该注意的问题，最终达到提高翻译能力及水平的目的。
下面是店铺为大家精心准备的语言文化论文：Literal Translation And Free Translataion。
仅供大家参考!Literal Translation And Free Translataion（直译和自由翻译) 全文如下：[THESIS]How to use literal translation and free translation proper?[INTRODUCTION]People often discuss literal translation and free translation. We lay stress on how to handle two different kinds of language. And which way of translation is better to use to translation a sentence. Especially, target language must express what source language meams, distortion is not allowed. Literal translation and free translation are two main forms of translation. They are not repulsive, contrarily, they are complementary. Translation literally,if possible,or appeal to free translation. Literal translation retains original skill. So it is get on for original. When literal translation, encounter some obstades, people often use free translation.Free translation expresses general idea of the original, and can be accepted by readers. A good translation composition contains literal translation and free translation.[CONTENT]1. What is the conception of literal translation and free translation?2. How to use literal translation properly?2.1 Translate literally,if possible.2.2 Literal translation≠word-for-word translation.2.3 Some sentences should not translate literally.3. How to use free translation properly?3.1 If it has some trouble to understand a sentence in using literal translation, use free translation.3.2 Don not add personal enmotion to the original works.3.3 Free translation skill needs extensive knowledge and culture of both source language and target language.[CONCLUTION]If use literal translation and free translation proper, you will success in translating a composition.[KEY WORDS]Literal translation/Free translation/Source language/Targer language/Word-for-word/Original1. What is the conception of literal translation and free translation?Literal translation and free translation are two basic skills of translation. Literal translation refers to translate a sentence originally, keep the original message form, including construction of sentence, meaning of the original words, metaphor of the original and so on. Translation would be fluent and easy to comprehend by target language readers.Free translation refers to, according to the meaning of the original, without paying attention to the details and translation would also be fluent and natural. Free translation need not pay attention to the form of the original, including construction of the original sentences,meaning of the original works, matapher of the original and so on . But free translation does not mean to delete or add content to the original and translators must consider the original carefully, know its stress, translate it natually, express the meaning of the original. Free translation is a skill which translators must know the culture of both source language and target language, and must have extensive knowledge.When translating, should not use literal translation completely or use free translation completely. According to the passage which you are translating, you should use literal translation frequently and use free translation when neccessary.But what kind of translation is literal translation? And what kind of translation is free translation?For example:①1) Don't lock the stable door after the hourses has been stolen.Literal translation: 不要等马被盗后,才去锁楖门.Free translation: 不要贼走关门.2) Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor it is a way to make social problem evaporate.Literal translation: 砸镜子不能使丑八怪变漂亮,也不能使社会问题烟消云散.Free translation: 砸镜子并不能解决实际问题.Form the example 1), free translation is better than literal translation. From the example 2), literal translation is better than free translation. But how to use literal translation and free translation? There is a sentence:"Translate literally,if possible, or appeal to free translation."2. How to use literal translation properly?2.1 Translate literally, if possible.Why translate, if possible? What is the advantage of literal translation?Generally, rhetoric is often used in a passage to make the passage lively. Literal translation retains the rhetoric of the original, so it is lively as the original. But free translation only expresses the general idea of original, lively rhetoric of the original disappeared. So generally speaking, literal translation is a good choice in translation.For example:②3) For ma father know and I know that if you only dig enougha pasture can be made free.Literal translation: 因为我父亲知道,我也知道,只要挖到一定程度,早晚可以在这里辟出个牧场的.Free translation: 因为我父亲知道,我也知道,功到自然成.4) For Kino and Juana this was the meaning of morning of their lives, comparable only to the day when the baby had been born.Literal translation: 在Kino和Juana看来,这是他们一生中最了不起的早晨,只有宝宝出生的那一天,才可以与之媲美.Free translation: Kino和Juana以为,这一天非常重要.Free translation of examples 3) and 4), only express the general idea of the original sentences. It is too simple. Metaphor and discribtion of the original sentences hava dissappeared. After free translation, it was inferior and dull. So it is undesirable. But the literal translation of example 3) and 4) is clearer than the free translation. Actually, literal translation is the chief way of translation. It is close to the original, lively and natural. It is acceptable. Acceptableness is very important in translation. From theory of translation angle, translation is a theroy which uses target language to express the idea, content and style of source language.It should accord with the culture and customs of the target language. Translation not only does express the idea and style of the original message, but also need to accord with the culture and customs of the target language, so that the translation can easy be accepted by target language readers. Because the differences of two languages, sometimes it is difficult to retain the idea and style of the source language. The advantage of literal translation is that almostly retain the idea and style of the original. So most of translators like to use literal translation.From all above, that is the reason of "translate literally, if possible."2.2 Literal translation≠word-for-word translation.At first, which kind of translation is word-for-word translation? Word-for-word translation is that: When translating, consider every words. Every words of source language is translated cooridnatly.For example:③5) It was an old and ragged moon.Word-for-word translation: 那是一个又老又破的月亮.6) Many of his ideas are especially interesting to modern youth.Word-for-word translation: 他的许多思想对当代青年特别有趣.From the example 5) and 6), we know word-for-word translation does not do any changes to source language. The form is close to the original, but it does not express the meaning of the source language. Strictly speaking, it is not translation. Nevertheless, some translation which did some change to source language and the structure of target language is also the same as source language, the translation is smooth, but the meaning and the style are far from the original, usually, target language readers did not know what it said. This is also word-for-word translation.For example: ④7) Every atom of your flesh is as dear to me as my own: in pain and sickness it would still be dear.Word-for-word translation: 你的肉中的每一个原子，对我来说，都像我自己一样亲;即使在病痛中，仍然是亲的.8) Being a teacher is being present at the creation, when the clay begin to breathe.Word-for-word translation: 当一名教师意味着是创造的见证人，他目睹人体开始呼吸，开始了生命.Translation of 7) and 8) are smooth. But they do not accordwith the expressive way of Chinese. It is word-for-word translation.From all above, word-for-word translation is so starchy, goes after the form of source language that it never think of the effect of target language. Because word-for-word translation does not accord with the expressive way of target language, it is obscure, hard to understand it even makes target language readers did not know what does translator want to express. Word-for-word translation makes target language readers confused. It is unqualified translation.Literal translation also keeps the general form of source language,and keeps the structure and the metaphor of the original. But literal translation does make some neccessary adjustment, make target language smooth, clean and acceptable. After reading, target language readers can have almost the same feeling as the source language readers. But word-for-word translation only translate word by word, it is stiff and unitelligible. Quality of literal translation is good. Word-for-word translation is inferior. Literal translation and word-for-word translation can give different feeling to target language readers. All translation which is hard to accept, which have bad effect, which message is indistinct, which meaning is far from the original is word-for-word translation. This kind of translation is abortive.Some translation though that all translation keeps the form of the original is literal translation. That is erroneous. They confuse the conception of literal translation with word-for-word translation. These translators translate like this: first, they look up the meaning of every word of source language in dictionary. Then, they combine the meaning of every word, never do any change. They do not know what translation is, so word-for-wordtranslation emerge. But excellent translators know the meaning of the original. When translating, they do some neccessary adjustment, make target language clearer, smooth and acceptable. They know the difference between word-for-word translation and literal translation. They can use literal translation properly, it is a skill of translation.All in all. literal translation is not word-for-word translation. Literal translation is acceptable and nimble.2.3 Some sentences should not translate literally.Some source language sentences are very difficult to translate literally. It only though of the meaning of surface, translate it literally, the result is unintelligible and indistinct. Some sentences do not accord with expressive way in target language. Different country has different culture,different language, different custom and different way to express the same meaning, different language has different way about metaphors, and has different idioms. In China, people usually use some idioms to describe an event or a person. So do in abroad. But Chinese idioms are unintelligible in western countries. In these suituations, if translate literally, usually, it would have bad effect and be unacceptable. When target language readers read, they could not know the exact meaning of source language. Because the message which target language express was vague.There are two examples: ⑤9) Our son must go to school. He must break out of the pot that hold us in.Literal translation: 我们的儿子一定得进学校，他一定得打破这个把我们关在里面的罐子.Free translation: 我们的儿子一定要上学，一定要出人头地.10) Their legs mored a little jerkily, like well-made woodendolls, and they carried pillars of blank fear about them.Literal translation: 他的腿轻轻痉挛地移动着，像做得很好的木偶一样，他们随身携带着黑色的恐怖柱子.Free translation: 他们每向前迈一步，腿就抖动一下，好似精制的木偶一样，他们身上带着一股阴沉的杀气.From the two examples, literal translation is unintelligible even absurd. But after had translated it freely, translation became cleaner, smooth, acceptable and accord with the culture of target language.But in which suituation translators should not translate literally? How to use literal translation correctly?Any source language which does not accord with the expressive way of target language should not use literal translation. For example: In example 9), "Break out the pot that hole us in", it is an English idiom, it means do something successful. But how to translate it into Chines?There is also an idiom in China. It almost has the same meaning as"Break out of the pot that hold us in". It is "出人头地". So when translating that sentence translators should not use literal translation, translators should use free translation.And how to use literal translation correctly? First, know source language and target language culture as much as possible and translators should have extensive knowledge with the problems which the original wrote or talk about, translators should be conversant. We often have experience like that: Because lake of some knowledge that somebody talking about, even after others explained, we still did not know or understand. So before translators translating some materials, especially some proffessional materials translators must grasp some knowledge about the materials. For example, if translate some materialsabout economy,translators should know some knowledge about economy; if translate some material about news, translators should know some knowledge about news;if translate some professional materials,translators should know some knowledge about that proffession, or be an export of that proffession. If translator was a man who did not know something about the material which he wanted to translate, his translation would be unqualified. Second, comprehend source language message correctly and thoroughly. It is very important. Translators should not only know the surface meaning of the original and translators should read through the surface, know what does the original want to express. If a translator does only know surface meaning of the original and translate it literally, his translation would be correspondingly. After target language reader read his translation, they would be confuse and have different feeling between the original and the translation or even have erroneous comprehension.Translation is different from reading. When we reading, it no matter how much we understand or can be understand or have erroneous comprehension. Because level of the readers is limited. Reading is only a feeling of himself. But translation affects others. Instead of the original author, translation is a man retell source language massage to target language. So translators should comprehened the source language message deeply and thoroughly, then retell the meaning of the source language correctly and close to the source language message. If a translator comprehened the source language just a little nmbiguiously,translation would be different from the source language message. Therefore, comprehension is very important. If translators had false comprehension to the source languagemessage, his translation could be far from the original. This will lead his translation to be unqualified.At last, enhance acceptability of translation. From above we know that translation should accord with the expressive way of target language, so that it can be easily accepted by target language readers. Actually, it is not difficult to retain the style of the original. But it is difficult to translate the original accord with target language expressive way. A translator who has abandant experience can surmount obstacle between two language. An excellent translator must have done his best effort on his translation. This is translators' duty. An excellent translator has practised a lot on how to handle the problems in translation. Excellent translation are acceptable.From all above, literal translation is a basic skill of translation. It keeps the form of source language, including construction of sentences, mataphor. Sometimes it should do some neccessary change to the original, make the translation accord with the expressive way of target language. So make the translation acceptable. A translation which translated literally is close to the original. But literal translation is not omnipotent. Some sentences should not translate literally, because these sentences contained idioms which are different in source language and target language. Translators should have extensive knowledge. Comprehened source language message correctly and thoroughly, enhance acceptability of translation. If translators want to use literal translation properly and skillfully, they must comprehened all above, and have some practice. After all, practise is the most important aspect intranslation.3. How to use free translation properly?3.1 If it was some trouble to understand a sentence in usingliteral translation, use free translation.In which suituation the translators can not use literal translation? When some sentences that the way of expressive between source language and target language are different, should not use literal translation. If use literal translation, target language readers would have some trouble to understand, then make the translation unacceptable. In these suituation, free translation should in use. Free translation expresses the general idea of the original according to the meaning of the original, and does not pay attention to the details. But translation should be fluent and natural.There are two examples:⑥11) I gave my youth to the sea and I came home and gave her ( my wife ) my old age.Literal translation: 我把青春献给海洋，我回家的时候便把老年给了我的妻子.Free translation: 我把青春献给海洋，等我回到家里见到妻子的时候，已经是白发苍苍了.12) Maybe Kino has cut off his own head and destroyed himself.Literal translation: 也许Kino会割掉自己的脑袋，把自己毁了.Free translation: 也许Kino走了绝路，自己毁了自己.From the example 12), the original "cut off his head" means have done something badly, felt into predicament. If a translator translated the original literally, his translating would make target language readers confused, after reading, target language readers would feel unacceptable. So translators should use free translation in the example 11) and 12). Because free translation can tell the ture meaning to target language readers.Some sentences, if translate literally are also fluent andnatural that it seems these sentences should translate literally. But translated these sentences literally could not express the deep meaning of the original. If we use freetranslation,effect would be better than literal translation. Free translation could express the deep meaning of the original sentences.F or example: ⑦13) Cast pearls before swine.Literal translation: 把珍珠扔到猪面前.Free translation: 对牛弹琴.14) Barbara was born with a silver spoon in her mouth.Literal translation: Barbara嘴里叼着银调羹出生的.Free translation: Barbara出生最富贵人家.Example 13) and 14) are metaphor, have deep moral. If translated literally, translations are fluent and natural, but it could not express the deep meaning of the oroginal, it is unadvisable.There is another suituation which should use free translation: a sentense that use idioms.Fo r example:⑧15) Something unexpected may happen ang time.Free translation: 天有不测风云.Literal translation: 一些没有预料到的事会随时发生.In English, this sentence is very common. But if translated it literally into Chinese, it did not accord with the habit of expressive. On the contrarary, it would be unitelligible and would not achive the effect of the original. It would make target language readers inappreciatable. But in the example 15), free translation used a Chinese idioms, after reading target language readers would comprehened and have nice feeling. So free translation is a good choice when literal translation could not be used.3.2 Don not add personal emotion to the original works.Translation is a brige between source language and target language. Task of translation is to express the meaning and manifestation of the source language message by target language. The translation should give target language readers almost the same feeling as source language readers. If target language readers and source language readers had almost the same feeling after reading the translation, it was successful. If target language readers and source language readers had different feeling after reading the translation, it showed the translation was unqualified. From the angle of translation, actually, the feeling of readers can judge a translation. So the feeling of readers is the standard of translation.Tough free translation gives some leeways to translators. Translators should comprehened the original thoroughly, and use the leeways correctly. Some translators usually use the leeways incorrectly. They often add their personal emotion to the original works. So translation was subjunctive and different as the original. It was unqualified translation. Because if translators added their personal emotion to the original works that the meaning of the original message had been changed by translators. After reading, target language readers might have different feeling between translation and the original. Those translations which added translator's own emotion were not according with the standard of translation. Translation should avoid to add personal emotion to the original works.3.3 Free translation skill needs extensive knowledge and culture of both source language and target language.Free translation gives translators some leeways. Translators should use then correctly. Not only should translators comprehened the meaning of the original message, but also theyshould be provided with extensive knowledge and culture of both source language and target language. Especially, on literature works, translators should be provided with literature training, and they also should know extensive literature knowledge. A translator who wanted to translate a literature composition should do his effort to accumulate something about history, geography, custom, natural style and features, tranditional culture and so on about the literature composition. In additional, translators should know the background of age and the author, style of the anthor. More extensive knowledge the translators have, more thoroughly he can comprehend the meaning of the original.Free translation is a skill in translation. Translators should first comprehend the original thoroughly, then translate it correctly by target language, and acceptablely comprehend the original thoroughly is on the basis of extensive knowledge and excellent literature training. Some successful translators, when they were translating they did the research on the original author at the same time. After translating, they became on expert to the author and his composition. This spirit is worthly to study.Let's see some examples:⑨16) When the going gets tough, the tough getsgoing.Free translation: 沧海横流方显英雄本色.The words"going" and "tough" have different meaning. The translator used a sentence in a Chinese poem to translate this sentence.17) Faults are thick where love is thin.Free translation: 一朝情义淡, 样样不顺眼.18) You can fool all the people some of the time and some of the people all the time, but you cannot fool all the people allthe time.Free translation: 骗人一夕一事易,欺众一生一世难.19) Out of the FULLNESS of the heart the mouth speaks.Free translation: 盈于心则溢于言.The example above are all free translation. Translators translated them not only smoothly and fluently, but also acceptable and accordingly with Chinese culture. In addition, translators should know extensive idioms about both source language and target language. Different countries have different idioms. So in translation, some idioms are unable to translate literally. Translators should change the original form into another form which is easy to be accepted by target language readers. Thereby, convey the purpose of the original wanted to express.For example: ⑩20) When in Rome, do as the Romes do.Free translation: 入乡随俗.21) A cat on hot bricks.Free translation: 热锅上的蚂蚁.22) To expect one's son to become an outstanding personage.Free translation: 望子成龙.23) The dog that will feech a bone will carry a bone.Free translation: 以你说别人坏话的人,也会说你的坏话.Free translation does not strachy the form of the original. If translators want to use free translation proficiently. You'd better grasp extensive knowledge and culture of both source language and target language.CONCLUTION:If using literal translation and free translation proper, you will succeed in translating a composition. The mostimportant intranslation is the way in which how to dear with the complex problems of equivalence between the source and target articles. But complete identity of message is important, even use literal translation on the designative level of imformative function one can only aim at the closet approrimotion and in general it is posible to obtain a functionally satisfactory correspondace.Literal translation is a good choice to translate lively and closely, as the original. It retains the idea, style and rhetoric of the original. Translators should grasp it. Literal translation is not word-for-word translation. Sometimes, translators should do some change in translation so that they can make the translation more acceptable. Word-for-word translation is unqualified. Not all sentences can translate literally. Some sentences, if used literal translation would not be according with the culture of target language. Especially for some idioms. Translators should have extensive knowledge, comprehend the original thoroughly. Especially in translating some proffessional materials.Free translation is a skill. It need not pay more attention to the form of the original and the details. But free translation should accord with target language culture and customs. Then target language readers can accept translation easily. Though free tranlation gives leeways to translators, they should not add personal emotion to the original works. Because if translators added their own emotion to the translation, target language readers and source language readers would have different feeling. So the translation is unqualified. Free translation also needs extensive knowledge and culture of both source language and target language. Translators should be proviede with literature training. Especially knowing some idioms in both target language and source language is very important.Literal translation and free translation are two different way in translation. An excellent translation includs this two kinds of translation. An excellent translator could use these two kinds of way properly and proficiently. No translators can use literal translation and free translation proficiently at beginning. All successful translators have practised lots. When they were translating, they accumulated experience and knowledge. After they have translated some composition, they accumulate extensive knowledge. So translators needs practise. And both content and style are insparaby linked in any text, and success in translation means dealing creatively with both of these aspect of communication.① P91 Fanzhongyan 1994 Foreign Language Teaching And Researching Press.② P92 Fanzhongyan 1994 Foreign Language Teaching And Researching Press.③ P88 Fanzhongya n 1994 Foreign Language Teaching And Researching Press.④ P88 Fanzhongyan 1994 Foreign Language Teaching And Researching Press.⑤ P102 Fanzhongyan 1994 Foreign Language T eaching And Researching Press.⑥ P92 Fanzhongyan 1994 Foreign Language Teaching And Researching Press.⑦ P95 Fanzhongyan 1994 Foreign Language Teaching And Researching Press.⑧ From:/schools/maoya.htm⑨ From:/schools/maoya.htm⑩ From:/schools/maoya.htmABSTRACT。
关于文学翻译的论文范文2篇
关于文学翻译的论文范文2篇关于文学翻译的论文范文一：接受美学视阀下的儿童文学翻译研究一、审美特征首先，儿童文学相较成人文学最突出的特点是其独有的稚拙性。
为适应儿童的口味，儿童文学作品往往稚嫩、淳朴、清新自然，具有成人文学所没有的原初本真的“傻里傻气”。
这种稚拙之美通过的作家的笔深入作品中，折射出儿童内心真实的思想和情感。
其次，提及儿童文学，人们就会联想到浪漫与想象、梦幻与诗意、神秘与瑰丽的意境。
儿童文学的审美创造往往与幻想联系起来。
没有幻想就没有儿童文学。
儿童的理性思维偏弱、现实感不强，分不清现实与想象，也不懂得事物的内在联系。
为接近儿童的心灵世界，儿童文学主张要张扬幻想。
优秀的儿童文学作品应该能为儿童打开通往幻想世界的大门。
再次，寓言这种文学形式被儿童常态化适用。
在童趣审美意象组成的单纯简约的外层结构下，儿童文学浓缩着创作主体的复杂深厚的社会文化积淀。
单纯想象的审美符号体系下，寓言形态的儿童文学容易被儿童接受，引发共鸣。
蕴含于作品中关于社会、人类、自然等复杂的深层内涵可以在儿童的成长过程中潜移默化的释放能量，帮助儿童对社会、世界的认知，健康人格的建立。
二、语言特征首先，儿童文学的语言浅显易懂。
儿童年龄小，生活经验少，思维能力弱，语言能力在逐步完善，儿童文学作品的语言必须浅显、简洁、准确、流畅，能够被儿童读者理解接受，并未儿童的语言习得提供范本。
其次，儿童文学的语言具象化。
由于儿童抽象思维差，以形象思维为主，儿童文学的语言是形象、生动、具体、动态的。
运用儿童熟悉、常见的具体形象进行描述，把人物和事物的声音、色彩、形状、神态等具体、直接的表现出来，与儿童闹钟的形象相吻合。
再次，儿童喜游戏玩乐的特点决定了儿童文学语言的幽默性。
幽默有趣的东西符合儿童的心理要求，可以引起他们的兴趣，启发他们快乐的情趣。
有经验的儿童文学作者往往把“引起兴趣和引人发笑”作为写作的一个重要原则。
三、接受美学理论接受美学(receptionaesthetics)是20世纪60年代后期出现的一种文艺美学思潮，也是文学研究领域中兴起的一种新的方法论。
翻译的稂本任务——论文化传播(一)
翻译的稂本任务——论文化传播(一)论文摘要】随着世界文化的不断交流和沟通，各国更加重视文化的繁荣与传播。
译者作为文化沟通的使者，应把输入异域文化、输出中华文化视为自己的神圣职责。
这就要求译者在翻译过程中一定要有敏锐的文化意识，切实做好文化传播工作。
论文关键词]文化交流文化意识文化传播一、翻译在文化发展中的作用语言既是文化的组成部分，也是文化的符号，其使用方式与表达内容都具有一定的文化内涵；而翻译的基本性质是语言问的转换、是文化之间的交流，因此翻译与文化始终有着千丝万缕的联系。
翻译丰富、促进了译语文化，这是翻译最为显著的功能。
古今中外，翻译从来都是促进民族文化发展的一个重要手段。
(杨仕章，2001)~1果没有阿拉伯人的翻译，古希腊的明就不会得以保存，欧洲的文艺复兴也将无从谈起；中华文化经佛经翻译吸取了古印度文化的营养，给中国文学注入了强劲动力，大大丰富和发展了唐代及唐以后中国文学的浪漫主义意象成分和功能；同样，没有五四时期的翻译，中国就不可能引入诸多先进的思想理论；而英国文化能有今天的巨大影响力和勃勃生机是与其在漫长的历史中融汇了凯尔特文化、拉丁文化、斯堪的纳文化以及东方文化的精华分不开的。
可见，语言和文化的发展往往离不开异域文化的营养，纯粹自给自足的文化注定是要灭亡的，而翻译则为吸收异域文化提供了一个有效的手段。
二、翻译研究的“文化转向”翻译研究的文化转向最初由巴斯奈特(Bassnet0和勒菲弗尔(Lefe—vere)在其合编的《翻译、历史与文化》(199O)一书中提出的：之前的翻译研究要么在语言学的屋檐下躲躲雨，要么在比较文学的墙根下避避风。
而在新兴的文化学领域里则压根儿没有涉足之地。
漕明伦，2007)以巴斯奈特和勒菲弗尔为代表的文化学派翻译理论者，从宏观角度出发，从大处着眼，从政治、文学、历史等多角度切人，强调文化在翻译中的地位，把翻译看作宏观的文化转换，将翻译的研究重点从原作转向了译作，从作者转向了译者，从源语文化转向了译语文化，以求对翻译和译者的地位与作用有一个新的认识。
英语翻译方向论文
英语翻译方向论文翻译是高校作为培养大学生英语综合能力的一个重要组成部分。
下面是店铺为大家整理的英语翻译方向论文，供大家参考。
英语翻译方向论文范文一：高职商务英语翻译课程改革分析[摘要]本文结合我院的实际情况，以就业为导向，从课程定位、教材改革和教学模式等方面着手，探索高职《商务英语翻译》课程的改革方向，以期优化该课程教学设计，有效提高教学质量，为学生的就业岗位需求服务。
[关键词]高职;商务英语翻译;课程改革1引言根据《高等职业学校专业教学标准(试行)》，《商务英语翻译》课程是“高等职业学校商务英语专业学生的职业技能课”，在整个专业课程设置框架及人才培养体系中的地位不可忽视。
然而，目前该课程普遍存在“课程设置和教学内容本科化、缺乏职业针对性、师资学科型”的问题。
(江晗，2010)针对这些问题，本文结合东莞职业技术学院(下称“我院”)的实际情况，就课程定位、教材改革和教学模式等方面进行初步探讨，提出高职《商务英语翻译》课程的改革方向。
2课程定位高职英语专业翻译课容易走入定位不清的误区。
有的学者提出“现有高职、高专已经成立的翻译系或翻译方向最好主要以证书培训为主要目标”(穆雷，2008);有的院校干脆将课程目标单纯定位为通过全国商务英语翻译考试、获取证书。
但是，通过走访我院用人企业得知，外语等级证书和翻译证书都不是企业所看重的指标或用人条件，真正的实践应用能力和职业素养才为用人单位所器重。
因此，不适合将考取翻译证书作为该课程的定位和目标，但可作为辅助手段，提高学生的学习兴趣和动力。
笔者认为，高职《商务英语翻译》课程的定位，取决于学生自身的能力水平及毕业后的就业岗位所需。
一方面，高职学生的外语水平基础较差，特别是双语转换能力较弱，即使经过一学期或一学年的翻译课程学习，也难以胜任高端的会议交替传译，更不用说同声传译，只适合进行初级的口、笔译工作;另一方面，就我院以往毕业生的就业情况来看，没有专门从事翻译行业的专职译员，所以不能照搬培养专职译员的外语专业本科或研究生人才培养模式来对高职学生进行教学，而应该按实际情况来做出切实的课程定位，以指导该课程的开展，培养毕业生工作所需的相应翻译能力。
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文化翻译论文
译者身份阐明
从人类诞生到今天，许多文明成果都以文学作品的形式流传下来，而由不同语言记载的伟大思想，又经由译者之手得以在全世界广为传播，这其中译者的作用是不容忽视的。
他们早已不再是大部分人认为的“活字典”，而成为了沟通过程中的“文化中介者”。
“文化中介者”这一概念是史蒂芬·波克纳（Stephen Bochner）于1981年在他的著作《中介者与文化定位》（“The mediating person and cultural identity”）中首先提出的。
R.Taft(1981：53)在他所撰写的部分中对译者的角色做了如下定义：“文化中介者使的语言与文化不同的人或组织之间的交流、理解以及合作更为便利。
中介者通过翻译各文化团体的表达、目的、见解和期望，即建立并协调他们之间的交流来扮演自己的角色。
”（原文见Translating Cultures An Introduction for Translators, Interpreters and Mediators）因此，大卫·卡坦提出“从这个意义上讲，为了起到联系的作用，中介者必须能够在一定程度上参与到两种文化之中。
因此，一名中介者必须在某种程度上具有二元文化（能力）。
”此外，在翻译过程中还要求译者能够很好地包容和处理文化中的差异，更为积极地获取信息。
这一过程包括使委托翻译任务的人及其他相关人士阐明翻译材料所涉及的领域、进行翻译的目的、目标读者的信息、目标文化以及目标文化中相近的文本。
由此可见，成为“文化中介者”的译者，不再单一地关注原语或目标语言本身和文本，而是集中在文化、交流以及两种文化的互相理解上。
正如纽马克（1982:8-12）提出的：“翻译应使译文带有地方色彩，在此情况下，对等存在于概念上，而原语特色被保留下来以使读者联想起其文化情境”。
相信正如大卫·卡坦写到的“在不远的将来，随着市场逐渐认识到文化的重要性，一名中介者是否在翻译过程中坚持信息的采集将成为其是否能在市场中生存的重要因素。
”
值得注意的是，我们此处讨论的文化并不是一种可见的产品，而是内在的、集体的，并且是“获得”而非学习所得的。
所谓“获得”是通过非正式的观察、聆听对语言和行为的自然、下意识地学习。
“学习”，在另一方面则是他人正式并且有意识的传授过程。
我们此处关心的文化是在学校正式文化教育之前人们所获得的。
与文化定义相关的因素，Gail Robinson(1988:7-13)总结出了以下的两种因素，这里我们列出表格
Saville Troike(1986:47-48) 从人类语言学角度的文化定义对其涉及的逻辑层次及其相互关联做了最为准确的概括：“文化包含个人作为同一个团体或组织成员所学习的共同行为准则以及其背后的价值观和信仰。
”因此，我们可以用文化区分不同人的身份。
由以上的表格可知，语言存在于与文化相关的外在因素，同时其“必然根植于文化现实之中，脱离了这一广泛的语言表达环境，语言将失去其解释说明的作用。
”（Malinowski:1923/1938:305）Bronislaw Malinowski 是第一个认识到语言只能在文化范围内被理解的人类学家。
他研究了特罗布里安岛（Trobriand）上的居民以及他们的语言（Kiriwinian），认为在将Kiriwinian对话翻译成英语时，需要进行很多改变。
最重要的是，他发现需要对特罗布里安岛人的对话进行补充，从而将其隐含的意义表达出来。
首先，他需要向英语读者说明对话发生的情况，否则英语读者们将无法理解例如：特罗布里安岛人是在驾渔船回家途中进行的对话等情形；其次，他发现不仅要阐明直接语境，对话文本中还包含特罗布里安岛人的传统和信仰，这些在译文中也是难以理解的。
只有将以上两个方面同时加
以考虑，才能使所译文本具有意义。
针对语言与文化的相互关系，著名文字学家E.萨丕尔（Sapir1929:214）确信语言只能在一种文化环境中进行理解。
他进一步提出“任何两种语言，无论如何相近，也无法表达同样的现实意义，不同社会形态所生活的世界时截然不同的，而并非仅仅是具有不同符号的同一个世界。
”这一著名论述形成了所谓萨丕尔——沃尔夫假说(Sapir-Whorf hypothesis)的一部分，它具有语言决定论和语言相对论两种说法：语言决定论认为：语言决定了其使用者的思维方式，即使用两种语言的人在改变语言的同时会自动改变他们的世界观。
现在这种理论的支持者较少。
Steven Pinker(1995:57)在他的著作The Language Instinct中对这一理论进行了批驳，指出“认为思想和语言是同一概念的想法是荒谬的，它是违背一切常识的。
”语言相对论认为语言有影响思想的倾向。
这一理论在人类学、语言学以及翻译领域拥有很多支持者。
因此，在翻译过程中应认清两点：首先，语言表达某种意义的方式与其所属文化相关；其次，虽然语言可以用来表达其他文化中的概念，人们（包括笔译及口译人员）难以察觉其自身的认知实际上受到了他们文化的限制。
而文化的这一影响又是在不同逻辑层次上产生的。
Neuro Linguistic Programming（神经语言程式学）的奠基人之一，Robert Dilts提出了一下的组织系统逻辑理解层次：
身份——谁？
↓↑
信仰价值观——为什么？
↓↑
能力策略——如何做？
↓↑
行为——做什么？
↓↑
环境——何地，何时？
其中，信仰是一个复杂的领域，包括很多方面：核心信仰、价值观、态度和准则。
信仰是人们行为的动机与原因，即它提供了遵守某种行为准则的理由。
这些信仰将决定人们究竟遵从何种指导，是《圣经》、《托拉》、《古兰经》还是《资本论》。
同时，信仰由价值观来表现。
而“行为”作为一切组织系统中的一个层次，在文化系统中一定程度上体现在谚语中。
文化是人身处的一个动态系统，同样具有不同的逻辑层次，其基本结构与组织系统逻辑理解层次
以上是大卫·卡坦针对Dilts的理论进行的图解。
在了解了以上文化中的逻辑理解层次之后，我们对谚语的分析将变得更有条理。
除此之外，跨文化领域的著名学者Nancy Adler(1991:79,80)又提出了如下的利用谚语分析文化范围内信
具备了以上提出的分析框架，我们便可以在充分考虑到文化因素的前提下，研究中国谚语的。