论翻译中的文化差异及习惯表达发解析

导读：语言是文化的综合部分，所以自然有许多种不同文化，翻译过程中，文化通常是翻译程序的一个重要要素，它是翻译的基础，它能够改善文化体制，翻译必须受到语言的限制，翻译的综合反映就是语言的精髓，语言对文化的影响渗透到各个方面，所以必须充分了解文化背景才能足够地理解本文，他们拥有交叉文化的意识是必要的，他们必须从语言的要素去彻底把握翻译的结构以及它的理论基础，它是文化的一个部分，翻译者不得不用细微的方法，Abstract

Language is an integrated part of culture. As is known, there are lots of languages in the world. So there are lots of different cultures. In translation cultural elements usually pose a problem for translators. It is indispensable to attach importance to cultural elements in literary translation. The culture is very important for literary translation. The role of language within a culture, the influence of the culture on language are so pervasive that scarcely any text can be adequately understood without careful consideration of its cultural background.

To sum up, languages do not operate in isolation but within and as part of cultures; cultures differ from each other in various ways and there is by no means a one-to-one relation of exact lexical equivalence between their languages in most cases. Translators have to transmit special cultural qualities from one language to another through a

multi-pronged approach. From this perspective it is necessary for them to possess

cross-cultural consciousness.

Key words: translation, language, culture, cultural elements

摘要

语言是文化的综合部分。我们都知道，世界上有许多种语言，所以自然有许多种不同文化。翻译过程中，文化通常是翻译程序的一个重要要素。它是翻译的基础，它能够改善文化体制，它从各个方面反映当今的社会现象。因此，翻译必须受到语言的限制，翻译的综合反映就是语言的精髓。语言对文化的影响渗透到各个方面，所以必须充分了解文化背景才能足够地理解本文。从这个透视中，他们拥有交叉文化的意识是必要的，他们必须从语言的要素去彻底把握翻译的结构以及它的理论基础。

总之，语言不能孤立存在，它是文化的一个部分。在一般情况下，它们的语言是均等的，但不是一对一的关系。所以，翻译者不得不用细微的方法，把一种语言转化为专门的文化质数。

关键词：翻译；语言；文化；文化要素

Contents

Abstract (i)

Contents (iii)

Introduction (1)

1. Language and Culture (1)

1.1 The definition of language and culture (1)

1.2 The relation of language and culture (2)

2. Translation and Culture (4)

2.1 The importance of culture for translation (5)

2.2 The influence of culture on trans lation (6)

3. Cultural Elements (7)

3.1 Social element (7)

3.2 The religious and ideological elements (8)

3.3 Geographical and environmental elements (10)

Conclusion (11)

Bibliography (12)

Acknowledgements………………………………………

Introduction

Translation has played a significant role in the communication among nations since antiquity. As is known, there are quite a lot of languages in the world and nobody can know all of them. Thus translators are required to function as intermediaries in cross -national and cross-cultural exchanges. Translation is an art, a bilingual art. Like painting, translation enables us to reproduce the fine thought of somebody, not in colors, but in words of a different language. It is indispensable to attach importance to cultural elements in literary translation. Just as Eugene A. Nida says, the role of language within a culture and the influence of the culture on language are so pervasive that scarcely any text can be adequately understood without careful consideration of its cultural background. This paper is supposed to interpret the close relations among language, culture and translation as well as explain some aspects of cultural elements in literary translation.

1. Language and Culture

1.1 The definition of language and culture

To illustrate the relationship between language and culture is worthwhile to start by giving the definitions of them. Many linguists have agreed to accept the view that language is, in essence, a system of symbols designed for the purpose of human communication. According to Ji Xianlin, a famous Chinese scholar, there exist more than 500 definitions about culture, from which we can know that culture is not easy to define. The classic definition of it is provided by the 19th-century English anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor: culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. Eugene A. Nida defines it in a simplistic manner as the totality of the beliefs and practices of a society. In a broad sense, it usually refers to the totality of material culture and spiritual culture.

1.2 The relation of language and culture

Language and culture are closely related in that they are mutually necessary: language can exist and develop only in a social setting while culture may be maintained and conveyed only through language; in a sense, language is part of and medium of culture. Particular structures of language may reflect to a certain degree the way people think. Different people think differently because their language offers them different ways