Gspeed悬架部分考核参考
商用车悬架系统振动电测试验规范
商用车悬置系统电测试验规范编制：校对：审核：批准：****汽车有限公司技术中心编制20** 年 ** 月 ** 日悬架是安装在车桥与车架之间的。
悬架在振动的传递路径中起减震作用。
路面对轮胎产生的激励通过车桥、冲击，通过车桥、悬架系统传递到车架、驾驶室，再通过驾驶室传递到座椅。
如果悬架设计不当，最终传递到座椅处的振动较大，从而影响司机和乘客的乘坐舒适性。
悬悬架系统的设计是减小整车振动和噪声的一项关键技术，汽车悬架系统隔振率分析不仅是产品开发中结构分析的一项主要内容,而且是控制汽车常规振动噪声的关键指标,应作为产品开发的强制性考核内容。
本标准由****技术中心提出。
本标准起草单位为****技术中心商用车先行技术部。
本标准主要起草人：本标准由****技术中心归口并负责解释。
本标准为首次发布。
一、适用范围 (3)二、名词定义 (3)三、测量仪器 (4)四、车辆状态 (4)五、测点布置 (4)六、试验步骤 (5)七、数据导出 (12)八、数据整理分析 (14)附录A (15)附录B (19)一、 适用范围1. 本标准规定了我司商用车悬架系统振动电测的测量方法。
二、 名词定义2.1 车辆定置车辆定置是指车辆不行驶，发动机处于空载运转状态。
2.2汽车三维坐标系座标原点在汽车重心， XOZ 在汽车纵向对称面内，X 轴指向汽车前进方向，Z 轴指竖直向上方，Y 轴指向驾驶员左方。
图1 整车三维坐标系2.3隔振量在评价一个隔振器工作效果的时候，通常采用隔振量，隔振量是指输出端振动大小a a 与输入端振动大小p a 的比值。
如果隔振量越大，那么隔振器的隔振效果越好。
加速度的隔振量用分贝形式表达为：T dB =20lg2.4隔振率O+Z+X+Y为简明表示隔振器的隔振效果，本规范引用隔振率的概念。
隔振率是指1减去输出端振动加速度大小p a 与输入端振动加速度大小a a 的百分比值。
如果隔振率越大，那么隔振器的隔振效果越好。
汽车空气悬架计算机控制系统设计(最终修改版)
汽车空气悬架计算机控制系统设计摘要由于在平顺性和车高控制上的诸多优点，越来越多的客车生产商已经开始使用电子控制空气悬架，通过控制弹簧刚度和减振器的阻尼来获得好的平顺性和操纵稳定性。
本文设计对汽车在制动、转向、加速、高速等工况下的空气弹簧刚度的调节来实现对悬架刚度的控制，在不同车速下对车高的调节以减少风阻。
通过介绍悬架的种类和特点，分析空气悬架当前发展状况，概述平顺性的研究内容，提出本文研究的主要内容和基本流程。
文中以简化的汽车1/4悬架模型为基础，通过分析刚度和系统频率对平顺性的影响，得出空气悬架的主要控制参数。
接着使用MATLAB/SIMULINK计算机仿真软件，模拟路面随机输入，仿真被动悬架及空气悬架的加速度变化，通过对比看出其优点。
MCS-96系列单片机在接口、抗干扰及运算速度方面的特点，使得其系列单片机在实现对悬架的控制方面有着较大的优势。
本文使用MCS-96系列单片机汇编语言编译控制程序，编写出各功能子系统程序段，以顺序执行指令模式运行，通过对各传感器的信号来判断行驶状况，从而输出对应的控制信号。
硬件使用80C196KC单片机。
关键字：空气弹簧电控悬架控制程序仿真单片机Air Suspension Control System DesignABSTRACTAs the car ride and the many advantages of high control, more and more bus manufacturers have begun using electronic control air suspension, by controlling the spring stiffness and damping shock absorbers to get a good ride comfort and handling stability.In this paper, we design to adjust the air spring stiffness to achieve the control of the suspension stiffness in the braking, steering, acceleration, speed and other working conditions. By adjusting the stiffness of the spring and shock absorber damping to reduce the wind resistance in high-speed condition. By introducing the suspension of the type and characteristics of the current development of air suspension, ride comfort of an overview of the contents of this paper presented the main content and basic processes. By simplifying the car 1 / 4 suspension model, analyzing the stiffness and system frequency on the Ride, come to the main control parameters of air suspension. Then use the MATLAB / SIMULINK simulation software to simulate the random road input, simulation passive suspension and air suspension, acceleration changes, by comparing to see its advantages.As the MCS-96 series MCU interface, interference, and the characteristics of computing speed, makes the MCS-96 family of single chip to achieve the control of the suspension has a big advantage. This article uses the MCS-96 Microcontroller assembly language compiler control procedures, the preparation of the segment of each functional subsystem, to order the implementation of instruction mode, the signal on each sensor to determine the operating conditions, and thus the corresponding output control signals. Use 80C196KC MCU.Keywords: air spring; ECAS; control procedures; SIMULINK; MCU目录摘要 (I)ABSTRACT ................................................... I I 1 绪论.. (1)1.1 悬架概述 (1)1.2 悬架的分类 (1)1.3 主动悬架 (2)1.4 空气悬架发展与现状 (2)1.5 平顺性理论概述 (3)1.6 本文的主要内容 (4)2 空气悬架的工作原理及功能 (5)2.1 空气悬架工作原理 (5)2.2 空气悬架功能 (5)3 空气悬架系统 (7)3.1 空气悬架主要元件结构 (7)3.2 空气悬架输入输出部件 (7)3.3 空气悬架的具体工作方式 (13)4 空气悬架数学模型 (14)4.1 垂直刚度设计计算： (14)4.2 空气弹簧系统频率的计算 (14)4.3 单质量系统的自由振动 (15)5 系统控制流程 (16)5.1 总控制流程图 (16)5.2 各子系统流程图 (17)6 系统仿真计算 (24)6.1 MATLAB软件介绍 (24)6.2 路面激励谱 (25)6.3 SIMULINK计算仿真 (26)7 汇编程序设计 (30)7.1 MCS-96系列单片机的特点 (30)7.2 汇编语言程序工作原理 (30)7.3 硬件图 (32)本文总结 (35)参考文献 (36)注释 (37)附录 (38)谢辞 (45)1 绪论1.1 悬架概述悬架是汽车的重要组成部分，它把车体与车轴弹性地连接起来，并承受作用在车轮和车体之间的作用力，缓冲来自不平路面给车体传递的冲击载荷，衰减各种动载荷引起的车体振动。
悬架作业指导书
悬架检测作业指导书一、注意事项1.1 参考标准参考标准为《JT/T448-2008汽车悬架装置检测台》《GB18565-2016道路运输车辆综合性能要求与检验方法》《JJF 1192-2008汽车悬架装置检测台校准规范》1.2 检测对象与评价标准检测对象设计车速不小于100km/h，轴质量不大于1500kg得载客汽车评价标准轮胎在激励振动条件下测得得悬架吸收率应不小于40%，同轴左、右轮悬架吸收率之差不得大于15%。
1.3 检测评判限值轮胎在激励振动条件下测得得悬架吸收率应不小于40%，同轴左、右轮悬架吸收率之差不得大于15%。
1.4 检测结果判定方法1) 当检测中实测得悬架吸收率小于40%，则认为吸收率不合格2) 当检测中实测得同轴左、右轮悬架吸收率之差大于15%，则认为吸收率不合格1.5 被检车辆要求1) 检验方法中如无特别说明，被检车辆均为空载2) 被检车辆得车身、驾驶室、发动机舱、车厢、底盘与照明信号装置应清洁、无油污。
3) 被检车辆应随车携带行驶证，机动车登记证复印件与产品说明书1.6 录入数据要求无需录入数据1.7 使用注意事项1) 超出悬架台额定载荷得汽车，禁止驶上悬架台2) 不要在悬架台上停放车辆与堆积杂物，严禁做空载实验3) 不要对肮脏得车辆直接检测，特别就是轮胎与底盘部分粘有较多泥土得车辆，应首先清洗并待滴水较少时进行检测4) 雨天检测必须为车辆除水，滴水较少时才能检测5) 严禁悬架台中进水，保持传感器清洁、干燥与正常工作。
6) 为保证测试精度，传感器应预热30min二、检测过程1) 将被检车辆各轴车轮依次驶上悬架装置检测台，并使轮胎位于检测台面得中央位置，测量左、右轮得静态轮荷。
2) 分别起动悬架检测台得左、右电动机，使汽车悬架产生振动，增加振动频率并超过振动得共振频率。
3) 当振动频率超过共振点后，将电机关断，振动频率衰减并通过共振点。
4) 记录衰减振动曲线，测量共振时得最小动态轮荷，计算并读取最小动态轮荷与静态轮荷得百分比以及同轴左、右轮百分比得差值。
沃尔夫（Volvo）CAB-SLP、CAB-SSLP型号的重型卡车悬架尺寸和重量说明书
Important NotesChassis DimensionsFront Axle to Back of Cab: +375 mm for CAB-SLP, +204 mm for CAB-SSLP. D-measure includes a front clearance of 74 mm and for rigid trucks also a subframe of 120 mm.Height can vary ± 20 mm for leaf and ± 10 mm for air suspension. All dimensions are for unladen chassis and any tag axles down.Weight and dimensions are based upon the following tyres:Chassis weight includes oil, water, AdBlue, 0 litres fuel and without driver. Kerb weight can vary ± 3%.Turning diameters are theoretically calculated.Legal weights can differ from country to country.For more detailed weight information, including optional equipment weights, ask your Volvo sales contact to enter your specification into the Volvo Weight Front Axle Tyres: 295/80R22.5 Drive Axle Tyres: 295/80R22.5Chassis Dimensions [mm]WB Wheelbase349538454195449549955495A Overall Chassis Length7610 8710 9710 9360 10160 11010 D Center of rear axle to front of body 2856 3206 3556 3856 4356 4856 N Rear Overhang (Min.) 830 830 1240 830 830 830 NRear Overhang (Max.)1325207527252075 2375 2725T Theoretical Wheelbase4180 45304880 5180 5680 6180 Y Center of Gravity for Payload (Min.) -57 0 55 89 162 232 Y Center of Gravity for Payload (Max.) -57 0 55 89 162 232 W Body Length (Min.) 5829 6415 7004 7535 8390 9249 W Body Length (Max.) 5829 6415 7004 7535 8390 9249Chassis Weights [kg]Front Axle 4020 4010 4010 4055 4075 4105 Rear Bogie 3520 3605 3700 3650 3710 3790 Kerb Weight7540 7615 7710 7705 7785 7895 Payload (including body, driver, fuel, etc.) 20560 20485 20390 20395 20315 20205Turning Diameter [mm]Turning Circle Diameter Kerb to Kerb 14900 16000 17100 18000 19500 21100Turning Circle Diameter Wall to Wall 1630017400 18500 1940021000 22500Plated Weights [kg]DesignGross Vehicle Weight28100 Gross Combination Weight 32000 Front Axle 7100 Rear Bogie 21000■ Standard Equipment □ Optional EquipmentFor more detailed information about cab and powertrain equipment, please refer to separate specification sheets.For all possible options and combinations of options please consult your Volvo sales contact who can create a specification to match your requirements using the Volvo Sales Support system (VSS).□ TGW-4G Telematics gateway with 4G modem■ RC-ROUGH Rough road conditions□ TIPP-PRE Tipper vehicle preparation ■ UNIFORM Basic platform vehicleCore components ■ CHH-HIGH Chassis height high - approx. 1000 mm above ground level ■ RADD-BR Rear leaf suspension, 2 axles - 2 driven (B-ride) □ CAB-DAY Day cab □ CAB-SLP Sleeper cab □ CAB-SSLP Comfort cab ■ EU6SCR Euro 6 emission level with Selective Catalytic Reduction(SCR), particle filter and Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)■ D8K280 Six cylinder diesel engine, 7.7 litre Euro 6 SCR + EGR (DieselParticulate Filter), 280 hp, 1050 Nm□ D8K320 Six cylinder diesel engine, 7.7 litre Euro 6 SCR + EGR (DieselParticulate Filter), 320 hp, 1200 Nm□ D8K350 Six cylinder diesel engine, 7.7 litre Euro 6 SCR + EGR (DieselParticulate Filter), 350 hp, 1400 Nm□ EBR-CEB Engine compression and exhaust brake ■ EBR-EPG Engine brake with Exhaust pressure governor, EPG □ AL306 Automatic 6-speed Allison gearbox, max input torque 1695 Nm □ AT2412F I-Shift automated mechanical 12-speed gearbox, 2400 Nm ■ ZTO1109 Overdrive 9 speed manual ZF gearbox, 1200 Nm□ RTH2180C Rear hub reduction tandem axles - bogie load 21 tonnes, GCW80 tonnes version C■ RTS2370A Rear single reduction tandem axles - bogie load 23 tonnes,GCW 70 tonnesPackages □ DRIVEFE Driver convenience package FE □ VISIFE Visibility package FE - Optimizing the drivers field of visionaround the cab□ AIRFLOW Airflow package FL□ AUDIODAB Audio System DAB ■ AUDIOPD Audio Preparation DAB kit, incl. DAB-amplifier Chassis ■ FST-PAR 2 leaf front parabolic suspension (normal stiffness) ■ FAL7.1 Front axle load 7.1 tonnes □ FAL7.5 Front axle load 7.5 tonnes □ FAL8.0 Front axle load 8.0 tonnes □ FAL9.0 Front axle load 9.0 tonnes ■ RAL21 Rear bogie load 21 tonnes ■ RSTAB1 Rear stabilizer with normal stiffness □ EBS-MED EBS (Electronic Brake System) medium package ■ EBS-STD EBS (Electronic Brake System) standard package■ RST-PAR1 Rear parabolic leaf suspension ■ ABS Lock free brakes■ FRAME300 Frame rail section external height 300 mm ■ FST8080 Frame section thickness - web 8.0 mm / flange 8.0 mm □ FIL-FBEB Frame inner liner from front of bogie to end of bogie □ FIL-FBEF Frame inner liner from front of bogie to end of frame □ FIL-TXEB Frame inner liner from transmission cross member to end ofbogie□ FIL-TXEF Frame inner liner from transmission cross member to end offrame■ 2BATT170 Batteries 2x170 Ah □ 2BATT225 Batteries 2x225 Ahcab■ R160A56 Right 160 litre aluminium 560 mm high D-shaped diesel tank.Usable volume is 97% of stated volume.Min volume 160l Max volume 630l ■ UL-FUEL Without left diesel tank ■ ADTP-R AdBlue tank on right hand side ■ WHC-FIX1 One fixed wheel chock □ WHC-FIX2 Two fixed wheel chocks □ TB-L33 Toolbox 58 litre on the left hand side - width 330 mm, height310 mm, depth 660 mm□ TB-L75 Toolbox 106 litre on the left hand side - width 755 mm, height430 mm, depth 550 mm□ TOWMBRH High mounted towing member, in centre of frame ■ RFEC-S Rear frame end, straight cut (for regular platform applications) □ C-RI4040 Coupling Ringfeder 4040 G-150 □ C-RI5055 Coupling Ringfeder 5055 G-150□ C-RO400G Towing coupling Rockinger 400 G-150 □ C-RO430G Towing coupling Rockinger 430 G-150 □ C-RO50 Towing coupling Rockinger 50 mm□ TOWR-ONE One rear towing device in frame end cross member □ TBC-EC Trailer brake connection, European Community□ TRBR-STA Stationary trailer brake control □ RUP-FIX2 Fixed rear underrun protection, EC approved □ RFEND-B Använd samma (efter att vi reviderat på stora listan) ■ RFEND-T Transport mounted one-piece rear fenders □ RFH-103 Rear fender installation with quarter fender height 103 mmfrom bottom of rail□ RFH-BAS Optimal rear fender installation with regard to legal demands,wheel/tyre sizes, chassis height and fifth wheel height.□ RFH-HIG High mudguard installation height □ RFH-LOW Low mudguard installation height□ ATANK-AL Aluminium air tanks ■ ATANK-ST Steel air tanks □ FRACLOS Frame end closing □ 2024GSR General safety regulations 2024 Rims and tyres □ RT-AL Brushed aluminium rims with std holes (long stud fixing) on allaxles□ RT-ALDP Dura-Bright polished aluminium rims with std holes (long studfixing) on all axles□ RT-ALP Polished aluminium rims with std holes (long stud fixing) on allaxles■ RT-STEEL Steel rims on all axles ■ SPWT-F Spare wheel with tyre equal to front wheel □ SWCP-R Spare wheel carrier mounted behind rear axle and below frame □ SWCP-T Spare wheel transport mounted on top of frame ■ SWCP-TP Spare wheel carrier transport mounted with the spare wheel ontop of the frame railsPowertrain equipment □ TP-BAS I-Shift basic gear changing □ TP-DICON adapts the gearbox’s function to the specific conditions in thedistribution and construction segmen□ TP-FUEC This software package is ideal for long-haul operations wherestrong emphasis is placed on fuel econ□ APF-ENH Enhanced PTO functions (Auto Neutral / Reverse Inhibit).Garbage - Auto Neutral working on parking brake.□ APF-ENH2 Enhanced PTO functions (Auto Neutral / Reverse Inhibit).Garbage - Auto Neutral working on service brake.■ CS39A-O Single plate clutch, plate diameter 395 mm■ Standard Equipment □ Optional EquipmentFor more detailed information about cab and powertrain equipment, please refer to separate specification sheets.For all possible options and combinations of options please consult your Volvo sales contact who can create a specification to match your requirements using the Volvo Sales Support system (VSS).□ TC-HWO Oil cooler for hydraulic transmissions – water/oil□ TC-MWO Basic performance cooler for manual/I-Shift gearboxes - water/oil■ AIRIN-HI High air intake□ ACL1ST-S Air cleaner with additional filter element□ CCV-C Closed crankcase ventilation■ CCV-OX Open crankcase ventilation with oil separator and a maintenance free gas centrifuge■ AF-E Electrically heated fuel filter■ EST-AID Engine start pre-heating element□ 220EBH08 Electrical engine block heater, 220V/0.8kW□ PTER-100 Rear engine mounted clutch independent power-take-off with flange connection (DIN 100 / ISO 7646)□ PTER-DIN Rear engine mounted clutch independent PTO with splined shaft groove (female) for a close coupled pump (DIN 5462 / ISO 7653)□ PTER1400 Rear engine mounted clutch independent power-take-off with flange connection (SAE 1410 / ISO 7647)□ PR-HP4T Rear gearbox mounted (top of torque converter) Hydrocar PTO with connection (DIN 5462 / ISO 7653) for pump (400 Nm) □ PR-HP4TL Rear gearbox mounted (top of converter) Hydrocar low speed PTO with connection (DIN 5462 / ISO 7653) for pump (400 Nm)□ PR-HP6TH Rear gearbox mounted (top of converter) Hydrocar high speed PTO with connection (DIN 5462 / ISO 7653) for pump (600 Nm)□ PR-HP6TL Rear gearbox mounted (top of converter) Hydrocar low speed PTO with connection (DIN 5462 / ISO 7653) for pump (600 Nm)□ PTR-FH1 Rear gearbox mounted Hydrocar S81 PTO with flangeconnection (DIN 90 / ISO 7646) for propeller shaft (800 Nm) □ PTR-FH2 Rear gearbox mounted Hydrocar S84 PTO with flangeconnection (DIN 90 / ISO 7646) for propeller shaft (430 Nm) □ PTR-FH5 Rear gearbox mounted Hydrocar S88 PTO with flangeconnection (DIN 90 / ISO 7646) for propeller shaft (450 Nm) □ PTR-PH1 Rear gearbox mounted Hydrocar S81 PTO with connection (DIN 5462 / ISO 7653) for pump 800 Nm max. Exceptions for AT2412F: 1000 Nm max□ PTR-PH2 Rear gearbox mounted Hydrocar S84 PTO with connection (DIN 5462 / ISO 7653) for pump (430 Nm)□ PTR-PH4 Rear gearbox mounted Hydrocar S88 PTO with connection (DIN 5462 / ISO 7653) for pump (450 Nm)□ PTR-PK Electrical and solenoid prep kit for gearbox PTO□ PTR-ZF2 Rear gearbox mounted ZF PTO with flange connection (DIN 100 / ISO 7646) for prop shaft (410 Nm)□ PTRD-D1D Rear gearbox mounted double PTO with flange connection (DIN 120 / ISO 7646) for propeller shaft (550 Nm) and connection (DIN 5462 / ISO 7647) for pump (1000 Nm)□ PTRA-PH1 Extra rear gearbox mounted PTO with double S81 connections (DIN 5462 / ISO 7653) for pump□ PTRA-PH2 Extra rear gearbox mounted PTO with double S84 connections (DIN 5462 / ISO 7653) for pump□ HPG-F101 Gearbox mounted hydraulic pump F1-101, fixed displacement, single flow□ HPG-F41 Gearbox mounted hydraulic pump F1-41, fixed displacement, single flow□ HPG-F51 Gearbox mounted hydraulic pump F1-51, fixed displacement, single flow□ HPG-F61 Gearbox mounted hydraulic pump F1-61, fixed displacement, single flow□ HPG-F81 Gearbox mounted hydraulic pump F1-81, fixed displacement, single flow□ ETC Electronic throttle control - dash mounted switch for PTO speed controlCab interior■ STWPOS-LLeft hand drive □ STWPOS-RRight hand drive■ TAS-DIG4version 2, one day digital tachograph, EC approved according to EU regulation 2020/1054□ IMMOBIL Immobiliser□ WARNLAMP Portable amber warning lamp with batteries□ WARNVEST Warning vest. Fulfils European standard according to EN 471class 2.■ AIDKIT First aid kit containing sticking plaster, washing and dryingpads, compresses, elastic bandages, respiratory mask, gloves and scissors.□ AIDKIT1B First aid kit fulfilling German requirements containinginstruction, scissors, triangular cotton bandages, gauze bandages, bandaging cloths, gauze dressings, adhesive bandage, protective gloves, adhesive tape, first aid packets, rescue sheet.□ CRUIS-E2 Cruise control with i-roll □ CRUISEC Basic cruise control Cab exterior □ AUXFS Extra footstep in cab side □ CF-AFS Retractable extra footstep in the cab front bumper □ RCABS-A Air rear cab suspension ■ RCABS-M Mechanical rear cab suspension□ AD-ROOFA Adjustable roof air deflector □ AD-SIDES Short cab side air deflectors□ HL-CLEAN High pressure headlamp cleaner ■ HL-ADJ Adjustable headlamps to adjust the height of the light beam ■ DRL-LED V-shaped ("V-light") day running light (LED).Turned on low beam gives a dimmed "V-light".□ BEACON-P Prepared for roof beacons□ BEACONA2 2 amber beacon, roof mounted warning lamps■ HORN-F1S One front mounted (behind grille) single tone air horn, Jericho.Operated by steering wheel buttons.□ HORN-R2S Two chromed single-tone air horns on the roof, operated bysteering wheel buttonsSuperstructure preparations □ FBA-BTF Front body attachments for flexible body□ FBA-BTSF Front body attachments for semi-flexible body □ RBA-T1 Rear body attachments, plates □ RBA-T2 Rear body attachments for helper frame□ HBA-FSFB Holes for body attachments, flexible/semi-flexible body□ TAILPREP Tail lift preparation kit Services ■ WVTA Whole Vehicle Type Approved■ Standard Equipment □ Optional EquipmentFor more detailed information about cab and powertrain equipment, please refer to separate specification sheets.For all possible options and combinations of options please consult your Volvo sales contact who can create a specification to match your requirements using the Volvo Sales Support system (VSS).。
汽车底盘系统检测与调整考核试卷
A.离合器
B.变速箱
C.传动轴
D.驱动桥
20.在汽车底盘系统调整中，以下哪些操作可以提高车辆的操控性能？（）
A.调整悬挂的硬度
B.调整轮胎的气压
C.调整制动系统的响应速度
D.调整发动机的输出功率
三、填空题（本题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分，请将正确答案填到题目空白处）
A.麦弗逊式
B.双叉臂式
C.扭力梁式
D.稳定杆式
11.汽车底盘系统检测中，下列哪种方法可以判断传动系统是否存在异常？（）
A.观察排气颜色
B.检查变速箱油质
C.检测发动机功率
D.测量发动机转速
12.在进行汽车底盘系统调整时，下列哪个部件会影响车辆的行驶高度？（）
A.弹簧
B.减振器
C.制动盘
D.稳定杆
13.下列哪个部件用于连接汽车发动机和变速箱？（）
1.在汽车底盘系统中，悬挂系统的主要作用是支撑车身并吸收来自路面的______。（）
2.汽车制动系统中，制动盘和制动鼓的主要区别在于制动盘是______，而制动鼓是内置于轮毂中的。（）
3.汽车传动轴的主要功能是将发动机输出的动力传递给______。（）
4.通常情况下，汽车的______系统负责将发动机的旋转运动转换为前进或后退的直线运动。（）
3.传动轴的长度对汽车的加速性能有直接影响。（）
4.离合器在汽车传动系统中的作用是连接和断开发动机与变速箱。（）
5.制动液是汽车制动系统中唯一不需要定期更换的部件。（）
6.麦弗逊式悬挂系统由于其结构简单，通常被应用于前置前驱车型。（）
7.汽车差速器只能在车辆转弯时发挥作用。（）
GMK6220 全地面大容量悬架爬行抬杆机商品说明书
Working range44 - 197 ft.(13.5 - 60 m)138,800 lbs.(63,000 kg)100%360°Boom44 ft.- 197 ft.(13.5 m - 60 m) six section, full-power boom with patented “twin-lock”boom pinning system. Maximum tip height:207 ft.(63 m).Boom ElevationSingle lift cylinder with safety valve provides boom angle from -1.5°to +82°.Lattice Extension43 ft.- 72 ft.(13 m - 22 m) lattice swingaway exten-sion.Hydraulically offsettable 5°- 40°with hydraulic luffing.*Optional Lattice Jib ExtensionTwo 26 ft.(8 m) inserts for use with lattice swingaway extension to increase length up to 98 ft.(30 m) or 125 ft.(38 m).Hydraulically offsettable 5°- 40°with hydraulic luffing.Load Moment & Anti-Two Block SystemLoad moment and anti-two block system withaudio/visual warning and control lever lockout pro-vides electronic display of boom angle, length, radius, tip height, relative load moment, maximum permissi-ble load, load indication and warning of impending two-block condition.CabAll aluminum construction cab is tiltable (approximate-ly 20°) and includes safety glass and adjustable oper-ator’s seat with hydraulic suspension.Other features include engine dependent hot water heater, armrest integrated crane controls, and ergonomically arranged instrumentation.Swing3 swing gears with axial piston fixed displacement motors provide swing speed of 0 - 1.7 RPM thru plan-etary gear box.Also provided is a spring applied, hydraulically released automatic swing brake withfoot-operated release for free swing. Counterweight138,800 lbs.(63 000 kg) consisting of various sec-tions with hydraulic installation/removal system (see counterweight configuration on page 12).EngineCummins 6BTA5.9-C, diesel, 6 cylinders, water-cooled, turbocharged, 165 HP(123 kW) at 2000 rpm. Max.torque:538 ft.lbs.(730 Nm) at 1500 rpm. Engine emission:EUROMOT/EP A/CARB (off high-way).Fuel Tank Capacity53 gal.(200 L).Hydraulic system3 separate circuits, 2 axial piston variable displace-ment pumps, with electronic power limiting control and 1 axial piston variable displacement pump for swing.Standard thermostatically controlled oil cooler keeps oil at optimum operating temperature.Tank capacity:259 gal.(980 L)Control systemFull electronic control of all crane movements is accom-plished using electrical control levers with automatic reset to zero.Controls are integrated with the LMI and engine management system by CAN-BUS.HoistMain and auxiliary hoist are powered by axial piston variable displacement motor with planetary gear and brake.“Thumb-thumper”hoist drum rotation indicator alerts operator of hoist movement.Main AuxiliaryLine length:984 ft.755 ft.(300 m)(230 m)Rope diameter:22 mm22 mmLine speed:426 ft./min.426 ft./min.Line pull:21,000 lbs.21,000 lbs.(93.4 kN)(93.4 kN) Electrical system24 V system with three-phase alternator 28 V/80 A, 2 batteries 12 V/170 Ah.*Optional equipment*Engine-independent hot water heater, with engine pre-heater*Second spotlight*Stereo/cassette player*Air ConditioningSuperstructure specifications* Denotes optional equipmentChassisBox-type, torsion resistant frame is fabricated from high-strength steel.Outrigger SystemHydraulic two-stage outrigger beams are extended by a single hydraulic cylinder and two cables.Outriggers can adjust to two positions:Fully extended (100%) - 27’11”(8.5 m)Partially extended (50%)- 19’8 “ (6 m)Four 29.5 in.x 32 in.(750 mm x 810 mm), self stowing, steel outrigger pads provide rigid lifting base. Outrigger controls are located on both sides of the carrier.An electronic level indicator is located next to each outrigger control box.EngineCummins N14-525 E+, diesel, 6 cylinders, water-cooled, turbocharged, 525 HP (392 kW) at 2100 rpm. Max.torque:1850 ft.lbs.(2509 Nm) at 1200 rpm. Engine emission:EUROMOT/EP A/CARB (on highway).Fuel Tank capacity132 gal.(500 L).TransmissionAllison automatic CLT 755, 5 forward and 1 reverse speed.Transfer case with 2 speeds and inter-axle differential lock.Drive/Steer12 x 8 x 12.Axles6 axles.1, 2, 4 and 5 are drive/steer.Axles 3 and 6 are steer only.SuspensionGMK6220 features the Grove exclusive MEGATRAK†suspension.This revolutionary design features an independent hydroneumatic system with hydraulic lockout acting on all wheels.The suspension can be raised 6-1/2”(170 mm) or lowered 5”(130 mm) both longitudinally and transversely and features an automatic leveling system for on-highway travel.Tires12 tires, 20.5 R25.SteeringDual circuit steering system is hydraulic power assisted with a transfer case mounted, ground driven, emergency steering pump.Axles 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 steer on highway.Separate steering of the 4th, 5th and 6th axle for all wheel steer and crab-steer is controlled by an electric rocker switch.BrakesA dual circuit air system operates on all wheels with a spring-applied, air released parking brake acting on axles 2, 4, 5 and 6.An air dryer is fitted to remove moisture from the air system.Auxiliary exhaust brake and constant throttle brake is standard.CabTwo-man, aluminum construction driver’s cab includes the following features:safety glass;driver and passenger seats with hydraulic suspension, engine-dependent hot water heater, complete instrumentation and driving controls.Electrical system24 V system with three-phase alternator 28 V/80 A,2 batteries 12 V/170 Ah.Maximum Speed48 mph (77km/h) with 20.5 R25 tires. Gradeability (theoretical)46% with 20.5 R25 tires.Miscellaneous standard equipment Boom removal kit;trailing boom kit (less dolly);additional hydraulic oil cooler;spare tire and wheel - 20.5 R25 with carry bracket;flashing amber warning light on carrier cab;working light;tool kit;fire extinguisher;rooster sheave;radio cassette in carrier cab.* Optional equipment* Electric driveline retarder* 16.00 R25 tires (vehicle width 9 ft.10 in.[3 m])* 14.00 R25 tires (vehicle width 9 ft.9 in.[2.98 m])* Outrigger pressure measurement devices* Folding bunk bed in carrier cab* Engine-independent hot water heater, with engine pre-heater* Third seat* Trailing boom “boost”weight transfer kit* Air conditioning* Mercedes-Benz enginesCarrier specifications* Denotes optional equipment121 - 197 ft.(36,8 - 60 m)43 - 125 ft.(13 - 38 m)138,800 lbs.(63,000 kg)100%AXIS OF ROTATIONFEET102030405060708090100110120130140150160170180190200210220230240250102030405060708090100110120130140150160170180190200210220230240250260270280290300310320330340FEETWorking RangeRated Lifting CapacitiesIMPORTANT NOTES:WARNING:THIS CHART IS ONL Y A GUIDE. The notes below are for illustration only andThe individual crane's load chart,operating instructions and other instruction plates must be read and understood prior to operatingthe crane.1.All rated loads up to 420,000 pounds meetT esting and development were performed to SAEJ1063, Cantilevered Boom Crane Structures -Method of T est and SAEJ765 Crane Stability Test Code.2.Capacities given do not include the weight of hook blocks, slings, auxiliary lifting equipment and load handling devices.to the load to be lifted.When more than minimumshall be considered part of the load.3.surface.a larger bearing surface.4.When either boom length or radius or both are between values listed, the smallest load shown at boom length shall be used.5.operating the boom or lifting loads.† Comparative RatingA rating designation based upon the premise that large capacity European cranes are typically pur-chased and used as long boom, high reach, long radius lift cranes not as heavy lift cranes.To provide a GMK 6220 crane with the necessary equipment to achieve maximum lift capacity will drastically reduce long boom performance.for buyers who require such capacities.Distributed By:Constant improve me nt and e ngine e ring progre ss make it ne ce ssary that we reserve the right to make specification, equipment, and price changes without notice. Illustrations shown may include optional equipment and accessories and may not include all standard equipment.Form No.: GMK6220Part No.: 3-1310 699-10M Printed in U.S.A.Grove Worldwide – World Headquarters 1565 Buchanan Trail East P .O.Box 21Shady Grove, Pennsylvania 17256, U.S.A.T el:[Int + 1] (717) 597-8121Fax:[Int + 1] (717) 597-4062Western Hemisphere, Asia/Pacific Grove Europe Limited*Sunderland SR4 6TT, England T el:[Int + 44] 191 565-6281Fax:[Int + 44] 191 564-0442Europe, Africa, Middle East Deutsche Grove GmbH Sales and ServiceHelmholtzstrasse 12, Postfach 5026D-40750 Langenfeld, Germany T el:[Int + 49] (2173) 8909-0Fax:[Int + 49] (2173) 8909-30Wilhelmshaven WorksIndustriegelande West, Postfach 1853D-26358 Wilhelmshaven, Germany T el:[Int + 49] (4421) 294-0Fax:[Int + 49] (4421) 294-301Grove Asia/Pacific - Regional Office 171 Chin Swee Road #10-09 San Centre Singapore 0316T el:[Int + 65] 536-6112 Fax:[Int + 65] 536-6119 Asia/Pacific, Near East*Grove Europe Limited, Registered in England,Number 1845128, Registered office, Crown Works,Pallion, Sunderland, Tyne & Wear, England SR4 6TTGrove China - Representative Office Beijing Hotel Room 6074No.33 East Chang An Avenue Beijing, 100004, ChinaTel:[Int + 86] (10) 513-7766Fax:[Int + 86] (10) 513-7307Grove Middle East P .O.Box 290Dubai, United Arab Emirates Tel:(Int + 971) (4) 378400Fax:(Int + 971) (4) 373660Lifetime Customer Support Western Hemisphere, Asia/Pacific 1086 Wayne AvenueChambersburg, Pennsylvania USA Tel:[Int + 1] (717) 263-5100Fax:[Int + 1] (717) 267-0404Europe, Africa, Middle East Sunderland SR4 6TT, England Tel:[Int + 44] 191 565-6281Parts Fax:[Int + 44] 191 510-9242Service Fax:[Int + 44] 191 510-9560。
汽车悬架课程设计(本科生论文)——皮卡车
安徽工程大学 ANHUI POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY课程设计（论文）设计课程题目:皮卡车悬架设计学生学号: 3092114330学生姓名：胡凯俊专业班级: 车辆2093班学院名称: 机电学院指导教师:时培成2012年9月10日摘要汽车悬架是汽车的车架与车桥或车轮之间的一切传力连接装置的总称，其作用是传递作用在车轮和车架之间的力和力扭，并且缓冲由不平路面传给车架或车身的冲击力，并衰减由此引起的震动，以保证汽车能平顺地行驶。
典型的悬架结构由弹性元件、导向机构以及减震器等组成，个别结构则还有缓冲块、横向稳定杆等。
弹性元件又有钢板弹簧、空气弹簧、螺旋弹簧以及扭杆弹簧等形式，而现代轿车悬架多采用螺旋弹簧和扭杆弹簧，个别高级轿车则使用空气弹簧。
汽车悬架性能是影响汽车行驶平顺性、操纵稳定性和行驶速度的重要因素。
因此，研究汽车振动，设计新型悬架系统，将振动控制到最低水平是提高现代汽车质量的重要措施。
关键词：弹性元件、钢板弹簧、缓冲块、麦弗逊独立悬架、导向机构、减震器、横向稳定杆ABSTRACTAutomotive vehicle suspension frame and axle or the wheel of all transmission between the general term for connecting devices, and its role is to transfer the role at the wheel and frame and between the torsional force, and uneven pavement from the buffer Biography to the frame or body of the impact, and the attenuation caused by vibration, to ensure the vehicle can travel smoothly. A typical structure of a flexible suspension components, shock absorbers and other agencies, as well as orientation of the individual block structure is also a buffer, such as horizontal Stabilizer. Elastic components and leaf springs, air springs, coil spring, as well as the form of torsion bar spring, and the use of many modern cars suspension coil spring and torsion bar springs, individual car use advanced air springs. Suspension performance is the impact of motor vehicles to motor cars and ride comfort, handling and stability and an important factor in speed. Therefore, the research vehicle vibration, the design of the new suspension system to the minimum level of vibration control is to improve the quality of Hyundai Motor important measures.Key words：Elastic element、Leaf Spring、Block buff、Macpherson strut suspension、Guide mechanism、Shock absorber、Sway bar目录第1章绪论1.1皮卡车悬架概述 (6)1.2悬架的功用 (7)1.3悬架的组成 (7)1.4悬架的垂直弹性特性 (8)1.5悬架的分类 (8)1.6 辅助元件 (12)1.7皮卡悬架的要求和方案选定 (14)第2章麦弗逊独立悬架的设计和计算2.1悬架的总体布置方案 (15)2.2相关参数的计算 (16)2.3减震器的选型与设计 (22)2.4弹簧限位缓冲块的设计 (26)2.5横向稳定杆的设计计算 (27)2.6传力构件及导向机构 (28)第3章钢板弹簧非独立悬架的设计和计算3.1 钢板弹簧主要元件结构选取 (29)3.2钢板弹簧设计的已知数 (34)3.3钢板弹簧具体计算 (34)3.4缓冲块的选择 (43)3.5减震器的选择设计 (43)参考文献 (47)第1章绪论1.1皮卡车悬架概述皮卡汽车是汽车市场细分后的产物，它的主要使用者是一些非主流人群，所以皮卡汽车行驶的道路也有其特殊性，从城市道路到山区小道，无所不包，所以对皮卡车的悬架也提出了很高的适应性的要求。
全新欧陆GT Speed极速版升级——速度新突破
除刹车系统外 ，两款欧陆Ｇ 型号还配备有精 良的安全 风 Ｅ 的黑 镀 铬矩 阵 护 栅 。 顾客 可 选 用 亮 色镀 铬 护 栅 而毋 须 Ｔ ｌ
额 外 付 费 。 至 于车 尾 部 分 的黑 色保 险 杠 框架 则 位 置 更低 ， ０ 扭 矩 阻力 控制 （ Ｒ 及 电 子制 动力分 配 系统 （Ｂ ） ＭＳ ） Ｅ Ｄ 。后者 车 尾 排 气喉 管 口更 宽 ，加 上全 新２ 寸 多辐 合金 跑 车轮 圈 ， Ｔ 监 控 不 同轮 胎 的 抓地 程 度 并相 应 分 配 制动 力 。此 装 置 不仅 令全 新极 速 Ｇ 跑车 造 型更 为突 出 。轮 圈也 备 有暗 色镀 铬 款 有 助 于缩 短 刹 车 滑行 距 离 ，还可 显 著 提 升重 型 制 动 系 统 为 式 可供 选择 。
举 ，表现 胜人一 筹。
欧 陆ＧＴ 及极 速ＧＴ 受惠于 改 良的齿轮 齿条转 向系统 。 均
其 中改 良后 的 液压 装 置可 更 有效 地 减 少磨 擦 ，令 转 向更 为 顺 畅 ；而新 版 电子 辅 助转 向系统 对 车 速更 敏 感 ，可 更有 效 地 配合车 主 的反应 。
杆 式 悬挂 ，大 部分 均 以轻盈 的铝 合 金铸 造 。极速 ＧＴ 现今 轿车市 场上 最大 的制动 Ｔ Ｔ
有 固定 的前置 副梁 。加上 坚 固的铝 合 金前座 配 置 （ 陆ＧＴ 器 。前 置通 风刹车 盘直 径达４ ５ 米 ，厚 ３ 毫米 ；而 后置通 欧 ０毫 ６ 及 极速 ＧＴ 共 同配置 ） 更坚 硬 的后 置悬 挂 系统 ，带 来无 风刹车 盘 的直径则 为３ ５ 的 及 ３ 毫米 、厚 度为２ 毫米 。两款新 型号 ２
维普资讯
欧 陆 ＧＴ Ｓｐ ｅ 极 速 版是 宾 利 有 史 以来 最 为强 劲 的 型 ｅｄ
FSC大学生方程式汽车悬架设计与研究
FSC大学生方程式赛车悬架设计与研究FSC大学生方程式汽车悬架设计与研究摘要悬架的系统设计与优化，是汽车总体设计中极其重要的一个环节。
本设计以北京理工大学珠海学院FSC车队2020年赛车悬架系统的结构设计为研究目标，主要进行了几个方面的研究工作。
本设计结合赛事规则要求，先确定设计思路，对轮距、轴距、前后悬架立柱等相关部件进行计算与设计，分析车轮定位参数对赛车性能的影响，在确定采用不等长双横臂式悬架结构后，选择弹性元件、减振器、导向机构与其他元件的类型，确保其符合赛车悬架设计的相关原则，并利用CATIA软件对其中重要元件进行三维建模设计，最后，基于ADAMS仿真平台，建立赛车悬架的运动学仿真模型，对其进行仿真分析，得到悬架参数模型后，对初选参数进行结果分析，并利用ADAMS对悬架参数进行优化。
关键词：大学生方程式赛车；悬架系统；结构设计；仿真优化Design and Study of Suspension for a FSC CarAbstractThe design and optimization of suspension system is an essential part of the overall design for a race car. This design takes the suspension system of FSC race car designed by the race team ,which is from Beijing institute of technology, Zhuhai, as the research objective. The the design mainly work in several aspects. This design was based on the competition rules of FSC. The calculation of the wheel track and spread of axles as well as the design of some related components including the front and rear suspension column have been conducted after a clear idea of the design had been made. The next step is the analysis of wheel alignment parameters in order to make out whether it affects the performance of the car. When unequal-length wishbone suspension is selected, the paper chose the type of flexible components, absorder, guide mechanism and other parts, and make sure it in the line with some basic principles. After that, we established 3D model with the help of the software of CATIA. Finally, based on the simulation platform of ADAMS, the kinematics simulation model of racing car suspension was established, and the simulation analysis was carried out. After the suspension parameter model was obtained, the results of primary parameters were used to analyze, and the suspension parameters were optimized by ADAMS.Keywords: FSC Race Car; Suspension system; Design of Structure;Simulate and Optimize目录1绪论 (1)1.1本设计的目的与意义 (1)1.2FSC大赛概况 (1)1.3国内外方程式赛车悬架的研究现状 (2)1.3.1国外研究现状 (2)1.3.2国内研究现状 (3)1.4设计研究的主要内容 (3)1.5本章小结 (4)2悬架系统设计 (5)2.1设计原理与思路 (5)2.2悬架形式的确定 (7)2.3相关部件的设计与选型 (8)2.3.1轮辋与轮胎的选型 (8)2.3.2车轮定位参数 (8)2.3.3 轴荷比、轴距与轮距的设计 (9)2.3.4 悬架导向机构的设计 (10)2.3.5 性能参数的计算 (11)2.3.6 前后悬架立柱的设计 (13)2.3.7 减震器的选型 (13)2.3.8悬架基本参数 (15)2.4章节小结 (16)3 悬架三维建模与装配 (17)3.1悬架零部件的三维建模 (17)3.2悬架的装配 (18)3.3章节小结 (19)4 ADAMS悬架建模与仿真 (20)4.1悬架动力学建模 (20)4.2悬架仿真 (21)4.3仿真结果分析 (23)4.4章节小结 (25)5硬点坐标的优化 (26)5.1仿真结果优化 (26)5.2优化前后结果分析 (28)5.3章节小结 (31)6 结论 (32)参考文献 (33)致谢 (34)附录 (35)附录1英文文献原文 (35)附录2中文翻译 (43)附录3前悬架左耳片CAD二维图 (49)附录4前悬架左立柱CAD二维图 (50)1绪论1.1本设计的目的与意义悬架，作为汽车连接车架与车桥的传力装置，是现代汽车上的重要总成之一。
预瞄主动悬架自抗扰控制
Dynamical Systems and Control 动力系统与控制, 2020, 9(4), 232-244 Published Online October 2020 in Hans. /journal/dsc https:///10.12677/dsc.2020.94023预瞄主动悬架自抗扰控制杨 国*，黄俊明#，杨 蓉广西大学机械工程学院，广西 南宁收稿日期：2020年10月2日；录用日期：2020年10月12日；发布日期：2020年10月27日摘 要预瞄主动悬架系统可获得车辆前方的路面不平度，这使悬架控制系统能够提前应对即将到来的路面激励。
为了使预瞄主动悬架控制系统能够适应不同的车速，同时考虑轮胎对路面的滤波效应，本文提出了一种预瞄主动悬架的控制方法。
该方法使用轮胎弹性滚子接触模型计算路面不平度的有效路形。
基于主动退让路面冲击或支撑车身的控制策略，将预瞄路面的有效路形作为控制器的控制参考信号。
以1/4车辆模型为被控对象设计自抗扰控制器，使悬架动行程根据预知的有效路形变化，从而实现预瞄控制。
分别在5~60 km/h 和5~100 km/h 的车速条件下进行了脉冲输入路面仿真和随机路面仿真。
结果表明，预瞄控制系统能明显减小车身垂向振动，在脉冲输入下的最高有效车速是30 km/h ，在随机输入下的最高有效车速是50 km/h 。
因此该预瞄控制方法能够适应不同的车速。
关键词主动悬架，预瞄控制，自抗扰控制，轮胎包容特性Preview Control Active Suspension Based on Active Disturbance Rejection ControlGuo Yang *, Junming Huang #, Rong YangSchool of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning GuangxiReceived: Oct. 2nd , 2020; accepted: Oct. 12th , 2020; published: Oct. 27th, 2020AbstractThe preview system on active suspensions can obtain road irregularities in front of the vehicle, so*第一作者。
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吉林大学Gspeed吉速车队
2010-2011赛季悬架组笔试参考内容
一、规则类题目
该类题目主要考察各位同学对规则的掌握和理解，特别是技术规则关于轮距、轴距、悬架行程部分。
考察的方式可能是就某一细节提问，如“赛车要求的轴距范围是什么？”也可能就规则中是否禁止的条目进行判断，如“是否允许使用8英寸轮辋？”
二、基础知识类题目
该类题目主要考察各位同学关于悬架的最为基本的知识，特别是关于悬架的结构和动力学性能。
考虑到不同年级的同学，我们将针对是否学习过《汽车构造》，安排不同的题目。
该类题目可鞥但不限于包括以下的概念和知识点：
独立悬架的结构形式类型和各自特点
车轮定位参数
悬架偏频的定义
侧倾中心与侧倾轴线的概念
悬架的线刚度和侧倾角刚度的定义及计算方法
横向稳定杆的作用
三、应用类题目
该类题目主要考察各位同学在实际工作中应用知识的能力，题目主要出自于我车队日常工作中遇到的问题或现象，以及赛车悬架的相关常识。
该类题目可能但不限于包括以下内容：
如何确定双横臂独立悬架上车厢的侧倾中心
给出质心位置、车重、悬架动挠度，粗略计算弹簧刚度
车轮的定位参数有哪些？它们是如何影响操纵稳定性的
四、自由发挥题目
该类题目主要考察各位同学的发散思维和知识面，题目类似于：
设计类
FSAE赛车减震器有何特点？布置形式有哪些？可用示意图画出你想象中的FSAE减
震器布置形式
有限元类
（1）在有限元分析中，对于给定的零件，请定性地画出求解精度与网格数量的关系曲线、求解时间与网格数量的关系曲线。
（2）最优化模型的三个要素是什么？在拓扑优化方法中，这三个要素分别可以有什么具体内容？请举出一种较合理的模型（文字表述即可）。
结构分析类
图为赛车的前轮毂心轴（不转动，不受扭矩），a段与转向节过盈配合，c段与轮毂
轴承过盈配合，已知d=27mm，B为前轮中心平面。
设赛车满载质量为m=300kg，轴距L=1550mm，质心在汽车纵向上与后轴距离s=620mm，质心高度h=300mm。
当赛车以a=1.4G的加速度制动时，单个前轮所受的制动力F br=1300N。
（1）请指出图中的两处错误。
（2）请在图中作出心轴的受力简图，并计算出各个载荷的大小。
（3）赛车在绕桩的过程中，在极限情况下，作用于心轴上的属于哪一种交变应力？有什么措施能够提高心轴的疲劳强度？。