研究生英语入学统一考试试题

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全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题及

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题及 1 / 11 2021 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语 (一)试题及答案 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A，B， C or D on ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)

Though not biologically related, friends are as fourth“cousins,related sharing〞as about 1% of genes. That is 1 a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy Sciences, has 2 . The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1,932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both 5 . While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “ mostpeople do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin. 〞 The study 9 found that the genes for small were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain for now. 10 , as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it. There could be many mechanisms working together that 12 us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 “ functional Kinship 〞 of being friends14with! One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes to be evolution 15 than other genes. Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor. The findings do not simply explain people ’s18 to be friend those of similar 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20 that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.

全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)试题_附答案

全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)试题_附答案全国硕士研究生入学考试英语（一）试题_附答案Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices became an important issue recently. The court cannot__1___ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law___2___ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that__3___ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartia l.Justices Antonin Scalia and Samuel Alito Jr., for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be__4__ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not ___5__ by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself____6___ to the code of conduct that __7____to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other cases ___8___the question of whether there is still a ___9__ between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law__10__ having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions __11__ they would be free to__12__those in power and have no need to__13___ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely __14___.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social ___15___like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it __16___is inescapably political —which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily ___17__ as unjust.The justices must __18___doubts about the court’s legitimacy by makingthemselves __19___to the code of conduct. That would make their rulings morelikely to be seen as separate from politics and, __20___, convincing as law.1. [A] emphasize [B] maintain [C] modify [D] recognize2. [A] when [B] best [C] before [D] unless3. [A] restored [B] weakened [C] established [D] eliminated4. [A] challenged [B] compromised [C] suspected [D] accepted5. [A] advanced [B] caught [C] bound [D] founded6. [A] resistant [B] subject [C] immune [D] prone7. [A] resorts [B] sticks [C] leads [D] applies8. [A] evade [B] raise [C] deny [D] settle9. [A] line [B] barrier [C] similarity [D] conflict10. [A] by [B] as [C] through [D] towards11. [A] so [B] since [C] provided [D] though12. [A] serve [B] satisfy [C] upset [D] replace13. [A] confirm [B] express [C] cultivate [D] offer 14. [A] guarded [B] followed [C] studied [D] tied15. [A] concepts [B] theories [C] divisions [D] convenience16. [A] excludes [B] questions [C] shapes [D] controls17. [A] dismissed [B] released [C] ranked [D] distorted18. [A] suppress [B] exploit [C] address [D] ignore19. [A] accessible [B] amiable [C] agreeable [D] accountable20. [A] by all means [B] at all costs [C] in a word [D] as a resultSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (40 points)Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and halfforcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, anHIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.。

2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)参考答案

2022 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题此版参考答案来源于网络，答案存在争议的选择题目为18题本版整合的为多数机构选择的答案Section IUse of English,Harlan Coben believes that if you’re a writer, you’ll find the time; and that if you can't find the time. then writing isn’t a priority and you’re not a writer. For him writing is a 1 job —a job like any other. He has 2 it with plumbing, pointing out that a plumber doesn’t wake up and say that he can’t work with pipes today.3 , like most writers these days, you’re holding down a job to pay the bills, it’s not4 to find the time to write. But it’s not impossible. It requires determination and single-mindedness.5 that most bestselling authors began writing when they were doing other things to earn a living. And today, even writers who are fairly6 often have to do other work to7 their writing income.As Harlan Coben has suggested, it's a 8 of priorities. To make writing a priority, you'll have to 9 some of your day-to-day activities and some things you really enjoy. Depending on your 10 and your lifestyle, that might mean spending less time watching television or listening to music, though some people can write 11 they listen to music. You might have to 12 the amount of exercise or sport you do. You'll have to make social media an 13 activity rather than a daily, time-consuming 14 . There’ll probably have to be less socialising with your friends an less time with your family. It’s a 15 learning curve and it won’t always make you popular.There’s just one thing you should try to keep at least some time for, 16 your writing —and that’s reading. Any writer needs to read as much and as widely as they can; it’s the one 17 supporter —something you can’t do without.Time is finite. The older you get, the 18 it seems to go. We need to use it as carefully and as 19 as we can, that means prioritising out activities so that we spend most time on the things we really want to do. If you’re a writer, that means— 20 —writing. 1. [A] 2. [A] difficult combined [B] [B] normal compared [C] [C] steady confused [D] pleasant [D] confronted 3. [A] If [B] Though [C] Once [D] Unless 4. [A] enough [B] strange [C] wrong [D] easy 5. [A] Accept [B] Explain [C] Remember [D] Suppose 6. [A] well-known [B] well-advised [C] well-informed [D] well-chosen 7. [A] donate [B] generate [C] supplement [D] calculate 8. [A] cause [B] purpose [C] question [D] condition 9. [A] highlight[B] sacrifice[C] continue[D] exploreDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B C or D on the ANSWER SHEET . (10 points)10.[A] relations11.[A] until12.[A] put up w ith13.[A] intelligent [B][B][B][B]interestsbecausemake up foroccasional[C][C][C][C]memorieswhilehang on tointensive[D] skills[D] before[D] cut down on[D] emotional14. [A] habit [B] test [C] decision [D] plan15. [A] tough [B] gentle [C] rapid [D] funny16. [A] in place of [B] in charge of [C] in response to [D] in addition to17. [A] indispensable [B] innovative [C] invisible [D] instant18. [A] duller [B] harder [C] quieter [D] quicker19. [A] peacefully [B] generously [C] productively [D] gratefully20. [A] at most [B] in turn [C] on average [D] above allSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1On a recent sunny day, 13,000 chickens roam over Larry Brown’s 40 windswept acres in Shiner, Texas. Some rest in the shade of a parked car. Others drink water with the cows. This all seems random, but it’s by design, part of what the $6.1 billion U.S. egg industry bets will be its next big thing: climate-friendly eggs.These eggs, which are making their debut now on shelves for as much as $8 a dozen, are still labeled organic and animal-friendly, but they’re also from birds that live on farms using regenerative agriculture-special techniques to cultivate rich soils that can trap greenhouse gases. Such eggs could be marketed as helping to fight climate change.“I’m excited about our progress,” says Brown, who harvests eggs for Denver-based NestFresh Eggs and is adding more cover crops that draw worms and crickets for the chickens to eat. The birds’ w aste then fertilizes fields. Such improvements “allow our hens to forage for higher-quality natural feed that will be good for the land, the hens, and the eggs that we supply to our customers.”The egg industry’s push is the first major test of whether ani mal products from regenerative farms can become the next premium offering. In barely more than a decade, organic eggs went from being dismissed as a niche product in natural foods stores to being sold at Walmart. More recently there were similar doubts about probiotics and plant-based meats, but both have exploded into major supermarket categories. If the sustainable-egg rollout is successful, it could open the floodgates for regenerative beef, broccoli, and beyond.Regenerative products could be a hard sell, because the concept is tough to define quickly, says Julie Stanton, associate professor of agricultural economics at Pennsylvania State University Brandywine. Such farming also brings minimal, if any, improvement to the food products (though some producers say theireggs have more protein).The industry is betting that the same consumers paying more for premium attributes such as free-range, non-GMO, and pasture-raised eggs will embrace sustainability. Surveys show that younger generations are more concerned about climate change, and some of the success of plant-based meat can be chalked up to shoppers wanting to signal their desire to protect the environment. Young adults “really care about the planet,” says John Brunnquell, president of Egg Innovations. “They are absolutely altering the food chain beyond what I think even they understand what they’re doing.”21.the climate-friendly eggs are produced .[A]at a considerably low cost.[B]at the demand of regular shoppers.[C]as a replacement for organic eggs.[D]on specially designed forms.rry Brown is excited about his progress in .[A]reducing the damage of.[B]accelerating the disposal of uses.[C]creating a sustainable system.[D]attracting customers to his products.23.The example of organic eggs is used in the paragraph 1 to suggest .[A]the doubts to over natural feeds.[B]the setbacks in the eggs industry.[C]the potential of regenerative products.[D]the promotional success of super markets.24.It can be learned from the paragraph that young people .[A]are reluctant to change their diet.[B]are likely to buy climate-friendly eggs.[C]are curious about new food.[D]are amazed at agricultural advances.25.John Brunnquell would disagree with Julie Stanton over regenerative products .[A]markets prospects.[B]standard definition.[C]nutritious value.[D]moral implication.Text 2More Americans are opting to work well into retirement, a growing trend that threatens to upend the old workforce model.One in three Americans who are at least 40 have or plan to have a job in retirement to prepare for alonger life, according to a survey conducted by Harris Poll for TD Ameritrade. Even more surprising is that more than half of “unretirees”-those who plan to work in retirement or went back to work after retiring--said they would be employed in their later years even if they had enough money to settle down, the survey showed.Financial needs aren’t the only culprit for the "unretirement" trend. Other reasons, according to the study, include personal fulfillment such as staying mentally fit, preventing boredom or avoiding depression. About 72% of “unretire” respondents said that they would return to work once retired to keep mentally fit while 59% said it would be tied to making ends meet. Can Congress save th e economy? Fed chair says “US debt is ‘on unsustainable path’”. Auto industry is still a boys’ club at the top despite GM CEO Mary Barras success.The concept of retirement is evolving, "said Christine Russell senior manager of retirement at TD Ameritrade. "It's not just about finances. The value of work is also driving folks to continue working past retirement."One reason for the change in retirement patterns: Americans are living longer. The share of the population 65 and older was 16% in 2018, up 3. 2% from the prior year, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. That's also up 30.2% since 2010. Older Americans are also the fastest-growing segment of the U. S workforce, and boomers are expected to live longer than previous generations. The percentage of retirement-age people in the labor force has doubled over the past three decades. About 20% of people 65 and older were in the workforce in February, up from an all-time low of 10% in January 1985, according to money manager United Income.Because of longer life spans, Americans are also boosting their savings to preserve their nest eggs, the TD Ameritrade study showed which surveyed 2, 000 adults between 40 to 79. Six in 10 “unretires” are increasing their savings in anticipation of a longer life, according to the survey. Among the most popular ways they are doing this, the company said, is by reducing their overall expenses, securing life insurance or maximizing their contributions to retirement accounts. Seniors are living longer, but planning for the extended years is key.Unfortunately, many people who are opting to work in retirement are preparing to do so because they are worried about making ends meet in their later years, said Brent Weiss, a co-founder at Baltimore-based financial-planning firm Facet Wealth. He suggested that preretiree should speak with a financial adviser to set long-term financial goals.“The most challenging moments in life are getting married, starting a family and ultimately retiring,” Weiss said. “It's not just a financial decision, but an emotional one. Many people believe they can't retire.”26.The survey conducted by Harris Poll indicates that .[A]over half of the retirees are physically fit for work[B]the old workforce is as active as the younger one[C]one in three Americans enjoy earlier retirement[D]more Americans are willing to work in retirement27.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that Americans tend to think that .[A]retirement may cause problems for them[B]boredom can be relieved after retirement[C]the mental health of retirees is overlooked[D]"unretirement" contributes to the economy28.Retirement patterns are changing partly due to .[A]labor shortage[B]population growth[C]longer life expectancy[D]rising living costs29.Many retires are increasing their savings by .[A]investing more in stocks[B]taking up odd jobs[C]getting well-paid work[D]spending less30.With regard to retirement, Brent Weiss thinks that many people are .[A]unprepared[B]unafraid[C]disappointed[D]enthusiasticText 3We have all encountered them, in both our personal and professional lives. Think about the times youfelt tricked or frustrated by a membership or subscription that had a seamless sign-up process but was later difficult to cancel. Something that should be simple and transparent can be complicated, intentionally or unintentionally, in ways that impair consumer choice. These are examples of dark patterns.First coined in 2010 by user experience expert Harry Brignull, "dark patterns" is a catch-all term for practices that manipulate user interfaces to influence the decision-making ability of users. Brignull identifies 12 types of common dark patterns, ranging from misdirection and hidden costs to "roach motel," where a user experience seems easy and intuitive at the start, but turns difficult when the user tries to get out.In a 2019 study of 53,000 product pages and 11,000 websites, researchers found that about one in 10 employs these design practices. Though widely prevalent, the concept of dark patterns is still not well understood. Business and nonprofit leaders should be aware of dark patterns and try to avoid the gray areasthey engender.Where is the line between ethical, persuasive design and dark patterns? Businesses should engage in conversations with IT, compliance, risk, and legal teams to review their privacy policy, and include in the discussion the customer/user experience designers and coders responsible for the company's user interface, as well as the marketers and advertisers responsible for sign-ups, checkout baskets, pricing, and promotions. Any or all these teams can play a role in creating or avoiding "digital deception."Lawmakers and regulators are slowly starting to address the ambiguity around dark patterns, most recently at the state level. In March, the California Attorney General announced the approval of additional regulations under the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) that “ensure that consumers will not be confused or misled when seeking to exercise their data privacy rights.” The regulations aim to ban dark patterns - this means prohibiting companies from using "confusing language or unnecessary steps such as forcing them to click through multiple screens or listen to reasons why they shouldn't opt out."As more states consider promulgating additional regulations, there is a need for greater accountability from within the business community. Dark patterns also can be addressed on a self-regulatory basis, but only if organizations hold themselves accountable, not just to legal requirements, but also to industry best practices and standards.31.It can be learned from the first two paragraphs that dark patterns .[A]improve user experiences[B]leak user information for profit[C]undermine users' decision-making[D]remind users of hidden costs32.The 2019 study on dark patterns is mentioned to show .[A]their major flaws[B]their complex designs[C]their severe damage[D]their strong presence33.To handle digital deception, businesses should .[A]listen to customer feedback[B]talk with relevant teams[C]turn to independent agencies[D]rely on professional training34.The additional regulations under the CCPA are intended to .[A]guide users through opt-out processes[B]protect consumers from being tricked[C]grant companies data privacy rights[D]restrict access to problematic content35.According to the last paragraph, a key to coping with dark patterns is .[A]new legal requirements[B]businesses' self-discipline[C]strict regulatory standards[D]consumers' safety awarenessText 4Although ethics classes are common around the world, scientists are unsure if their lessons can actually change behavior; evidence either way is weak, relying on contrived laboratory tests or sometimes unreliable self-reports. But a new study published in Cognition found that, in at least one real-world situation, a single ethics lesson may have had lasting effects.The researchers investigated one class session’s impact on eating meat. They chose this particular behavior for three reasons, according to study co-author Eric Schwitzgebel, a philosopher at the University of California, Riverside: students’ attitudes on the topic are variable and unstable, behavior is easily measurable, and ethics literature largely agrees that eating less meat is good because it reduces environmental harm and animal suffering. Half of the students in four large philosophy classes read an article on the ethics of factory-farmed meat, optionally watched an 11-minute video on the topic and joined a 50-minute discussion. The other half focused on charitable giving instead. Then, unknown to the students, the researchers studied their anonymized meal-card purchases for that semester - nearly 14,000 receipts for almost 500 students.Schwitzgebel predicted the intervention would have no effect; he had previously found that ethics professors do not differ from other professors on a range of behaviors, including voting rates, blood donation and returning library books. But among student subjects who discussed meat ethics, meal purchases containing meat decreased from 52 to 45 percent - and this effect held steady for the study's duration of several weeks. Purchases from the other group remained at 52 percent.“That’s actually a pretty large effect for a pretty small intervention, “Schwitzgebel says. Psycho logist Nina Strohminger at the University of Pennsylvania, who was not involved in the study, says she wants theeffect to be real but cannot rule out some unknown confounding variable. And if real, she notes, it might be reversible by an other nudge: “Easy come, easy go.”Schwitzgebel suspects the greatest impact came from social influence —classmates or teaching assistants leading the discussions may have shared their own vegetarianism, showing it as achievable or more common. Second, the video may have had an emotional impact. Least rousing, he thinks, was rational argument, although his co-authors say reason might play a bigger role. Now the researchers are probing the specific effects of teaching style, teaching assistants’ eating habits and students’ video exposure. Meanwhile，Schwitzgebel—who had predicted no effect—will be eating his words.36.Scientists generally believe that the effects of ethics classes are[A]hard to determine[B]narrowly interpreted[C]difficult to ignore[D]poorly summarized37.Which of the following is a reason for the researchers to study meat eating?[A]It is common among students.[B]It is a behavior easy to measure.[C]It is important to students’ health.[D]It is a hot topic in ethics classes.38.Eric Schw itzgebel’s previous findings suggest that ethics p rofessors[A]are seldom critical of their students[B]are less sociable than other professors[C]are not sensitive to political issues[D]are not necessarily ethically better39.Nina Strohminger thinks that the effect of the intervention is[A]permanent[B]predictable[C]uncertain[D]unrepeatable40.Eric Schwitzgebel suspects that the students’c hange in behavior[A]can bring psychological benefits[B]can be analyzed statistically[C]is a result of multiple factors[D]is a sign of self-developmentPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from thelist A-G for each numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings which you do not need touse. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A]Make it a habit[B]Don’t go it alone[C]Start low, go slow[D]Talk with your doctor[E]Listen to your body[F]Go through the motions[G]Round out your routineHow to Get Active AgainGetting back into exercise can be a challenge in the best of times, but with gyms and in-person exercise classes off-limits to many people these days, it can be tricky to know where to start. And it’s important to get the right dose of activity. “Too much too soon either results in injury or burnout,” says Mary Yoke, PhD, a faculty member in the kinesiology department at Indiana University in Bloomington. The following simple strategies will help you return to exercise safely after a break.41. C、Start low, go slowDon’t try to go back to what you were doing before your break. If you were walking 3 miles a day, playing 18 holes of golf three times week, or lifting 10-pound dumbbells for three sets of 10 reps, reduce activity to half a mile every other day, or nine holes of golf once a week with short walks on other days, or use 5-pound dumbbells for one set of 10 reps. Increase time, distance, and intensity gradually. “This isn’t something you can do overnight,” say Keri L. Denay, MD, lead author of a recent American College of Sports Medicine advisory that encourages American to not overlook the benefits of activity during the pandemic. But you will reap benefits such as anxiety and improve sleep right away.42. [E]Listen to your bodyIf you’re breathing too hard to talk in complete sentences, back off. If you feel good, go a little longer or faster. Feeling wiped out after a session? Go easier next time. And stay alert to serious symptoms, such as chest pain or pressure, severe shortness of breath or dizziness, or faintness, and seek medical attention immediately.43. [A]Make it a habitConsistency is the key to getting stronger and building endurance and stamina. Ten minutes of activity per day is a good start, says Marcus Jackovitz, DPT, a physical therapist at the University of Miami Hospital. All the experts we spoke with highly recommend walking because it’s the easiest, most accessible form of exercise. Although it can be a workout on its own, if your goal is to get back to Zumba classes, tennis, cycling, or any other activity, walking is also a great first step.44. [F]Go through the motionsEven if you can’t yet do a favorite activity, you can practice the moves. With or without a club or racket, swing like you’re hitting the ball. Paddle like you’re in a kayak or canoe. Mimic your favoriteswimming strokes. The action will remind you of the joy the activity brought you and prime your muscles for when you can get out there again.45. [B]Don’t go it aloneExercising with others “can keep you accountable and make it more fun, so you’re more likely to do it again,” Jackovitz says. You can do activities such as golf and tennis or take a walk with others and still be socially distant. But when you can’t connect in person, consider using technology. Chat on the phone with a friend while you walk around your neighborhood. FaceTime with a relative as you strength train or stretch at home. You can also join a livestream or on-demand exercise class.Section III Translation46.Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)Although we try our best, sometimes our paintings rarely turn out as originally planned. Changes in the light, the limitations of your painting materials, and the lack of experience and technique mean that what you start out trying to achieve may not come to life the way that you expected.Although this can be frustrating and disappointing, it turns out that this can actually be good for you. Unexpected results have two benefits: you pretty quickly learn to deal with disappointment and realise that when one door closes and, another opens. You also quickly learn to adapt and come up with creative solutions to the problems the painting presents, and thinking outside the box will become your second nature.In fact, creative problem-solving skills are incredibly useful in daily life, with which you're more likely to be able to find a solution when a problem arises.参考译文：虽然我们尽了最大的努力，但有时我们的画很少会像原来计划的那样。

2024硕士研究生入学考试英语试题

2024硕士研究生入学考试英语试题Title: The Role of Higher Education in Shaping Tomorrow's LeadersIn the rapidly advancing world of the 21st century, the importance of higher education in shaping tomorrow's leaders cannot be overstated. As we stand on the cusp of the year 2024, the role of universities and colleges in preparing and equipping graduate students for the challenges and opportunities of the future has never been more critical.Higher education serves as the gateway to a wealth of knowledge and expertise, providing students with the necessary skills and tools to navigate the complexities of today's globalized society. By offering specialized training, research opportunities, and exposure to diverse perspectives, universities play a pivotal role in nurturing intellectual curiosity, critical thinking, and problemsolving abilities among graduate students.Furthermore, the pursuit of a master's degree represents a crucial stepping stone in an individual's academic and professional journey. Graduates of advanced programs are not only equipped with specialized expertise in their field of study but also gain valuableinsights into leadership, innovation, and sustainable practices. Through rigorous coursework, practical experiences, and collaborative projects, master's students develop a wellrounded skill set that prepares them to tackle realworld challenges with confidence and creativity.Moreover, the network of peers, mentors, and industry professionals that students encounter during their graduate studies serves as a valuable resource for personal and professional growth. Networking opportunities, internships, and collaborations with experts in the field enable graduate students to broaden their horizons, expand their skill set, and forge lasting connections that will be instrumental in their future endeavors.In conclusion, the 2024 Master's entrance exam for graduate students is not just a test of academic aptitude but a gateway to a transformative educational experience that will shape the future leaders of tomorrow. As aspiring scholars prepare to embark on this journey, they must recognize the invaluable role that higher education plays in shaping their perspectives, honing their skills, and empowering them to make meaningful contributions to society. The pursuit of a master's degree is not merely a personal milestone but a stepping stone towards a brighter, more inclusive, and innovative future for all.。

2024 研究生考试英语试题

2024 研究生考试英语试题2024 Graduate Entrance Examination English TestPart I Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: There are four reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice.Passage 1A new study suggests that being active on social media can add to our stress levels. In the study, researchers asked participants about their social media usage and also evaluated their stress levels. The results showed that people who spent more time on social media tended to have higher stress levels. This could be due to the constant comparison with others and the pressure to maintain a perfect image online.1. What can be inferred from the study?A) Being active on social media is relaxing.B) High stress levels are common among social media users.C) People who spend less time on social media are less stressed.D) Spending less time on social media can lower stress levels.2. What is the main cause of stress for people on social media?A) Comparing themselves to others.B) Not posting frequently enough.C) Being inactive on social media.D) Maintaining a perfect image online.Passage 2Climate change is a pressing issue that requires urgent attention from individuals and governments worldwide. The increase in greenhouse gas emissions is causing global temperatures to rise at an alarming rate. If we do not take action now, the consequences could be catastrophic.3. What is the main focus of the passage?A) Climate change.B) Greenhouse gas emissions.C) Global temperatures.D) Catastrophic consequences.4. Why is urgent action needed to address climate change?A) To prevent catastrophic consequences.B) To increase greenhouse gas emissions.C) To raise global temperatures.D) To cause a pressing issue.Part II Vocabulary and Structure (20 points)Directions: In this part there are 20 incomplete sentences. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice.5. It's a good idea to ________ your passport when traveling abroad.A) bringB) bringingC) bringsD) brought6. The government is planning to ________ new laws to protect the environment.A) introduceB) introducingC) introducedD) introducesPart III Cloze Test (10 points)Directions: There are 10 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice.7. The company is looking for someone with ________ experience in marketing.A) manyB) muchC) moreD) most8. The new software update has ________ improved the performance of the app.A) greatB) greatlyC) greatnessD) greateningPart IV Writing (30 points)Directions: For this part, you are required to write an essay on the topic of "The Importance of Lifelong Learning". You should write at least 200 words.Overall, the 2024 Graduate Entrance Examination English Test covers a wide range of topics, including reading comprehension, vocabulary, and writing skills. It aims to assess the English proficiency of the candidates and their ability to think critically and express ideas effectively. Good luck to all thetest-takers!This document should only be used as a reference. All questions and answers are hypothetical and for practice purposes only.。

全国硕士研究生入学统考试英语试题与答案

考试内容：包括听力、阅读理解、翻译和写作等部分
考试难度：难度适中，注重考查考生的英语综合运用能力
考试特点：注重实际应用能力的考查，如阅读理解部分注重对文章整体理解和细节把握的考查，听力部分注重对听力技巧和语言运用能力的考查
考试建议：建议考生在备考过程中注重英语基础知识的巩固和英语实际应用能力的提高，多进行模拟练习和真题演练
注重基础知识：在复习过程中，注重基础知识的学习和掌握，尤其是词汇和语法知识。
多做模拟试题：通过做模拟试题，了解考试形式和难度，找出自己的薄弱环节，有针对性地进行复习。
保持积极心态：在复习过程中，保持积极的心态，相信自己能够取得好成绩。
知识点梳理与巩固
词汇和语法：重点掌握高频词汇和常用语法结构
考试目的
选拔优秀人才：通过考试选拔具有潜力和才华的考生进入更高层次的教育机构深造
促进教育公平：确保考试内容和标准全国统一，避免地域差异对考生竞争造成不公平现象
推动学科发展：通过考试引导考生深入学习和掌握相关学科知识，促进学科的发展和进步
选拔人才的重要途径：全国硕士研究生入学统考试是选拔优秀人才的重要途径之一，对于个人和国家的未来发展都具有重要意义
模拟试题与答案
模拟试题一
内容：一篇关于环保的文章
题目：阅读理解
答案：根据文章内容，选择最佳答案
分析：对文章进行结构分析，理解文章主旨
模拟试题二
题目内容：阅读理解、完形填空、翻译等
题目难度：与考研英语难度相当
题目数量：100 道左右
题目分值：每道题目分值不同，总分为100分
模拟试题三
阅读理解：提高阅读速度和理解能力，注重文章结构和细节翻译和写作：加强翻译技巧和写作表达能力，注重语言表达的准确性和流畅性听力理解：提高听力速度和理解能力，注重语音和语调的辨识

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试卷

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试卷答案与解析Section I答案及解析文章背景本文介绍了美国的陪审团制度。

文章结构第一段指出，陪审团是美国共同法系统的基本组成部分。

第二段分析了使用陪审团的原因。

第三和四段分别介绍了陪审团的类型和选举程序。

第一段：陪审团是美国共同法系统的基本组成部分(主题)The jury, a 3 of ordinary citizens chosen to decide a case, is an 4 part of our common law system.第二段：使用陪审团的原因Use of juries to decide cases is a 5 feature of the American legal system. Few other countries in the world use juries as we do in the United States.第三和四段：陪审团的类型和选举程序。

Juries are used i n both civil cases…The judge 17 to the case 18 the selection of jurors to serve as…答案详解1.【解析】［B］逻辑衔接题。

空格前后是两个并列的名词courts和a monarch，所在句子的含义为：“共同法”是由法庭 1 君主制定。

根据常识可知，美国是民主制国家，法律不由君主制定。

因此空格处填入的连接词应肯定前者而否定后者，正确项是［B］rather than，即“法庭而不是君主”。

other than通常用在否定句中，表示排除意义，即“除了”，相当于except。

rather than是连词，前后连接的成分应保持一致，可以是名词、动词、形容词、从句等，通常译为“而不是”，有时可用介词短语instead of替代。

more than连接名词时除了表示“多于，超过……以上”，也可以表示“不仅仅，不只是”，相当于not only。

全国硕士研究生入学统一测试英语真题_0

全国硕士研究生入学统一测试英语真题Section I Listening Comprehension Directions：This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are three parts in this section， Part A， Part B and Part C. Remember， while you are doing the test， you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section， you will have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1. Now look at Part A in your test booklet. Part A Directions：For questions 1 - 5， you will hear a talk about the geography of Belgium. While you listen， fill out the table with the information you have heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds toread the table below. （5 points）Geography of Belgium Three main regions coastal plain central plateau 1 Highest altitude of the coastal plain m 2 Climate near the sea humid 3 Particularly rainy months of the years April 4 Average temperatures in July in Brussels low 13 ℃high ℃ 5 Part B Directions：For Questions 6-10， you will hear an interview with Mr. Saffo from the Institute for the Future. While you listen， complete the sentences or answer the questions. Use not more than 3 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and questions below. （5 points）What is Saffo according to himself？The Institute for the Future provides services to private companies and The Institute believes that to think systematically about the long-range future is To succeed in anything， one should be flexible， curious and What does Saffo consider to be essential to the work of a team？ 6 7 8 9 10 Part C Directions：You will hear three pieces of recorded material. Before listening to each one， you will havetime to read the questions related to it. While listening， answer each question by choosing A， B，C or D. After listening， you will have time to check your answers. You will hear each piece once only. （10 points）Questions 11-13 are based on the following talk about naming newborns. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11-13. 11. What do we often do with the things we love？[A] Ask for their names. [B] Name babies after them. [C] Put down their names.[D] Choose names for them. 12. The unpleasant meaning of an old family name is often overlooked if [A] the family tree is fairly limited. [B] the family tie is strong enough. [C] the name is commonly used. [D] nobody in the family complains.13. Several months after a baby‘s birth， its name will[A] show the beauty of its own. [B] develop more associations. [C] lose the original meaning. [D] help form the baby‘s personality. Questions 14 - 16 are based on the biography of Bobby Moore， an English soccer player. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14 - 16. 14. How many matches did Moore play during his professional career？[A] 90. [B] 108.[C] 180. [D] 668. 15. In 1964， Bobby Moore was made [A] England‘s footballer of the year. [B] a soccer coach in West Germany. [C] a medalist for his sportsmanship. [D] a number of the Order of the British Empire. 16. After Moore retired from playing， the first thing he did was [A] editing Sunday Sport. [B] working for Capital Radio. [C] managing professional soccer teams. [D] developing a sports marketing company. Questions 17 - 20 are based on the following talk on the city of Belfast. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17 - 20. 17. Belfast has long been famous for its [A] oil refinery. [B] linen textiles. [C] food products. [D] deepwater port. 18. Which of the following does Belfast chiefly export？[A] Soap.[B] Grain. [C] Steel. [D] Tobacco. 19. When was Belfast founded？[A] In 1177. [B] In 1315. [C] In the 16th century. [D] In the 17th century. 20. What happened in Belfast in the late 18th century？[A] French refugees arrived. [B] The harbor was destroyed. [C] Shipbuilding began to flourish. [D] The city was taken by the English.You now have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1. Section IIUse of English Directions：Read the following text. Choose the best word（s） for each numbered blank and mark A， B， C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency （crimes committed by young people） focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories （21） ____ on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior （22） ____ they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through （23） ____ with others. Theories focusing on the role of society that children commit crimes in （24） ____ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status （25） ____ as a rejection of middle-class values. Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families，（26） ____ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes （27） ____ lack of adequate parental control. All theories， however，are tentative and are （28） ____ to criticism. Changes in the social structure may indirectly （29）____ juvenile crime rates. For example， changes in the economy that （30） ____ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment （31） ____ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in （32） ____ lead more youths into criminal behavior. Families have also （33）____ changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents；（34） ____，children are likely to have less supervision at home （35） ____ was common in the traditional family （36）____. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other （37）____ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school， the increased （38） ____ of drugs and alcohol， and the growing （39） ____ of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act，（40） ____ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established. 21.[A] acting [B] relying [C] centering [D] cementing 22.[A]before [B] unless [C] until [D] because 23. [A] interactions [B] assimilation [C] cooperation [D] consultation 24. [A] return [B] reply [C] reference [D] response 25. [A] or [B] but rather [C] but [D] or else26.[A] considering [B] ignoring [C] highlighting [D] discarding 27. [A] on [B] in [C] for [D] with 28. [A] immune [B] resistant [C] sensitive [D] subject 29. [A] affect [B] reduce [C] chock [D] reflect30. [A] point [B] lead [C] come [D] amount31. [A] in general [B] on average [C] by contrast[D] at length 32. [A] case [B] short [C] turn [D] essence 33. [A] survived [B] noticed [C] undertaken [D] experienced 34. [A] contrarily [B] consequently [C] similarly [D] simultaneously 35. [A] than [B] that [C] which [D] as 36. [A] system [B] structure [C] concept [D] heritage 37. [A] assessable[B] identifiable [C] negligible [D] incredible38. [A] expense [B] restriction [C] allocation[D] availability 39. [A] incidence [B]awareness [C] exposure [D] popularity 40. [A] provided [B] since [C] although [D] supposing Section III Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A，B， C or D. Mark your mowers on ANSWER SNEET 1. （40 points）Text 1 Hunting for a job late last year，lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder， a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site‘s“personal search agent”。

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题和答案

2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试卷Section I Use of EnglishDnecclious:Read thc following text．Choose the bcsl word(s) for each numbcred blank．and mark[A]，[B]，[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 American' National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawhtore Plant nearChicago It hoped they would learn how stop-floor Egnting __1__ workors productivity Instead，the studies ended__2__ giving their name to the“Hawhthomeeffec t”the extremely inflentlcel ldea the veey__3__to bemg expenmented upon changed subjects’behavior The idea arose because of the__4__behavior of the women in the plato．Accordmg to __5__of the cxpetmems．their．houriy output rose when hghtmg WaSincreased．but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6__what was done in the expenment. __7__sometmg was changed．produchnty rose A(n) __8__ that theywere bemg experimented upon seemed to be __9__t0 alterworkers' bchamor __10__ uselfAfter several decades，the salile data were __11__to econometric the analysis Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store j2一the descnpuons on record，nosystematic __13__was foundthat lcvcls of produchxnty wererelated to changes in lightingIt turns out that peculiar way of conducting the c~enments may be have let to __14__interpretation of what happed．__15__，tighring was always changed ona Sunday When work started again on Monday, output __16__ rose compared with the previous Saturday and __17__ to rise for the next couple of days __18__ , ，a comparison with data for weeks whenthere was no expenmentation showed that output always went up On Monday, workers __19__to be duigent for the first fewdays of the week in any case，before __21__a plateau and then slackening off Th is suggests that the alleged” Hawthorne effect“is hard to ptn down1.[A] affected [B]achieved [C]exlracted [D]restored2[A]at [B]up [C]with [D]Off3[A]Wuth [B]sight [C]act [D]proof4．[A]conVoversial [B]perplexing [c]mischieous [D]ambiguous5．[A]reqtttrents [B]cxplanalions [C]accounts [D]assements6[A]conclude [B]matter [C]indicate [D]work7[A]as faras [B]for fearthat [C]in casethat [D]so long as8．[A]awarerress [B]expectation [C]sentiment [D]illusion9．[A]suitale [B]excessive [C]enough [D]abundant10．[A]about [B]for [C]on [D]by11[A]compared [B]shown [C]subjected [D]conveyed12.[A]contrary to [B]consistent with [C]parallel with [D]pealliar to13.[A]evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14.[A]disputable [B]enlightening [C]retiable [D]wasleadmg15.[A]In contast [B]For example [C]In consequence [D]As usual16．[A]duly [B]accidentally [C]unpredictably [D]suddenly17．[A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued20.[A]breaking [B]chrnbing [C]surpassmg [D]hitingSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts．Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A]，[B]，[C]or[D]．Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1．(40 points)Text 2Over the past decade,thousands of patents have seen granled for what are called business methods．Amazon com received one for its“one-click”online paymentsystern Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy．One invenlor patented a tochnique for lying a boxNow the nation’s top patent c ourt appears completely ready to scale hack on business-method patents, which have been controversial e,ver since they were firstauthorized 10 years ago In a movethat has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S court of Appeals for the federal ctrcuit sald it would usea particular case tOconduct a broad review of business-method patents. Inre Bijskl, as the case is known, is“a very big deal”, says Dermis'D Crouch of the University of MissounSchool of law．It “has the potential to elinate an entire class of patmts”Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pinhts to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might bent them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite tha fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluste is wether it should “reconsider” its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme. Count that has nurrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many pate nts were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are “reaction to the anti_patent trend at the supreme court” says Harole C wegner, a partend attorney and professor at aeorge WashingtonUniversityLawSchool.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its rulling complies with the court decisions[B] It involves a very big business transaction[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word “about-face”(Line 1, Paro 3)most probably means[A] loss of good will[B]increase of hostility[C]change of attitude[D] change of auiuled29．We learn from the last two pamgraphs that business-meihod Pateats[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are of ten unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for pateat holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30．Which of the following would bethe subject ofthe text?[A]A looming threat to bvamess-melhcd patents[B]Protection for business-method patent holders[C]A legal case regarding business-methodpatents[D] A prevailing tread against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Poinl Malcohn aladuell aloues that social epidemics are dliven in largepart by the acting of a tiny minority of specialindividuals,often calledin flu entials who are unusuall informed, persuasive, or we connect The idea is intuit ively compelling but it doesn't explain howideas actually spread.The supposed importance of inftuentials derives from a plansible sounding but largely untested theory untested thelry called the "tow-step flow of communication" Informationllows from the mediato the inftuentials and from then to ereryone else. Marke ters have embraced the two-step flow became it suggests that if they can just find andinfluence the in fluent ials, those select people will do most of the work for them Thetheory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of people waswearing promoting or developing whaterver it is before anyone else paid attention Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain specialpeople call drivetrendsIn their recent work howeyer some researchers have come up with the finding that in fluentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is genetally supposed Infact they don’t seem to be required of allThe researchers' argument stems from a simple obserrating about social influence with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primanrilly a function of media not interpersonal influence-enen the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others Yet it is precisely these non-celebring influentials who according to the two-step-flow theoryare supposed to drive social enidemics by influcenciny their friends and colleagues directly .For a social epidemic to occur however each person so sffected must then influcence his or her own acquaintances,who must in turn influence theirs and so on and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the casecade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populatio ns manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s abilify to influence others and their tendence to be31. By citing the book The Tipping Point the author intends to[A] analyze the consequences of social epid emics[B] discuss influentials’ funcition in spreading ideas[C] exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials32. The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory”[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C] has won support from influentials[D] requires solid evidence for its validity33. what the researchers have observed recenty shows that[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public{D}most celebritiea enjoy wide media attention34.the underlined phrase “these people”in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who{A}stay outside the network of social influence{B}have little contact with the source of influence{C}are influenced and then influence others{D} are influenced by the initial influential34.what is the essential slement in the dynamics of social influence?{A}The eageiness to be accepted{B}The impulse to influence others{C}The resdiness to be influenced{D}The inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public .Behind eht scenes,they have been taking aim at someone else the accounting standard-setters.Their rules,moan the banks,have forced them to report enormous losses,and it’s just not fair.These rules say they must value some assets at the price atheird party would pay,not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately,banks’lobbying now seems to be working.The details may be unknowable,but the independence of standard-setters,essential to the proper functioning of capital marksts,is being compromised.And,unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers,reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Xongress.America。

2022 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题及答案

2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)The idea that plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early2000s;the term“plant neurobiology”was1around the notion that some aspects of plant behavior could be2to intelligence in animals.3plants lack brains,the firing of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that4consciousness,researchers previously reported.But such an idea is untrue,according to a new opinion article.Plant biology is complex and fascinating,but it 5so greatly from that of animals that so-called6of plants’intelligence is inconclusive,the authors wrote.Beginning in2006,some scientists have7that plants possess neuron-like cells that interact with hormones and neurotransmitters,8“a plant nervous system,9to that in animals,”said lead study author Lincoln Taiz,“They10claimed that plants have‘brain-like command centers’at their root tips.”This11makes sense if you simplify the workings of a complex brain,12it to an array of electrical pulses;cells in plants also communicate through electrical signals.13,the signaling in a plant is only14 similar to the firing in a complex animal brain,which is more than“a mass of cells that communicate by electricity,”Taiz said.“For consciousness to evolve,a brain with a threshold15of complexity and capacity is required,”he 16.“Since plants don’t have nervous systems,the17that they have consciousness are effectively zero.”And what’s so great about consciousness,anyway?Plants can’t run away from18,so investing energy in a body system which19a threat and can feel pain would be a very20evolutionary strategy,according to the article.1.[A]coined[B]discovered[C]collected[D]issued2.[A]attributed[B]directed[C]compared[D]confined3.[A]Unless[B]When[C]Once[D]Though4.[A]cope with[B]consisted of[C]hinted at[D]extended in5.[A]suffers[B]benefits[C]develops[D]differs6.[A]acceptance[B]evidence[C]cultivation[D]creation7.[A]doubted[B]denied[C]argued[D]requested8.[A]adapting[B]forming[C]repairing[D]testing9.[A]analogous[B]essential[C]suitable[D]sensitive10.[A]just[B]ever[C]still[D]even11.[A]restriction[B]experiment[C]perspective[D]demand12.[A]attaching[B]reducing[C]returning[D]exposing13.[A]However[B]Moreover[C]Therefore[D]Otherwise14.[A]temporarily[B]literally[C]superficially[D]imaginarily15.[A]list[B]level[C]label[D]local16.[A]recalled[B]agreed[C]questioned[D]added17.[A]chances[B]risks[C]excuses[D]assumptions18.[A]danger[B]failure[C]warning[D]control19.[A]represents[B]includes[C]reveals[D]recognizes20.[A]humble[B]poor[C]practical[D]easySectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1People often complain that plastics are too durable.Water bottles,shopping bags,and other trash litter the planet,from Mount Everest to the Mariana Trench,because plastics are everywhere and don't break down easily. But some plastic materials change over time.They crack and frizzle.They“weep”out additives.They melt into sludge.All of which creates huge headaches for institutions,such as museums,trying to preserve culturally important objects.The variety of plastic objects at risk is dizzying:early radios,avant-garde sculptures,celluloid animation stills from Disney films,the first artificial heart.Certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art didn't always know how to mix ingredients properly,says Thea van Oosten,a polymer chemist who,until retiring a few years ago,worked for decades at the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands.“It s like baking a cake:If you don’t have exact amounts,it goes wrong.”she says.“The object you make is already a time bomb.”And sometimes,it's not the artist's fault.In the1960s,the Italian artist Picro Gilardi began to create hundreds of bright,colorful foam pieces.Those pieces included small beds of roses and other items as well as a few dozen “nature carpets”—large rectangles decorated with foam pumpkins,cabbages,and watermelons.He wanted viewers to walk around on the carpets—which meant they had to be durable.Unfortunately,the polyurethane foam he used is inherently unstable.It's especially vulnerable to light damage,and by the mid-1990s,Gilardi’s pumpkins,roses,and other figures were splitting and crumbling.Museums locked some of them away in the dark.So van Oosten and her colleagues worked to preserve Gilardi’s sculptures.They infused some with stabilizing and consolidating chemicals.Van Oosten calls those chemicals“sunscreens”because their goal was to prevent further light damage and rebuild worn polymer fibers.She is proud that several sculptures have even gone on display again,albeit sometimes beneath protective cases.Despite success stories like van Oosten’s,preservation of plastics will likely get harder.Old objects continue to deteriorate.Worse,biodegradable plastics designed to disintegrate,are increasingly common.And more is at stake here than individual objects.Joana Lia Ferreira,an assistant professor of conservation and restoration at the nova School of Science and Technology,notes that archaeologists first defined the great material ages of human history Stone Age,Iron Age,and so on after examining artifacts in museums.We now live in an age of plastic,she says,“and what we decide to collect today,what we decide to preserve.…will have a strong impact on how in the future we'll be seen.”21.According to Paragraph1,museums are faced with difficulties in______.[A]maintaining their plastic items[B]obtaining durable plastic artifacts[C]handling outdated plastic exhibits[D]classifying their plastic collections22.Van Oosten believes that certain plastic objects are______.[A]immune to decay[B]improperly shaped[C]inherently flawed[D]complex in structure23.Museums stopped exhibiting some of Gilardi's artworks to______.[A]keep them from hurting visitors[B]duplicate them for future display[C]have their ingredients analyzed[D]prevent them from further damage24.The author thinks that preservation of plastics is______.[A]costly[B]unworthy[C]unpopular[D]challenging25.In Ferreira’s opinion,preservation of plastic artifacts_______.[A]will inspire future scientific research[B]has profound historical significance[C]will help us separate the material ages[D]has an impact on today’s cultural lifeText2As the latest crop of students pen their undergraduate application form and weigh up their options,it may be worth considering just how the point,purpose and value of a degree has changed and what Generation Z need to consider as they start the third stage of their educational journey. Millennials were told that if you did well in school,got a decent degree,you would be set up for life.But that promise has been found wanting.As degrees became universal,they became cation was no longer a secure route of social mobility.Today,28per cent of graduates in the UK are in non-graduate roles,a percentage which is double the average among OECD countries. This is not to say that there is no point in getting a degree,but rather stress that a degree is not for everyone, that the switch from classroom to lecture hall is not an inevitable one and that other options are available. Thankfully,there are signs that this is already happening,with Generation Z seeking to learn from their millennial predecessors,even if parents and teachers tend to be still set in the degree mindset.Employers have long seen the advantages of hiring school leavers who often prove themselves to be more committed and loyal employees than graduates.Many too are seeing the advantages of scrapping a degree requirement for certain roles. For those for whom a degree is the desired route,consider that this may well be the first of many.In this age of generalists,it pays to have specific knowledge or skills.Postgraduates now earn40per cent more than graduates.When more and more of us have a degree,it makes sense to have two. It is unlikely that Generation Z will be done with education at18or21;they will need to be constantly up-skilling throughout their career to stay employable.It has been estimated that this generation,due to the pressures of technology,the wish for personal fulfilment and desire for diversity,will work for17different employers over the course of their working life and have five different cation,and not just knowledge gained on campus,will be a core part of Generation Z’s career trajectory. Older generations often talk about their degree in the present and personal tense:‘I am a geographer.’or‘I am a classist.’Their sons or daughters would never say such a thing;it’s as if they already know that their degree won’t define them in the same way.26.the author suggests that Generation Z should____[A]be careful in choosing a college[B]be diligent at each educational stage[C]reassess the necessity of college education[D]postpone their undergraduate application27.The percentage of UK graduates in non-graduate roles reflect_______.[A]Millennial's opinions about work[B]the shrinking value of a degree[C]public discontent with education[D]the desired route of social mobility28.The author considers it a good sign that____.[A]Generation Z are seeking to earn a decent degree.[B]School leavers are willing to be skilled workers.[C]Employers are taking a realistic attitude to degrees.[D]Parents are changing their minds about education.29.It is advised in Paragraph5that those with one degree should______.[A]make an early decision on their career[B]attend on the job training programs[C]team up with high-paid postgraduates[D]further their studies in a specific field30.What can be concluded about Generation Z from the last two paragraphs?[A]Lifelong learning will define them.[B]They will make qualified educators.[C]Degrees will no longer appeal them.[D]They will have a limited choice of jobs.Text3Enlightening,challenging,stimulating,fun.These were some of the words that Nature readers used to describe their experience of art-science collaborations in a series of articles on partnerships between artists and researchers.Nearly40%of the roughly350people who responded to an accompanying poll said,they had collaborated with artists,and almost all said they would consider doing so in future.Such an encouraging results is not surprising.Scientists are increasingly seeking out visual artists to help them communicate their work to new audiences.“Artists help scientists reach a broader audience and make emotional connections that enhance learning.”One respondent said.One example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the scenes came last month when the Sydney Symphony Orchestra performed a reworked version of Antonio Vivaldi’s The Four Seasons.They reimagined the 300-year-old score by injecting the latest climate prediction data for each season-provided by Monash University's Climate Change Communication Research Hub.The performance was a creative call to action ahead of November's United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow,UK.But a genuine partnership must be a two-way street.Fewer artist than scientists responded to the Nature poll, however,several respondents noted that artists do not simply assist scientists with their communication requirements.Nor should their work be considered only as an object of study.The alliances are most valuable when scientists and artists have a shared stake in a project,are able to jointly design it and can critique each other’s work.Such an approach can both prompt new research as well as result in powerful art.More than half a century ago,the Massachusetts Institute of Technology opened its Center for Advanced Visual Studies(CAVS)to explore the role of technology in culture.The founders deliberately focused theirprojects around light-hance the“visual studies”in the name.Light was a something that both artists and scientists had an interest in and therefore could form the basis of collaboration.As science and technology progressed,and divided into more sub-disciplines,the centre was simultaneously looking to a time when leading researchers could also be artists,writers and poets,and vice versa.Nature’s poll findings suggest that this trend is as strong as ever,but,to make a collaboration work both sides need to invest time and embrace surprise and challenge.The reach of art-science tie-ups needs to go beyond the necessary purpose of research communication,and participants.Artists and scientists alike are immersed in discovery and invention,and challenge and critique are core to both,too.31.According to paragraph1,art-science collaborations have____[A]caught the attention of critics[B]received favorable responses[C]promoted academic publishing[D]sparked heated public disputes32.The reworked version of The Four Seasons is mentioned to show that____[A]art can offer audiences easy access to science[B]science can help with the expression of emotions[C]public participation in science has a promising future[D]art is effective in facilitating scientific innovations33.Some artists seem to worry about in the art-science partnership___.[A]their role may be underestimated[B]their reputation may be impaired[C]their creativity may be inhibited[D]their work may be misguided34.What does the author say about CAVS?[A]It was headed alternately by artists and scientists[B]It exemplified valuable art-science alliances[C]Its projects aimed at advancing visual studies[D1Its founders sought to raise the status of artists35.In the last paragraph,the author holds that art-science collaborations_____[Al are likely to go beyond public expectations[B]will intensify interdisciplinary competition[C]should do more than communicating science[D]are becoming more popular than beforeText4The personal grievance provisions of New Zealand’s Employment Relations Act2000(ERA)prevent an employer from firing an employee without good cause.Instead,dismissals must be justified.Employers must bothshow cause and act in a procedurally fair way.Personal grievance procedures were designed to guard the jobs of ordinary workers from“unjustified dismissals”The premise was that the common law of contract lacked sufficient safeguards for workers against arbitrary conduct by management.Long gone are the days when a boss could simply give an employee contractual notice.But these provisions create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly paid managers and executives. As countless boards and business owners will attest,constraining firms from firing poorly performing, high-earning managers is a handbrake on boosting productivity and overall performance.The difference between C-grade and A-grade managers may very well be the difference between business success or failure.Between preserving the jobs of ordinary workers or losing them.Yet mediocrity is no longer enough to justify a dismissal. Consequently-and paradoxically-laws introduced to protect the jobs of ordinary workers may be placing those jobs at risk.If not placing jobs at risk,to the extent employment protection laws constrain business owners from dismissing under-performing managers,those laws act as a constraint on firm productivity and therefore on workers’wages.Indeed,in“An International Perspective on New Zealand’s Productivity Paradox”(2014),the Productivity Commission singled out the low quality of managerial capabilities as a cause of the country's poor productivity growth record.Nor are highly paid managers themselves immune from the harm caused by the ERA's unjustified dismissal procedures.Because employment protection laws make it costlier to fire an employee,employers are more cautious about hiring new staff.This makes it harder for the marginal manager to gain employment.And firms pay staff less because firms carry the burden of the employment arrangement going wrong.Society also suffers from excessive employment protections.Stringent job dismissal regulations adversely affect productivity growth and hamper both prosperity and overall well-being.Across the Tasman Sea,Australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox by excluding employees earning above a specified“high-income threshold”from the protection of its unfair dismissal laws.In New Zealand,a206private members’Bill tried to permit firms and high-income employees to contract out of the unjustified dismissal regime.However,the mechanisms proposed were unwieldy and the Bill was voted down following the change in government later that year.36.The personal grievance provisions of the ERA are intended to____.[A]punish dubious corporate practices[B]improve traditional hiring procedures[C]exempt employers from certain duties[D]protect the rights of ordinary workers37.It can be learned from paragraph3that the provisions may____.[A]hinder business development[B]undermine managers authority[C]affect the public image of the firms[D]worsen labor-management relations38.Which of the following measures would the Productivity Commission support?[A]Imposing reasonable wage restraints.[B]Enforcing employment protection laws.[C]Limiting the powers of business owners.[D]Dismissing poorly performing managers.39.What might be an effect of ERA's unjustified dismissal procedures?[A]Highly paid managers lose their jobs[B]Employees suffer from salary cuts.[C]Society sees a rise in overall well-being.[D]Employers need to hire new staff.40.It can be inferred that the“high-income threshold”in Australia[A]has secured managers’earnings[B]has produced undesired results[C]is beneficial to business owners[D]is difficult to put into practicePart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraphs(41-45).There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(10points)(41)Teri ByrdI was a zoo and wildlife park employee for years.Both the wildlife park and zoo claimed to be operating for the benefit of the animals and for conservation purposes.This claim was false.Neither one of them actually participated in any contributions whose bottom line is much more important than the condition of the animals. Animals despise being captives in zoos.No matter how you enhance enclosures,they do not allow for freedom,a natural diet or adequate time for transparency with these institutions,and it's past time to eliminate zoos from our culture.(42)Karen R.SimeAs a zoology professor,I agree with Emma Marris that zoo displays can be sad and cruel.But she underestimates the educational value of zoos.The zoology program at my university attracts students for whom zoo visits were the crucial formative experience that led them to major in biological sciences.These are mostly students who had no opportunity as children to travel to wilderness areas,wildlife refuges or national parks.Although good TV shows can help stir children's interest in conservation,they cannot replace the excitement of a zoo visit as an intense,immersive and interactive experience.Surely there must be some middle ground that balances zoos treatment of animals with their educational potential.(43)Reg NewberryEmma Marris's article is an insult and a disservice to the thousands of passionate who work tirelessly to improve the lives of animals and protect our planet.She uses outdated research and decades-old examples to undermine the noble mission of organization committed to connecting children to a world beyond their own.Zoos are at the forefront of conservation and constantly evolving to improve how thy care for animals and protect each species in its natural habitat.Are there tragedies?Of course.But they are the exception not the norm that Ms Marris implies A distressed animal in a zoo will get as good or better treatment than most of us at our local hospital.(44)Dean GalleaAs a fellow environmentalist animal-protection advocate and longtime vegetarian.I could properly be in the same camp as Emma Marris on the issue of zoos.But I believe that well-run zoos and the heroic animals that suffer their captivity so serve a higher purpose.Were it not for opportunities to observe these beautiful wild creatures close to home many more people would be driven by their fascination to travel to wild areas to seek out disturb and even hunt them down.Zoos are in that sense similar to natural history and archeology museums serving to satisfy our need for contact with these living creatures while leaving the vast majority undisturbed in their natural environments(45)John FraserEmma Marris selectively describes and misrepresents the findings of our research.Our studies focused on the impact of zoo experiences on how people think about themselves and nature and the data points extracted from our studies.Zoos are tools for thinking.Our research provides strong support for the value of zoos in connecting people with animals and with nature.Zoos provide a critical voice for conservation and environmental protection. They afford an opportunity for people from all backgrounds to encounter a range of animals from drone bees to springbok or salmon to better understand the natural world we live in.[A]Zoos,which spare no effort to take of animals,should not be subjected to unfair criticism.[B]To pressure zoos to spend less on their animals would lead to inhumane outcomes for the precious creatures in their care.[C]While animals in captivity deserve sympathy,zoos play a significant role in starting young people down the path of related sciences.[D]Zoos save people trips to wilderness areas and thus contribute to wildlife conservation.[E]For wild animals that cannot be returned to their natural habitats,zoos offer the best alternative.[F]Zoos should have been closed down as they prioritize money making over animals’wellbeing.[G]Marris distorts our findings which actually prove that zoos serve as an indispensable link between man andnature.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET.(10points)The Man Who Broke Napoleon’s Codes-Mark UrbanBetween1807and1814the Iberian Peninsula(comprising Spain and Portugal)was the scene of a titanic and merciless struggle.It took place on many different planes:between Napoleon’s French army and the angry inhabitants;between the British,ever keen to exacerbate the emperor’s difficulties,and the marshals sent from Paris to try to keep them in check;between new forces of science and meritocracy and old ones of conservatism and birth.(46)It was also,and this is unknown even to many people well read about the period,a battle between those who made codes and those who broke them.I first discovered the Napoleonic cryptographic battle a few years ago when I was reading Sir Charles Oman’s epic History of the Peninsular War.In volume V he had attached an appendix,The Scovell Ciphers.(47)It listed many documents in code that had been captured from the French army of Spain,and whose secrets had been revealed by the work of one George Scovell,an officer in British headquarters.Oman rated Scovell’s significance highly,but at the same time,the general nature of his History meant that(48)he could not analyze carefully what this obscure officer may or may not have contributed to that great struggle between nations or indeed tell us anything much about the man himself.I was keen to read more,but was surprised to find that Oman’s appendix, published in1914,was the only considered thing that had been written about this secret war.I became convinced that this story was every bit as exciting and significant as that of Enigma and the breaking of German codes in the Second World War.The question was,could it be told?Studying Scovell’s papers at the Public Record Office,London,I found that he had left an extensive journal and copious notes about his work in the Peninsula.What was more,many original French dispatches had been preserved in this collection,which I realized was priceless.(49)There may have been many spies and intelligence officers during the Napoleonic Wars,but it is usually extremely difficult to find the material they actually provided or worked on.Furthermore,Scovell’s story involved much more than just intelligence work.His status in Lord Wellington’s headquarters and the recognition given to him for his work were all bound up with the class politics of the army at the time.His tale of self-improvement and hard work would make a fascinating biography in its own right,but represents something more than that.(50)Just as the code breaking has its wider relevance in the struggle for Spain,so his attempts to make his way up the promotion ladder speak volumes about British society.The story of Wellington himself also gripped me.Half a century ago his campaigns were considered a central part of the British historical mythology and spoon-fed to schoolboys.More recently this has not been the case, which is a great shame.A generation has grown up.SectionⅢWritingPart AWrite an email to a professor at a British university,inviting him/her to organize a team for the international innovation contest to be held at your university.You should write about100words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the e“Li Ming”instead.(10points)Part BWrite an essay of160-200words based on the following picture below.In your essay,you should1)describe the picture briefly,2)explain its intended meaning and3)give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20points)2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题参考答案完形填空1.[A]coined2.[C]compared3.[D]though4.[C]hinted at5.[D]differs6.[B]evidence7.[C]argued8.[B]forming9.[A]analogous10.[D]even11.[C]perspective12.[B]reducing13.[A]However14.[C]superficially15.[B]level16.[D]added17.[A]chances18.[A]danger19.[D]recognizes20.[B]poor阅读理解Text121.[A]maintaining their plastic items22.[B]improperly shaped23.[D]prevent them from further damage24.[D]challenging25.[B]has profound historical significanceText226.[C]reassess the necessity of college education27.[B]the shrinking value of a degree28.[C]Employers are taking a realistic attitude to degrees。

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2020年研究生入学统一考试试题（英语一）Part BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Eye fixations are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated[F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressiveIn a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way. But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor during a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility. Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact:41. ________We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In adulthood, looking at someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room. "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42.________Neuroscientist Bonnie Auyeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer during a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond during direct gaze are being explored by other researches,using advanced methods of brain scanning.43.________With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages, depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether you're a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you're trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.44.________When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45.________In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance, according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues. "Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct finding is that people who scored highly for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.2016年研究生入学统一考试试题（英语一）Part BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Create a new image of yourself[B] Have confidence in yourself[C] Decide if the time is right[D] Understand the context[E] Work with professionals[F] Make it efficient[G] Know your goalsNo matter how formal or informal the work environment, the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in the first impressions. According to research from Princeton University, people assess your competence, trustworthiness, and likeability in just a tenth of a second, solely based on the way you look.The difference between today's workplace and the "dress for success" era is that the range of options is so much broader. Norms have evolved and fragmented. In some settings, red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status; in others not so much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like LinkedIn. Chances are, your headshots are seen much more often now than a decade or two ago. Millennials, it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding. It can be confusing.So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to invest in an upgrade? And what's the best way to pull off one that enhances our goals? Here are some tips:41. ________As an executive coach, I've seen image upgrades be particularly helpful during transitions — when looking for a new job, stepping into a new or more public role, or changing work environments. If you're in a period of change or just feeling stuck and in a rut, now may be a good time. If you're not sure, ask for honest feedback from trusted friends, colleagues and professionals. Look for cues about how others perceive you. Maybe there's no need for an upgrade and that's OK.42. ________Get clear on what impact you're hoping to have. Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it? For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived as more approachable, or more modern and stylish. For someone moving from finance toadvertising, maybe they want to look more "SoHo." (It's OK to use characterizations like that.)43. ________Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment? What conveys status? Who are your most important audiences? How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves? The better you understand the cultural context, the more control you can have over your impact.44. ________Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like J. Crew. Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse or friend. It's not as expensive as you might think.45. ________The point of a style upgrade isn't to become more vain or to spend more time fussing over what to wear. Instead, use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue. Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options. Buy all your clothes at once with a stylist instead of shopping alone, one article of clothing at a time.2007年研究生入学统一考试试题（英语一）Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A-G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (41 -45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There are two exact headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] Set a Good Example for Your Kids[B] Build Your Kids' Work Skills[C] Place Time Limits on Leisure Activities[D] Talk about the Future on a Regular Basis[E] Help Kids Develop Coping Strategies[F] Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They Are[G] Build Your Kids' Sense of ResponsibilityHow Can a Parent Help?Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids. Even if a job' s starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult's need for rapid content, the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move. Here are a few measures, drawn from my book Ready or Not, Here Life Comes, that parents can take to prevent what I call "work-life unreadiness":41. ________You can start this process when they are 11 or 12. Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back to, as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best. 42. ________Kids need a range of authentic role models — as opposed to members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner-table discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying "I have no idea." They can change their minds 200 times, but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.43. ________Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn; parents should be responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job. Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills, such as managing time and setting priorities.44. ________Playing video games encourages immediate content. And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way. At the same time, listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for longstretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors. All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.45. ________They should know how to deal with setbacks, stresses and feelings of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more delicate. They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult (as naive or ill-conceived as it may seem) while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.。