《语言学概论》练习题答案
《语言学概论》练习测试题库及参考答案

《英语语言学》练习测试题及参考答案本科I. Tick off the correct or the best possible answers:1.One of the properties of language is that a language user can understand and produce sentences he/shehas never heard before. This property of language is called ________.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitrarinessKey: B2.The ______ function refers to the fact that language can be used for establishing a favorable atmosphereor maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas.A. phaticB. directiveC. evocativeD. performativeKey: A3.From a functional approach, the _______ meaning of a language use consists of what is communicatedof the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.A. affectiveB. associativeC. stylisticD. collocativeKey: A4.When –ing in ‘gangling’is removed to get a verb ‘gangle’, we call this way of creating words________.A. suffixationB. back-formationC. blendingD. acronymyKey: B5.______ refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.A. DegradationB. SpecializationC. ElevationD. ExtensionKey: C6.As we know, every speaker has his own pet words and expressions and special way of expressing hisideas in language. This language variety of individual users is called ______.A. idiolectB. regional dialectC. temporal dialectD. social dialectKey: A7.When pitch, stress and length variations are tied to the sentence rather than to the word, they arecollectively known as ________.A. intonationB. toneC. phonemeD. sentence stressKey: A8._______ refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.A. Addition of soundB. Loss of soundC. MetathesisD. AssimilationKey: D9.Basically, all the languages in the world can be classified in terms of language family. Vietnamese andKorean are two languages in the ______ family.A. Indo-EuropeanB. Sino-TibetanC. Hamito-SemiticD. Malayo-Polynesian Key: B10. A _______ is the minimal contrastive unit in the writing system of a language.A. morphemeB. phonemeC. graphemeD. letterKey: C11.All mono-morphemic words are constituted by free morphemes, and those poly-morphemic wordswhich consist wholly of free morphemes are called_________.A. hyponymsB. compoundsC. blendsD. allomorphsKey: B12.The requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes which stand in specificsyntactic relationship with one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category or categories is called _______.A. concordB. governmentC. recursivenessD. cohesionKey: A13. The formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another is called_____.A. blendingB. clippingC. acronymyD. compoundingKey: A14. The distinction of ‘linguistic potential’ and ‘actual linguistic behavior’ is proposed by _______.A. N. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. M. A. HallidayD. J. AustinKey: C15. The word meaning given in the dictionary is called _____ meaning.A. denotativeB. connotativeC. collectiveD. stylisticKey: A16. When we consider the variation relating to what a user is trying to do with language, we are dealing withaddressee relationship—continually ca tegorized as “______”.A. tenor of discourseB. mode of discourseC. field of discourseD. idiolectKey: A17. According to words’ structures, Turkish is a typical ______ language.A. isolatingB. fusionalC. analyticD. agglutinativeKey: D18. ______ refer to the fact that one type of utterance is typically followed by a special type of utterance.A. Minimal pairsB. Illocutionary actsC. Social dialectsD. Adjacency pairs Key: D19. The relation between “dead” and “alive” is labeled as ________.A. gradabilityB. complementarityC. hyponymyD. homonymyKey: B20. The words “encore” and “au pair” are loanwords from _______.A. FrenchB. GermanC. ItalianD. SpanishKey: A21. The distinction of langue and parole is proposed by______.a. N. Chomskyb. F. de Saussurec. M. A. Hallidayd. J. AustinKey: b22.Which of the following is the exception to the feature of arbitrariness of languagea. native English wordsb. borrowed wordsc. echoic wordsd. one-syllable wordsKey: c23.Which of the following feature cannot be used to describe the phone [s]a. voicelessb. oralc. alveolard. lateralKey: d24.In terms of place of articulation, the two consonants [f], [v] are ________.a. dentalb. alveolarc. palatald. labiodentalKey: d25.In terms of manner of articulation, the sounds [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g] are ________.a. affricatesb. fricativesc. bilabiald. oral stopsKey: d26.Which of the following statements about allophone is NOT correcta. Allophones are different forms of the same phonemeb. Allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution.c. Allophones distinguish meaning.d. Allophones are language specific.Key: c27.Which of the following words is not a free morphemea. ableb. petc. changed. dustyKey: d28.How many morphemes are there in the word dischargeda. 2b. 3c. 4d. 5Key: b29.Which of the following words is made up of bound morphemes onlya. happinessb. televisionc. ecologyd. teacherKey: c30. Language is passed on from one generation to the next by teaching and learning rather than by instinct.This property of language is called_____.a. interchangeabilityb. productivityc. cultural transmissiond. arbitrarinessKey: c31.The famous quotation from Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet‘A rose by any other name would smellas sweet’ well illustrates _______.A. the conventional nature of languageB. the creative nature of languageC. the universality of languageD. the big difference between human language and animal communicationKey: A32.Of the following sound combinations, only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules inEnglish.A. kiblB. bkilC. ilkbD. ilbkKey: A33.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula “S→NP VP”.A. hierarchicalB. linearC. tree diagramD. verticalKey: B34.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stayadjacent to each other.A. Case ConditionB. Case ParameterC. Adjacent ConditionD. Adjacent Parameter Key: C35. Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.A. phonemeB. wordC. phraseD. sentenceKey: D36. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.A. commisivesB. directivesC. expressivesD. declarativesKey: A37. The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparative Key: B38. The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+last name, _______, and kin term.A. title+first nameB. title+titleC. title aloneD. first name+last name+titleKey: C39. Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as “subvocal speech,” and speech as “_______”.A. vocal thoughtB. subvocal thoughtC. covert thoughtD. overt thoughtKey: D40.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisitionA. Language acquisition is a process of habit formation.B. Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings.C. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language.D. Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use.Key: A41. The words “kowtow” and “tea ” are loanwords from _______.A. ChineseB. GermanC. ItalianD. SpanishKey: A42. The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparative Key: B43. The formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another is called _____.A. blendingB. clippingC. acronymyD. compoundingKey: A44. According to words’ structures, Latin is a typical ______ language.A. isolatingB. fusionalC. analyticD. agglutinativeKey: B45. The relation between “animal” and “lamb” is labeled as ________.A. gradabilityB. complementarityC. hyponymyD. homonymyKey: C46. One of the property of language is that there is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. This property of language is called________.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitrarinessKey: D47. The________ function refers to the use of language to create certain feelings in the hearer.A. phaticB. directiveC. evocativeD. performativeKey: A48. The _______ meaning of a word consists of the associations it acquires on account of the meanings of words which tend to occur in its environment.A. associativeB. affectiveC. stylisticD. collocativeKey: D49. When –or in editor is removed to get a verb edit, we call this way of creating words ________.A. suffixationB. back-formationC. blendingD. acronymyKey:50. The relation between “rose” and “flower” is labeled as ________.A. gradabilityB. complementarityC. hyponymyD. homonymy Key: C51. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This is what we mean by __________.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitrarinessKey: C52. When language is used to get the hearer to do something, then it serves a _______ function.A. directiveB. informativeC. interrogativeD. expressive53. The description of a language at some point in time is a ________ study.A. diachronicB. synchronicC. descriptiveD. prescriptiveKey: B54. The distinction between “competence” and “performance” was made by______ .A. N. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. M. A. HallidayD. L. BloomfieldKey: A55. According to the places of articulation, sounds in English such as [t], [l], and[z] can be labeled as_______ ones.A. dentalB. bilabialC. velarD. alveolarKey: D56. According to the morphological analysis, the underlined part in the word “inter nation alism” should beregarded as a ___________ .A. rootB. stemC. prefixD. suffixKey: B57. Words such as “telex” and “workfare” are created through ___________.A. affixationB. compoundingC. conversionD. blendingKey: D58. According to the syntact ic construction analysis, simple sentence such as “John is a student.” belongs to__________construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. coordinateD. subordinateKey: B59. The sense relationship between “male” and “female” is _________.A. complementarityB. gradabilityC. relational oppositesD. hyponymyKey: A60. Componential analysis is a method of analyzing________ meaning.A. sentenceB. lexicalC. grammaticalD. utteranceKey: BII. Are the following statements true (T) or false (F)1. A sentence cannot be a word or a fragment in strict sense, but an utterance can be a word or a fragment ofa sentence. T/FKey: T2.It doesn’t make sense to ask what language a sentence belongs to. T/FKey: F3. A stem first of all refers to any morpheme or combination of morphemes, but an affix can be added to it.T/FKey: T4.Every word in a language can find at least one referent in the objective world. T/FKey: F5.In most cases, lexicon means vocabulary and is related to the analysis and creation of words, idioms andcollocations. T/FKey: T6.The use of the term ‘implicature’ is different from ‘implication’ in that it usually indicates a rathernarrowly defined logical relationship between two propositions. T/FKey: F7. A phrase means two or more words in sequence, intended to have meaning, that form a syntactic unit thatis less than a complete sentence. It is actually synonymous with word group. T/FKey: F8.Collocation is a term in lexicology used by some linguists to refer to the habitual co-occurrences ofindividual lexical items, or collocates. This relation of co-occurrence usually cannot be accounted for. T/F Key: T9.In order to understand how conversational principles work, we may consider how each maxim actuallyworks and how people observe these maxims in daily communication. T/FKey: T10.Syntax studies the rules which govern the ways words, word groups and phrases are combined to makegrammatical sentences in a language, i.e. it deals with the relationships between elements in sentence structures. T/FKey: T11.Even in modern society, the primary medium is sound for all languages, and the fact that childrenacquire spoken language first before they can read or write also indicates that language is primarily vocal. Key: T12.The defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system ofcommunication are termed design features.Key: T13.There are other channels, besides language, for communicating our thoughts, so language is only oneaspect of semiotics.Key: T14.Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, written language as secondary.Key: T15.Descriptive linguistics aims to lay down rules for ‘correct’ language use, i.e., to tell people what theyshould say and what should not say.Key: F16.Phonology is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and theirpatterns.Key: F17.The case category is used in the analysis of word classes to identify the syntactic relationship betweenwords in a sentence.Key: Tnguage is genetically transmitted.Key: F19.The grammar taught today to language learners is still basically descriptive.Key: F20.All the sounds produced by human are speech sounds.Key: F21.Generally speaking, pragmatics can be understood as a branch of linguistic study that deals with thefactors that govern our choice of language in social interaction and the effects of our choice on others. Key: T22.[f], [v], [s], [z], [?] and [?] are all fricative in English, but [?] and [?] are alveolar while [f] and [v] aredental.Key: F23.In most cases, sentence is synonymous with utterance.Key: F24.Syntax exclusively deals with the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structure,and it has nothing to do with exploring the syntactic relation beyond sentence boundary.Key: F25.The London School proposed a functional approach towards the concept of phoneme, and N.Trubetzkoy made the greatest contribution to the related study.Key: F26.A phoneme in a language is a distinctive sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or oneshape of a word from another.Key: T27.Every language is part of a culture, and it cannot but serve and reflect cultural needs.Key: T28.Sentence can be extended either by conjoining or embedding, and a construction where constituentshave been linked through the use of conjunction indicates a paratactic relation.Key: F29.Both Chinese and English are tone languages.Key: F30.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.Key: F31.Derivation changes always result in change of the word class of the original words.Key: T32.Pitch variations may be distinctive like phonemes, and in this function they are called tones. Languagesusing tones, like Chinese, are called tone language.Key: T33.The notion of inflection just indicates the manifestation of grammatical relationships, rather than lexicalones, through the addition of inflectional affixes.Key: T34.The same morpheme always takes different forms in different contexts.Key: T35. According to P. Grice, whether a speaker follows or violates the Maxims of the Cooperative Principle, he produces some implicature, i.e. a kind of extra meaning that is not contained in the utterance.Key: T36.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.T/FKey: F37.In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as/i:/, the larynx is in a state of tension. T/FKey: T38.A compound is the combination of only two words. T/FKey: F39.“The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture”, and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.” belong to the same syntactic category. T/FKey: T40.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense. T/FKey: F41.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true. T/FKey: T42.The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is non-conventional and not arbitrary. T/FKey: Fnguage reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist, just as it is not obscene; but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism. T/FKey: T44.If a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on. T/FKey: T45.When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language, they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them. T/F Key: F46. Leonard Bloomfield maintained that linguistics should describe instead of prescribe what people actually say and should take a deductive approach in analyzing data.Key: F47. Chomsky believes that linguistic study and research can help explain what happens in the mind, and linguistics should be regarded as a branch of psychology.Key: F48. Halliday claims that if we are given an adequate specification of the semantic properties of the context in terms of field, tenor and mode, we should be able to predict the syntactic properties of texts.Key: F49. Onomatopoeia indicates a non-arbitrary relationship between form and meaning.Key: F50. Traffic light system has the feature of duality.Key: F51. The distinction of ‘linguistic potential’ and ‘actual linguistic behavior’ is proposed by N. Chomsky. Key: F52. In English there are three nasal sounds. They are [m], [n], and [l].Key: T53. A morpheme is the minimal contrastive unit in the writing system of a language.Key: F54. According to the functions of affixes, we can put them into groups: inflectional affixes and derivational affixes.Key: T55. Compounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.Key: T56. Metathesis refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.Key: F57. The requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes which stand in specificsyntactic relationship with one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category or categories is called concord.Key: T58. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called directivesKey: F59. The term synchronic linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.Key: F60. In terms of manner of articulation, the sounds [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g] are affricatesKey: FIII.Fill in the blanks:1.It is generally believed that J. Austin and _______ made the greatest contribution to the proposition ofSpeech Act Theory, an important theory in pragmatic study.Key: J. Searle2.According to the positions affixes occupy in words, __________ falls into prefixation and suffixation.Key: affixation3.The signs “&”, “@”, “%” and “$” widely used today are examples of ______ writing.Key: word4.Two methods can be used to reconstruct an older form of a language: internal reconstruction and the_______ reconstruction.Key: external5.The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has two major thrusts: linguistic determinism and linguistic _______ .Key: relativity6.In the course of communication, a speaker may change from the standard language to the non-standardlanguage, may shift his subject matter, or may move from one point on the formality scale to another point. This linguistic behavior is referred to as ______.Key: code switch7.The different types of a language as different forms to realize a mere generalization of the language arecalled “sub-languages” or _______.Key: (language) varieties8._________ construction refers to a construction in which the distribution of words is functionallyequivalent to that of one or more of its constituents.Key: Endocentric_9.It’s commonly believed that the basic function of language is that it’s used for _________.Key: human communication10.The degree to which a test measures what it is meant to measure is termed _________ in languagetesting, and that is an important index used to evaluate the quality of a test.Key: validity11.By _______ is meant that language can refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of thespeaker.Key: displacementnguage is a system of two sets of structures, the structure of sound and the structure of ___________. Key: meaning13.The three branches of phonetics are articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics, and _________phonetics. Key: acoustic14.There are two kinds of stress in English. They are word stress and ________ stress.Key: sentence15.In English there are three nasal sounds. They are [m], [n], and ________.Key: [ ];16.Morphology is divided in two branches: __________ morphology and derivational morphology. Key: .inflectional17.According to H. Paul Grice’s Cooperative Principle, that one should avoid obscurity and ambiguityaccords with the ________ Maxim.Key: Manner18.The speech sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the airstream at some point ofthe vocal tract are called_______.Key: consonants19.A linguistic study is ______ if it tries to lay down rules for the correct use of language.Key: prescriptive20.The sentence “H e married a blonde heiress.” ______ the sentence “He married a blonde.”Key: entaills21.In the course of time, the study of language has come to establish close links with other branchesof ________ studies, such as sociology and psychology.Key: social22. Clear[1]and dark[1]are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in ________ distribution.Key: complementary23.A ________ is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.Key: root24.A ________ sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated in the other.Key: complex25.That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of________ antonyms.Key: complementary26.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an ________ is concrete and context-dependent.Key: utterance27.Phonological rules may move phonemes from one place in the string to another. For example, Modern English verb ask was Old English askian, with the /k/ preceding the/s/. Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as ________.Key: metathesis28.In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. Asa characteristic of societies, ________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.Key: bilingualism29.The brain’s neurological specialization for language is called linguistic ________, which is specific to human beings.Key: lateralization30.In order to acquire a second language, learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language ________.Key: transfer31. _______ phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sounds when they are transmitted between mouth and ear.Key: Acoustic32. The function of establishing a set of vowels is to facilitate the_______ of vowels of languages.Key: description33. If two sounds occurring in the same environment do not contrast, that is, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word, then the two sounds are in ________variation.Key: free34. The principal _________features are stress, length, pitch and intonation, as all of them can be used to distinguish meaning.Key: suprasegmental35.________is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.Key: Back-formation36. Pronouns and prepositions are two kinds of ________ words to which new members are not regularly added.Key: closed-class37. The sentence “I promise to come here earlier tomorrow morning.” can be used as an example to indicate the ________ function of language.Key: performative38. A linguistic study is ________ if it tries to lay down rules for the correct use of language.Key: perspective39. The sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close together and the air-stream passes through the vocal tract without _________are called vowels.Key: obstruction40. The word “gentlemanly” consists of 4 syllables an d ________morphemes.Key: 341. Positional ______, or word order, refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language.Key: relation42. English gender contrast can only be observed in pronouns and a small number of nouns, and they are mainly of the _________gender type.Key: natural43. Componential analysis defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of _______ components. Key: semantic44. ________refers to the process of construction where one clause is included in the sentence (main clause) in syntactic subordination.Key: subordination45. ________ construction refers to a group of syntactically related words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole.Key: exocentric46. The _______function is the use of language to reveal something about the emotions and attitudes of the speaker.Key: expressive47. As language is a product and capacity of the human brain, many psychologists and linguists have tried to examine the relation between language and the brain, developing a new branch of science called________.Key: psycholinguistics48. The production of any speech sound involves the movement of an airstream. The majority of sounds used in languages of the world are produced by ______ egressive airstream mechanism.Key: oral49. Some speech sounds involves the simultaneous use of two places of articulation. For example, the English [w] has both an approximation of the two lips and that of the back of the tongue and the soft palate, and may be termed______.Key: labial-velar50. ________ is used to mean sameness or close similarity of meaning.Key: synonymy51. The ________family includes most of the European languages and marry languages spoken in North India and in the two Americas and Australia.Key: Indo-European52. _________or analytic languages refer to those which depend on invariable roots or stems and word order to indicate their grammatical relations.Key: Isolating53. When we consider the variation relating to what the user is trying to do with language, whether teaching, persuading, advertising or instructing, we are dealing with addressee relationship, contextually categorized as __________.Key: tenor of discourse54. ________means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages, but the communication systems of certain animals do not have this feature. For instance, some male birds posses calls which female birds do not have.Key: Interchangeability55. ________ refers to the influence exercised by one sound segment upon the articulation of another sound, so that the sounds become less alike.Key: dissimilation56. The __________ is the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.Key: morpheme57. In English, prepositions and verbs determine particular forms of pronouns according to their syntactic relation with them. This requirement is called _______ in linguistics.Key: collocation58. The _______ meaning of a word consists of the associations it acquires on account of the meanings of。
《语言学概论》练习测试题库及参考答案

《语言学概论》练习测试题库及参考答案《英语语言学》练习测试题及参考答案本科I. Tick off the correct or the best possible answers:1.One of the properties of language is that a language user can understand and producesentences he/she has never heard before. This property of language is called ________.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitrarinessKey: B2.The ______ function refers to the fact that language can be used for establishing afavorable atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas.A. phaticB. directiveC. evocativeD. performativeKey: A3.From a functional approach, the _______ meaning of a language use consists of what iscommunicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.A. affectiveB. associativeC. stylisticD. collocative4.When –ing in ‘gangling’ is removed to get a verb ‘gangle’, we call this way ofcreating words ________.A. suffixationB. back-formationC. blendingD. acronymyKey: B5.______ refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positionsof importance.A. DegradationB. SpecializationC. ElevationD. ExtensionKey: C6.As we know, every speaker has his own pet words and expressions and special way ofexpressing his ideas in language. This language variety of individual users is called ______.A. idiolectB. regional dialectC. temporal dialectD. social dialectKey: A7.When pitch, stress and length variations are tied to the sentence rather than to theword, they are collectively known as ________.A. intonationC. phonemeD. sentence stressKey: A8._______ refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.A. Addition of soundB. Loss of soundC. MetathesisD. Assimilation Key: D9.Basically, all the languages in the world can be classified in terms of language family.Vietnamese and Korean are two languages in the ______ family.A. Indo-EuropeanB. Sino-TibetanC. Hamito-SemiticD.Malayo-PolynesianKey: B10. A _______ is the minimal contrastive unit in the writing system of a language.A. morphemeB. phonemeC. graphemeD. letterKey: C11.All mono-morphemic words are constituted by free morphemes, and those poly-morphemicwords which consist wholly of free morphemes arecalled_________.A. hyponymsB. compoundsC. blendsD. allomorphsKey: B12.The requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes which standin specific syntactic relationship with one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category or categories is called _______.A. concordB. governmentC. recursivenessD. cohesionKey: A13. The formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of anotheris called _____.A. blendingB. clippingC. acronymyD. compoundingKey: A14. The distinction of ‘linguistic potential’ and ‘actual linguistic behavior’ isproposed by _______.A. N. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. M. A. HallidayD. J. Austin Key: C15. The word meaning given in the dictionary is called _____ meaning.A. denotativeB. connotativeC. collectiveD. stylisticKey: A16. When we consider the variation relating to what a user is trying to do with language,we are dealing with addressee relationship—continually categori zed as “______”.A. tenor of discourseB. mode of discourseC. field of discourseD. idiolectKey: A17. According to words’ structures, Turkish is a typical ______ language.A. isolatingB. fusionalC. analyticD. agglutinativeKey: D18. ______ refer to the fact that one type of utterance is typically followed by a specialtype of utterance.A. Minimal pairsB. Illocutionary actsC. Social dialectsD. Adjacency pairsKey: D19. The relation between “dead” and “alive” is lab ele d as ________.A. gradabilityB. complementarityC. hyponymyD. homonymyKey: B20. The words “encore” and “au pair” are loanwords from _______.A. FrenchB. GermanC. ItalianD. SpanishKey: A21. The distinction of langue and parole is proposed by______.a. N. Chomskyb. F. de Saussurec. M. A. Hallidayd. J. AustinKey: b22.Which of the following is the exception to the feature of arbitrariness of language?a. native English wordsb. borrowed wordsc. echoic wordsd. one-syllable wordsKey: c23.Which of the following feature cannot be used to describethe phone [s]?a. voicelessb. oralc. alveolard. lateralKey: d24.In terms of place of articulation, the two consonants [f], [v] are ________.a. dentalb. alveolarc. palatald. labiodentalKey: d25.In terms of manner of articulation, the sounds [p], [b], [t],[d], [k], [g] are ________.a. affricatesb. fricativesc. bilabiald. oral stopsKey: d26.Which of the following statements about allophone is NOT correct?a. Allophones are different forms of the same phonemeb. Allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution.c. Allophones distinguish meaning.d. Allophones are language specific.Key: c27.Which of the following words is not a free morpheme?a. ableb. petc. changed. dustyKey: d28.How many morphemes are there in the word discharged?a. 2b. 3c. 4d. 5Key: b29.Which of the following words is made up of bound morphemes only?a. happinessb. televisionc. ecologyd. teacherKey: c30. Language is passed on from one generation to the next by teaching and learning ratherthan by instinct. This property of language is called_____.a. interchangeabilityb. productivityc. cultural transmissiond. arbitrarinessKey: c31.The famous quotation from Shakespeare’s play Ro meo and Juliet‘A rose by any other namewould smell as sweet’ well illustrates _______.A. the conventional nature of languageB. the creative nature of languageC. the universality of languageD. the big difference between human language and animal communicationKey: A32.Of the following sound combinations, only _______ is permissible according to thesequential rules in English.A. kiblB. bkilC. ilkbD. ilbkKey: A33.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula “S→NP VP”.A. hierarchicalB. linearC. tree diagramD. verticalKey: B34.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipientshould stay adjacent to each other.A. Case ConditionB. Case ParameterC. Adjacent ConditionD. Adjacent ParameterKey: C35. Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.A. phonemeB. wordC. phraseD. sentenceKey: D36. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker tosome future course of action are called _______.A. commisivesB. directivesC. expressivesD. declarativesKey: A37. The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach whichstudies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparativeKey: B38. The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, andpersonal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+last name, _______, and kin term.A. title+first nameB. title+titleC. title aloneD. first name+last name+titleKey: C39. Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts.When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as “subvocal speech,” and speech as “_______”.A. vocal thoughtB. subvocal thoughtC. covert thoughtD. overt thoughtKey: D40.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition?A. Language acquisition is a process of habit formation.B. Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings.C. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language.D. Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use.Key: A41. The words “kowtow” and “tea ” are loanwords from _______.A. ChineseB. GermanC. ItalianD. SpanishKey: A42. The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach whichstudies language change over various periods of time and atvarious historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparativeKey: B43. The formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of anotheris called _____.A. blendingB. clippingC. acronymyD. compoundingKey: A44. According to words’ structures, Latin is a typical ______ language.A. isolatingB. fusionalC. analyticD. agglutinativeKey: B45. The relation between “animal” and “lamb” is labeled as ________.A. gradabilityB. complementarityC. hyponymyD. homonymyKey: C46. One of the property of language is that there is no logical connection between meaningand sounds. This property of language is called________.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitrarinessKey: D47. The________ function refers to the use of language to create certain feelings in thehearer.A. phaticB. directiveC. evocativeD. performativeKey: A48. The _______ meaning of a word consists of the associations it acquires on account ofthe meanings of words which tend to occur in its environment.A. associativeB. affectiveC. stylisticD. collocativeKey: D49. When –or in editor is removed to get a verb edit, we call this way of creating words________.A. suffixationB. back-formationC. blendingD. acronymyKey:50. The relation between “rose” and “flower” is labeled as ________.A. gradabilityB. complementarityC. hyponymyD. homonymyKey: C51. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of thespeaker. This is what we mean by __________.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitrarinessKey: C52. When language is used to get the hearer to do something, then it serves a _______ function.A. directiveB. informativeC. interrogativeD. expressive53. The description of a language at some point in time is a ________ study.A. diachronicB. synchronicC. descriptiveD. prescriptiveKey: B54. The distinction between “competence” and“performance” was made by______ .A. N. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. M. A. HallidayD. L. BloomfieldKey: A55. According to the places of articulation, sounds in English such as [t], [l], and[z]can be labeled as _______ ones.A. dentalB. bilabialC. velarD. alveolarKey: D56. According to the morphological analysis, the underlined part in the word“inter nation alism” should be regarded as a ___________ .A. rootB. stemC. prefixD. suffixKey: B57. Words such as “telex” and “workfare” are created through ___________.A. affixationB. compoundingC. conversionD. blendingKey: D58. According to the syntactic construction analysis, simplesentence such as “John isa student.” belongs to __________construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. coordinateD. subordinateKey: B59. The sense relationship b etween “male” and “female” is _________.A. complementarityB. gradabilityC. relational oppositesD. hyponymyKey: A60. Componential analysis is a method of analyzing________ meaning.A. sentenceB. lexicalC. grammaticalD. utteranceKey: BII. Are the following statements true (T) or false (F)?1. A sentence cannot be a word or a fragment in strict sense, but an utterance can be a wordor a fragment of a sentence. T/FKey: T2.It doesn’t make sense to ask what language a sentence belongs to. T/FKey: F3. A stem first of all refers to any morpheme or combinationof morphemes, but an affix canbe added to it. T/FKey: T4.Every word in a language can find at least one referent in the objective world. T/F Key: F5.In most cases, lexicon means vocabulary and is related to the analysis and creation ofwords, idioms and collocations. T/FKey: T6.The use of the term ‘implicature’ is different from ‘implication’ in that it usuallyindicates a rather narrowly defined logical relationship between two propositions. T/F Key: F7. A phrase means two or more words in sequence, intended to have meaning, that form asyntactic unit that is less than a complete sentence. It is actually synonymous with word group. T/FKey: F8.Collocation is a term in lexicology used by some linguists to refer to the habitualco-occurrences of individual lexical items, or collocates. This relation of co-occurrence usually cannot be accounted for. T/F Key: T9.In order to understand how conversational principles work, we may consider how each maximactually works and how people observe these maxims in daily communication. T/F Key: T10.Syntax studies the rules which govern the ways words, word groups and phrases are combinedto make grammatical sentences in a language, i.e. it dealswith the relationships between elements in sentence structures. T/FKey: T11. Even in modern society, the primary medium is sound for all languages, and the fact thatchildren acquire spoken language first before they can read or write also indicates that language is primarily vocal.Key: T12.The defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal systemof communication are termed design features.Key: T13.There are other channels, besides language, for communicating our thoughts, so languageis only one aspect of semiotics.Key: T14.Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, written language assecondary.Key: T15.Descriptive linguistics aims to lay down rules for ‘correct’ language use, i.e., totell people what they should say and what should not say.Key: F16.Phonology is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speechsounds and their patterns.Key: F17.The case category is used in the analysis of word classes to identify the syntacticrelationship between words in a sentence.Key: T/doc/9e0177c283c758f5f61fb7360b4c 2e3f572725ad.html nguage is genetically transmitted.Key: F19.The grammar taught today to language learners is still basically descriptive. Key: F20.All the sounds produced by human are speech sounds.Key: F21.Generally speaking, pragmatics can be understood as a branch of linguistic study thatdeals with the factors that govern our choice of language in social interaction and the effects of our choice on others.22.[f], [v], [s], [z], [?] and [±] are all fricative in English, but [?] and [±] are alveolarwhile [f] and [v] are dental.Key: F23.In most cases, sentence is synonymous with utterance.Key: F24.Syntax exclusively deals with the study of the interrelationships between elements insentence structure, and it has nothing to do with exploring the syntactic relation beyond sentence boundary.Key: F25.The London School proposed a functional approach towards the concept of phoneme, andN. Trubetzkoy made the greatest contribution to the related study.Key: F26. A phoneme in a language is a distinctive sound which iscapable of distinguishing oneword or one shape of a word from another.Key: T27.Every language is part of a culture, and it cannot but serve and reflect cultural needs. Key: T28.Sentence can be extended either by conjoining or embedding, and a construction whereconstituents have been linked through the use of conjunction indicates a paratactic relation.Key: F29.Both Chinese and English are tone languages.30.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.Key: F31.Derivation changes always result in change of the word class of the original words. Key: T32.Pitch variations may be distinctive like phonemes, and in this function they are calledtones. Languages using tones, like Chinese, are called tone language.Key: T33.The notion of inflection just indicates the manifestation of grammatical relationships,rather than lexical ones, through the addition of inflectional affixes.Key: T34.The same morpheme always takes different forms in different contexts.Key: T35. According to P. Grice, whether a speaker follows or violates the Maxims of the CooperativePrinciple, he produces some implicature, i.e. a kind of extra meaning that is not contained in the utterance.Key: T36.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spokenform. T/FKey: F37.In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel suchas/i:/, the larynx is in a state of tension. T/FKey: T38.A compound is the combination of only two words. T/FKey: F39.“The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture”, and “Thelinguistic lecture”in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.”belong to the same syntactic category. T/F Key: T40.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in differentsituations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense. T/F Key: F41.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition,unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true. T/FKey: T42.The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is non-conventional and not arbitrary. T/FKey: F/doc/9e0177c283c758f5f61fb7360b4c 2e3f572725ad.html nguage reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist, just as it is not obscene; but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism. T/FKey: T44.If a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a languagesuccessfully later on. T/FKey: T45.When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language, they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them. T/FKey: F46. Leonard Bloomfield maintained that linguistics should describe instead of prescribe what people actually say and should take a deductive approach in analyzing data.Key: F47. Chomsky believes that linguistic study and research can help explain what happens in the mind, and linguistics should be regarded as a branch of psychology.Key: F48. Halliday claims that if we are given an adequate specification of the semantic properties of the context in terms of field, tenor and mode, we should be able to predict the syntactic properties of texts.Key: F49. Onomatopoeia indicates a non-arbitrary relationshipbetween form and meaning.Key: F50. Traffic light system has the feature of duality.Key: F51. T he distinction of ‘linguistic potential’ and ‘actual linguistic behavior’ isproposed by N. Chomsky.Key: F52. In English there are three nasal sounds. They are [m], [n], and [l].Key: T53. A morpheme is the minimal contrastive unit in the writing system of a language.Key: F54. According to the functions of affixes, we can put them into groups: inflectional affixes and derivational affixes.Key: T55. Compounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.Key: T56. Metathesis refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.Key: F57. The requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes which standin specific syntactic relationship with one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category or categories is called concord.Key: T58. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose pointis to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called directivesKey: F59. The term synchronic linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages. Key: F60. In terms of manner of articulation, the sounds [p], [b], [t],[d], [k], [g] are affricates Key: FIII.Fill in the blanks:1.It is generally believed that J. Austin and _______ made the greatest contribution tothe proposition of Speech Act Theory, an important theory in pragmatic study.Key: J. Searle2.According to the positions affixes occupy in words, __________ falls into prefixationand suffixation.Key: affixation3.The signs “&”, “@”, “%” and “$” widely used today are examples of ______ writing.Key: word4.Two methods can be used to reconstruct an older form ofa language: internalreconstruction and the _______ reconstruction.Key: external5.The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has two major thrusts: linguistic determinism and linguistic_______ .Key: relativity6.In the course of communication, a speaker may changefrom the standard language to thenon-standard language, may shift his subject matter, or may move from one point on the formality scale to another point. This linguistic behavior is referred to as ______.Key: code switch7.The different types of a language as different forms to realize a mere generalizationof the language are called “sub-languages” or _______.Key: (language) varieties。
语言学概论章节练习及答案

第一章一、单项选择题1.首先提出“能指”和“所指”这对概念的语言学家是A.洪堡特B.索绪尔C.乔姆斯基D.萨丕尔答案:B解析:瑞士语言学家索绪尔把语言符号中能够指称某种意义的声音称为“能指”;把语言符号中由特定声音表示的意义称为“所指”。
2.下列关于语言符号的表述,不正确的一项是A.语言符号包括能指和所指B.语言符号的音和义不可分割C.语言符号音义关系具有任意性D.语言符号不能分解和重新组合答案:D解析:语言符号是离散的,可以分解的,且在时间顺序上是成线性排列的。
语言符号的线性特征使得语言符号有可能组合成大小不等的单位;语言符号的离散性又使得语言符号有可能形成各种各样的排列组合。
由此可见,语言符号是可以分解和重新组合的。
3.“名无固宜,约之以命,约定俗成谓之宜,异于约则谓之不宜”这句话出自A.《论语,述而》B.《庄子·养生主》C.《韩非子·五蠹》D.《荀子·正名》答案:D解析:该句话出自荀子的《正名篇》。
二、多项选择题1.下列关于书面语的表述,正确的有A.是经过提炼的口语的书面形式B.与口语相比缺少了一些内容C.不存在与口语严重脱节现象D.会具有相对独立的发展历史E.不会影响和促进口语的发展答案:ABD解析:书面语不是口语绝对忠实的记录,更不是口语机械的复制品,书面语的写作比口语有更充足的时间来推敲,比口语更加精炼和准确,所以与口语相比,少了一些内容。
书面语一旦形成,就具有相对的独立性;书面语克服了空间和时间上的限制,形成完备的语音、词汇、语法系统,反过来影响口语发展。
存在书面语与口语严重脱节现象,中国的文言文和西方的拉丁文就是“言文脱节”的典型例子。
三、术语解释题1.所指答案:索绪尔给语言符号所指的意义创制了一个专门术语,称为“所指”,即特定声音表示的意义。
四、简答题1.举例说明语言符号的线性特征和离散性特征。
答案:(1)语言符号的线性特征是指:人们说话时,语言符号只能依时间的先后成线性排列,正是在这种线性的排列中,语言符号之间才得以形成各种组合关系,产生各种不同的语法结构。
语言学概论(汉语言文学)_习题集(含答案)

《语言学概论》课程习题集一、名词解释题1.国际音标2.语言融合3.亲属语言4.形态5.语言能力6.“洋泾浜”7.语言符号8.社会方言9.组合关系10.谱系分类11.语言学12.基本词汇13.词的理性意义14.符号15.孤立语16.音标17.混合语18.思维19.仿译词20.屈折语21.音素22.聚合关系23.语言24.国语25.说话二、简答题26.举例说明地域方言在词汇上的差别。
27.为什么说机器不能思维?28.聋哑人不会言语,那么聋哑人能思维吗?29.语法范畴有何特点?30.举例说明语流音变中的“弱化”现象。
31.举例说明借词过程中往返借用的现象。
32.地域方言的形成原因。
33.语言融合的意义。
34.语言和说话的异同。
35.人类语言语法结构的普遍特征?36.社会方言与共同语的关系。
37.举例说明共同语形成的条件。
38.举例说明语言发展的不平衡性。
39.汉藏语系诸语言在结构类型上的共同特点。
40.语言与思维的关系。
三、填空题41.一种语言能否成为全社会共同交际工具的条件,关键在:()、()。
42.语言的分化主要表现在()、()。
43.文字是建立在()基础之上的一种最重要的()交际工具。
44.词的词汇意义可分为:()、()45.语言融合的过程大体是:先出现()、最后导致一种语言()另一种语言而完成语言的统一。
46.语言发展的原因主要有:()、()的相互影响47.语言学的基本任务是:(),()。
48.语言的上层是音义结合的符号和符号的系列,它又可以分以下三级:它们是:()、词、()。
49.语言融合的方式主要有两种:()、()。
50.语言符号的特征主要有(),()。
51.语言发展的特点主要有()、()。
52.语言学的功用主要有(),()等。
53.汉藏语系诸语言主要分布于:()、()等。
54.常见的语法范畴主要有:()、()等。
55.人类语言按亲属关系大致可分:()、()等语系。
四、论述题(略)……答案一、名词解释题1.国际音标指国际语音学会于1888年制定并开始使用的各国通用的音素标写符号2.语言融合是随着不同民族的接触或融合而产生的一种语言现象,换言之,指一种语言排挤替代其它语言而成为不同民族的共同交际语。
语言学概论习题库含答案

语言学概论单元作业1(教材:叶蜚声徐通锵《语言学纲要》)一、解释下列名词(16分,每词2分)1.说话——说话是运用语言的过程,即言语行为。
2.交际工具——交际工具是人们交流感情、表达思想、传递信息的媒体。
语言是最重要的交际工具。
3.社会现象——社会现象包括经济基础和上层建筑两大类。
语言是特殊的社会现象。
4.思维——思维是认识现实世界时的动脑筋地过程,也指动脑筋时进行比较、分析、综合以认识现实的能力。
5.小学——小学是和经学相对而言的,包括文字学、音韵学和训诂学,是我国传统的语文学。
6.专语语言学——以某一种具体的语言为研究对象的语言学称为专语语言学。
7.普通语言学——以人类一般语言为研究对象,研究人类语言的性质、结构特征、发展规律的科学,是综合众多语言的研究成果而建立起来的,是语言学的重要理论部分。
18.历史(时)语言学和共时语言学(描写语言学)——对于个别语言可以从发展的观点来考察语言的历史演变,研究语言的结构体系和语言的各个要素从古到今的变化和发展规律,这种研究个别语言历史发展的叫历史语言学。
从个别语言发展中的一个横断面即某一阶段进行结构体系和结构规律的静态研究,叫描写语言学。
二、填空(20分,每空1分)1.人和动物的区别是人会制造生产工具进行劳动,而且人类有、,这是人和动物相区别的重要标志之一。
2.一种语言中的句子数量是无限的,人类之所以能掌握语言,是因为构成句子的语言材料和。
是十分有限的。
3.语言是人类社会的。
,而且也是思维的。
4.在一定条件下,身体姿势等伴随动作还可以离开语言独立完成交际任务。
例如汉民族点头表示。
,摇头表示。
,送别时挥手表示。
,。
表示欢迎,咬牙切齿表示。
,手舞足蹈表示。
5.人的大脑分左右两半球,大脑的。
半球控制语言活动,右半球掌管不需要语言的感情。
6.汉语的姐姐、妹妹,英语用。
表示,汉语的叔叔、2伯伯、舅舅、姨父,英语用。
表示。
7.英语可以直接用数词修饰名词,汉语数词修饰名词一般要加上一个。
《语言学概论》练习题答案

《语言学概论》练习题答案1《导言》综合练习一、名词解释1、语言学:语言学是以人类语言作为研究对象的学科,研究人类语言的性质、结构、发展等。
2、小学:在中国古代,小学先从教授字的形(六书)、音、义开始,就把研究文字、训诂、音韵方面的学问统称为小学。
小学一直是经学的一部分,包括音韵学、训诂学、文字学三个分支学科,3、个别语言学:按照研究对象不同而划分出来的语言学类型,即针对一种语言研究而形成的语言学。
4、共时语言学:从同一时间层上对语言进行研究而形成的语言学分支学科。
5、历时语言学:从不同时间层面上对同一语言或或不同语言进行研究而形成的语言学分支学科。
6、普通语言学:以世界上所有语言为研究对象进行研究而形成的,关于全世界语言一般的共通规律的语言学科。
二、填空1.(中国)、(印度)、(古罗马-希腊)2.文字、音韵、训诂3.语音、词汇和语义、语法4.编码、发送、传递、接收、解码5.共时、历时;共时、历时6.普通语言学7.句法结构8.索绪尔三、思考题1、参教材第3而。
2、参教材3-4页,或讲课笔记。
3、语言学的功用(1)提高文化水平,掌握科学技术的基础:研究本族语的结构规律→指导语文教学实践;(2)指导我们学习语言,运用语言和研究语言:方言,本族语,第二语言习得等;(3)有利于各项语文政策的制定和推行:扫除文盲,汉字改革,推广普通话,语言规范化;(4)提高文学作品的分析和鉴赏能力;(5)有利于科学技术的现代化:语言是信息载体——计算机对自然语言的处理(6)对哲学也有重要意义:语言与思维的关系,语言的起源,语言的本质等(7)对个人语言的学习来说,利用语言学的成果,可取得事半功倍的效果。
4、语言学的分类参讲课笔记。
2《语言的社会功能》综合练习一、名词解释1、语言:语言是一个音义结合的符号系统,是人类独有的、最重要的交际工具,同时也是思维工具。
2、言语:言语就是说话和所说出来的话。
话(言语)都是由某种语言的词按照这种语言的规则组合起来的,它有声音和意义两个方面,但它毕竟不是这种语言本身,而说话即运用语言的行为也不是语言本身。
语言学概论习题参考附标准答案
《语言学概论》习题答案选择题第一章总论□ 言语是×. 言论与语言×. 音义结合的符号系统√. 说话和所说的话□ 语言是一种×. 形式和内容相统一的视觉符号√. 音义结合的听觉符号系统×. 用来交际的触觉符号系统□ 抽象思维的一般特性是×. 概括性、民族性×. 概念、判断、推理×. 固定、再现、改造√. 概括性、社会性□ 语言是思维的工具指的是×. 一切思维必须由语言完成√. 主要指抽象思维和直观动作思维、形象思维的高级阶段离不开语言×. 指直观动作思维和表象思维离不开语言□ 思维的三种类型是√. 直观动作思维、表象思维、抽象思维×. 概念、判断、推理×. 固定、再现、改造□ 语言符号的任意性是×. 语言符号的创造和使用总是任意的2×. 我们可以任意理解语言的符号√. 语言符号音义之间没有本质的联系□ 语言符号的线条性×. 语言符号的排列没有阶级性,象一根线条排列在一起×. 语言符号一个跟一个依次出现,随时间推移不分层次逐渐延伸√. 语言符号在时间的线条上逐个出现,同时不排除层次性□ "他肯定不会来了!" 这句话强调了说者的×. 说话行为√. 施事行为×. 取效行为×. 言语行为□ 汉语声调从中古到现代的"平分阴阳,入派三声"的规律是√. 个别语言的发展规律×. 一般语言的发展规律×. 汉民族各种方言的发展规律□ 一个民族内部共同使用的语言称为√. 民族共同语×. 民族交际语×. 国际交际语□ 克里奥尔语是语言的√. 混合×. 融合×. 分化×. 整化□ 语言融合的"底层"现象是×. 语言装置的最下面一层,即语音部分√. 被融合的语言的某些遗留下来的因素×. 被压迫的阶层第二章语音□ 声调决定于√. 音高×. 音强×. 音长×. 音质□ [p、t?、b、k]在发音方法上的共同特点是×. 清音×. 不送气√. 塞音×. 擦音□ 舌尖后浊擦音是×. [x] ×. [b]√. [?] ×. [z]□ [tA](大)是√. 开音节×. 闭音节×. 元音首音节√. 辅音首音节□ [](血)中的[?]是×. 起音√. 领音×. 收音□ [kai51](盖)中的[i]是×. 起音×. 领音√. 收音×. 辅音□ 普通话[?in55k?u214](辛苦)快读是[?i? 55k?u214]这种现象是×. 顺同化√. 逆同化×. 顺异化×. 逆异化×. 弱化×. 脱落□ 普通话[f?n214pi214]快读是[f?m35pi214]这种现象是×. 顺同化√. 逆同化×. 顺异化√. 逆异化课后答案网阳光大学生网4×. 弱化×. 脱落□ 普通话[tou51fu214](豆腐)快读是[tou51f]这种现象是×. 同化×. 异化×. 弱化√. 脱落×. 增音第三章语义□ ________是指语言单位的意义在一定的语境的作用下,内部变得具体、丰富或增加一些附加意义。
《语言学概论》课后习题参考答案
《语言学概论》练习(一)参考答案一、填空1、中国、印度、希腊—罗马具有悠久的历史文化传统,是语言学的三大发源地。
2、历史比较语言学是在19世纪逐渐发展和完善的,它是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志。
3、人的大脑分左右两半球,大脑的左半球控制语言活动,右半球掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。
4、一个符号,如果没有意义,就失去了存在的必要,如果没有形式,我们就无法感知,符号也就失去了存在的物质基础。
5、用什么样的语音形式代表什么样的意义,完全是由使用这种语言的社会成员约定俗成。
6、语言符号具有任意性和线条性特点。
7、语言的底层是一套音位,上层是符号和符号的序列,可以分为若干级,第一级是语素,第二级是词,第三级是句子。
8、语言系统中的所有符号,既可以同别的符号组合,又可以被别的符号替换,符号之间的这种关系是组合关系和聚合关系。
9、组合关系是指符号与符号相互之间在功能上的联系,聚合关系是指符号在性质上的归类。
二、判断正误1、文字是人类最重要的交际工具。
(错)2、地主阶级和农民阶级之间没有共同语言,这说明语言是有阶级性的。
(错)3、在现代社会,文字比语言更加重要。
(错)4、现代社会,沟通的方式很多,语言的重要性日渐削弱。
(错)5、语言是思维的工具,没有语言,人类就无法思维。
(对)6、语言和思维互相依存,共同发展。
(对)7、任何一种符号,都是由内容和意义两个方面构成的。
(错)8、从本质上看,语言其实是一种符号系统。
(对)9、人类选择语音而不是色彩、手势作为语言符号的形式,是因为语音比较好听。
(错)10、语言符号的约定俗成是指语音形式和意义内容的结合是社会成员共同约定认同的。
(对)三、问答题:1、语言的作用是什么,举例说明。
为什么说语言是最重要的交际工具?答:它是人类社会的交际工具。
每个社会,无论它是经济发达的社会,还是经济十分落后的社会,都必须有属于自己的语言,都离不开语言这个交际工具,语言是组成社会必不可少的一个因素,是人类与动物区别的重要特征之一。
《语言学概论》综合练习题及参考答案.doc
《语言学概论》综合练习题及参考答案一、判断(一)1.我国古代的书面语叫文言文。
(X)2.埃及是世界上有名的文明古国,是语言学的三大发源地之一。
(X)3.索绪尔被人们称之为现代语言学之父,其代表著作为《普通语言学教程》。
(V)4.语言单位的组合具有一定的规则,例如汉语动词后面的宾语一般是名词充当,所以只要在动词后面放一个名词就能组成述宾结构。
(X)5.语言和文字都是人类最重要的交际工具。
(X)6.语言作为社会现象,不是属于上层建筑,而是属于经济基础。
(X)7.语言和思维是不同性质的东西,二者没有任何联系。
(X)8.在一定的条件下,身势等伴随动作也可以脱离语言而独立完成一些交际任务。
(V )9.现代社会沟通的方式很多,语言的重要性正日渐削弱。
(X)10.我们常听人们说“工人有工人的语言,农民有农民的语言”,这说明语言是有阶级性的。
(X)11.语言是组成社会的一个不可缺少的因素,没有语言可以说就没有人类社会的存在。
(")12.语言是思维的工具,没有语言,人类就无法进行有效的思维。
(J)13.会不会说话是人类和动物的根本区别之一。
(J)14.语言和思维是两种独立的现象,但它们又形影相随,不可分离。
(J)15.任何一种符号都包括内容和意义两个方面,二者缺一不可。
(X)16.人的语言能力是天生的,是先天具备的。
(J)17.语言符号具有任意性的特点,因此我们可以自由地使用语音形式表达意义,例如把shuiguo (水果)说成guoshui o ( X )18.人们般认为人类有5000多种语言。
人类之所以有这么多种语言,究其根本原因是由于语言的音义结合具有任意性特点而造成的。
(/)19.语言符号的二层性特点是指语言是由语音和词汇组成的。
(X)20.儿童在中国长大就会说汉语,在英国长大则会说英语,这说明人类具有学习语言的本能。
(X)(二)1.组合规则是客观存在的,大家必须共同遵守。
V2.聚合规则是潜在的,意思是聚合规则并不存在。
语言学概论练习答案
《语言学概论》练习练习一(导论部分)填空题:1.语言学的研究对象是人类的语言。
2.以研究目的为标准,可以把语言学分为理论语言学和应用语言学两大类。
3.以研究对象为标准,可以把语言学分为个别语言学和普通语言学两大类。
《语言学概论》属于普通语言学,《现代汉语》属于个别语言学。
4.19世纪20年代以后,随着历史比较语言学的建立,语言学逐渐发展成为一门独立的科学。
5.我国语言学时期主要有三门学问,即文字学、训诂学和音韵学,它们被统称为“小学”。
6.瑞士语言学家索绪尔(费尔迪南?德?索绪尔)是结构主义奠基人,其代表作《普通语言学教程》在语言学史上占有十分重要的地位。
练习二(第一章语言的本质)一、名词解释:1.语言:从语言本身的结构来看,它是由词汇和语法构成的体系。
所谓词汇就是某种语言中词的总汇。
所谓语法就是把语言成分组织起来的各种规则和总和,语言的社会功能是语言作为人类最重要的交际工具和思维工具。
2.言语:言语不同于语言,所谓言语就是指说话和所说的话,言语的范围要比语言来得大。
3.任意性:语言符号的任意性就是语言符号的语音形式与意义内容的结合是任意的。
4.线条性:语言符号的线条性是指在交际过程中,语言符号或语言符号的语音形式,只能一个接着一个,前后相继,依次出现,随着时间的推移而延伸,不可能在同一时间里说出两个或两个以上的符号或声音。
5.组合关系:语言符号的各个要素前后依次相继出现,彼此相互联结的语言成分之间构成的关系就是组合关系。
每一种成分都有其特定的组合关系。
(横向的联系)6.聚合关系:处于同一个层级上的语言单位,由于它们具有共同的特点,就可以成为一种类别,同类的各成分之间具有的关系就是聚合关系。
(纵向的联系)二、填空题。
1.语言符号是音和义的结合体,语言符号的音义结合是任意的,没有本质的必然联系。
2.符号是指代某种事物的标记,它由形式和意义两部分构成。
符号的形式是人的感官可以感知的,符号的内容是形式所表达的意义。
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1《导言》综合练习一、名词解释1、语言学:语言学是以人类语言作为研究对象的学科,研究人类语言的性质、结构、发展等。
2、小学:在中国古代,小学先从教授字的形(六书)、音、义开始,就把研究文字、训诂、音韵方面的学问统称为小学。
小学一直是经学的一部分,包括音韵学、训诂学、文字学三个分支学科,3、个别语言学:按照研究对象不同而划分出来的语言学类型,即针对一种语言研究而形成的语言学。
4、共时语言学:从同一时间层上对语言进行研究而形成的语言学分支学科。
5、历时语言学:从不同时间层面上对同一语言或或不同语言进行研究而形成的语言学分支学科。
6、普通语言学:以世界上所有语言为研究对象进行研究而形成的,关于全世界语言一般的共通规律的语言学科。
二、填空1.(中国)、(印度)、(古罗马-希腊)2.文字、音韵、训诂3.语音、词汇和语义、语法4.编码、发送、传递、接收、解码5.共时、历时;共时、历时6.普通语言学7.句法结构8.索绪尔三、思考题1、参教材第3而。
2、参教材3-4页,或讲课笔记。
3、语言学的功用(1)提高文化水平,掌握科学技术的基础:研究本族语的结构规律→指导语文教学实践;(2)指导我们学习语言,运用语言和研究语言:方言,本族语,第二语言习得等;(3)有利于各项语文政策的制定和推行:扫除文盲,汉字改革,推广普通话,语言规范化;(4)提高文学作品的分析和鉴赏能力;(5)有利于科学技术的现代化:语言是信息载体——计算机对自然语言的处理(6)对哲学也有重要意义:语言与思维的关系,语言的起源,语言的本质等(7)对个人语言的学习来说,利用语言学的成果,可取得事半功倍的效果。
4、语言学的分类参讲课笔记。
2《语言的社会功能》综合练习一、名词解释1、语言:语言是一个音义结合的符号系统,是人类独有的、最重要的交际工具,同时也是思维工具。
2、言语:言语就是说话和所说出来的话。
话(言语)都是由某种语言的词按照这种语言的规则组合起来的,它有声音和意义两个方面,但它毕竟不是这种语言本身,而说话即运用语言的行为也不是语言本身。
3、内部言语:不发出声来的言语。
4、外部言语:发出声来的言语。
5、思维:人动脑的一种过程。
二、填空1、语言;2、规则;3、交际工具、工具;4、左、思维;5、sister uncle、民族性;6、量词;7、语言;8、全民性、阶级性;9、全民的、具体的。
三、判断题×××××××√√××√√四、思考题1.说话和语言有什么区别?区别:语言是一般的,抽象的,言语是个别的,具体的。
语言的现成性和言语的编制性语言单位的有限性和言语单位的无限性语言的全民性和言语的个人性。
联系:言语活动=语言+言语1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+……=12、语言符号的产生有任意性,但进入社会中的语言则具有强制性。
3、语言符号的无限性与单位(规则)的有限性。
4、注意区分语言的全民性与语言表达内容的阶级性。
5、理解语言是思维的工具:(1)区别○语言的民族性与思维的全人类性○语言的物质性与思维的纯精神性○思维与语言的构成方式不同,各有其发展规律(2)联系○语言过程与思维过程的一致性思维:混沌不清——清楚条理;语言:内部言语——外语言语○语言和思维的联系的客观存在A,语言是思维的工具B,语言是思维成果的贮存所3《语言是符号系统》综合练习一、名词解释1.符号符号,就是指代某种事物的标记,记号,它是由一个社会的全体成员共同约定用来表示某种意义的标记和记号。
2.符号的任意性任意性是语言符号的本质特征之一。
其含义是:语言符号的音义联系并非是本质的,必然的,而是由社会成员共同约定的,一种意义为什么要用这个声音形式,而不用那种声音形式,这中间没有什么道理可言,完全是偶然的、任意的。
语言符号和客观事物之间也没有必然联系。
4.二层性即语言是分层装置:语言的底层是一套音位,一种语言的音位的数目虽然只有几十个,却能构成数目众多的组合。
这些组合为语言符号准备了形式的部分。
语言的上层是音义结合的符号和符号的序列,这一层又分为若干级。
第一级是语素,意义在这里被装进形式的口袋,成了音义结合的最小的符号。
第二级是由语素构成的词,第三级是由词构成的句子。
词和句子都是符号的序列。
5.组合关系语言符号的组合方式是顺着时间的线条前后相续,好像一根链条,一个环节扣着一个环节。
处于组合链中的两个符号或符号列之间构成的关系称为组合关系。
符号和符号的组合形成语言的结构。
比主谓关系、动宾关系、偏正关系等都是具体的组合关系类型,是符号和符号组合而成的语言的结构类型。
6.聚合关系语言系统中的任意两个或两个以上的符号,如果相互之间存在着(任意)一个共同特征,那么这两个或两个以上的符号就构成一个聚合群。
处于聚合群中的两个符号之间存在着可以用共同特征加以命名的聚合关系。
分广义聚合关系和狭义聚合关系两种。
其中的狭义聚合是只在链条的某一环节上能够互相替换的符号之间所形成的功能聚合关系。
二、填空1、形式、意义;2、内容、形式;3、音、义、形式;4、约定俗成;5、线条性、任意性;6、音位、序列、语素、语;7、组合关系、聚合关系;8、组合、聚合;9、抽象思维、灵活发音三、判断√√××√√√×√×××√√√××√×四、思考题1.举例说明什么是符号、符号是由哪些因素构成的?所谓符号,就是指代某种事物的标记,记号,它是由一个社会的全体成员共同约定用来表示某种意义的标记和记号。
这种记号代表什么意义是社会全体成员都知道的,都认可的。
现实生活中,用一个事物做另一个事物意义的标记的情况比比皆是。
比如街上的汽车,开着开着突然停了,因为遇见了红灯,因为红灯是社会成员约定表示停止意义的记号;一会儿绿灯亮了,汽车又继续往前开,因为绿灯是大家共同约定表示可以通行中一意义的标记。
古代人打仗,击鼓表示前进进攻,鸣金(敲锣)表示退却收兵;敌人来了,在烽火台上放火发出信号。
现代军营还用号声表示起床、休息等意义。
交通警察用手势还可以表示各种意义。
任何符号都包括形式和意义中两个方面的要素,二者互相依存,各以对方为存在条件,缺一不可。
2.为什么说语言是一种符号系统?答题要点:(1)语言是个层级体系。
(2)任何一个语言符号都处在一个以上的聚合群之内。
(3)绝大多数语法符号都能与至少一个符号构成组合关系。
3.人类选择语音作为语言的形式,同其它形式相比,语音形式有什么优点?这是因为:(1)语言符号使用起来最简便声音是每个人都能发出来的,本身没有任何“重量”,便于携带,人走到哪里,它就能“跟”到哪里,张嘴就能说,既不需要像大人国里的人那样背着一个沉重的大口袋,也不需要任何其他专门的物质设备(即使像旗语这种简单的交际工具,也还需要两根棍子、两块布)。
(2)语言符号的容量最大语言系统中几十个语音单位通过排列组合就可以把现实世界中的所有的现象都表达出来。
(3)语言符号的表达效果最好说话只是动“嘴皮子”,可以大声疾呼,也可以慢声细语,上下古今,喜怒哀乐,不管多么复,杂的道理,动人的感情,都可以通过语言表达出来。
如果改用手势,效果就要差得多:远处看不清,暗处看不见;深奥的哲理,细腻的感情,也难以用手势表达;而且做手势时还得把双手腾出来,影响劳动。
由于用声音作语言符号的材料有这种种优越性,因而人类的祖先在长期发展过程中选用它做交际工具的物质形式。
4、略为什么说语言符号的形式和意义之间没有本质联系?这是因为:语言符号中的形式和意义的结合完全由社会“约定俗成”,汉语中为什么把“用两条腿走路、会说话、会干活的动物”这样的意义和rén这个语音形式结合起来,这是没有道理可说的,完全由社会的习惯所决定。
如果我们的祖先不把这类对象叫做ren,而叫别的,也完全可以。
早在两千多年前,我国著名的哲学家荀子曾经说过:“名无固宜,约之以命,约定俗成谓之宜,异于约谓之不宜。
名无固实,约之以命实,约定俗成谓之实名。
”(《荀子·正名》)。
5.同样表示“父亲”、“母亲”,汉语用“bàba”、“māmɑ”表示,英语用father、mother表示。
为什么会有这样的差别呢?语言符号的任意性是指语音形式与意义之间没有必然的联系。
什么样的声音与什么样的意义结合,取决于约定俗成的社会习惯。
同样表示“父亲”、“母亲”,汉语之所以用“bàba”、“mām ɑ”表示,英语之所以用father、mother表示,这取决于汉民族和英格兰民族的不同的社会约定。
6.为什么人类会有如此多样的语言?世界上为什么有多达5500种语言,就是因为人类创造语言时在选择语音形式表达意义内容方面的不一致,因而形成了不同的语言。
由于语言具有社会属性,不是自然的,语音形式和意义内容之间没有必然的本质的联系,完全是偶然的,不可解释的。
7.为什么说语言符号在所有符号中是最重要、最复杂的一种?(1)语言符号是声音和意义的结合体,是说的和听的。
语言符号的形式选择的是声音,即语音,而不是色彩、线条一类作为形式。
人类之所以选择语音作为语言符号的外在形式,这主要是因为语音符号本身具有突出的优点:一方面,语音是人类发音器官发出来的声音,发音器官人人都有,随时可以使用,因此人们可以在任何地方使用语音形式表达意义内容,不需要任何附加设备,使用非常方便,简便;另一方面,语音的容量非常大,一种语言一般只有几十个音,就可以任意排列组合,表达思想;而且,用嘴说话还不影响手脚的活动,在劳动的过程中,有声的语言不会因为距离和光线而影响交际沟通。
所以人类语言一开始就是有声语言,而不是无声的手势之类。
(2)一般符号的构成比较简单,而语言符号却是非常复杂的,可分不同的层级。
语言符号可以说是人类创造的最为复杂的符号体系,符号单位最多,可以分为音位层和符号层,符号层又可分为语素、词、句子三层,每一层次都有相当数量的符号单位。
而其它的符号则非常简单,例如十字路口的红绿灯,只有红绿黄三种色彩的变化,军营的军号通过长短音的组合表示不同的意义,构成也很简单。
(3)一般符号由于构造简单,因而只能表达有限的内容,而且这种内容是简单而固定的,如红绿灯,其中的红灯表示禁止通行,绿灯表示可以通行,黄灯表示预备。
语言符号则可以表达丰富多彩的意义,人类任何复杂的思想,以及思想感情的微妙之处,都可以通过语言表达出来。
比如汉语中可以用“死亡、逝世、殉职、就义、牺牲、驾崩、坐化、驾鹤西归、完蛋、蹬腿”表示不同身份的人的死亡,用“精细、精巧、精美、精致”表示美好的物品的一些细微差别。
这样细腻地表达人类的感情的功能,除了语言符号,别的符号不可能做到。