徐志成版电气专业英语U2全文翻译

徐志成版电气专业英语U2全文翻译
徐志成版电气专业英语U2全文翻译

Unit 2 二极管

电子元件当中,二极管是一种具有两个电极的装置。

二极管两级之间的信号可以流动,但大多数都用到它们单向电流的特性。

变容二极管用作电子式的可调电容器。

大多数二极管具有的电流方向性的特点统称为整流特性。

二极管最普遍的功能就是只允许电流由单一方向通过(称为顺向偏压),反向时阻断(称为逆向偏压)。

因此,二极管可以认为是电子版的逆止阀。

真正的二极管不显示这样一个完美的开关方向,但却有一个较为复杂的取决于半导体技术的非线性电学特性。

二极管也有一些其他不设计开关方式的功能。

早期的二极管包含“猫须晶体”以及真空管。

现今最普遍的二极管大多是使用半导体材料如硅或锗。

半导体二极管

大多数现代二极管都基于p-n结。

在p-n结二极管中,电流从p端(阳极)流向n端(阴极),但是不可以反相流。另一种半导体二极管,肖特基二极管,利用金属与半导体接触形成的金属——半导体结原理制作的而不是p-n结原理制作。

电流——电压特性

半导体二极管的电流——电压特性,或者说I-V曲线,与载流子流过的耗尽层或耗散区有关,耗尽层或耗散区位于不同类型半导体间形成的p-n结上。

当p-n结是第一次创建,导带(移动)电子从n型掺杂区扩散到有许多空穴的(没有电子的区域)P区电子“重组”。

当一个移动的电子在空穴重组,空穴和电子都消失了,留下一个N端的正电荷和P端的负电荷。

p-n结附近的区域成为耗尽区,从而表现为绝缘体。

然而,耗尽层的宽并不是无限的。

因为每个电子空穴重组,在N区留下一个正电离子,在P区留下一个负电离子。

因为重组过程和更多的离子被创建,电场的增加使通过耗尽区的作用减缓,终于停止重组。

在这一点上,有一个“内置”的潜力穿越耗尽区。

如果外部电压与放置在二极管具有相同,耗尽区作用与绝缘体作用相同,阻止任何电流流过。

这是偏置现象。

但是,如果外部电压的极性与内部潜在的相反,便会再次重组,使电流通过p-n结。

就硅二极管而言,内置电压约为0.6伏。

因此,如果电流通过二极管,约0.6伏将穿越二极管,在相对于N区p型掺杂区为正,二极管就被“打开”了,因为它有正向偏置。

二极管的I-V特性与下图操作的四个区域类似(图1.2. 1)。

在反向偏压非常大的情况下,超越反峰电压或PIV,这个过程被称为反向击穿,它导致电流的增加,并永久损害设备。

雪崩二极管是故意设计用于击穿区域。

齐纳二极管中(稳压二极管),PIV技术的概念是不适用的。

齐纳二极管包含一个重掺杂p-n结隧道,允许电子从p 型材料的价带到n型材料的导带,这样的反相电压“夹紧”

到一个已知值(叫做齐纳电压(稳压电源)),击穿不会发生。

但是,两种二极管都有最大电流和钳位反向电压区域功率限制。

第二个区域,反向偏压大于PIV,只有很小的反向饱和电流。

在反向偏置的p-n结整流二极管区域,通过电流是很慢(μA范围内)。

第三个区域是向前的,但小的偏置,其中只有一个小的正向电流。

由于上述任意定义的“削减电压”或“对电压”或“二极管正向压降”潜在差异的增加,二极管的电流变得明显(电流的电平被认为是“明显的”,削减电压的值依赖于应用程序),二极管表现成一个阻值非常低的电阻器。

电流-电压曲线呈指数型。

正常硅二极管的额定电流,任意的“削减”电压被定义为0.6至0.7伏。

其他类型二极管的值不相同,肖特基二极管可以低至0. 2V,红色发光二极管(LED)可以1.4V以上,蓝色LED可以达到4.0V。

电流较高,二极管的正向压降增加。

压降为1V至1.5V是典型的全功率二极管的额定电流。

半导体二极管的类型

结型二极管有许多种类型的,不是强调在一个专用电路中二极管由几何尺度,掺杂层,选择合适的电极等不同的物理方面,就如耿氏效应和激光二极管和金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管的不同的设备。

普通(p-n结)二级管,如上所述,通常是由硅或更为少见的锗掺杂制作。

在现代硅功率整流二极管的发展以前,铜和硒被用作原料,它的低效率给了它一个更高的正向压降(通常1.4-1.7伏每“细胞”,通过多个细胞堆积,增加高电压整流器的峰值反向电压),需要大的散热片(通常二极管的金属基体的延伸),远大于同一电流额定值的硅二极管。

所有二级管,包括每个引脚和其他内部二极管,绝大多数是CMOS(互补金属氧化物半导体)集成电路P-N二极管。

二级管的应用

无线电解调

二极管的第一个用途是调幅无线电广播(调幅)的调幅。

这一发现的历史在无线电文章中被深度探讨。

总的来说,调幅信号由电压的正峰值和负峰值组成,振幅或包络线与原始音频信号成比例。

二级管(原来是一个晶体二极管)整流无线电频率信号,只留下无线电原始音频信号。

音频可使用一个简单的滤波器提取,并送入音频放大器或换频器来产生声波。

功率转换

整流器是由二极管构成的,它们被用来把交流转换为直流电。

汽车交流发电机是常见的例子,其中的二极管,把交流电整流成直流电,提供了比早期的电机换向器性更好的性能。

类似的,二极管也用于科克罗夫-瓦耳电压倍增器,将交流电转换成更高的直流电压。

过电压保护器

二极管常被用来保护敏感的电子设备远离高电压破坏。

通常情况下,它们是反向偏置(非导电)。

当电压上升超过正常范围的时候,二极管就变成正向偏置(导电性)。

例如,二极管用在(步电机和H桥电路)电机控制器和继电器电路中遇到电压尖峰是迅速断开线圈,否则便会损坏。(任何用在这种应用中的二极管被称作回扫二极管)。

许多集成电路还包括二极管的连接引脚,以防止外部电压损坏他们的敏感晶体管。

专门的二极管是用来保护通过电压的更高的功率(见上述二极管所述类型)。

补充阅读

电压调节器

电压调节器,也称为稳压器,是一种半导体器件,尽管它的输入电压或负载变化在波动,它在一定程度上输出一个恒定的和稳定的直流电压。

电压规则集成电路已经有这么多的形式和特点,他们已经几乎从分立元件消除了建立电压调节电路的必要。

促使电压调节器集成电路业务增长的因素包括:

替代齐纳二极管和平衡放大器内置到集成电路里;

改进集成电路的散热能力;

促进负载保护技术的研究;

当然,在电子行业几乎所有领域的一个高需求的电压调节器,尤其是电源应用。

选择电压调节器时需着重考虑因素包括:

所需的输出电压电平及其调节能力;

输出电流容量;

适用的输入电压;

转换率(输入/输出);

瞬态响应时间;

使用方便,以及是否适用;

降压或升压输出电压的能力。

在开关模式调节器中,开关频率也是一个考虑因素。

有几种类型的电压调节器,可通过它们是如何操作的,或是什么类型的调节来分类。

最常见的调节器集成电路是标准的线性调节器。

典型的线性稳压器是通过在输出端固定电压,通过电压控制电源的方式运行。

电压的下降会使电流源刺激电流,使负载保持电流,以保持输出电压。

此电流源的容量是最大负载电流的限制因素是线性稳压器可以提供并同时保持所需的输出电平。

输出调整到输入或负载变化的时间所需的时间是调节器的瞬态响应时间。

线性稳压器所使用的反馈回路需要某种形式的稳定补偿。

大多数线性稳压器集成电路,所需的反馈回路补偿是已经内置在电路中,从而用于此目的时无需外部元件。

然而,一些常规的集成电路,如低压差的,确实需要一个电容器之间的输出和接地连接以确保稳定。

线性稳压器的主要缺点是它们的效率很低,因为它们在不断地传导。

开关电压调节器是另一种类型的调节器集成电路。

在这个意义上,它不同于线性稳压器,它采用脉冲调制(PWM),以调节其输出。

它的输出是由电流控制,在一个固定的频率范围从几赫兹到几千赫兹,但具有不同的工作周期切换。

如果输出的稳压器需要提供更多的负载电流以保持输出电压,脉冲的占空比增加,如果输出需要减少,脉冲的占空比降低。

开关稳压器比线性稳压器效率更高,因为它们只有在有需要时提供电源。

复杂度,输出纹波,限流能力都是开关稳压器的缺点。

还有一组被称为参数稳压器的调节器。

它要求的输出电压保持在正确情况下的最小电压。

输出电压越低,在调节器内部的功率越小,调节效率越高。

参数稳压器的电压通常大约0.6V。

即便电流最大的情况下,它的电压也只增加到0.7-0.8V。

稳压集成电路的应用实例包括以下几方面:调节电力供应;数据转换电路(模数转换器/数字模拟转换器);传感器和触发系统;直流电压转换器;测量和仪表系统;电池充电。

汽车专业英语翻译综合

第一章汽车总论 1)Today’s average car contains more than 15,000 separate, individual parts that must work together. These parts can be grouped into four major categories: body, engine, chassis and electrical equipment 。P1 现在的车辆一般都由15000多个分散、独立且相互配合的零部件组成。这些零部件主要分为四类:车身、发动机、底盘和电气设备。 2)The engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine: gasoline (also called a spark-ignition engine) and diesel (also called a compression-ignition engine). Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the power train. P3 发动机作为动力设备,常见的类型是内燃机,其原理是通过发动机缸内的液体燃料燃烧而产生能量。发动机可分为两类:汽油机(点燃式)和柴油机(压燃式),都属于热力发动机。燃料燃烧产生热量使缸内气压上升,产生的能量驱动轴旋转,并传递给动力传动系。 第二章内燃机 1)Power train system: conveys the drive to the wheels 2)Steering system: controls the direction of movement 3)Suspension system: absorbs the road shocks 4)Braking system: slows down the vehicle P4 传动系把发动机输出的扭矩传递给驱动轮。传动系包括离合器(对应机械变速器)或液力变矩器(对应液力自动变速器)、变速器、驱动轴、主减速器、差速器和驱动桥。 5)Drum brakes have a drum attached to the wheel hub, and braking occurs by means of brake shoes expanding against the inside of the drum. With disc brakes, a disc attached to the wheel hub is clenched between two brake pads. P6 鼓式制动器的制动鼓和轮毂连接,制动蹄张开压紧制动鼓内侧从而产生制动。在盘式制动器上,连着轮毂的制动盘被紧紧夹在两个制动块之间。 1)Linking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn.The power stroke"uses up"the gas,so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture:this control of gas movement is the duty of the valves;An inlet valve allows the mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas after the gas has done its job . P10 活塞通过连杆和曲轴连接,使得气体带动曲轴旋转半圈。作功冲程耗尽了所有的气体,这样就必须采取相应的措施排出废气并且向气缸内充入新的可燃混合气:气体的运动由气门来控制。进气门使可燃混合气在恰当的时刻进入气缸,排气门使燃烧后的废气排出气缸。 2)The spark-ignition engine is an internal-combustion engine with externally supplied in ignition,which converts the energy cntained in the fuel to kinetic energy.The cycle of operations is spread over four piston strokes. To complete the full cycle it takes two revolutions of the crankshaft. P11 火花点火式发动机是由外部提供点火的内燃机,从而将含在燃料内的能量转化成动能。发动机的一个工作循环分布在活塞的四个行程中,一个完整的工作循环曲轴需要转动两圈。 3)The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan and sends it to all working parts in the engine. The oil drains off and runs down into the pan. Thus,there is constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working parts of the engine. P15

电气工程及其自动化专业英语第二章课文翻译

第二章第一篇 To say that we live in an age of electronics is an understatement. From the omnipresent integrated circuit to the equally omnipresent digital computer, we encounter electronic devices and systems on a daily basis. In every aspect of our increasingly technological society— whether it is science, engineering, medicine, music, maintenance, or even espionage—the role of electronics is large, and it is growing. 谈论关于我们生活在一个电子学时代的论调是一种空泛的论调。从无处不在的集成电路到同样无处不在的数字计算机,我们在日常活动中总会遇到电子设备和电子系统。在我们日益发展的科技社会的方方面面——无论是在科学、工程、医药、音乐、维修方面甚至是在谍报方面——电子学的作用是巨大的,而且还将不断增强。 In general, all of the tasks with which we shall be concerned can be classified as "signal-processing“tasks. Let us explore the meaning of this term 一般说来,我们将要涉及到的工作被归结为“信号——处理”工作,让我们来探究这个术语的含义吧。 A signal is any physical variable whose magnitude or variation with time contains information. This information might involve speech and music, as in radio broadcasting, a physical quantity such as the temperature of the air in a room, or numerical data, such as the record of stock market transactions. The physical variables that can carry information in an electrical system are voltage and current. When we speak of "signals", therefore, we refer implicitly to voltages or currents. However, most of the concepts we discuss can be applied directly to systems with different information-carrying variables. Thus, the behavior of a mechanical system (in which force and velocity are the variables) or a hydraulic system (in which pressure and flow rate are the variables) can often be modeled or represented by an equivalent electrical system. An understanding of the behavior of electrical systems, therefore, provides a basis for understanding a much broader range of phenomena. 信号就是其与时间有关的量值或变化包含信息的任何物理变量。这种信息或许像无线电广播的演讲和音乐,或许是像室内温度的物理量,或许像股市交易记录的数字数据。在电气系统中能够载有信息的物理变量是电压和电流。因此当我们谈到“信号”,我们不言而喻指的是电压和电流,然而,我们要讨论的大多数概念是可以被直接应用于载有不同信息的变量的系统,因此,一个机械系统(在这个系统中力和速度是其变量)或者液压系统(在这个系统中压力和流速是其变量)的性能通常可以用一个等效的电气系统来模拟或表示。因此,我们对于电气系统性能的理解为理解更宽领域的现象打下了一个基础。 A signal can carry information in two different forms. In an analog signal the continuous variation of the voltage or current with time carries the information. An example, in Fig.2-l, is the voltage produced by a thermocouple pair when the two junctions are at different temperatures. As the temperature difference between the two junctions varies, the magnitude of the voltage across the thermocouple pair also varies. The voltage thus provides an analog representation of the temperature difference. 一个信号可以以两种形式来承载信息。在一个模拟信号中电压或电流随时间而产生的连续变化载有信息。在图2-1中,当一对热电偶的接头处于不同的温度时由热电偶所产生的电压就是一个例子。当两个接头之间的温度差改变时,一对热电偶两端的电压也将改变。于是电压就提供了温度差的模拟表现形式 The other kind of signal is a digital signal. A digital signal is one that can take on values within two discrete ranges. Such signals are used to represent ON-OFF or YES-NO information. An ordinary household thermostat delivers a digital signal tocontrol the furnace. When the

科技英语翻译专业词汇-材料

Materials Science and Engineering arc welding 电弧焊 calcinations 煅烧 casting 熔铸 ceramic 陶瓷 chemical properties 化学性能 cold brittleness 低温脆性 colour liquid crystals 彩色液晶 congruent compound 合熔化合物 constant-deformation tests 定变形试验 Creep Strength 潜变强度 crystal pattern 晶体结构 data quartz fiber 数据石英光纤 die casting 拉模铸造 drawing & stamping 延轧 Dynamics of Forging System 锻压系统动力学 Edge Finish 边缘处理 Engineering Materials 工程材料 nano-material 纳米材料 ceramic 陶瓷 polymer 集合物 composite material 复合材料 biomaterial 生物材料semiconductor 半导体 conductor 导体 insulator 绝缘体 synthetic fabrics 合成纤维microstructures 显微结构 periodic table 周期表 Equipment for Heating Processing 热处理设备 Fatigue Test 疲劳测试 Features of Metal 金属的特性 Ferrous & Non Ferrous Metal 铁及非铁金属 forging 锻造 foundry 铸造 High Polymer Material & Processing 高分子材料及加工Impact Test 冲击测试 Intermetallic compound 金属间化物 Ionic Solids 离子晶体 Magnetic Transformation 磁性变态 Mechanic Testing of Engineering Materials 工程材料力学性能的测定Mechanical Property of Metal 金属机械性能 Metal Cutting Machine Tool 金属切削工具 Metal Erosion & Protection 金属腐蚀及防护 Metal Material Science 金属材料学 Metallic Solids 金属晶体Metallographic Techniques 金相技术Metallography 金属学 Metallography & Heat Treatment 金属学与热处理

电气工程及其自动化专业英语第五章课文翻译

Most people can formulate a mental picture of a computer, but computers do so many things and come in such a variety of shapes and sizes that it might seem difficult to distill their common characteristics into an all-purpose definition. At its core, a computer is a device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output, all according to a series of stored instructions. Computer input is whatever is put into a computer system. Input can be supplied by a person, by the environment, or by another computer. Examples of the kinds of input that a computer can accept include the words and symbols in a document, numbers for a calculation, pictures, temperatures from a thermostat, audio signals from a microphone, and instructions from a computer program. An input device, such as a keyboard or mouse, gathers input and transforms it into a series of electronic signals for the computer. In the context of computing, data refers to the symbols that represent facts, objects, and ideas. Computers manipulate data in many ways, and we call this manipulation processing. The series of instructions that tell a computer how to carry out processing tasks is referred to as a computer program, or simply a "program." These programs form the software that sets up a computer to do a specific task. In a computer, most processing takes place in a component called the central processing unit (CPU), which is sometimes described as the"brain" of the computer. A computer stores data so that it will be available for processing. Most computers have more than one location for storing data, depending on how the data is being used. Memory is an area of a computer that temporarily holds data that is waiting to be processed, stored, or output. Storage is the area where data can be left on a permanent basis when it is not immediately needed for processing. Output is the results produced by a computer. Some examples of computer output include reports, documents, music, graphs, and pictures. An output device displays, prints, or transmits the results of processing. Computers are versatile machines, which are able to perform a truly amazing assortment of tasks, but some types of computer are better suited to certain tasks than other types of computers. Computers can be categorized as personal computer, handheld computers, workstations, mainframes, supercomputers , and servers. 大多数人可以制订一个电脑精神的图片,但电脑做很多事情,出现这样的形状和大小不同,它似乎难以提炼成一个全能的定义,它们的共同特点。在其核心,一台计算机是一种装置,它接受输入,处理数据,存储数据,并产生输出,根据对所有存储一系列指示。 什么是计算机输入到计算机系统的压力。输入可提供的一人,由环境,或由另一台计算机。对输入的各种例子,一个计算机可以接受包括文字和符号的文件,规定计算,图片,从恒温器的温度数字,音频信号从一个麦克风,从电脑程序指令。一个输入设备,如键盘或鼠标,集输和转换成一个电子信号的计算机的一系列。 在计算中,数据是指以符号代表的事实,对象和想法。计算机操作在很多方面的数据,我们称之为操作处理。一系列的指令,告诉计算机如何进行处理任务,被称为一个计算机程序,或只是一个“程序”。这些方案形成了软件,建立了计算机做特定的任务。在计算机中,大部分处理发生在一个组件的地方称为中央处理单元(CPU),有时为“大脑的计算机”来形容。 计算机存储数据,以便它会被用作处理可用。大多数计算机有多个用于存储数据的位置,这取决于数据如何被使用。内存是计算机的一个领域,数据是暂时持有等待处理,存储或输出。在数据存储,是可以在一个地区长期离开时,没有立即处理所需。 输出是由电脑产生的结果。电脑输出的一些例子包括报告,文件,音乐,图形,图片。输出设备显示,打印,或传送的处理结果。 电脑是多功能机,它能够执行各种各样的任务十分惊人,但某些类型的计算机更适合比其他类型的计算机的某些任务。计算机可以被归类为个人电脑,掌上电脑,工作站,大型机,超级计算机和服务器。

汽车专业英语翻译

About car engine Of all automobile components,an automobile engie is the most complicated assembly with dominant effects on the function of an autombile.So, the engine is generally called the"heat"of an automobile. 在汽车的所有部件中,汽车发动机是最复杂的组件,其对整车性能有着决定性的作用。因而发动机往往被称作发动机的“心脏”。 There are actually various types of engines such as electric motors,stream engines,andinternal combustion engines.The internal combustion engines seem to have almost complete dominance of the automotive field.The internal combustion engine,as its name indicates,burns fuel within the cylinders and converts the expanding force of the combustion into rotary force used to propel the vehicle. 事实上,按动力来源分发动机有很多种,如电动机、蒸汽机、外燃机等。然而内燃机似乎在发动机领域有着绝对的统治地位。就像其字面意思一样,内燃机的染料在气缸内燃烧,通过将燃烧产生气体的膨胀力转换成转动力来驱动发动机前进。 Engine is the power source of the automobile.Power is produced by the linear motion of a piston in a cylinder.However,this linear motion must be changed into rotary motion to turn the wheels of cars or trucks.The puston attached to the top of a connecting rod by a pin,called a piston pin or wrist pin.The bottom of the connecting rod is attached to the crankshaft.The connecting rod transmits the up-and-down motion of the piston to the crankshaft,which changes it into rotary motion.The connecting rod is mounted on the crankshaft with large bearings called rod bearing.Similar bearings, called main bearings,are used to mount the crankshaft in the block. 发动机是整部车的动力来源。能量来自于活塞在气缸内的(往复)直线运动。然而这种(往复)直线运动必须要转换成旋转运动才能驱动车轮。活塞与连杆通过一个销来连接,这个销称为活塞销。连杆的下部连接于曲拐。连杆把活塞的上下往复运动传递给曲拐,从而将往复直线运动转变成旋转运动。连杆和曲拐的连接使用大的轴承,称之为连杆轴承,类似的轴承也用于将曲轴连接到机体,称之为主轴承。 They are generally two different types of cooling system:water-cooling system and air-cooling system.Water-cooling system is more common.The cooling medium, or coolant, in them is either water or some low-freezing liquid, called antifreeze.A water-cooling system consists of the engine water jacket, thermostat, water pump, radiator, radiator cap, fan, fan drive belt and neccessary hoses. 主要有两种类型的冷却系统:水冷和风冷。水冷系统更为普遍。系统所用冷却介质或是冷却液常委水或其他低凝固点液体,称为抗凝剂。一个完整的水冷系统包括机体水套,节温器,水泵,散热器,散热器罩,风扇,风扇驱动皮带和必需的水管。 A water-cooling system means that water is used as a cooling agent to circulate through the engine to absorb the heat and carry it to the radiator for disposal.The ebgine is cooled mainly through heat transfer and heat dissipation.The heat generated by the mixture burned in the engine must be transferred from the iron or aluminum cylinder to the waterin the water jacket.The outside of the water jacket dissipates some of the heat to the air surrounding it, but most of the heat is carried by the cooling water to the radiator for dissipation.When the coolant temperature in the system reaches 90°,the termostat valve open fully, its slanted edge shutting off

科技英语中专业术语的翻译

科技英语中专业术语的 翻译 集团文件版本号:(M928-T898-M248-WU2669-I2896-DQ586-M1988)

科技英语中专业术语的翻译 1.意译:根据科技术语的含义,将其翻译成汉语里和它完全对等的名词就叫意译。对单个词语来说,意译也就是直译。意译法是最常用的翻译方法,它能使读者直接了解术语的含义。例子如下: ①firewall ........ :防火墙 ②data mining .......... :数据挖掘 ③automatic program control ....................... :自动程序控制 2.形译:英语中有些科技术语的前半部分是表示该术语形象的字母或单词,翻译成汉语时可把这一部分翻译成表示具体形象的词,或保留原来的字母,这就叫形译。例子如下: I .-.bar ... 工字钢、工字条;O .-.ring .... 环形圈;twist .....-.drill .....麻花钻;X .-.Ray ...X 光;α.-.brass ..... α黄铜[1] 3.音译:根据英语发音翻译成汉语里相应的词。科技英语中某些有专业名词构成的术语、单位名称、新型材料的名称等,在翻译时都可采用音译法。例子如下: gene .... 基因;quark ..... 夸克;Pentium ....... 奔腾 celluloid ......... 赛璐璐;nylon ..... 尼龙 Hertz .....(Hz )赫兹(频率单位);lumen .....流明(光通量单位) 4.缩写词:英语首字母缩写词在科技新词中占很大比重,这类词如果译成汉语,就显得拖沓冗长,因此很多情况下干脆不翻译。例子如下: CPU ...:.C .entral Processing Unit ....................(中央处理器) ASCII .....:.American S .........tandard ....... C .ode ... for ... I .nformation .......... I .nterchange .......... (美国信息交换标准码) ATM ...:.A .synchronous ........... T .ransfer ....... M .ode ... (异步传输方式) 一些国际组织的缩写也常采用这种办法。例子如下: WTO ...(国际贸易组织);UNESCO ......(联合国教科文组织);WHO ...(世界卫生组织);IOC ... (国际奥委会)

电气工程及其自动化专业英语第一章课文翻译

第一章第一篇sectiong Two variables u(t) and i(t) are the most basic concepts in an electric circuit, they characterize the various relationships in an electric circuitu(t)和i(t)这两个变量是电路中最基本的两个变量,它们刻划了电路的各种关系。 Charge and Current The concept of electric charge is the underlying principle for explaining all electrical phenomena. Also, the most basic quantity in an electric circuit is the electric charge. Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which matter consists, measured in coulombs (C). 电荷和电流电荷的概念是用来解释所有电气现象的基本概念。也即,电路中最基本的量是电荷。电荷是构成物质的原子微粒的电气属性,它是以库仑为单位来度量的。 We know from elementary physics that all matter is made of fundamental building blocks known as atoms and that each atom consists of electrons, protons, and neutrons. We also know that the charge e on an electron is negative and equal in magnitude to 1.60210×10-19C, while a proton carries a positive charge of the same magnitude as the electron. The presence of equal numbers of protons and electrons leaves an atom neutrally charged. 我们从基础物理得知一切物质是由被称为原子的基本构造

汽车专业英语_单词表

unit1 body 车身chassis 底盘enclosure外壳、套hood车棚、车顶sway 摇摆frame车架steering转向、操作brake 制动weld焊接rivet铆钉bolt螺钉washer垫圈vibration 振动stabilizer稳定器ride乘坐舒适性handling操作稳定性linkages转向传动机构plier钳子distributor分电器alternator交流发电机regulator调节器carburetor化油器radiator散热器、水箱defroster除冰装置sludge金属碎屑transmission变速器differential 差速器power train 传动系unitized body 承载式车身suspension system 悬架系统steering system 转向系braking system 制动系shock absorbers减震器control arms控制臂steering wheel 转向盘steering column转向管柱steering gears 转向器tie rod 横拉杆idler arm随动臂brake shoe制动蹄disc brake 盘式制动器drum brakes 鼓式制动器ignition system 点火系统exhaust system 排气系统lubrication system 润滑系oil filters 机油滤清器drive(or propeller)shaft传动轴universal joints 万向节dynamo发电机horn喇叭swived 旋转steering box转向器timing gear 正时齿轮bevel gear 锥齿轮mesh with与啮合leaf spring 钢板弹簧stub axle 转向节 unit2 longitudinal纵向的transverse横向的reciprocate往复spin旋转piston活塞ignite点火rub摩擦quart夸脱reservoir油箱mechanical机械的enclosed被附上的gallon加仑stroke冲程camshaft凸轮轴combustion燃烧disengaged脱离啮合的flywheel飞轮internal-combustion engine内燃机diesel-fuel柴油LPG=Liquefied Petroleum Gas液化石油气体CNG=Compressed natural gas压缩天然气spark ignition火花点火compression ignition压缩点火spark plug火花塞gas-turbine engine蒸汽机Stirling engine斯特灵发动机lubricating system润滑系统oil pan油底壳oil pump机油泵exhaust system排气系统emission-control system排放控制系统energy conversion能量转换air/fuel ratio空燃比connecting rod连杆TDC=Top Dead Center上止点BDC=Bottom Dead Center 下止点intake stroke进气冲程compression stroke压缩冲程power stroke作功冲程exhaust stroke排气冲程compression ratio压缩比lifter挺柱rocker摇臂retainer弹簧座seal密封件tappet 推杆lobe凸起gasket垫圈valve train配气机构cam follower气门挺柱rocker arm摇臂combustion chamber燃烧室intake valve进气阀exhaust valve排气阀valve stem气门杆valve cover气门室盖valve port阀口valve guide气门导管 unit3

科技英语翻译的原则_方法及技巧.

翻译是把一种语言里已经表达出来的事物用另一种语言准确流畅地进行重新表达的过程。与其他题材的文章相比,科技专业文章在内容、表达形式和风格上有很大的差别,具有科技性强、专业性强、逻辑严密、表达要求简练的特点,在翻译上力求准确全面、严谨明确和通顺简练。 1科技英语翻译遵循的基本原则 从科技文章的特点来看,大多具有以下几个特征:述说事理、逻辑性强、结构严密、术语繁多,语言严谨、数据精确。这就要求译文必须概念清楚、条理分明、逻辑正确、数据无误,尤其对定义、定律、公式、图表、结论等更应特别注意。科技英语作为特殊英语的一个分支,在词汇构成、遣词造句等方面都有其自身的特点,其语法结构不十分严密、语言习惯和汉语也有不少差别、词汇量大、词语繁多,因此科技英语翻译起来比较困难。另外,科技文章比较重视叙事逻辑上的连贯及表达上的明晰与畅达; 避免行文晦涩,避免表露个人感情,避免论证上的主观随意性。因此,科技英语翻译力求少用或不用描述性形容词以及具有抒情作用的副词、感叹词及疑问词,而是大量使用科技词汇、专业技术用语,译者应尊重客观事实,不能随意改动数据、回避不易翻译的文字,更不能加进自己的主观想象,进行自由翻译。 我国著名翻译家严复提出的“信、达、雅”三准则一直为不少翻译工作者所接受。 “信”指的是译文要忠实于原文,“达”是指译文的通顺达意,“雅”指的是译文的用词修辞。三准则体现了译文和原文信息等值这一基本要领。 “信、达、雅”的翻译准则对各种英语文体的翻译实践都具有指导意义,是衡量一篇译文好坏的标准,也同样适用于科技文献的翻译。由于科技文章特有的文体特征,与其他类文章相比,其“达”和“雅”的内涵不同,它要求在准确传达信息的基础上,使译文更加简洁明快,流畅通顺。2科技英语翻译的基本方法

汽车专业英语课文翻译4

Fuel Supply System of Gasoline Engine(UNIT SEVEN) All the gasoline engines have substantially identical fuel systems and run on a mixture consisting of fuel vapor and air. The fuel system comprises the units designed to store, clear and deliver fuel, the units intended to clean air and a unit for preparing a mixture from fuel vapor and air. In a fuel system different components are used to supply fuel from the fuel tank into the engine cylinder. Some of the important components are fuel tank, fuel pump, fuel filter, carburetor, intake manifold and fuellines or tubes connecting the tank, pump and the carburetor. The fuel tank is a fuel container used for storing fuel. It is made of sheet metal. It is attached to the vehicle frame with metal traps and is located at the rear of the vehicle. They are mounted in a boot or boot-floor pan in case of front-engined cars and small commercial vehicles. In order to strengthen the tank as well as to prevent surging of fuel when the vehicle rounds a curve of suddenly stops, baffle plates are attached to the inside of the tank. A cap is used to close the filler opening of the tank. The fuel line is attached at or near the bottom of the tank with a filtering element placed at the connection. The other components of the fuel tank are the fuel gauge sending unit, a vent pipe, receiving unit. To prevent the dirt and water from entering the luggage compartment, a sealing strip is fitted between the fuel tank and boot floor pan. Moreover to limit the transmission of frame distortion to the tank giving rise to squeaking as the metal parts get rubbed together, rubber or felt pads are often fitted between the mountings and the tank. Provision is also made against drumming of the tank by these mountings. The tank may be placed at the side of the chassis frame for convenience in case of large commercial vehicles. The length of the connecting lines or tubes from the tank to the carburetor is also restricted by this at the same time. A porous filter is attached to the outlet lines. By drawing fuel from the tank through the filter, any water in the bottom of the tank as well as any dirt into the fuel gathers on the surface of the filter. To keep the fuel always under atmospheric pressure, the filter pipe or tank is vented. In order to prevent dirt in the fuel from entering the fuel pump or carburetor, fuel filters and screens are used in the fuel system. If the dirt is not removed from the fuel, the normal operation of these units will be prevented. The engine performance will also be reduced.

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