第一章：名词检测题
第一章练习题及答案
第一章领悟人生真谛把握人生方一、名词解释:1、人生观：就是人们关于人生目的、人生态度、人生价值等问题的根本看法。
2、人生目的：是人们在社会实践中关于自身行为的根本指向和人生追求。
3、人生态度：是指人们通过生活实践形成的对人生问题的一种稳定的心理倾向和精神状态。
4、人生价值：是指人的生命及其实践活动对于社会和个人所具有的作用和意义。
5、荣辱观是人们对荣辱问题的根本看法和态度，是一定社会思想道德原则和规范的体现和表达。
6、世界观：是人们对生活在其中的世界及人与世界的关系的总体看法和根本观点。
二、填空题1、错误的人生观包括、享乐主义、答案：拜金主义极端个人主义3、人生价值包含答案：自我价值社会价值4、人生价值实现条件包括条件、条件和不断增强实现人生价值的能力和本领。
答案：社会客观个体自身5、和的思想以其科学而高尚的品质, 代表了人类社会迄今最先进的人生追求O 答案：服务人民奉献社会6、人生观是由人生目的、、组成。
答案：人生态度人生价值8、只有善于利用顺境，勇于和人生价值才能够实现。
答案：正视逆境战胜逆境9、大学生要牢固树立生命可贵的意识，倍加爱护和的生命，理性面对生老病死的自然规律，努力使自己的生命绽放人生应有的光彩。
答案：自己他人10、大学生在成长过程中，要准确把握苦与乐的辩证关系，努力做、的开拓者。
答案：迎难而上艰苦奋斗11、幸福都是奋斗出来的。
“奋斗本身就是一种幸福。
只有奋斗的人生才称得上幸福的人生。
”奋斗者是精神最为富足的人，也是、的人。
答案：最懂得幸福最享受幸福12、思考人生，树立正确的人生观，首先需要对有科学的认识。
答案：人和人的本质13、对人的认识，核心在于认识o答案：人的本质14、任何人都是处在一定的中从事的人。
答案：社会关系社会实践活动15、问题是认识和处理人生问题的重要着眼点和出发点。
答案：个人与社会的关系16、个人与社会的关系问题，最根本的是与的关系。
答案：个人利益社会利益17、马克思主义站在探索人类自由解放的道路，坚持的价值最求，以实现为价值导向。
汉语专题第一章综合练习 (1)
汉语专题（1）第一章综合练习（2003年04月09日）汉语专题（1）第一章综合练习一、解释下列名词（能举例的概念要求举例说明）1．京国之争：指1920年爆发的一场京音和国音的大辩论。
1913年读音统一会审定的国音原则是“京音为主，兼顾南北”，致使许多字音难教、难学，有人就主张抛弃国音，以京音为标准音。
京国之争使人们认识到，统一全国的标准语，应该是自然语言之一种，中国语言的心应建立在京语身上。
2．通用语言文字：《中华人民共和国国家通用语言文字法》规定的国家通用的语言文字，即普通话和规范汉字。
3．韵基：韵母中除去韵头的部分。
4．蓝青官话：官话作为我们民族内部长期交往而自然形成的通用语言，不可能有明确、固定的标准。
各地民众为了交流，尽可能地让自己的乡音向北方话、北京话靠拢，于是形成了不纯粹、不标准的官话，被称为监青官话，蓝青，不纯的意思。
5．逆同化：自然话语中不同的音协同发音时，前面的音受后面音的影响而变得与后面的音在发音特点相同或相似。
二、填空1．中华人民共和国国家通用语言文字法是在2000年10月31日由第九届全国人大常委会第十八词会议通过，并于_2001年1月1日__起实施。
2．当前语言文字规范化、标准化的核心问题之一是推广普通话。
3．根据《国家通用语言文字法》规定，通用语言是指普通话和规范汉字_。
4．我国20世纪的三大语文运动是指_切音字运动、国语运动_和白话文运动。
5．卢戆章的_一目了然初阶是我国历史上第一个拼写方言的拉丁化拼音方案。
6．汉语拼音方案是以拉丁字母为基础构成的，其中字母_V记录普通话语音不使用，字母_Y__和__W__就其对音节的分界而言，主要用作隔音符号。
7．汉语拼音方案由字母表、声母表，韵母表，调号及标音规则和隔音符号构成。
8．汉语拼音方案声调表示方法采用的是_符号_标调法。
9．在注音时可以省略韵腹的韵母是uen iou uei。
10.普通话语音系统中，s和z 是唯一一对清浊相配的辅音。
简单名词辨认练习题
简单名词辨认练习题
1. 植物的不同部分分别具有不同的功能。
请你辨认以下植物部位的名称：
1) 叶子
2) 根
3) 茎
4) 花
5) 果实
2. 以下是一些动物的名称，请你进行辨认：
1) 狗
2) 猫
3) 鸟
4) 鱼
5) 虫
3. 辨认以下食物的名称：
1) 苹果
2) 米饭
3) 面包
5) 鱼肉
4. 在下列交通工具中找出对应的名称：
1) 自行车
2) 摩托车
3) 汽车
4) 公交车
5) 地铁
5. 辨认以下地物的名称：
1) 山
2) 河
3) 湖
4) 海
5) 岛
6. 请辨认以下学科的名称：
1) 数学
2) 英语
4) 科学
5) 音乐
7. 辨认以下职业的名称：
1) 医生
2) 教师
3) 律师
4) 工程师
5) 警察
8. 以下是一些常见的家居物品，请你进行辨认：
1) 桌子
2) 椅子
3) 床
4) 电视
5) 冰箱
9. 辨认以下颜色的名称：
1) 红色
3) 蓝色
4) 绿色
5) 紫色
10. 请辨认以下节日的名称：
1) 春节
2) 元宵节
3) 清明节
4) 中秋节
5) 圣诞节
以上是简单的名词辨认练习题，希望能帮助你巩固对常见事物名称的辨认能力。
请根据每个题目的描述进行辨认，并在纸上写下相应的答案。
基础工程考试题(名词解释、填空、选择、判断)
一．名词解释第一章1.地基：承担建筑物荷载的地层。
2.基础：介于上部结构与地基之间的部分，即建筑物最底下的一部分。
3.天然地基：自然状态下即可满足承担基础全部荷载要求，不需要人工处理的地基4.人工地基：天然地基的承载力不能承受基础传递的全部荷载，需经人工处理后作为地基的土体称为人工地基5.浅基础：基础埋深小于5m，在设计计算中可忽略基础侧面土体的摩阻力和侧向抗力的基础6.深基础：基础埋深大于5m，在设计计算中不能忽略基础侧面土体的摩阻力和侧向抗力的基础7.最不利荷载组合：参与组合起来的荷载，能产生相应的最大力学效能第二章1.刚性基础：不需配置受力钢筋的基础2.柔性基础：用钢筋砼修建的基础3.刚性角；刚性基础的宽度大小应能使所产生的基础截面弯曲，拉应力和剪应力不超过基础材料的强度极值，从而得到墩台边缘处的垂线与基底边缘的连线间的最大夹角。
4.刚性扩大基础；也叫无筋扩展基础，由砖，毛石，混凝土，灰土和三合土等材料组成的墙下条基或柱下独立基础5.地基容许承载力：指地基稳定有足够安全度的承载能力，它由地基极限承载力除以一个安全系数所得6.持力层：直接支承基础的土层。
其下的土层为下卧层。
7.下卧层：持力层地基承受的荷载是随着土体深度的加深而慢慢减小，到一定深度后土体承受的荷载就可以忽略不计了，这时我们就把这一层往下的土体叫做下卧层8.软弱下下卧层：地基由多层土组成时，持力层以下存在容许承载力小于持力层容许承载力的土层时，这样的土层叫做软弱下卧层9.桩的横向承载力：桩在与桩横轴线垂直方向受力时的承载力。
第三章1.高桩承台基础；承台在地面或冲刷线以上的基础2.低桩承台基础；承台在地面或冲刷线以下的基础3.基桩；就是指群桩基础中的单桩4.灌注桩；在现场地基中钻挖桩孔，然后在孔内放入钢筋骨架，再灌注桩身混凝土而成的桩5.端承桩；桩顶极限荷载绝大部分由桩端阻力承担，桩侧阻力可忽略不计的桩6.摩擦桩；桩顶极限荷载绝大部分都由桩侧阻力承担，桩端阻力可以忽略的桩7.柱桩；也称为端承桩8.单桩承载能力；单桩在荷载作用下，地基土和桩本身的强度和稳定性均能得到保证，变形也在容许范围内，以保证结构物的正常使用所能承受的最大荷载9.深度效应；桩的承载力(主要是桩端承载力)随着入土深度，特别是进入持力层的深度而变化，这种特性称之为深度效应10.单桩轴向承载能力：指单桩在外荷载作用下，不丧失稳定，不产生过大变形所能承受的最大荷载11.负摩阻力；当桩身穿越软弱土层支承在坚硬土层上，当软弱土层因某种原因发生地面沉降时，桩周围土体相对桩身产生向下位移，这样使桩身承受向下作用的摩擦力12.中性点：在ln深度处桩周土与桩截面沉降相等，两者无相对位移发生，其摩阻力为零，正、负摩阻力交换处为零的点即为中性点。
计算机网络名词解释、简答题目汇总
第一章名词解释这是书本上的课后习题上的：1-26试解释以下名词：协议栈、实体、对等层、协议数据单元、服务访问点、客户、服务器、客户-服务器方式。
答：实体(entity) 表示任何可发送或接收信息的硬件或软件进程。
协议是控制两个对等实体进行通信的规则的集合。
客户(client)和服务器(server)都是指通信中所涉及的两个应用进程。
客户是服务的请求方，服务器是服务的提供方。
客户服务器方式所描述的是进程之间服务和被服务的关系。
协议栈：指计算机网络体系结构采用分层模型后，每层的主要功能由对等层协议的运行来实现，因而每层可用一些主要协议来表征，几个层次画在一起很像一个栈的结构对等层:在网络体系结构中，通信双方实现同样功能的层•协议数据单元：对等层实体进行信息交换的数据单位•服务访问点：在同一系统中相邻两层的实体进行交互(即交换信息) 的地方•服务访问点SAP是—个抽象的概念，它实体上就是一个逻辑接口.2-04试解释以下名词：数据，信号，模拟数据，模拟信号，基带信号，带通信号，数字数据，数字信号，码元，单工通信，半双工通信，全双工通信，串行传输，并行传输。
答：数据：是运送信息的实体。
信号：则是数据的电气的或电磁的表现。
模拟数据：运送信息的模拟信号。
模拟信号：连续变化的信号。
数字信号：取值为有限的几个离散值的信号。
数字数据：取值为不连续数值的数据。
码元（code）:在使用时间域（或简称为时域）的波形表示数字信号时，代表不同离散数值的基本波形。
单工通信：即只有一个方向的通信而没有反方向的交互。
半双工通信：即通信和双方都可以发送信息，但不能双方同时发送（当然也不能同时接收）。
这种通信方式是一方发送另一方接收，过一段时间再反过来。
全双工通信：即通信的双方可以同时发送和接收信息。
基带信号（即基本频带信号）一一来自信源的信号。
像计算机输出的代表各种文字或图像文件的数据信号都属于基带信号。
带通信号一一把基带信号经过载波调制后，把信号的频率范围搬移到较高的频段以便在信道中传输（即仅在一段频率范围内能够通过信道）。
畜禽营养 名词解释
动物普通病检测题第一章（1、2、3节）命题人卢海琴石培泽一、名词解释（16分）1、动物的保定：2、问诊：3、触诊：4、叩诊：5、听诊：6、嗅诊：7、视诊:8、捏粉状：二、填空题（50分）1、临床上保定动物的两个基本目的是：＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿，＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
2、猪的保定方法有＿＿＿、＿＿＿、网架保定、＿＿＿、＿＿＿；牛的保定方法有＿＿＿、鼻钳保定、＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿、＿＿＿去势时常用＿＿＿。
3、鼻钳保定常用于＿＿的保定；鼻捻棒常用于＿＿的保定。
4、临床检查的基本方法包括：问诊、＿＿、＿＿、＿＿、＿＿、＿＿。
5、触诊的症状学也叫触感，主要有＿＿＿、＿＿＿、＿＿＿、＿＿＿、气肿感（捻发样）。
6、触诊的方法有＿＿＿和＿＿＿。
后者又分为＿＿＿和冲击式触诊。
7、问诊的主要内容包括：＿＿＿、＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。
8、叩诊音可分为＿＿＿、＿＿＿、＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿四种。
9、嗅诊是通过嗅闻病畜＿＿＿、＿＿＿、呼出气味和＿＿＿。
10、现诊检查包括＿＿＿＿和＿＿＿＿以及根据需要而进行的＿＿＿＿或特殊检查。
11、一般检查是对病畜进行＿＿＿＿的初步阶段，为＿＿＿＿提供依据。
12、病畜表现全身肌肉僵硬，四肢张开站立，头颈平伸，尾根挺起，鼻孔开张，牙冠紧闭，称为＿＿＿姿势，见于＿＿＿。
13、反刍兽健康时鼻镜经常保持，并有光泽感。
在热性病及重度消化障碍时，则鼻镜＿＿＿甚至＿＿＿。
14、检查动物皮肤主要通过和来检查。
主要检查其＿＿＿、＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿及疱疹等病变。
15、鸡扭头曲颈，站立不稳，可见于＿＿＿和＿＿＿＿缺乏或呋喃类药物中毒。
三、选择题（14分）1、叩诊正常肺区中部所产生的声音为（）。
A 清音B 浊音C 半浊音D 鼓音2、叩诊肺边缘部分时所产生的声音为（）。
A 清音B 浊音C 半浊音D 鼓音3、嗅诊时，牛患酮血病时，呼出气体有（）。
A 恶臭味B 腐败臭味C 尸臭气味D 酮体气味4、视诊检查最好在（）的宽敞场所进行。
植物科学基础检测题1
《植物科学基础》第一章第一节检测题一、选择题（每小题2分,30分）1、每种植物细胞通常都具有一定的形态，这主要是因为（）A.细胞壁的保护作用B.细胞膜的保护作用C.细胞壁的支持作用D.细胞膜的支持作用2、能控制细胞内外物质的进出，保持细胞内部环境的相对稳定的是（）A.细胞壁B.细胞膜C.细胞质D.细胞核3、与呼吸作用有关，为细胞的生命活动提供能量的是（）A.细胞核B.叶绿体C.线粒体D.液泡4、能进行光合作用，把无机物合成有机物的是（）A.细胞膜B.叶绿体C.细胞壁D.线粒体5、切西瓜时，会流出一些汁液，这些汁液是从细胞的哪部分流出来的？（）A．细胞质 B.细胞核 C.液泡 D.细胞膜6、细胞的“控制中心”是（）。
A．细胞质 B.细胞核 C.细胞膜 D.细胞壁7、染色质的主要成分是（）。
A.蛋白质和脂类B.蛋白质和DNAC.RNA和DNAD.脂类和DNA8、细胞中蛋白质的合成中心，被人们比喻成蛋白质“装配机器”的是（）。
A.内质网B.核糖体C.线粒体D.核糖体9、绿色植物特有的细胞器是（）。
A.细胞核B.线粒体C.质体D.高尔基体10、能合成纤维素、半纤维素等物质的细胞器是（）。
A.高尔基体B.线粒体C.核糖体D.叶绿体11、花青素在酸性环境中呈（）。
A.红色B.蓝色C.紫色D.黄色12、（）是遗传物质贮存和复制的场所。
A.线粒体B.核糖体C.细胞核D.染色体13、在细胞中能控制细胞内外物质的进出，保持细胞内各种物质的稳定和细胞生命活动正常进行的有重要意义的结构是（）A.细胞壁B.细胞质C.细胞膜D.细胞核14、在植物细胞结构中维持植物正常形态并起保护作用的结构是（）A.细胞膜B.细胞质C.细胞壁D.细胞核15、下列有关细胞的说法中，正确的是（）A.植物体的所有细胞都有大液泡B.所有植物细胞结构都是相同的C.有的生物不是由细胞构成的D.植物细胞的基本结构包括细胞壁、细胞质和细胞核二、判断题（每小题1分，9分）16、所有的生物都是由细胞所组成的。
组织学试题及答案
第一章组织学绪论一、名词解释1、嗜酸性：组织细胞成分被酸性的伊红染成红色，称为嗜酸性。
2、嗜碱性: 组织细胞成分被碱性的苏木素染成蓝色，称为嗜碱性。
3、超微结构：用电镜所能观察的细胞和组织结构，称超微结构。
二、填空题1、用光镜观察细胞组织的微细结构，常用的切片是石蜡切片 ,常用的染色方法是 HE染色。
2、光镜的分辨率为 0.2um ，可将物体放大约 1500 倍.3、电镜的分辨率为 0。
2nm ，放大倍数可达几万倍至几十万倍。
4、用光镜观察能见到的细胞组织结构，称微细结构。
用电镜观察能见到的细胞结构，称超微结构。
5、常用的电镜有透射电镜和扫描电镜两种,观察表面结构用透射电镜，观察内部结构用扫描电镜。
三、是非题：1.电子显微镜下的结构称亚微结构。
T2。
光镜下观察所用的长度单位通常是纳米。
F3。
HE染色可将胞质染成紫蓝色,胞核染成红色.F4.光学显微镜的分辨率为0.2nm。
F5.光镜切片的厚度一般不能超过10um。
F四、单项选择题1、关于组织学的描述，哪项错？（ C ）A、组织学研究正常机体的结构与相关功能B、组织学的研究内容包括细胞、组织、器官和系统C、组织学与病理学、生理学及临床医学关系不密切D、组织学的研究主要采用显微镜技术E、组织学属于形态学范畴2、有关HE染色的叙述，哪项错误？（ E ）A、组织切片制作过程中最常用的染色方法B、能将细胞核染成蓝紫色C、能将细胞膜染成蓝紫色D、能显示弹性纤维E、能显示网状纤维3、嗜酸性是指( A )A、组织结构被伊红染成红色B、组织结构被苏木精染成蓝色C、组织结构被硝酸银染成黑色D、组织结构被甲苯胺蓝染成紫红色E、组织结构被甲苯胺蓝染成紫蓝色4、制片过程中,能使蛋白质凝固的步骤是（ B ）A、取材B、固定C、脱水D、透明E、染色5、光镜下观察组织切片，低倍镜结构清晰，高倍镜结构模糊，其可能的原因是（ E ）A、对光不正B、目镜污染C、盖玻片太厚D、载玻片太厚E、切片反置(6～9题共用备选答案)A、普通光学显微镜B、荧光显微镜C、倒置显微镜D、透射电子显微镜E、扫描电子显微镜6、观察细胞与组织的内部结构（A、D )7、观察细胞与组织的表面结构( E ）8、观察活细胞形态及生长情况（C ）9、观察标本内自发荧光物质或荧光素标记物质（B ）（10~13题共用备选答案）A、嗜酸性B、嗜碱性C、嗜中性D、亲银性E、异染性10、组织细胞成分被苏木素染成蓝色，称（B ）11、组织细胞成分被伊红染成红色,称（A )12、组织细胞成分用甲苯胺蓝染成红色，称（E ）13、组织细胞成分被硝酸银染成黑色或棕黄色,称（D )五、问答题组织化学技术在组织学研究中有何作用？一般组织化学和免疫组织化学检测细胞内物质的基本原理是什么？1、组织化学技术在组织学研究中的作用：对细胞和组织内的糖类、脂类、蛋白质、酶和核酸等物质进行定位、定性和定量分析.2、一般组织化学检测原理:用某些化学试剂与样品中的某种化学物质反应,反应产物在原位形成沉淀,然后用光学显微镜或电子显微镜进行观察。
细胞生物学名词解释练习题参考答案
细胞生物学名词解释练习题参考答案篇一：细胞生物学名词解释与习题第一章绪论名词解释(补充)思考题1.根据细胞生物学研究的内容与你所掌握的生命科学知识，恰当地评价细胞生物学在生命科学中所处的地位以及它与其他生物学科的关系。
(X)细胞生物学是研究和揭示细胞基本生命活动规律的科学，它从显微、亚显微与分子水平上研究细胞结构与功能，细胞增殖、分化、代谢、运动、衰老、死亡，以及细胞信号转导，细胞基因表达与调控，细胞起源与进化等重大生命过程。
(PI)细胞生物学、分子生物学、神经生物学和生态学并列为生命科学的四大基础学科。
细胞生物学与其他学科之间的交叉渗透日益明显。
(辅导P3)2.如何认识细胞学说在细胞学乃至生物学发展简史中的重要意义？(辅导P3)(1)1838-1839年，德国植物学家施莱登和德国动物学家施旺提出细胞学说，基本内容是：①细胞是有机体，一切动植物都是由细胞发育而来，并由细胞和细胞产物所构成。
②每个细胞作为一个相对独立的单位，既有它自己的生命，又对与其他细胞共同组成的整体的生命有所助益。
③新的细胞可以通过己存在的细胞繁殖产生。
（P5-6）（2）1858年，魏肖尔对细胞学说做了重要的补充，强调细胞只能来自细胞。
细胞学说的提出对生物科学的发展具有重大的意义。
细胞学说、进化论和孟德尔遗传学称为现代生物学的三大基石，而细胞学说又是后两者的基石。
对细胞结构与功能的了解是生物学、医学及其各个分支进一步发展所不可缺少的。
（P6）3.试简明扼要地分析细胞生物学学科形成的客观条件以及它今后发展的主要趋势。
（辅导P3-4）（1）细胞生物学学科形成的客观条件如下：①细胞的发现②细胞学说的建立（2）细胞生物学今后发展的主要趋势概括起来有两点：一是基因与基因产物如何控制细胞的重要生命活动；二是基因产物，即蛋口质分子与其他生物分子构建与装配成细胞的结构，并行使细胞的有序的生命活动。
4.当前细胞生物学研究的热点课题中你最感兴趣的是哪些？为什么？（X）一.名词解释1.细胞生物学细胞生物学是研究和揭示细胞基本生命活动规律的科学，它从显微、亚显微与分子水平上研究细胞结构与功能，细胞增殖、分化、代谢、运动、衰老、死亡，以及细胞信号转导，细胞基因表达与调控，细胞起源与进化等重大生命过程。
语言学名词 课后 测试题
第一章Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.Arbitrariness ----No logical (motivated or intrinsic) connection between sounds and meanings.arbitrariness: one design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.duality: one design feature of human language, which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary. level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.displacement:one design feature of human language, which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present in time and space, at the moment of communication.competence: language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances).简答：6.does the traffic light system have duality?Traffic light does not have duality. Obviously, it is not a double-level system. There is only one-to-one relationship between signs and meaning but the meaning units cannot be divided into smaller meaningless elements further. So the traffic light only has the primary level and lacks the secondary level like animals’call. Red→stop Green→go Yellow→get ready to go or stop8. Communication can take many forms, such as sign, speech, body language and facialANSWER: On a whole, body language and facial expression lack most of the distinctive properties of human language such as duality, displacement, creativity and so on. Body language exhibits arbitrariness a little bit. For instance, nod means "OK/YES" for us but in Arabian world it is equal to saying "NO". Some facial expressions have non-arbitrariness because they are instinctive such as the cry and laugh of a newborn infant.15. Why is the distinction between competence and performance an important one in linguistics?ANSWER: This is proposed by Chomsky in his formalist linguistic theories. It is sometimes hard to draw a strict line. Some researchers in applied linguistics think communicative competence may be a more revealing concept in language teaching than the purely theoretical pair—competence and performance.第二章1.phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is calledphonology.2. Allophone: any of the different forms of a phoneme(eg.<th>is an allophone of /t/in English. When/t/occurs in words like step,it is unaspirated<t>.Both<th>and <t>are allophones of the phoneme/t/.3.phonetics----The study of speech sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics .4.Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language.5.Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations areinvolved. Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation.6.Assimilation: a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound.7.Intonation is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.8.Syllable: word or part of a word which contains a vowel sound or consonant acting as a vowel.第三章1. morpheme: the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further small units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.2. inflection: the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes,such as number,person,finiteness,aspect and case,which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.3. affix: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem).4.derivation:is a process of the formation of new words by adding affixes to other words ormorphemes. Words formed in this way are called derivatives, which are open-class.5.root: the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total lass of identity.6.allomorph: any of the different form of a morpheme. a morpheme may have alternate shapes orphonetic forms. They are said to be the allomorphs of the morpheme.7. Stem: any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.8.blending: a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining theinitial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words.9.back-formation: an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deletingan imagined affix from a long form already in the language.第四章Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.Category（范畴） refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.Construction: any linguistic form which is composed of constituents and is able to be segmented.Constituent: is a term used in structural sentence analysis for every linguistic unit, which is a part of a larger linguistic unit.Subordination refers to the process or result of linking linguistic units so that they have different syntactic status, one being dependent upon the other, and usually a constituent of the other.Coordinate is a common syntactic pattern in English and other languages formed by grouping together two or more categories of the same type with the help of a conjunction such as and, but, and or.第五章Conceptual meaning: the central part of meaning, which contains logical, cognitive, or denotative content.Connotation: a term in a contrast with denotation, meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes.Denotation: the core sense of a word or a phrase that relates it to phenomena in the real world.Reference----what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.Sense---- is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de contextualized. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are interested in.Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms.Gradable antonymy（等级/渐次反义关系）----there are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair, e.g. old-young, hot-cold, tall-short, …Complementary antonymy（互补反义关系）----the denial of one member of the pair implies the assertion of the other, e.g. alive-dead, male-f emale, …Converse antonymy（逆向反义关系）----exhibits the reversal of the relationship between the two items, e.g. husband-wife, parent-child, doctor-patient, buy-sell, let-rent, employer-employee, give-receive, above-below, …Hyponymy----the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.Superordinate（上义词）: the word which is more general in meaning.Relational opposites关系反义词:Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items are called relational opposites.Chapter 1课后答案：6. Does the traffic light system have duality?Traffic light does not have duality. Obviously, it is not a double-level system. There is only one-to-one relationship between signs and meaning but the meaning units cannot be divided into smaller meaningless elements further. So the traffic light only has the primary level and lacks the secondary level like animals’ call.Red→stopGreen→goYellow→get ready to go or stop8. Communication can take many forms, such as sign, speech, body language and facialANSWER: On a whole, body language and facial expression lack most of the distinctive properties of human language such as duality, displacement, creativity and so on. Body language exhibits arbitrariness a little bit. For instance, nod means "OK/YES" for us but in Arabian world it is equal to saying "NO". Some facial expressions have non-arbitrariness because they are instinctive such as the cry and laugh of a newborn infant.15. Why is the distinction between competence and performance an important one in linguistics?ANSWER: This is proposed by Chomsky in his formalist linguistic theories. It is sometimes hard to draw a strict line. Some researchers in applied linguistics think communicative competence may be a more revealing concept in language teaching than the purely theoretical pair—competence and performance.Chapter 2II.Give the description of the following sound segments in English.1. [?] voiceless dental fricative2. [?]: voiceless postalveolar fricative3. [?]: velar nasal4. [d]: voiced alveolar stop5. [p]: voiceless bilabial stop6. [k]: voiceless velar stop7. [l]: alveolar lateral8. [i]: high front lax unrounded vowel9. [u:]: high back tense rounded vowel10. [?]: low back lax rounded vowelIII. Give the IPA symbols for the sounds that correspond to the descriptions below.1.voiceless labiodental fricative: [f]2.voiced postalveolar fricative: [?]3.palatal approximant: [j]4.voiceless glottal fricative: [h]5.voiceless alveolar stop: [t]6.high-mid front unrounded vowel: [i]7.high central rounded vowel: [] 符号里没找到，就是在语音[U]上划一横8.low front rounded vowel: [?]9.low-mid back rounded vowel: [?]10. high back rounded tense vowel: [u:]四 1 On a clear day you can see for miles.2 Some people think that first impressions count for a lot.V. Discuss the following questions.1) The production of speech sounds : lungs ,trachea(or windpipe) ,throat ,nose ,mouth ,glottis (声门), 4) To what extent is phonology related to phonetics and how do they differ?Phonetics is the branch of linguistics studying the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. Phonology is the study of sound systems that occur in a language and the patterns where they fall in. Minimal pairs, phonemes, allophones, free variation, complementary distribution, etc., are all to be investigated by a phonologist.Both are concerned with the same aspect of language----the speech sounds. But they differ in their approach and focus.Phonetics is of general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages; it focuses on chaos. Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns andhow these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. A phonologist studies what he believes are meaningful sounds related with their semantic features, morphological features, and the way they are conceived and printed in the depth of the mind. Phonological knowledge permits a speaker to produce sounds which form meaningful utterances, to recognize a foreign “accent”, to make up new words, to add the appropriate phonetic segments to form plurals and past tenses, to know what is and what is not a sound in one’s langu age. It focuses on order.Chapter 3II. Complete the words with suitable negative prefixes.a.irremovable m. dissyllabicrmal n. abnormalc.impracticable o. unworkabled.insensible p. unwrittene.intangible q. unusualf.illogical r. unthinkableg.irregular s. inhumanh.disproportionate t. irrelevanti.ineffective u. uneditablej.inelastic v. immobilek.inductive w. illegall.irrational x. indiscreetIII. Morpheme is defined as the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content. Then is morpheme a grammatical concept or a semantic one? What is its relation to phoneme? Can a morpheme and a phoneme form an organic whole?Since morpheme is defined as the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical, that is, it is involved both in grammatical and semantic aspects.A single phoneme may represent a single morpheme, but they are not identical. For example, the phoneme /s/ in ‘looks’, ‘tapes’, ‘Frank’s’, ‘race’ is the same one, yet they represent different morphemes or even is not a morpheme individually. The phoneme /s/ in ‘looks’: the third-person singular present tense morpheme; the phonem e/s/ in ‘tapes’: the plural morpheme; the phoneme /s/ in ‘Frank’s’: the possessive case morpheme; the phoneme /s/ in ‘race’: is not a morpheme, for it has neither lexical meaning or grammatical meaning.Morphemes may also be represented by phonological structure other than a single phoneme. In other words, a morpheme may overlap with a phoneme, such as I, but usually not, as in pig, in which the morpheme is the whole word, i.e. an independent, free morpheme, but the phonemes are /p/, /i/ and /g/.Chapter 4III. Put brackets around the immediate constituents in each sentence.1.((I) ((rode) (back))) ((when) ((it) ((was) (dark)))).2.((The) (boy)) ((was) (crying)).3.(Shut) ((the) (door)).4.((Open) ((the) (door))) (quickly).5.((The) (((happy) (teacher)) ((in) ((that) (class))))) ((was) ((becoming) (away))).6.(He) (((bought) ((an) ((old) (car)))) ((with) ((his) ((first) ((pay) (cheque)))))).IV. For each of the underlined constructions or word groups, do the following.--- State whether it is headed or non-headed.--- If headed, state its headword.--- Name the type of constructions.(1) Ducks quack.non-headed; independent clause(2) The ladder in the shed is long enough.non-headed; prepositional phrase(3) I saw a bridge damaged beyond repair.headed; headword---damaged; adjectival phrase(4) Singing hymns is forbidden in some countries.headed; headword---singing; gerundial phrase(5) His handsome face appeared in the magazine.headed; headword---face; nominal phrase(6) A lady of great beauty came out.non-headed; prepositional phrase(7) He enjoys climbing high mountains.headed; headword---climbing; gerundial phrase(8) The man nodded patiently.non-headed; independent clause(9) A man roused by the insult drew his sword.headed; headword---roused; adjectival phraseTest One: Invitations to LinguisticsI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________.A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. bang3. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.” is __________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say“碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?A. InterpersonalB. EmotiveC. PerformativeD. Recreational5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barrierscaused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?A. TransferabilityB. DualityC. DisplacementD. Arbitrariness6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language?— A nice day, isn’t it?— Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. PhaticC. PerformativeD. Interpersonal7. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules ofhis language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear andnow. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of __________.A. cultural transmissionB. productivityC. displacementD. duality9. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. PsycholinguisticsB. Anthropological linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Applied linguistics10. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguisticsII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by thedeaf-mute is not language.12. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems.14. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages.15. We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any languagesystem can be genetically transmitted.16. Only human beings are able to communicate.17. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was aFrench linguist.18. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is an example of the diachronicstudy of language.19. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.20. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms.III. Fill in the blanks. (10%)21. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of __________ communication.22. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined intoinnumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed __________.23. Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is __________.24. Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has beencalled the __________ theory.25. Linguistics is the __________ study of language.26. Modern linguistics is __________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language israther than lay down some rules for people to observe.27. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of __________ over writing.28. The description of a language as it changes through time is a __________ study.29. Saussure put forward two important concepts. __________ refers to the abstract linguistic systemshared by all members of a speech community.30. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s __________.V. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language? Can youtell us what language will be if it has no such design feature? （南开大学，2004）36. Why is it difficult to define language? （北京第二外国语大学，2004）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. How can a linguist make his analysis scientific? （青岛海洋大学，1999）Test Two: Phonetics and PhonologyI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice2. Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are __________ of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as __________.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula5. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as__________ diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called __________.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above8. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [b]D. [p]9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [u]C. [e]D. [i]10. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottal stopD. ConsonantII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than thesegment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.12. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the qualityof a speech sound.13. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast,namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation.14. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop.15. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.16. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.17. When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.18. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. laxor long vs. short.19. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.20. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, itis put into the coda rather than the onset.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. Consonant sounds can be either __________ or __________, while all vowel sounds are__________.22. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought closetogether so that the air is pushed out between them, causing __________.23. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the __________ and the lips.24. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point inthe mouth. A second element is the __________ to which that part of the tongue is raised.25. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without obstruction.26. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the twophonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating __________.27. In English there are a number of __________, which are produced by moving from one vowelposition to another through intervening positions.28. __________ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors.29. __________ is the smallest linguistic unit.30. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. Thesemovements have an effect on the __________ coming from the lungs.V. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. What is acoustic phonetics?（中国人民大学，2003）36. What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation?（南开大学，2004）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; then give anEnglish word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog. （青岛海洋大学，1999）(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop(2) low front vowel(3) lateral liquid(4) velar nasal(5) voiced interdental fricativeTest Three: MorphologyI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________ morpheme.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational3. There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six4. In English –ise and –tion are called __________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. infixD. back-formation6. __________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtractingan affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixationB. back-formationC. insertionD.addition7. The word TB is formed in the way of __________.A. acronymyB. clippingC. initialismD.blending8. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by __________.A. blendingB. clippingC. back-formationD.acronymy9. The stem of disagreements is __________.A. agreementB. agreeC. disagreeD. disagreement10. All of them are meaningful except for __________.A. lexemeB. phonemeC. morphemeD. allomorph II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second elementreceives secondary stress.12. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.13. Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed.14. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class ofthe base.15. Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word.16. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word.17. The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia.18. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes.19. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations.20. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. An __________ is pronounced letter by letter, while an __________ is pronounced as a word.22. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with __________.23. Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: _solid______, __hyphenated___ and__________.24. All words may be said to contain a root __________.25. A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to __________ class, while thelargest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to __________ class.26. __________ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.27. __________ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by theend of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.28. Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the __________ level.29. A word formed by derivation is called a ___derivative___, and a word formed by compounding iscalled a __________.30. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: __________ and __________.V. Answer the following questions. (20%)。
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名词检测题基础练习1、There are only twelve ______ in the hospital.．A. woman doctorsB. women doctorsC. women doctorD. woman doctor2、Mr Smith has two _______ , both of whom are teachers in a school.A. brothers-in-lawB. brother-in-lawsC. brothers-in-lawsD. brothers-in law3、How many ______ does a cow have ? ——Four.A. stomachesB. stomachC. stomachsD. stomachies4. Some ______ visited our school last Wednesday.A. GermanB. GermenC. GermansD. Germens5、The _______ of the building are vered with lots of ______ .A. roofs; leavesB. rooves; leafsC. roof; leafD. roofs; leafs6、When the farmer returned home he found three _______ missing.A. sheepsB. sheepesC. sheepD. sheepies7、That was a fifty _______ engine.A. horse powerB. horses powerC. horse powersD. horses powers8、My father often gives me ______ .A. many adviceB. much adviceC. a lot of advicesD. a few advice9、Mary broke a ______ while she was washing up.A. tea cupB. a cup of teaC. tea’s cupD. cup tea10、Can you give us some ______ about the writer?A. informationsB. informationC. piece of informationsD. pieces information11、I had a cup of _____ and two pieces of_____ this morning.A. teas; breadB. teas; breadsC. tea; breadsD. tea; bread12、As is known to us all , ______ travels much faster than ______ .A. lights; soundsB. light; soundC. sound; lightD. sounds; lights13、She told him of all her ___ and ____ .A. hope; fearB. hopes; fearC. hopes; fearsD. hope; fears14、The rising _____ did a lot of ____ to the crops.A. water; harmB. water; harmsC. waters; harmD. waters; harms15、How far away is it from here to your school?It’s about ______.A. half an hour’s driveB. half hours drivesC. half an hour drivesD. half an hour drive16、The shirt isn”t mine. It”s _____.A. Mrs SmithB. Mrs’ SmithC. Mrs Smiths’D. Mrs Smith’s17、Miss Johnson is a friend of _______ .A. Mary’s motherB. Mary’s mothers’C. Mary mother’sD. Mary’s mother’s18、Last week I called at my _____ .A．aunt B. aunts C. aunt’s D. auntes’19、The beach is a ______ throw.A. stoneB. stonesC. stones’D. stone’s20、I can hardly imagine ____ sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.A. Peter’B. PeterC. PetersD. Peter’s提高练习1. It won”t make much ________ whether you agree or not.A. difficultyB. troubleC. differenceD. matter2. No one has yet succeeded in explaining the ________ of how life began.A. causeB. problemC. reasonD. puzzle3. You must get there within an hour. There should be no ___ in sending this information to him.A. questionB. problemC. quarrelD. delay4. I can”t give you the card without Smith”s ________.A. agreementB. allowingC. permissionD. performance5. What impressed me most was that they never lost ________.A. heartsB. heartC. their heartD. their hearts6. --- I”d like ________ inform ation about the management of your hotel, please.--- Well, you could have ________ word with the manager. He might be helpful.A. some; aB. an; someC. some; someD. an; a7. He told me he had been offered a very well-paid ________.A. businessB. serviceC. workD. position8. It was ________ that he had to ask for help.A. such big a workB. a so big jobC. a so big workD. such a big job9. He dropped the ________ and broke it.A. cup of coffeeB. coffee”s cupC. cup for coffeeD. coffee cup10. What ________! Where did you get them?A. big fishB. a big fishC. a piece of big fishD. big a fish11. The new law will come into ________ on the day it is passed.A. effectB. useC. serviceD. existence12. --- Is this bridge made of ________?--- Yes, it is made of 2300 huge ________.A. stone; stoneB. stones; stonesC. stone; stonesD. stones; stone13. --- Mum, I”m going to visit my aunt. What about a week?--- A week is too long. Try to be back in a ________ of days.A. numberB. dozenC. fewD. couple14. He said that two ________ would come to our school the next day.A. woman scientistB. women scientistC. woman scientistsD. women scientists15. My ________ all ________ hard for the people.A. family; workB. family; worksC. families; workD. families; works16. Dr. Jones ordered ________ for the laboratory.A. two equipmentsB. two pieces of equipmentsC. two pieces of equipmentD. two equipment pieces17. --- Where have you been?--- I’ve been to________.A. the TurnersB. the Turner’sC. Mr. Turners’D. the Turners’18. Many children have to see the films for________．A. grown-upB. growns-upC. grown-upsD. growns-ups19. I told about some of the terrible ________ I had had in the war.A. experienceB. experiencesC. experiencingD. experienced things20. These days I employed two ________ in my house.A. man-servantsB. men-servantC. man-servantD. men-servants21. That” s________.A. James and Charles fatherB. James and Charles’s fatherC. James’s and Charles’s fatherD. James’s and Charles father22. ________ is published daily.A. TimeB. TimesC. The TimeD. The Times23. There are many ________ in big ________.A. ladies driver; citysB. lady drivers; citiesC. ladies drivers, citiesD. ladies driver; city参考答案：一、1、B2、A3、C stomach（胃）虽是“ch”结尾，但其发音为[k]，所以加“s”，不用加“es”。