Rhetorical Devices 修辞手法
结构类修辞手法漫谈
结构类修辞手法漫谈英语中，有些修辞手法是通过结构构成的。
结构类修辞手法(syntactical rhetorical devices)主要有：1．排比（Parallelism）排比是英语中一种常用的结构类修辞手法。
它是把相同的结构平行、相连地使用两次或两次以上，其目的是加强语气，使文章朗朗上口。
This is our policy and this is our declaration. 这就是我们的政策，这就是我们的宣言。
We shall fight them by land; we shall fight them by sea; we shall fight them by air. 我们将从陆、海、空全方位地同他们作战。
句中的this is...和we shall fight them by...结构分别重复了两次和三次，从而构成排比。
2．反问（Rhetorical Question）反问句也称修辞性疑问句，就是答案不言自明, 并不需要对方给予回答却故意提问，它并不是真正意义上的提问。
反问这一修辞手法有两个明显的特点：一是反问的目的不是为了让对方回答, 而是为了强调，以设问的方式来增强论证的力度;二是反问句所表达的实际含义在肯定否定上同它的字面形式正好相反，即否定形式的反问句表示的是肯定含义，肯定形式的反问句表示的是否定含义。
如：Doesn’t a wise man make mistakes? 聪明人就不犯错误吗？（否定形式的反问句表示肯定含义。
含义：聪明人也会犯错误。
)If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？(肯定形式的反问句表示否定含义。
含义：冬天来了，春天就不会远了。
)3．倒装（Anastrophe / Inversion）倒装就是故意改变句子中某一成分的正常位置。
一般来说，倒装的目的有三：一是为了强调,把需要强调的成分移到句首；二是为了平衡，避免句子显得头重脚轻；三是为了韵律，把押韵的词移到句末。
英语修辞手法
Alliteration（押头韵）
Paragraph 10. Today the poor are less often dismissed, I hope, from our consciences by being branded as inferior or incompetent. Paragraph 11. In I879 Henry George anticipated this state of affairs when he wrote in Progress and Poverty
Antithesis （对照）
Paragraph 1. Of the good things in life, the Negro has approximately one half those of whites. Of the bad things of life, he has twice those of whites. Paragraph 5. I am somebody. I am a person. I am a man with dignity and honor.
3. And, with a spirit straining toward true self-esteem, the Negro must boldly throw off the manacles of selfabnegation and say to himself and to the world,
Parallelism（平行）
Paragraph 5. I am somebody. I am a person. I am a man with dignity and honor. Paragraph 12. It is not the work of slaves driven to their tasks either by the task, by the taskmaster, or by animal necessity. Paragraph 22. when I say question the whole society, it means ultimately coming to see that the problem of racism, the problem of economic exploitation, and the problem of war are all tied together
修辞手段 rhetorical devices
修辞手段 rhetorical devices修辞格(figures of speech)是提高语言表达效果的语言艺术。
它能使语言生动形象、具体活泼，给人以美的享受。
英语修辞格种类很多，但粗略分来似可分为音韵修辞格、词义修辞格和句法修辞格。
The art or study of using language effectively and persuasively.The art or talent by which discourse is adapted to its end.（一）音韵修辞格(phonological rhetorical devices) 音韵修辞格是利用词语的语音特点创造出来的修辞手法。
它主要包括onomatopoeia, alliteration, assonanceOnomatopoeiaUse of words to imitate natural sounds, accommodation of sound to sense. 模仿事物发出的声响的修辞手法，与汉语的拟声辞格完全相同。
恰当地运用它可以使语言更加形象生动。
如：Presently there came the click of high-heeled shoes.高跟皮鞋声阁阁地传了过来。
AlliterationRepetition of the same sound beginning several words in sequence. 在一个词组或一个诗行中，有两个以上彼此靠近的词，其开头的音节（或其他重读音节）具有同样的字母或声音. 如：Let us go forth to lead the land we love.---J. F. Kennedy, InauguralPeter Piper picked a peck of picking pepper.AssonanceRepetition of the same sound in words close to each other. 在一句话或在一个诗行中间，有两个或更多的词具有相同的元音。
22种修辞汇总(新)
Rhetorical Devices (Figures of Speech)A rhetorical device is a technique used in language to convey ideas and messages in a persuasive way. Figures of speech are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. 修辞格(figures of speech)是提高语言表达效果的语言艺术。
它能使语言生动形象、具体活泼，给人以美的享受。
1. Simile （明喻）is a figure of speech involving a comparison between two or more things, which are essentially different but have at least one property or characteristic in common. Words like as, as...as, as if, as though, as…so, and like are the commonly used expressions to make the comparison.E.g. Justice will roll down like waters and righteousness like a might stream.It is something like improving the food in the prison while the people remain securely incarcerated behind bars.That scoundrel is as sly as an eel.To get a word from him was like pulling teeth.The first time I read a book, it is to me as if I had gained a new friend.He had given me the impression of absolute rigidity,as though he had swallowed a poker.一些常用句型也使用了明喻的修辞手法：(1)What句型：Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body.阅读之于思想，如同锻炼之于身体What sculpture is tot a block of marble, education is to the soul.教育之于心灵，犹雕刻之于大理石。
Rhetorical devices
4) Synecdoche (提喻）
• It involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. For instance, they say there's bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks. • 指用部分代表整体或者用整体代表部分，以特殊代表一般 或者用一般代表特殊。
7) Euphemism: (委婉）
•
It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as " pass away".
Childhood is like a swiftly passing dream. • 童年就像一场疾逝的梦。
2) Metaphor（暗喻）
• It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.
• He earns his bread by writing. • 他靠写作挣钱谋生。 The farms were short of hands during the harvest season. • 在收获季节里农场缺乏劳动力。 Australia beat Canada at cricket. • 澳大利亚队在板球比赛中击败了加拿大队。
修辞手法Rhetorical Devices—高级英语
Rhetorical DevicesLesson11.Onomatopoeia（拟声）is the formation of words in imitation of the sounds associated with the thing concerned.e.g. tinkling bells2.Alliteration(押首韵)is the use of several words in close proximity beginning with the same letter or letters.e.g. thread their way among the throngs of people3. Hyperbole(夸张) is the use of a form of words to make something sound big, loud and so on by saying this is like something even bigger, louder, etc.e.g. a flood of glistening linseed oil4. Antithesis(对偶，对语) is the setting, often in parallel structure, of contrasting words or phrases opposite each other for emphasis.“Ask not what you country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.”e.g. which towers to the vaulted ceiling and dwarfs the camels and their stone wheels.5. Parallelism(并列) consists of phrases or sentences of similar construction and meaning placed side by side, balancing each other.e.g. the din of stall-holders crying their wares, of donkey-boys and porters clearing, of would-be purchasers arguing and bargaining6. Metaphor(隐喻) makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but the comparison is implied rather than stated, without using words like, as etc. (simile)e.g. It is a vast, somber cavern of room.7. Personification（拟人）gives human form or feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes to inanimate objects, or to ideas and abstractions.e.g. Camels lie disdainfully chewing their hay.8. Inversion (倒装)mainly refers to the reversal of the usual order of the subject and the predicate in a sentence.e.g. In this cavern are three massive stone wheels, …Lesson21.Rhetorical question(反问) is usually defined as any question asked for a purpose other thanto obtain the information the question asks.e.g: Was I not at the scene of the crime? (rhetorical question)2.Synecdoche（提喻）is figure of speech in which a word literally denoting a part is substituted for the whole; or the whole for a part, or a specific word is used to stand for abstract one or vice versa.e.g.They were short of hands at harvest time.China beat Brazil in yesterday’s soccer game.3. Metonymy(换喻) is a figure of speech in which the name of an attribute or a thing is used to stand for another thing, and the relation between the two things is not of similarity, but of contiguity.e.g.The kettle is boiling.Wall Street, American financial centerCapital Hill, U.S. Congressthe Pentagon, U.S. Defense Department4. Anti-climax(渐降) is a figure of speech in which a series of ideas are arranged in such a way that they go from the most important to the least important with steady weakening of emotion and tone. It is usually used for humorous effect.e.g. He lost his empire, his family and his fountain pen.The duties of a soldier are to protect is country and peel potatoes.5. Climax（层递）refers to the arrangement of series of ideas, which go from the least important to the most important with steady strengthening of emotion and tone.e.g. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested6. Euphemism (委婉语)is mild, pleasant, neutral, or inoffensive expressions used instead of harsh, blunt, coarse, or unpleasant ones. They are often used out of courtesy or consideration for other people’s feelings.e.g. pass away, go to heaven, to be gone.weight-watcher, under-achiever, perspiration, do one's business, answer the nature's call etc. Earthly care, worldly worry or concern.7.Irony (反语)is a figure of speech in which the meaning literally expressed is the direct opposite of the me aning intended and which aims at ridicule, humor or sarcasm to make one’s remarks forceful.e.g. Robbing a widow of her savings was certainly a noble act.…on the good fortune that my illness has brought me.Lesson51.Antithesis(对照; 对立; 对偶)It is a counter-propositions and denotes a direct contrast to the original proposition.Any man or state who fights on against Nazidom will have our aid. Any man or state who marches with Hitler is our foe.Rhetorical Devices in the speech•1) Periodic sentence•2) Rhetorical question•3) Parallelism•4) Inversion•5) Repetition•6) Alliteration•7) Simile•8) Metaphor•9) AntithesisLesson 61.Metaphor:...the nerves of both ... Were excessively frayed...his wife shot him a swift, warning glance.The words spat forth with sudden savagery.Her tone ...withered......self-assurance...flickered...The Duchess kept firm tight rein on her racing mind.2. Euphemism:...and you took a lady friend.3. Metonym y:won 100 at the tableslost it at the barthey'll throw the book,...4. Onomatopoeia:appreciative chuckleclucked his tongueLesson 91.Metaphor eg:Mark Twain is Mirror of America2.Metonymy eg: His pen would prove mightier than his pickax 2. Simile:Most American remember M. T. as the father of......a memory that seemed phonographic3. Hyperbole:...cruise through eternal boyhood and ...endless summer of freedom... The cast of characters... - a cosmos.4. Personification:life dealt him profound personal tragedies...the river had acquainted him with ......to literature's enduring gratitude...The grave world smiles as usual...Bitterness fed on the man...Personal tragedy haunted his entire life5. Antithesis:...between what people claim to be and what they really are...6. Euphemism:...men's final release from earthly struggle7. Alliteration:...the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home...with a dash and daring......a recklessness of cost or consequences...8. Metonymy:...his pen would prove mightier than his pickaxe。
Rhetorical Devices英语修辞
Eg. She is a pretty girl. —She is the prettiest girl in the world.
He laughed heartily. He almost died laughing. This cold is killing me. I was scared to death. Your voice is loud enough to wake the dead.
English
Rhetorical Devices
英语修辞
I. Classification
In general, English Rhetorical Devices can be classified into three categories: Lexical rehtorical devices Syntactical rhetorical devices Phonetic rhetorical devices
The term "personification" may apply to:
① A description of an inanimate object as being a
living person or animal as in: "The sun shone brightly down on me as if she was shining for me alone". In this example the sun is depicted as if having the possibility for intent and if referenced with the pronoun "she" rather than "it".
词义修辞格（LexicalRhetoricalDevices）
词义修辞格（LexicalRhetoricalDevices）所谓修辞是指依据题旨情境恰当地选择语言手段和表达方式, 以有效地表情达意。
修辞的目的是使作品更加形象生动、引人入胜。
了解英语中的修辞, 有助于我们更好地理解、欣赏文章,也有助于在写作中丰富我们自己的表达。
英语修辞格按其构成大致可以分为三类:(一)词义修辞格(Lexical Rhetorical Devices)词义修辞格主要是指借助语义的联想和语言的变化等特点创造出来的修辞手法。
大学英语中常见的词义修辞格有以下几种:1.Simile 明喻与汉语的明喻基本相同,是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比,表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系。
常用来表示明喻的喻词有like, as, as if, as though等。
如:Learning is like rowing upstream; not to advance is to drop back. 学如逆水行舟,不进则退。
“How like the winter hath my absence been” or “So are you to my thoughts as food to life” (Shakespeare). 如“我的离开好象是冬天来临”或“你对我的思想就象食物对于生命一样重要”（莎士比亚）My love's like a red, red rose. 我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰花。
The man can't be trusted. He is as slippery as an eel. 那个人不可信赖。
他像鳗鱼一样狡猾。
He jumped as if he had been stung.他像被蜇了似的跳了起来。
Childhood is like a swiftly passing dream. 童年就像一场疾逝的梦。
2. Metaphor 暗喻暗喻也是一种比喻, 但不用比喻词, 因此被称为"缩减了的明喻(a compressed simile)"。
高级英语一修辞格归纳
⾼级英语⼀修辞格归纳《⾼级英语（⼀）》修辞格归纳英语修辞格种类1.⾳韵修辞格(phonological rhetorical devices)⾳韵修辞格是利⽤词语的语⾳特点创造出来的修辞⼿法。
主要包括onomatopoeia、alliteration、assonance（元韵）、consonance（辅韵）等。
2.词义修辞格(semantic rhetorical devices)主要借助语义的联想和语⾔的变化等特点创造出来的修辞⼿法。
主要包括simile, metaphor, allusion（典故）, metonymy, transferred epithet, personification, hyperbole, irony, euphemism, pun, oxymoron, zeugma（轭式修饰法）, contrast 等。
3.句法修辞格(syntactical rhetorical devices)主要是指通过句⼦结构的均衡布局或是突出重点创造出来的修辞⼿法。
这类辞格主要包括repetition, rhetorical question, parallelism, antithesis, apostrophe （顿呼）等。
Anti-climax 渐降、突降法It is the opposite of Climax (渐升、层进法). A climbing down from strong to weak, from most impressive to less impressive. It is often used in humorous writing.1.For God, for American, and for Yale.2.The duties of a solider are to protect his country and peel potatoes.3.O dear!What shall I do?I have lost my beau and lipstick too.4.I love my motherland,I love my people,I love my wife and my son and my daughter,I also love my pretty little dog.幽默风趣讽刺嘲笑出⼈意料Climax 渐升、层进法A figure of speech in which a series of words or ideas is arranged in order of increasing importance.1.We’re low---we’re very low---we’re very very low, as low as low can be.2.The audience smiled, chuckled and finally howled.3.Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed anddigested.4.He who loses wealth loses much; he who loses a friend loses more; but he who loses courageloses all.5.The drunkard smashed the glasses, upturned the table, and hit an old woman.Rhetorical Question 修辞问句Asking a question whose answer is self-evident intended to stir emotions.A question requiring no answer.不需要回答,其答案寓于问句的反⾯, 其作⽤是加强语⽓,表达强烈的感情, 以引起读者或听者深思。
英语中修辞手法的种类及作用
英语中修辞手法的种类及作用In English, there are numerous rhetorical devices that writers and speakers use to enhance the effectiveness of their communication. These devices help to make language more vivid, engaging, and persuasive. In this article, wewill explore some of the most common types of rhetorical devices in English and discuss their functions and examples.1. Simile.A simile is a type of comparison that explicitly usesthe words "like" or "as" to compare two different things.It creates a visual image in the reader's mind by drawing parallels between two unrelated ideas. For example:"His laugh was like the sun coming out after a long rain."The simile compares the subject's laugh to the appearance of the sun after rain, evoking a positive andwarming image.2. Metaphor.A metaphor is a figure of speech that describes one thing by referring to it as another, without using "like" or "as". It creates a direct association between two ideas, often with the intention of suggesting a new way ofthinking about the subject. For example:"He is a lion among men."This metaphor compares the subject to a lion, suggesting strength, courage, and leadership qualities.3. Metonymy.Metonymy is a figure of speech that replaces a word or phrase with another word or phrase that is closely associated with it. It often involves using the name of one thing to refer to another related thing. For example:"The White House has spoken."Here, the White House (a building) is used to refer to the government or the president, who resides there.4. Synecdoche.Synecdoche is a figure of speech where a part is used to represent the whole, or the whole is used to represent a part. It involves a relationship of containment or association between the two ideas. For example:"The government is in favor of the bill."In this example, the government (a collection of individuals) is used to represent the collective opinion or decision of those individuals.5. Personification.Personification is a figure of speech that赋予非人类的事物 human qualities or attributes. It helps to create avivid and engaging narrative by anthropomorphizing inanimate objects or abstract concepts. For example:"The sea was angry that day."Here, the sea is personified with the emotion of anger, creating a vivid image of a stormy ocean.6. Alliteration.Alliteration is the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words. It creates a rhythmic and pleasant effect on the ear, making language more memorable and enjoyable. For example:"She sells seashells by the seashore."In this sentence, the repetition of the "s" sound creates a catchy and rhythmic phrase.7. Parallelism.Parallelism is a figure of speech that involves the repetition of similar grammatical structures or phrases within a sentence or paragraph. It helps to emphasizecertain ideas and create a sense of balance and harmony in writing. For example:"We came not to fear the future, but to welcome it;not to avoid the past, but to learn from it."Here, the parallelism of the phrases "not to fear the future" and "not to avoid the past" creates a balanced and emphatic statement.8. Irony.Irony is a figure of speech that involves saying one thing but meaning another, often with the intention of mocking or批评某人或某事. It can be either verbal (sarcasm) or situational (when the expected result does not occur). For example:"She praised him with a sneer."Here, the speaker's praise is undercut by the sneer, indicating that their praise is not sincere.9. Hyperbole.Hyperbole is an exaggeration used for emphasis or effect. It involves stating something that is not literally true but is intended to convey a strong emotional response or emphasis on a point. For example:"I'm so hungry, I could eat a horse!"The statement that someone could eat a horse is clearly an exaggeration, but it effectively communicates the intensity of their hunger.10. Oxymoron.An oxymoron is a figure of speech that combines two seemingly contradictory words or phrases. It creates a paradoxical effect that can be used to emphasize a point orcreate a unique and memorable image. For example:"The calm before the storm."Here, the calm and the storm are contradictory concepts that are combined to create a tense and memorable image.In conclusion, rhetorical devices are essential tools for writers and speakers to enhance the effectiveness of their communication. They help to create vivid images, evoke emotions, and persuade readers or listeners by making language more engaging and memorable. By understanding and mastering these devices, writers can craft more powerful and persuasive messages that resonate with their audience.。
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Effects
Example
Expert opinion / quotations
Definition
The knowledge of an expert is referred to by the writer Can show an alternative point of view The reader trusts what the writer is saying Quotations are very persuasive Dr Martin believes that more needs to be done to improve the health of young people
Effects
Example
Personal involvement / anecdote
Definition
The writer incorporates aspects of their personal experience into the text – look for „I‟ Appeals to the reader – makes the writer seem more human or involved Can be used for humour / pathos I was shocked to find that many children don‟t know the National Anthem!
Effects
Example
Emotive language
Definition
Language that is used to create a particular emotional response in the reader Can create strong feelings such as anger, guilt, joy, concern, empathy, hope etc Involves the reader in the text This disastrous situation will only get worse unless we do something about it
Effects
Example
Irony / sarcasm
Definition
Ideas are presented in a way that seems opposite to what is really meant Creates humour Can over-exaggerate a situation Engages the reader on a personal level “What a lovely day” when it is pouring with rain
Example
Parenthesis
Definition
Brackets, dashes or commas are used to separate phrases from the main sentence Shows the writer‟s personal views Can be used to create irony or humour Most teenagers in the survey said they didn‟t like homework (what a surprise!)
Effects
Example
Repetition
Definition
The technique of repeating the same word and phrase Highlights key messages Reinforces important points Links different parts of the text Boring, boring, boring.
Band 2
Band 3
Band 4
Rhetorical question
Definition
The writer will not expect you to answer this question – they suggest the answer for you Draws the reader into the text Introduces ideas / topics Makes the reader think Should the UK leave the European Union?
Deciding where to bury him was a grave decision
Combining techniques
Remember that writers will often combine several rhetorical devices within a section of text E.g. Over 90% of us believe that Americans are dull-witted, dreary and docile (no surprise there then!) Try to comment on the overall impact of this on the reader
Identify features of language Explain how the writer uses these to influence the reader Evaluate how successful this is
How this is assessed
Band 1
Rhetorical Devices
How writers use language to influence the reader
Key Assessment Objective
AO2 (v) – understand and evaluate how writers use linguistic, structural and presentational devices You need to:
Effects
Makes the writing more interesting and imaginative for the reader As dead as a dodo
Example
Over-exaggeration
Definition
The writer uses superlatives and adjectives to make a situation seem much worse / better than it really is Shows the writer‟s strong feelings Can be used in humorous or ironic ways Many schools have become like learning factories
Effects
Example
Audience involvement / direct address
Definition
Effects
The writer involves the reader by relating the subject to their lives Look for „you‟ / „we‟ / „us‟ / „our‟ Makes the reader care about the subject Establishes a relationship between the reader and writer The writing is less intimidating We all know how bad school dinners are!
Effects
Example
Formal / informal register
Definition
Effects
The level of formality within a piece of writing depends on the reader and intended effects. It is shown through the vocabulary and syntax used Can make writing more authoritative, personal, appealing etc dependent on the register Either involves the reader personally, or shows that the writer is more experienced Who would believe it?!
Effects
Example
Metaphor and simile
Definition
Types of imagery
Metaphor – one object is said to be the same as another Simile – objects are compared to each other – look for „like‟ or „as‟