Politeness Strategies in Refusal
Politeness
The basic notion of their model is “face”. This is defined as “the public self-image that every member (of society) wants to claim for himself”. In their framework, face consists of two related aspects. One is negative face, or the rights to territories, freedom of action and freedom from imposition wanting your actions not to be constrained or inhibited by others. The other is positive face, the positive consistent selfimage that people have and their desire to be appreciated and approved of by at least some other people.
1. Bald-on record: FTA performed bald-on-record, in a direct and concise way without redressive action. e.g. imperative form without any redress: ‘Wash your hands’
Face-threatening Acts (FTAs)
In their model, politeness is defined as redressive action taken to counter-balance the disruptive effect of face-threatening acts (FTAs). Face-threatening acts (FTAs) are acts that infringe on the hearers' need to maintain his/her self-esteem, and be respected. Brown and Levinson argue that, since it is seen of mutual interest to save, maintain, or support each other’s face, FTAs are either avoided (if possible) or different strategies are employed to counteract or soften the FTAs.
英语商务索赔信函中言语行为的语用策略研究（大全5篇）
英语商务索赔信函中言语行为的语用策略研究（大全5篇）第一篇：英语商务索赔信函中言语行为的语用策略研究摘要：作为国际商贸活动信函的重要组成成分，索赔信函在贸易往来的过程中发挥着重要的作用，其本质是通过语言达到行为目的。
索赔信函的目的是对己出现的问题求得快速与妥善的解决。
它通常是买方由于对所收到的货物不满而提出索赔的文书，如:货物未按时到达;货物虽抵达，但与订单所描述不同;货物有损毁;货物数量短缺或多余;货物质量与样品不符;服务费用不合理以及收费过高等。
成功的索赔信要运用各种语言手段，按照一定的语言策略采取不同的言语行为来实现其交际目的。
20世纪70年代开始，商务信函中的语言使用问题越来越引起语言学家们的重视。
虽然语言学家、文体学家和会话分析学家都从不同的角度分析商务信函语言的语用特点、文体特征和语篇特色，但针对于索赔信函的分析还没有引起足够的重视。
本研究旨在以Austin和Searie的言语行为理论为依据，采用定性与定量的研究方法。
通过实证，系统地对索赔信函的种类和功能、不同言语行为的词汇、语法和句法特点进行分析，将其形式结构与实际功能及交流目的紧密结合起来，有利于探讨在索赔信函的书写过程中，如何灵活运用各种语法、词汇手段，充分利用言语行为的言外之力，礼貌地提出索赔，提高言语交际能力，促进有效的商业交际，以维护正当的商业利益。
本研究发现:在所收集的80封商务索赔信函中五类言语行为(表述，指令，承诺，表情，宣告)在英语索赔信函中都被应用，其中表述和指令言语行为应用最多。
在每一种言语行为下，都会采取不同的传递策略。
通过分析提出一些可行的写作方法，能够给商务工作者提供一些切实可行的规则，有助于他们在不同的言语行为中恰当地运用礼貌语言和策略去创造一种和谐合作的关系，进而避免和解决国际贸易中的冲突和争端，推动贸易利进行，最终实现贸易双赢。
关键词:索赔信函;言语行为;交际目的;实现策略第二篇：批评言语行为策略语用研究批评言语行为策略语用研究摘要：批评言语行为是日常交际中常见的言语行为类型。
基于实景模拟商务英语谈判语料的商务拒绝言语行为研究
基于实景模拟商务英语谈判语料的商务拒绝言语行为研究杨小敏;姚志英【摘要】以实景模拟商务英语谈判为语料,对商务英语谈判中的拒绝策略进行了实证定量分析.研究发现,商务英语谈判中,谈判员在拒绝对方时经常使用间接拒绝语用策略,对威胁对方面子的拒绝言语行为都会加以修饰,尽量使自己的拒绝行为显得间接、含蓄,维护谈判双方的积极面子和消极面子,进而达到维护双方友好协商氛围的目的.%An empirical study of business refusals based on corpus was collected in the paper from simulated business English negotiations.It discovered that in business English negotiations,negotiators usually take redressive actions and employ indirect pragmatic strategies in refusals to maintain their positive face and negative face,so as to achieve the negotiation purposes in a friendly atmosphere.【期刊名称】《蚌埠学院学报》【年(卷),期】2017(006)002【总页数】5页(P95-98,103)【关键词】商务英语谈判;拒绝言语行为;语用策略;面子【作者】杨小敏;姚志英【作者单位】滁州学院外国语学院,安徽滁州 239000;滁州学院外国语学院,安徽滁州 239000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】H315.9拒绝是指说话人对对方的请求、建议、邀请或提议等作出“不合作”的反应[1]，学界通常将拒绝分成直接拒绝与间接拒绝[2]。
布朗和列文森(Brown & Levinson)的面子理论认为，面子分为积极面子(positive face)和消极面子(negative face)。
Interlanguage_Pragmatics
Interlanguage Pragmatics is defined as the study of 'learners' use and acquisition of linguistic action patterns in a second language (Bardovi-Harlig, 1996; Kasper, 1999; Rose, 2000). There is a basic premise in interlanguage pragmatics — that it is not enough just to know the equivalent words and phrases in a second language (L2). Learners need to determine the situationally-appropriate utterances, namely: what can be said, where it can be said,
中日拒绝表达言语行为对比研究述评
177总第 363 期2016 年9月(下)C363Sep摘 要 在语言交际过程中，拒绝表达的使用起着十分重要的作用。
为便于中日两国交流的顺利开展，减少因语言和文化因素产生的表达方式的不同所带来的负面影响，了解和辨明中日拒绝表达方式的异同显得尤为迫切。
在策略组合模式上，日本人习惯将“先行致歉”与“直接拒绝”、“理由说明”配合使用，属于典型的消极礼貌策略。
而中国人在消极被动与积极主动的礼貌原则的共同驱使下，产生了形式多样的拒绝策略组合。
本文通过对前人理论进行梳理，对中日拒绝言语行为的异同进行总结、归纳，明确中日两国语言特征；全面系统地认识中日拒绝表达言语行为对比研究的发展方向。
关键词 汉日语言对比 拒绝表达言语行为 礼貌策略理论 研究述评A Review of Comparative Studies on Speech Acts to Ex-press Refusal in Chinese and Japanese // Yuan YijinAbstract In language communication, the expression of refus-al plays a vital role. To facilitate China-Japan communication and reduce the negative influence resulted from the differences in expression styles caused by language and culture factors, it is imperative to learn about the similarities and dissimilar-ities of refusal expressions in Chinese and Japanese. Through a summary on previous theories, this paper summarizes the similarities and dissimilarities of refusal expressions in Chinese and Japanese, makes clear the language features of Chinese and Japanese, in order to obtain an overall and systematic knowl-edge about the development direction of comparative studies on speech acts to express refusal in Chinese and Japanese.Key words Chinese and Japanese language comparison;-speech acts to express refusal;theory of politeness strategies;re-search review1 前言拒绝表达是一种极易威胁交际双方面子的言语行为,对于外语学习者而言,拒绝表达方式是最容易引起交际失败的言语行为之一。
英汉拒绝策略的异同
The Analysis of Similarities and Differences on Application of Refusal Strategyin English and ChinesebyZhang XiaotingThesis Advisor: Ms.Yang YiSubmitted to the B.A. Committee in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree ofBachelor of Arts in the College of ForeignLanguages of Hengshui UniversityMay 2012密级公开学号201020303235衡水学院毕业论文（设计）浅析中英拒绝策略应用的异同论文作者：张晓婷指导教师：杨义系别：：外国语言文学系专业英语年级：2010级提交日期：2012年5月20日答辩日期：2012年5月25日毕业论文（设计）学术承诺本人郑重承诺：所呈交的毕业论文是我个人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。
除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，论文中不存在抄袭情况，论文中不包含其他人已经发表的研究成果，也不包含他人或其他教学机构取得的研究成果。
作者签名：日期：毕业论文（设计）使用授权的说明本人了解并遵守衡水学院有关保留、使用毕业论文的规定。
即：学校有权保留或向有关部门送交毕业论文的原件或复印件，允许论文被查阅和借阅；学校可以公开论文的全部或部分内容，可以采用影印、缩印或其他复制手段保存论文及相关资料。
作者签名：指导教师签名：日期：日期：AcknowledgementsI would like to express my sincere gratitude to those who provide me with genuine and generous help in my process of writing this thesis.I express my sincere thanks to my supervisor, Professor Yang Yi, who has given me much enlightening direction and constructive advice during my study. And her thorough reading and sharp insight into the subject matter are the most valuable to my thesis. I am also thankful for her patience in spending so much time discussing questions concerned in my thesis and revising my draft.I‟m also indebted to all the staff and faculty in the Foreign Language Institute for their support during my study.My special thanks should also go to my friends for their help, encouragement and support.题目：浅析中英拒绝策略应用的异同摘要：人们的日常工作和生活中都离不开礼节。
礼貌2--面子理论
Positive Face Threatening Acts:
speaker or hearer does not care about their interactor’s feelings, wants, or does not want what the other wants
Positive face is threatened when the
positive face： is "the desire (in some respects) to be approved of." 正面面子（积极面子）指希望得到别人的赞 同、喜爱以及认同。
Face- Threatening Acts (FTA)
According to Brown and Levinson, some illocutionary acts speakers perform are intrinsically face-threatening acts (FATs) because they run contrary to either their own face wants or others of their hearers.
2. An act that expresses some positive future act of the speaker toward the hearer. In doing so, pressure has been put on the hearer to accept or reject the act and possibly incur a debt. Examples: offers, and promises.
face is “means the public self-image that every member wants to claim for himself or herself, or the emotional and social sense of self that everyone has and expects everyone else to recognize." In their view, face is divided into two categories: positive face and negative face.
关于礼貌的英语作文
关于礼貌的英语作文Title: The Importance of Politeness in Everyday Life。
Politeness is a fundamental aspect of human interaction, shaping the quality of our relationships and contributingto a harmonious society. In this essay, I will delve into the significance of politeness, its impact on personal and professional life, and strategies for cultivating it.Firstly, politeness fosters positive social dynamics. When individuals exhibit politeness in their interactions, they convey respect, consideration, and empathy towards others. Simple acts such as saying "please" and "thank you," holding doors open for others, and offering compliments create a friendly and welcoming atmosphere. Politeness lubricates social interactions, smoothing over potential conflicts and facilitating cooperation. In aworld where interpersonal relationships are paramount, politeness serves as a lubricant that keeps the wheels of society turning smoothly.Moreover, politeness enhances personal relationships. Whether it's within families, friendships, or romantic partnerships, politeness forms the bedrock of healthy and fulfilling connections. By showing appreciation, expressing gratitude, and using courteous language, individuals strengthen their bonds with others. Politeness demonstrates care and consideration for the feelings of others,fostering trust and intimacy. In contrast, a lack of politeness can lead to misunderstandings, resentment, and strained relationships. Therefore, cultivating politeness is essential for nurturing meaningful connections with those we care about.In the realm of professional life, politeness is a valuable asset. In the workplace, interactions occur among colleagues, clients, and superiors on a daily basis. Politeness contributes to a positive work environment, boosting morale, and productivity. When colleagues communicate respectfully and courteously, it fosters a sense of camaraderie and teamwork. Moreover, polite behavior towards clients or customers enhances theirexperience and promotes loyalty to the business. In leadership roles, displaying politeness and appreciation towards subordinates fosters a supportive and inclusive organizational culture. Overall, politeness in the professional sphere facilitates effective communication, builds rapport, and ultimately contributes to success in career endeavors.However, despite its importance, politeness is not always prioritized in today's fast-paced and increasingly digital world. The rise of social media and instant communication platforms has led to a blurring of social norms, with some individuals prioritizing brevity and efficiency over courtesy. However, it's essential to recognize that politeness transcends mere etiquette; it reflects our values and attitudes towards others. In a society where incivility and rudeness are prevalent, cultivating politeness becomes even more critical.So, how can we cultivate politeness in our daily lives? Firstly, it starts with self-awareness and mindfulness of our interactions with others. Taking a moment to pause,reflect, and consciously choose polite language and behavior can make a significant difference. Additionally, practicing empathy and putting ourselves in the shoes of others helps us understand the impact of our words and actions. Furthermore, setting a positive example for those around us, especially children and younger generations, reinforces the importance of politeness in social interactions.In conclusion, politeness is a cornerstone of civilized society, shaping our relationships, both personal and professional. By embracing politeness in our interactions, we foster a culture of respect, kindness, and empathy. As individuals, we have the power to cultivate politeness in ourselves and inspire it in others, creating a more harmonious and compassionate world.。
中英文商务信函比较研究
中英文商务信函比较研究在全球化日益加强的今天，商务信函在国际交流和商业活动中扮演着至关重要的角色。
中英文商务信函在撰写风格和语言特点上存在显著的差异，但都强调了有效、准确和专业的信息传达。
本文将从几个关键方面对中英文商务信函进行比较研究。
一、语言风格中英文商务信函在语言风格上有明显差异。
中文信函常使用正式和官方的语言，注重礼貌和尊敬，而英文信函则更偏向于直接和客观。
这种差异反映了两国文化的不同价值观。
在中文语境中，尊重和谦虚被视为重要的美德，而在英文语境中，准确和直接的信息表达被更加重视。
二、语法和词汇中英文商务信函在语法和词汇使用上也有显著区别。
中文信函倾向于使用复杂的句子结构和华丽的词汇，以展示书写者的文采和教养。
而英文信函则更注重简洁、明确和专业的词汇以及清晰的语法。
这反映了两种语言的不同特点。
中文的复杂句法结构为表达提供了更多的可能性，而英文的简洁性使得信息更加明了易懂。
三、内容和结构尽管中英文商务信函在内容和结构上都有其共同点，如开头和结尾的礼貌用语，以及段落安排和信息组织等，但在具体细节上仍存在差异。
例如，中文信函通常会在开头部分对整个信函的目的进行概述，而英文信函则更倾向于直接进入主题。
四、文化因素中英文商务信函之间的差异也反映了中西方文化的不同。
中文信函深受儒家文化影响，注重关系和面子，而英文信函则更多地体现了西方社会的契约精神和法律意识。
这种文化差异对商务沟通有着重要影响，需要双方在交流中特别注意。
总结，中英文商务信函在语言风格、语法和词汇、内容和结构以及文化因素等方面都存在显著差异。
在撰写商务信函时，需要根据目标受众和企业文化等因素，恰当地调整语言风格和内容结构，以确保信息能够准确有效地传达。
了解并尊重不同文化之间的差异也是进行国际商务交流的关键。
随着全球化的不断发展，跨文化交流和合作将越来越频繁，因此对中英文商务信函的比较研究仍有重要意义。
英文商务信函在商业交往中扮演着重要的角色，而“合作”和“礼貌”则是信函中两个不可或缺的关键词。
英语礼貌的作文
英语礼貌的作文 Title: The Importance of Politeness in English Communication。
Politeness is a fundamental aspect of effective communication in English, playing a significant role in fostering positive interactions and building strong relationships. In today's interconnected world, where communication transcends geographical boundaries, mastering the art of politeness in English is indispensable. In this essay, we will explore the importance of politeness in English communication and delve into various strategies to cultivate politeness in our daily interactions.
First and foremost, politeness creates a conducive environment for communication by promoting mutual respect and understanding. When individuals communicate with politeness, they demonstrate consideration for others' feelings and perspectives. This not only fosters a sense of goodwill but also encourages open dialogue and collaboration. In multicultural settings where English serves as a lingua franca, politeness becomes even more crucial as it helps bridge cultural differences and promotes inclusivity.
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（ｆａｃｅ ｔｈｒｅａｔｅｎｉｎｇ ａｃｔｓ），ａｎｄ ｐｏｌｉｔｅｎｅｓｓ ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｉｅｓ．Ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ ｔｏ ｔｈｅ ａｕｔｈｏｒｓ．“ｆａｃｅ”ｒｅｆｅｒｓ ｔｏ ｔｈｅ ｐｕｂｌｉｃ ｓｅｌｆ－ｉｍａｇｅ ｏｆ ａ ｐｅｒｓｏｎ．Ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅ ｆａｃｅ ｓｈｏｗｓ ｔｈｅ ｎｅｅｄ ｔｏ ｂｅ ｉｎｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔ，ｔｏ ｈａｖｅ ｆｒｅｅｄｏｍ ｏｆ ａｃｔｉｏｎ，ａｎｄ ｎｏｔ ｔｏ ｂｅ ｉｍｐｏｓｅｄ ｏｎ ｂｙ ｏｔｈｅｒｓ．Ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅ ｆａｃｅ ｓｈｏｗｓ ｔｈｅ ｎｅｅｄ ｔｏ ｂｅ ａｃｃｅｐｔｅｄ，ｅｖｅｎ ｌｉｋｅｄ，ｂｙ ｏｔｈｅｒｓ，ｔｏ ｂｅ ｔｒｅａｔｅｄ ａｓ ａ ｍｅｍｂｅｒ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｓａｍｅ ｇｒｏｕｐ，ａｎｄ ｔｏ ｋｎｏｗ ｔｈａｔ ｈｉｓ ｏｒ ｈｅｒ ｗａｎｔｓ ａｒｅ ｓｈａｒｅｄ ｂｙ ｏｔｈｅｒｓ．Ｉｔ ｐｌａｙｓ ａ ｌｅａｄｉｎｇ ｒｏｌｅ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｓｔｕｄｙ ｏｆ ｓｐｅｅｃｈ ａｃｔｓ．
Ｂｒｏｗｎ ａｎｄ Ｌｅｖｉｎｓｏｎ ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅｄ ｆｉｖｅ ｓｕｐｅｒ ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｉｅｓ ｆｏｒ ｐｏｌｉｔｅｎｅｓｓ ｉｎ ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎ ｔｏ ＦＴＡｓ：ｂａｌｄ ｏｎ．ｒｅｃｏｒｄ，ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅ
ｐｏｌｉｔｅｎｅｓｓ，ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅ ｐｏｌｉｔｅｎｅｓｓ，ｏｆｆ－ｒｅｃｏｒｄ，ａｎｄ ｄｏｎ’ｔ ｄｏ ｔｈｅ ＦＴＡｓ．Ｔｈｅ ｔｈｅｏｒｅｔｉｃａｌ ｆｒａｍｅｗｏｒｋ ｏｆｔｈｉｓ ｐａｐｅｒ ｉｓ ｂａｓｅｄ ｏｎ Ｂｒｏｗｎ ａｎｄ Ｌｅｖｉｎｓｏｎ’ｓ ｐｏｌｉｔｅｎｅｓｓ ｔｈｅｏｒｙ ａｎｄ ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｉｅｓ．
Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：ｐｏｌｉｔｅｎｅｓｓ ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｉｅｓ，ｆａｃｅ，ｆａｃｅ ｔｈｒｅａｔｅｎｉｎｇ，ｆａｃｅ－ｓａｖｉｎｇ，ｒｅｆｕｓａｌ
ＩｎｔｒＯｄｕｃｔｉＯｎ Ｂｒｏｗｎ ａｎｄ Ｌｅｖｉｎｓｏｎ’ｓ（１ ９７８，１ ９８７）ｐｏｌｉｔｅｎｅｓｓ ｔｈｅｏｒｙ ｃｏｎｔａｉｎｓ ｔｈｒｅｅ ｂａｓｉｃ ｎｏｔｉｏｎｓ：ｆａｃｅ ＦＴＡｓ（ｆａｃｅ ｔｈｒｅａｔｅｎｉｎｇ ａｃｔｓ），ａｎｄ ｐｏｌｉｔｅｎｅｓｓ ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｉｅｓ．Ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ ｔｏ ｔｈｅ ａｕｔｈｏｒｓ，“ｆａｃｅ”ｒｅｆｅｒｓ ｔｏ ｔｈｅ ｐｕｂｌｉｃ ｓｅｌｆ－ｉｍａｇｅ ｏｆ ａ ｐｅｒｓｏｎ．Ｉｆ ａ ｓｐｅａｋｅｒ ｓａｙｓ ｓｏｍｅｔｈｉｎｇ ｔｈａｔ ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓ ａ ｔｈｒｅａｔ ｔｏ ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ’ｓ ｅｘｐｅｃｔａｔｉｏｎｓ ｒｅｇａｒｄｉｎｇ ｓｅｌｆ－ｉｍａｇｅ，ｉｔ ｉｓ ｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｄ ａｓ ａ ＦＴＡ．Ｂｒｏｗｎ ａｎｄ Ｌｅｖｉｎｓｏｎ（１ ９７８，１ ９８７）ａｒｇｕｅｄ ｔｈａｔ ｅｖｅｒｙｏｎｅ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ ｈａｓ ｔｗｏ ｋｉｎｄｓ ｏｆ ｆａｃｅ ｗａｎｔｓ：ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅ ｆａｃｅ ａｎｄ ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅ ｆａｃｅ．Ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅ ｆａｃｅ ｓｈｏｗｓ ｔｈｅ ｎｅｅｄ ｔｏ ｂｅ ｉｎｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔ，ｔｏ ｈａｖｅ
ｆｒｅｅｄｏｍ ｏｆ ａｃｔｉｏｎ，ａｎｄ ｎｏｔ ｔｏ ｂｅ ｉｍｐｏｓｅｄ ｏｎ ｂｙ ｏｔｈｅｒｓ．Ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅ ｆａｃｅ ｓｈｏｗｓ ｔｈｅ ｎｅｅｄ ｔｏ ｂｅ ａｃｃｅｐｔｅｄ，ｅｖｅｎ ｌｉｋｅｄ，ｂｖ
ｏｔｈｅｒｓ，ｔｏ ｂｅ ｔｒｅａｔｅｄ ａｓ ａ ｍｅｍｂｅｒ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｓａｍｅ ｇｒｏｕｐ，ａｎｄ ｔｏ ｋｎｏｗ ｔｈａｔ ｈｉｓ ｏｒ ｈｅｒ ｗａｎｔｓ ａｒｅ ｓｈａｒｅｄ ｂｙ ｏｔｈｅｒｓ．Ａｓ
Ｙｕｌｅ（１ ９９６，Ｐ．６２）ｐｕｔ ｉｔ ｉｎ ｓｉｍｐｌｅ ｔｅｒｍｓ，ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅ ｆａｃｅ ｉｓ ｔｈｅ ｎｅｅｄ ｔｏ ｂｅ ｉｎｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔ ａｎｄ ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅ ｆａｃｅ ｉｓ ｔｈｅ ｎｅｅｄ ｔｏ ｂｅ ｃｏｎｎｅｃｔｅｄ．Ｂｒｏｗｎ ａｎｄ Ｌｅｖｉｎｓｏｎ（】９７８，１ ９８７）ｊｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅｄ ｆｉｖｅ ｓｕｐｅｒ ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｉｅｓ ｆｏｒ ｐｏｌｉｔｅｎｅｓｓ ｉｎ ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎ ｔｏ ＦＴＡｓ：ｂａｌｄ ｏｎ—ｒｅｃｏｒｄ，ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅ ｐｏｌｉｔｅｎｅｓｓ，ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅ ｐｏｌｉｔｅｎｅｓｓ，ｏｆｆ－ｒｅｃｏｒｄ，ａｎｄ ｄｏｎ’ｔ ｄｏ ｔｈｅ ＦＴＡｓ．
Ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ ｔｏ Ｍｅｒｒｉａｍ—Ｗｅｂｓｔｅｒ Ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙ（２００５），“ｒｅｆｕｓａｌ”ｍｅａｎｓ ｅｘｐｒｅｓｓｉｎｇ ｏｎｅｓｅｌｆ ａｓ ｕｎｗｉｌｌｉｎｇ ｔｏ ａｃｃｅｐｔ，ｔｏ ｄｏ ｏｒ ｃｏｍｐｌｙ ｗｉｔｈ，ｏｒ ｄｅｎｙ．Ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ，“ｒｅｆｕｓａｌ”ｉｓ ａ ＦＴＡ．Ｉｎ ａ ｒｅｆｕｓａｌ，ｔｈｅ ｓｐｅａｋｅｒ ｔｏ ａ ｇｒｅａｔｅｒ ｏｒ ｌｅｓｓｅｒ ｅｘｔｅｎｔ ｔｈｒｅａｔｓ ｔｈｅ ｈｅａｒｅｒ’ｓ ｆａｃｅ，ｈｅｎｃｅ，ｔｈｅｒｅ ｉｓ ａ ｎｅｅｄ ｔｏ ｐｕｔ ｐｏｌｉｔｅｎｅｓｓ ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｉｅｓ ｉｎｔｏ ａｃｔｉｏｎ ｉｎ ｏｒｄｅｒ ｔｏ ｍｉｔｉｇａｔｅ ｔｈｅ ｔｈｒｅａｔｓ，ｉｎ ｏｔｈｅｒ ｗｏｒｄｓ，ｔｏ ｓｏｆｔｅｎ ｗｈａｔ ｔｈｅ ｈｅａｒｅｒ ｍｉｇｈｔ ｒｅｇａｒｄ ａｓ ａｎ ｉｍｐｉｎｇｅｍｅｎｔ ｏｎ ｈｉｍ／ｈｅｒ．
Ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ ｐａｎｓ，ｔｈｅ ａｕｔｈｏｒｓ ｏｆ ｔｈｉｓ ｐａｐｅｒ ａｒｅ ｇｏｉｎｇ ｔｏ ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ ａｎｄ ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓ ｓｏｍｅ ｐｏｌｉｔｅｎｅｓｓ
ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｉｅｓ ｉｎ ｒｅｆｕｓａｌ ｂａｓｅｄ ｏｎ Ｂｒｏｗｎ ａｎｄ Ｌｅｖｉｎｓｏｎ’ｓ ｔｈｅｏｒｅｔｉｃａＩ ｆｒａｍｅｗｏｒｋ．Ｅｘａｍｐｌｅｓ ｇｉｖｅｎ ｉｎ ｔｈｉｓ ｐａｐｅｒ ａｒｅ
ＺＨＡＯ Ｐｅｎｇ—ｌｉａｎｇ，ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅ ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒ，Ｃｏｌｌｅｇｅ ｏｆ Ｉｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ Ｅｘｃｈａｎｇｅ，Ｂｏｈａｉ Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ
ＧＡＯ Ｍｉｎ，ｍａｓｔｅｒ，Ｃｏｌｌｅｇｅ ｏｆ Ｉｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ Ｅｘｃｈａｎｇｅ，Ｂｏｈａｉ Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ． ＰＯＬＩＴＥＮＥＳＳ ＳＴＲＡＴＥＧＩＥＳ ＩＮ ＲＥＦＵＳＡＬ ９２１ ｆｒｏｍ ｔｈｅ ａｕｔｈｏｒｓ’ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅ ａｓ ｗｅｌｌ ａｓ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｃｏｎｖｅｒｓａｔｉｏｎｓ ｗｉｔｈ ｏｔｈｅｒ ｐｅｏｐｌｅ．Ａｓ ｔｈｅ ｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅｓｅ ｅｘａｍｐｌｅｓ ａｒｅ ｆｏｕｎｄ ｉｎ ｂｏｔｈ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ ｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ ａｎｄ Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ ｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ，ｔｈｅ ｐｏｌｉｔｅｎｅｓｓ ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｉｅｓ ｔｈｅ ａｕｔｈｏｒｓ ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ ｍａｙ ｇｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙ ａｐｐｌｙ ｔｏ ｂｏｔｈ ｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｓ．
Ｒｅｆｕｓａｌ Ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｉｅｓ Ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅ Ｐｏｌｉｔｅｎｅｓｓ Ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｉｅｓ Ａｓ Ｂｒｏｗｎ ａｎｄ Ｌｅｖｉｎｓｏｎ（１ ９７８，Ｐ．１ ５）ｐｕｔ ｉｔ，ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅ ｐｏｌｉｔｅｎｅｓｓ ｉｓ ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｚｅｄ ｂｙ ｔｈｅ ｅｘｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎ ｏｆ ａｐｐｒｏｖａｌ ａｎｄ ａｐｐｒｅｃｉａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆｔｈｅ ａｄｄｒｅｓｓｅｅ’ｓ ｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌｉｔｙ ｂｙ ｍａｋｉｎｇ ｈｉｍ／ｈｅｒ ｆｅｅｌ ｐａｒｔ ｏｆａｎ ｉｎ－ｇｒｏｕｐ．Ｙｕｌｅ（１９９６）
ａｌｓｏ ａｒｇｕｅｄ ｔｈａｔ ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅ ｐｏｌｉｔｅｎｅｓｓ ｅｍｐｈａｓｉｚｅｓ ｔｈａｔ ｂｏｔｈ ｓｐｅａｋｅｒｓ ｗａｎｔ ｔｈｅ ｓａｍｅ ｔｈｉｎｇ，ａｎｄ ｔｈａｔ ｔｈｅｙ ｈａｖｅ ａ ｃｏｍｍｏｎ ｇｏａ１．Ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ，ｓｕｃｈ ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓ ｃａｎ ｂｅ ｆｏｕｎｄ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｉｅｓ． Ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙ ｌ：Ｃｌａｉｍ ｃｏｍｍｏｎ ｇｒｏｕｎｄ．ｓｏｌｉｄａｒｉｔｙ Ｂｙ ａｄｏｐｔｉｎｇ ｔｈｉｓ ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙ，ｔｈｅ ｓｐｅａｋｅｒ ｓｍａｒｔｌｙ ｓｅｅｋｓ ａｇｒｅｅｍｅｎｔ ｆｒｏｍ ｔｈｅ ｈｅａｒｅｒ．ＬＩＡＮＧ＆ＨＡＮ（２００５） ｓｔａｔｅｄ ｔｈａｔ ｃｏｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ ｃｏｎｃｅｒｎ ｆｏｒ ｏｔｈｅｒｓ ｅｎｊ ｏｙｓ ｍｕｃｈ ｐｏｐｕｌａｒｉｔｙ．Ｙｕｌｅ（１ ９９６）ａｌｓｏ ｐｏｉｎｔｅｄ ｏｕｔ ｔｈａｔ ｔｈｅ ｔｅｎｄｅｎｃｙ ｔｏ ｕｓｅ ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅ ｐｏｌｉｔｅｎｅｓｓ ｆｏｒｍｓ，ｅｍｐｈａｓｉｚｉｎｇ ｃｌｏｓｅｎｅｓｓ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ ｓｐｅａｋｅｒ ａｎｄ ｈｅａｒｅｒ，ｃａｎ ｂｅ ｓｅｅｎ ａｓ ａ ｓｏｌｉｄａｒｉｔｙ ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙ．Ｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｔｌｙ．ａ ｓｏｌｉｄａｒｉｔｙ ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙ ｗｉｌｌ ｂｅ ｍａｒｋｅｄ ｖｉａ ｉｎｃｌｕｓｉｖｅ ｔｅｒｍｓ ｓｕｃｈ ａｓ“ｗｅ’’ａｎｄ“ｌｅｔ’ｓ’’ ａｓ ｉｎ Ｅｘａｍｐｌｅｓ（１）一（２）： Ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ（１）Ａ：Ｈｏｗ ａｂｏｕｔ ｇｏｉｎｇ ｔｏ ｔｈｅ ｐｕｂ ｔｏｎｉｇｈｔ？ Ｂ：Ｙｏｕ／ｗｅ ｇｏｔｔａ ｗｏｒｋ ｔｏｍｏｒｒｏｗ！Ｈａｖｅ ａ ｇｏｏｄ ｓｌｅｅｐ ａｔ ｈｏｍｅ． Ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ（２）Ａ（ｗｉｆｅ）：Ｄｅａｒ，ｙｏｕ ｌｏｏｋ ｔｉｒｅｄ ｔｈｅｓｅ ｄａｙｓ．Ｈａｖｅ ｙｏｕ ｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒｅｄ ｑｕｉＲｉｎｇ ｔｈａｔ ｐａｒｔ—ｔｉｍｅ ｊｏｂ？ Ｂ（ｈｕｓｂａｎｄ）：Ｉ ｆｅｅｌ ｈａｐｐｙ ｙｏｕ ｓａｉｄ ｔｈａｔ，ｂｕｔ ｗｅ ｒｅａｌｌｙ ｎｅｅｄ ｍｏｎｅｙ ｆｏｒ ａ ｂｅｔｔｅｒ ｌｉｆｅ． Ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙ ２：Ｏｆｆｅｒ ｏｆ ｒｅｐａｉｒ／ｎｅｗ ｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ Ｗｈｅｎ ｔｈｅ ａｃｔｕａｌ ｆａｃｅ ｔｈｒｅａｔｅｎｉｎｇ ａｃｔｉｏｎ ｈａｓ ｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｄ ｂｙ ｒｅｆｕｓａｌ，ａｎ ｏｆｆｅｒ ｏｆ ｒｅｐａｉｒ／ｎｅｗ ｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ ｉｓ ａｐｐｒｏｐｒｉａｔｅ ｔｏ ｍｉｔｉｇａｔｅ ｔｈｅ ｉｍｐａｃｔ．Ｔｈｅ ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙ ｅｍｐｌｏｙｅｄ ｉｎ Ｅｘａｍｐｌｅｓ（３）一（４）ｃａｎ ｂｅ ｓｅｅｎ ａｓ ａｎ ｏｆｆｅｒ ｏｆ ｃｏｍｐｅｎｓａｔｉｏｎ． Ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ（３）Ａ：Ｃｏｕｌｄ ｙｏｕ ｄｒｉｖｅ ｍｅ ｔｏ ｗｏｒｋ ｔｏｍｏｒｒｏｗ，’ｃａｕｓｅ ｓｏｍｅｔｈｉｎｇ ｈａｓ ｇｏｎｅ ｗｒｏｎｇ ｗｉｔｈ ｍｙ ｃａｒ？ Ｂ：Ｕｍ，Ｉ ａｍ ａｆｒａｉｄ Ｉ ｃａｎ’ｔ ｇｉｖｅ ａ ｈａｎｄ ａｓ Ｉ ｎｅｅｄ ｔｏ ｍｅｅｔ ｓｏｍｅｏｎｅ ａｔ ｔｈｅ ａｉｒｐｏｒｔ．Ｌｅｔ ｍｅ ｔｈｉｎｋ，Ｉ ｃａｎ ａｓｋ ｍｙ ｓｉｓｔｅｒ ａｎｄ ｓｅｅ ｉｆ ｓｈｅ ｉｓ ｆｒｅｅ ｔｏｍｏｒｒｏｗ． Ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ（４）Ａ：Ａｒｅ ｙｏｕ ｆｒｅｅ ｔｏ ｓｅａｒｃｈ ｓｏｍｅ ｓａｍｐｌｅ ｒｅｓｕｍｅｓ ｏｎｌｉｎｅ ｆｏｒ ｍｅ？ Ｂ：Ｓｏｒｒｙ，ｌ ａｍ ｂｕｓｙ ｗｉｔｈ ａｓｓｉｇｎｍｅｎｔｓ，ｂｕｔ Ｉ ｃａｎ ｏｆｆｅｒ ｙｏｕ ｓｅｖｅｒａｌ ｗｅｂｓｉｔｅｓ，ｗｈｅｒｅ ｙｏｕ ｃａｎ ｆｉｎｄ ｔｈｅｍ ｏｎ ｙｏｕｒ ｏｗｎ． ● ● Ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙ ３：Ｕｓｅ ｅｘｃｕｓｅｓ Ｔｈｅ ｅｘｃｕｓｅ ｒｅｍｏｖｅｓ ｔｈｅ ｉｍｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ ｔｈａｔ ｏｎｅ ｗａｎｔｓ ｔｏ ｒｅｆｕｓｅ ｂｙ ｐｒｏｖｉｄｉｎｇ ａｎ ａｌｔｅｒｎａｔｉｖｅ ｅｘｐｌａｎａｔｉｏｎ ｆｏｒ ｏｎｅ’ｓ ｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｌｙ ｆａｃｅ－ｔｈｒｅａｔｅｎｉｎｇ ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒ（Ｃｏｐｐｏｃｋ，２００５）．Ｂｙ ｕｓｉｎｇ ｔｈｉｓ ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙ，ｗｈｉｃｈ ｉｎ ｓｏｍｅ ｗａｙ ｉｍｐｌｉｅｓ ｔｈａｔ ｏｎｅ ｉｓ ｕｎｗｉｌｌｉｎｇ ｔｏ ｄｏ ｏｒ ａｃｃｅｐｔ ｓｏｍｅｔｈｉｎｇ，ａｓ ｉｎ Ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ（５）： Ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ（５）Ａ：（Ｉｎ ａ ｓｈｏｐｐｉｎｇ ｃｅｎｔｅｒ）Ｅｘｃｕｓｅ ｍｅ ｓｉｒ，ｗｏｕｌｄ ｙｏｕ ｌｉｋｅ ｔｏ ｈａｖｅ ａ ｌｏｏｋ ａｔ ｏｕｒ ｎｅｗ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｓ？ Ｂ：Ｏｈ，ｓｏｒｒｙ，Ｉ ａｍ ｈｕｒｒｙｉｎｇ ｆｏｒ ａ ｍｅｅｔｉｎｇ／ｓｃｈｏｏｌ／ｗｏｒｋ． Ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙ ４：Ｐｒｏｍｉｓｅ Ｏｎｅ ｍａｙ ａｌｓｏ ｃｈｏｏｓｅ（ａ ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙ）ｔｏ ｓｔｒｅｓｓ ｈｉｓ／ｈｅｒ ｃｏｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ ｈｅａｒｅｒ ｂｙ ｐｒｏｍｉｓｅ ｔｏ ａｖｏｉｄ ｔｈｅ ｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌ ｔｈｒｅａｔ ｏｆ ｓｏｍｅ ＦＴＡｓ．Ｐｒｏｍｉｓｅ ｉｓ ｓｕｃｈ ａ ｗａｙ ｔｏ ｄｅｍｏｎｓｔｒａｔｅ ｔｈｅ ｓｐｅａｋｅｒ’ｓ ｇｏｏｄ ｉｎｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ ｉｎ ｓａｔｉｓｆｙｉｎｇ