最新语言学概论(2)
邢福义《语言学概论》(第2版)复习笔记和课后习题详解(语用学)【圣才出品】
第6章语用学
6.1 复习笔记【知识框架】
【考点归纳】
考点一：语用和语用学
1．语言运用（语用）
语言运用是指交际双方在一定场合，为着一定目的，以某种方式进行的话语表达和话语理解的活动。
表6-1 语言运用（语用）
2．语用学
（1）语用学的兴起
表6-2 语用学的兴起
（2）语用学的任务
表6-3 语用学的任务
（3）语用学与相关学科
表6-4 语用学与相关学科
考点二：语言环境
1．含义
语言环境（context）简称语境。
语境是语用研究中的一个核心概念。
语境有狭义和广义之分。
表6-5 语言环境的含义
2．语境的构成
语境是由影响言语交际的各种相关因素构成的，主要包括语言内部的上下文语境和语言外部的情景语境、背景语境。
表6-6 语境的构成
3．语境的功能
语境的功能指语境对意义的表达和理解所产生的影响，语境并不是独立地发挥功能，而是参与、协助话语的表达和理解。
可以分别从话语的表达和话语的理解两个角度考察语境的功能。
表6-7 语境的功能
考点三：语用原则
1．合作原则
表6-8 合作原则。
《英语语言学概论》题与答案(2)
ExercisesI.Multiple Choice1. __________ studies language change over time in contrast to looking at language as it is used at a given moment.A. Diachronic linguisticsB. Synchronic linguisticsC. Prescriptive linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics2. Of all the speech organs, the ______ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords3. In terms of place of articulation, the following sounds [p], [b], [m] and [w]share the feature of ______.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental4. A(n) ______ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme5. Which of the following sound description is for [d]A. voiced labiodental fricativeB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless labiodental fricativeD. voiceless alveolar stop6. What is the phonetic feature of the sound [u]A. close back shortB. semi-close front shortC. semi-open central shortD. open front short7. Which of the following sentences contain a derivational affixA. The cows escaped.B. It was raining.C. Those socks are inexpensive.D. She closed the book.8. The morpheme “ed” in the word “worked” is known as a(n) ______.A. derivational morphemeB. lexical morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. functional morpheme9. “en-” in “enlarge” is a(n) ______.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. free rootD. bound root10. ______ is the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme11. Which of the following forms is possible word of EnglishA. sprokeB. bsarnC. mboodD. coofp12. Which pair of words below shows the relation of antonymy. ______A. flourish—thriveB. intelligent—stupidC. casual—informalD. flog—whip13. We call the relation between “furniture” and “wardrobe” as ______.A. hyponymyB. meronymyC. homophonyD. homonymy14. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to ______.A. breakdown of conversationB. confusion of one’s intentionC. hostility between speakers and the listenersD. conversational implicatures15. In t he phrase structure rule “S——>NP VP”, the arrow can be read as______.A.is equal toB.consists ofC.hasD.generates16. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is ______.A. lexicalB. morphemeC. grammaticalD. semantic17. The pair of words “hot” and “cold” are ______.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. co-hyponyms18. Which pair of the following are complementary antonymsA. alive / deadB. above / belowC. poor / richD. doctor / patient19. What is the relation between the pair of sentences:He likes seafood.He likes crabsA. synonymyB. inconsistencyC. entailmentD. presupposition20. Which pair of the following are homographsA. piece n. / peace n.B. tear v. / tear n.C. fast adj. / fast v.D. flower n. / rose n.21. Which pair of the following are dialectal synonymsA. lorry, truckB. kid, childC. collaborator, accompliceD. amaze, astound22. “Lift” and “elevator” form a pair of ______ synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialecticalC. collocationalD. connotative15. All syllables must have a ______.A. onsetB. codaC. nucleusD. consonant23. ______ studies language and speech as they are used at a given moment and not in terms of how they have evolved over time.A. Diachronic linguisticsB. Synchronic linguisticsC. Prescriptive linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics24. ______ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics25. Of the following sound combination, only ______ is permissible in English.A. iblkB. ilbkC. ilkbD. blik26. Which pair of words below shows the relation of synonymy. ______A. drunk—soberB. uncle—auntC. young—oldD. casual—informal27. The sense relationship between “He has been to France” and “He has been to Europe” is ______.A. hyponymyB. antonymyC. presuppositionD. entailment28. In the phrase structure rule “NP—>(Det) N (PP)…”, the arrowcan be read as______.A. is equal toB. branches intoC. transformsD. generates29. In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][r][s][l][z][n] share the feature of ______.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental30. Y’s utterance in the following conversation violates themaxim of ______.X: When is Susan’s f arewell partyY: Sometime next month.A.qualityB.quantityC.relationD.manner31. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the ______because this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker’s intention.A. locutionary actB. constative actC. perlocutionary actD. illocutionary act32. We call the relation between “vehicle” and “car” as ______.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. homonymy33. Which of the following pairs differs from the others in thesense relation ______A. good, badB. long, shortC. big, smallD. innocent, guilty34. As far as manners of articulation are concerned, which of the followingdiffers from the others ______A.[p]B. [b]C. [t]D. [f]35. Which pair of the following belong to meronymyA. animal, tigerB. hand, fingerC. livestock, dogD. furniture, dresser36. “-En” in “blacken” is a(n) ______.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. free rootD. bound root37. Transformational rules do not change the basic ______ ofsentences.A. formB. structureC. meaningD. sound pattern38. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called____.missivesB. directivesB.expressivesD. declaratives39. The illocutionary point of the____ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.A. declarationsB. expressivesmissivesD. directives40. Y’s utterance in the following conversation exchange viola tes the maxim of ______.X: Who was that you were with last night？Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks？A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. mannerII. Blank filling1.Productivityor___ refers to man’s linguistic ability which enables him to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences in our native language, including the sentences which were never heard before.2.Some antonyms are g radable_ because there are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair.3.Duality is the way meaningless elements of language at one level (sounds and letters) combine to form meaningful units (words) at another level.4.According to its position in the new word, affixes are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.5.Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds ina particular language are called sequential rules.6.Root_ constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning.7. A suffix is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may change its part of speech.8.In terms of morphemic analysis, derivation can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.9.Some morphemes cannot normally stand alone, but function only as parts of words, . –s, -er, -ed and –ing, which are called bound______ morphemes.10.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known asintonation.nuguge _is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.12.Saussure put forward two important concepts. Langue_ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.13.Broad transcription is normally used in dictionary and teachingtextbooks for general purposes.14.The root _ constitutes the core of the word and carries the majorcomponent of its meaning.15.Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change thepart of speech of the original word.16. Displacement is a design feature of human language that enables speakersto talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separationin time and space.17. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is calleda free _ morpheme.18.Clear [l] and dark [l] are allophones of the same one phoneme /l/. They nevertake the same position in sound combinations; thus they are said to be incomplementary distribution.19.Stem is the base to which one or more affixes are attached tocreate amore complex form that may be another stem or a word.20.Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.two sounds [p] and [p h] are in complementary distribution, and they are known as allophones of the phoneme /p/.22. _Syntax_______ is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.23. Cooperative Principle (CP) is proposed by Paul Grice .24. “Words are names or labels for things.” This view is called naming theory in semantic studies.25. The sentence “My unmarried sister is married to a bachelor” is a contradition.III. True or false questions.( T ) 1. “Where did he buy the beer” presupposes “He bought the beer”.( F) 2. Sense and reference are the same aspects of meaning.( F ) 3. A word’s category can be told straightforward from its meaning.( T ) 4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.(T ) 5. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is grammatical.( T ) 6. “The student’’ in the sentence ‘The student liked the linguistic lecture” and “The linguistic lecture”in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student”belong to the same syntactic category.( F ) 7. Compounds with a preposition are in the categoryof the prepositional part of the compound.(T ) 8. Like other phrases, Infl takes an NP as its specifier and a VP category as its complement.( T ) 9. Linguistic context is concerned with the probability of words or expressions co-occurring orcollocating with each other.( T ) 10. When the two words are in the same grammatical category, the compound will be in this category.( F ) 11. Linguistics is the course of language.( F ) the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.( T ) 13. Articulatory phonetics is concerned about how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds.( F ) 14. Language system is genetically transmitted.( T) 15. Phonology is the study of the rules governing the structure, distribution,and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.(T) 16. Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by following a set of syntactic rules thatarrange linguistic elements in a particular order.( T) 17. Stress has two main semantic functions: distinguish between two words and emphasize the syllable or word.( T) 18. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are closed class words.( T) 19. Linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense.(T) 20. The more commonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired more than one meaning.( T ) 21. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the Abstract meaning of a sentence in a realsituation of communication or simply in context.( F ) , suggesting, warning, ordering are instances of commissives.( T ) 23. When performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to be true.(T) 24. Coordination refers top the process or result of linking linguistic units so that they have different syntactic status, one being dependent upon the other, and usually a constituent of the other.(T ) 25. Traditionally,sentence is the minimum part of language that express meaning.。
邢福义《语言学概论》配套题库-课后习题-第2章语音学【圣才出品】
邢福义《语⾔学概论》配套题库-课后习题-第2章语⾳学【圣才出品】第2章语⾳学⼀、什么是语⾳？语⾳具有哪些性质？答：（1）语⾳是在⼈类⼤脑神经⽀配下由发⾳器官发出的负载⼀定意义并能为⼈们所理解的声⾳。
（2）作为⼀种物质形式，语⾳跟⾃然界的其他声⾳⼀样，具有各种物理性质。
语⾳是由⼈类的发⾳器官发出来的，因此具有⽣理属性。
同时，说话⼈发⾳和听话⼈听⾳⼜是⼀种⼼理活动，因此语⾳⼜具有⼼理属性。
语⾳代表⼀定的意义，是由同⼀语⾔社团的成员共同约定的，因此，语⾳⼜是⼀种社会现象，具有社会属性。
①语⾳的声学性质a..⾳⾼⾳髙指声波每秒钟振动频率的⾼低。
声波振动频率⾼，听觉上就感到声⾳⾼，振动频率低，听起来声⾳就低。
声波的频率与发⾳体⾃⾝的性状有关，男⼦的声带长⽽厚，说话声⾳低；⼥⼦的声带薄⽽短，说话声⾳髙。
同⼀个⼈通过控制⾃⼰声带的松紧，可以发出⾼低不同的语⾳。
⾳⾼在语⾳中的作⽤是构成各种声调和语调。
b．⾳强⾳强指声⾳的强弱。
它决定于声波振幅的⼤⼩。
振幅⼤，声⾳就强，振幅⼩，声⾳就弱。
语⾳的强弱跟发⾳时⽤⼒的程度有关。
发⾳时⽤⼒越⼤，呼出的⽓流越多，声⾳就越强。
⾳强在语⾳中的作⽤是构成重⾳和轻⾳。
c. ⾳长⾳长指声波振动持续时间的长短。
声波振动持续的时间长，声⾳就长，持续的时间短，声⾳就短。
语⾳的长短跟发⾳的速度快慢有关，汉语普通话的正常语速是每秒钟3?5个⾳节，英语的语速要快⼀些。
⾳长在许多语⾔和汉语⽅⾔中具有区别意义的作⽤，如英语和汉语⼴东话就有长短元⾳的区别。
d. ⾳质⾳质指声⾳的性质、特⾊，它是语⾳最重要的属性。
语⾳由发⾳器官（主要是声带和声腔）的协调活动⽽产⽣，⾳质的变化决定于三⽅⾯的条件：⼀是发⾳体的不同，⼆是发⾳⽅法的不同，三是共鸣器的形状的不同。
其中每⼀⽅⾯的差别都会造成不同的⾳质。
⾳长、⾳⾼和⾳强的特征合称为⾳质形式，⼜叫⾳律形式。
⾮⾳质特征是依附于⾳质特征来表现的。
②语⾳的⽣理性质语⾳的⽣理基础就是⼈类发⾳器官的构造及其运动。
2语言学概论符号剖析
1 系统性的表现
语言符号的系统性集中表现为语言各结 构要素的层级关系。 • 底层：语音层（音位--音节） • 上层：符号层（语素--词--短语--句子） 这个层级结构的奥秘是：以少驭多。三 四十（音位）--五六千（语素）--四十万 （词）--无穷（短语和句子）。
2 组合关系和聚合关系
组合关系：构成线性序列的语言成分之 间的关系。组合关系形成结构，是组装 关系。 聚合关系：能够在同一结构位置上出现 的语言成分间的关系。聚合关系形成类 别，是替换关系。
3 二者的关系
组合关系是聚合关系形成的标准，聚合 是根据组合划分出来的语言学上的类。 组合关系必须得到聚合关系的支持。 组合关系是第一性的，任何语言单位首 先是结构中的一员，然后通过联想、类 比发现聚合的类。
4 语言单位运转的关键
组词造句是句子结构的建立。结构怎么 立，是组合的问题；词都要从有关的集 合体中提取，这是聚合的问题。句子是 组合和聚合两种规则相互作用的产物， 句子里的每个词既是某个聚合的成员， 又在组合中担任一定的角色。 组合和聚合不但是词与词之间的主要关 系，也是各层级结构要素之间的主要关 系，它们揭示了语言单位运转的关键， 也是语言符号系统性的直接体现。
2 语言是不是符号
符号判定的标准 • 是否由形式和内容两部分构成？ • 两部分的关系是否任意？ 语言以语音为形式，语义为内容，音义 的结合关系是任意的，所以语言是符号。
3 语言是什么符号
符号的形式可以有不同的依托，如声音、 图象、颜色、线条、动态、立体等，据 此可以将符号分为听觉符号、视觉符号、 动觉符号、触觉符号等。 语言是听觉符号。
续5
叶蜚声 语言学概论 第四章 语法(2)
26
三、变换和句法多义
句法多义——同一句型可表示不同的结构意义。 一个多义句型，可以变成几个单义句型。 ①鸡不吃了。→鸡不吃食了。
“鸡”是施事
→我们不吃鸡了。 “鸡”是受事 ②他在甲板上写字。 →他蹲在甲板上写字。 换和句法多义
变换的目的：
1. 把句法多义句变成不同的单义句，消除歧义。 2. 辨析句法结构的细微差别。
下面两个句子句法结构相同吗？
通知的同志还没有来。 采购的东西还没有来。
28
三、变换和句法多义
①通知的同志还没有来。 →他通知的同志还没有来。 √
→通知他的同志还没有来。
②采购的东西还没有来。
√
→他采购的东西还没有来。 √
→采购他的东西还没有来。 × 第二句为什么不能继续变换？
29
语言学
第五节 语言的结构类型和普遍特征
（二）异根 换用不同的词根表示不同的语法意义。 英语：I (主) 、my (属)、 me (宾)
be： am、are、is
was、were
（人称、现在式） （过去式）
good（原）、better（比较）、best（最高）
俄语：
6
二、形 态
（三）内部屈折 改变词语内部的读音，以表示不同的语法意义。 英语：goose（单）、 geese （复）
（三）黏着语 代表：日语、维吾尔语、土耳其语、朝鲜语 特点： （1）有丰富的词形变化，但无内部屈折。 （2）一个变词语素只表示一种语法意义。
（3）词尾和词根结合不紧密，需要时黏附上去。 土耳其语： sev-miš-dir-ler 爱（他们以前爱过） 新しい （基本形） 爱 过去式 ない （否定式） 新しく 三人称 复数
writing （××正在写信。主动态 ）
语言学概论1-2
一、语言是说话的一部分
二、语言存在的方式 三、语言的符号性
四、语言的系统性
语言学概论
一、语言是说话的一部分
要想知道语言是什么，最好要了解什么叫说话。 说话是一种复合现象，其中至少可以分出三个组成 部分： 一是张口说话的动作。 二是说出来的话。 三是说话所用的那套代码(像汉语、英语、• 语就 日 是不同的代码)。
语言学概论
所以，研究语言要从研究言语开始，要从观察到的 大量的言语事实入手。
语言作为一种社会现象是跟各个领域的社会活动密
切联系在一起的，甚至可ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้说语言是无所不在的，因而
语言的客观存在形式是极其多样化的。
正因为如此，不同的人可以从各个不同的角度，根
据不同的需要，去研究客观存在的语言的各个不同的方
面。
语言学概论
组合关系 爸爸 姐姐 爷爷 开 教 讲 汽车 英语 故事
聚 合 关 系
语言学概论
小结：组合关系和聚合关系是组成语言系统的一个 纲，是我们观察、分析、归纳错综复杂的语言现象的一 把总钥匙，我们需要很好地理解和掌握。
语言学概论
语言学概论
总之，在人们说话和所说的话中存在着一
个系统——语音、语义、词汇、语法系统。这 个系统在任何一个人说话或所说的话中都可以找
到。只要你一张嘴，就必须按照一定的规则进行，
这个规则也就是语言系统。
语言学概论
二、语言存在的方式
语言学家研究语言，可以在两个地方找到它的踪影。 一是在说出的话(作品)里——语言的客观存在形式 首先表现为有声的口头语言即口语，而当出现了文字以 后，又表现为有形的书面语言即书面语。 二是存在于说话人的脑子里。（第13页下面）
语言学概论分类模拟语言的社会功能、语言是符号系统(二)
语言学概论分类模拟语言的社会功能、语言是符号系统(二)一、名词解释题1. 象似性答案：所谓象似性，是说语言的能指和所指之间，也即语言的形式和内容之间有一种必然联系，即两者之间的关系是可以论证的，是有理据的。
2. 多余度(冗余度)答案：多余度(冗余度)是指超出所需最小量的信息量的大小。
语言符号的冗余性特点保证了语言在传播通道发生故障(如字迹模糊、声音嘈杂、吐字不清)时，信息能够继续传递。
而且，一定的冗余度还能为暂时遇到理解障碍的受众提供线索，同时还能为检验信息接收效果提供参照系。
3. 组合关系答案：组合关系是指若干较小的语言单位组合成较大的语言单位，其构成成分之间的关系就是组合关系，又称线性序列关系。
如：“我报朱师兄辅导班。
”这个句子由四个较小的语言单位——词组成，其中每个词都是这个句子的构成成分，各个词之间的关系就是组合关系。
4. 语言结构二层性答案：语言结构二层性是指语言结构是由音位层和音义结合的符号序列层构成的分层装置。
音位层是底层，符号层是上层。
这两层的核心实际是以少驭多，以较少的单位组成上一层较多的单位，比如语言结构上层的三个层级在数量上是依次成倍扩大。
例如英语，音位层只有26个，但它们可以组成数十万条词，词又组成无穷无尽的句子。
5. 语言的层级装置答案：语言是一种分层装置。
语言结构要素的各个单位，在语言结构中，并非处在同一个平面上，而是分为不同的层和级。
语言的底层是一套音位，即音与义相结合而划分出来的音的结构成分。
音位经组合与某种意义相结合就能构成语言的符号和符号的序列。
这是语言的上层。
这一层又可以分为若干级：第一级是语素，这是语言中音义结合的最小结构单位，是构词材料；第二级是由语素的组合构成的词，是造句材料；第三级是由词构成的句子；词和句子都是符号的序列。
语言系统的层级结构可以图示为：音位→语素→词→句子。
6. 组合关系和聚合关系答案：组合关系：若干较小的语言单位组合成较大的语言单位，其构成成分之间的关系就是组合关系，又称线性序列关系。
《英语语言学概论》题与答案（2）
《英语语⾔学概论》题与答案（2）ExercisesI.Multiple Choice1. __________ studies language change over time in contrast to looking at language as it is used at a given moment.A. Diachronic linguisticsB. Synchronic linguisticsC. Prescriptive linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics2. Of all the speech organs, the ______ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords3. In terms of place of articulation, the following sounds [p], [b], [m] and [w]share the feature of ______.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental4. A(n) ______ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme5. Which of the following sound description is for [d]A. voiced labiodental fricativeB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless labiodental fricativeD. voiceless alveolar stop6. What is the phonetic feature of the sound [u]A. close back shortB. semi-close front shortC. semi-open central shortD. open front short7. Which of the following sentences contain a derivational affixB. It was raining.C. Those socks are inexpensive.D. She closed the book.8. The morpheme “ed” in the word “worked” is known as a(n) ______.A. derivational morphemeB. lexical morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. functional morpheme9. “en-” in “enlarge” is a(n) ______.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. free rootD. bound root10. ______ is the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme11. Which of the following forms is possible word of EnglishA. sprokeB. bsarnC. mboodD. coofp12. Which pair of words below shows the relation of antonymy. ______A. flourish—thriveB. intelligent—stupidC. casual—informalD. flog—whip13. We call the relation between “furniture” and “wardrobe” as ______.A. hyponymyB. meronymyC. homophonyD. homonymy14. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to ______.A. breakdown of conversationB. confusion of one’s intentionC. hostility between speakers and the listenersD. conversational implicatures15. In t he phrase structure rule “S——>NP VP”, the arrow can be read as______.A.is equal toB.consists ofC.hasD.generates16. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is ______.A. lexicalB. morphemeC. grammaticalD. semantic17. The pair of words “hot” and “cold” are ______.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. co-hyponyms18. Which pair of the following are complementary antonymsA. alive / deadB. above / belowC. poor / richD. doctor / patient19. What is the relation between the pair of sentences:He likes seafood.He likes crabsA. synonymyB. inconsistencyC. entailmentD. presupposition20. Which pair of the following are homographsA. piece n. / peace n.B. tear v. / tear n.D. flower n. / rose n.21. Which pair of the following are dialectal synonymsA. lorry, truckB. kid, childC. collaborator, accompliceD. amaze, astound22. “Lift” and “elevator” form a pair of ______ synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialecticalC. collocationalD. connotative15. All syllables must have a ______.A. onsetB. codaC. nucleusD. consonant23. ______ studies language and speech as they are used at a given moment and not in terms of how they have evolved over time.A. Diachronic linguisticsB. Synchronic linguisticsC. Prescriptive linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics24. ______ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics25. Of the following sound combination, only ______ is permissible in English.A. iblkB. ilbkC. ilkbD. blik26. Which pair of words below shows the relation of synonymy. ______A. drunk—soberB. uncle—auntD. casual—informal27. The sense relationship between “He has been to France” and “He has been to Europe” is ______.A. hyponymyB. antonymyC. presuppositionD. entailment28. In the phrase structure rule “NP—>(Det) N (PP)…”, the arrowcan be read as______.A. is equal toB. branches intoC. transformsD. generates29. In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][r][s][l][z][n] share the feature of ______.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental30. Y’s utterance in the following conversation violates themaxim of ______.X: When is Susan’s f arewell partyY: Sometime next month.A.qualityB.quantityC.relationD.manner31. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the ______because this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker’s intention.A. locutionary actB. constative actC. perlocutionary actD. illocutionary act32. We call the relation between “vehicle” and “car” as ______.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemy33. Which of the following pairs differs from the others in thesense relation ______A. good, badB. long, shortC. big, smallD. innocent, guilty34. As far as manners of articulation are concerned, which of the followingdiffers from the others ______A.[p]B. [b]C. [t]D. [f]35. Which pair of the following belong to meronymyA. animal, tigerB. hand, fingerC. livestock, dogD. furniture, dresser36. “-En” in “blacken” is a(n) ______.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. free rootD. bound root37. Transformational rules do not change the basic ______ ofsentences.A. formB. structureC. meaningD. sound pattern38. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called____./doc/18b4b05bef630b1c59eef8c75fbfc77da2699787.html missivesB. directivesB.expressivesD. declaratives39. The illocutionary point of the____ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.B. expressives/doc/18b4b05bef630b1c59eef8c75fbfc77da2699787.html missivesD. directives40. Y’s utterance in the following conversation exchange viola tes the maxim of ______.X: Who was that you were with last night？Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks？A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. mannerII. Blank filling1.Productivityor___ refers to man’s linguistic ability which enables him to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences in our native language, including the sentences which were never heard before.2.Some antonyms are g radable_ because there are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair.3.Duality is the way meaningless elements of language at one level (sounds and letters) combine to form meaningful units (words) at another level.4.According to its position in the new word, affixes are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.5.Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds ina particular language are called sequential rules.6.Root_ constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning.7. A suffix is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may change its part of speech.8.In terms of morphemic analysis, derivation can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.9.Some morphemes cannot normally stand alone, but function only as parts of words, . –s, -er, -ed and –ing, which are called bound______ morphemes.10.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known asintonation./doc/18b4b05bef630b1c59eef8c75fbfc77da2699787.html nuguge _is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.12.Saussure put forward two important concepts. Langue_ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.13.Broad transcription is normally used in dictionary and teachingtextbooks for general purposes.14.The root _ constitutes the core of the word and carries the majorcomponent of its meaning.15.Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change thepart of speech of the original word.to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separationin time and space.17. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is calleda free _ morpheme.18.Clear [l] and dark [l] are allophones of the same one phoneme /l/. They nevertake the same position in sound combinations; thus they are said to be incomplementary distribution.19.Stem is the base to which one or more affixes are attached tocreate amore complex form that may be another stem or a word.20.Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.two sounds [p] and [p h] are in complementary distribution, and they are known as allophones of the phoneme /p/.22. _Syntax_______ is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.23. Cooperative Principle (CP) is proposed by Paul Grice .24. “Words are names or labels for things.” This view is called naming theory in semantic studies.25. The sentence “My unmarried sister is married to a bachelor” is a contradition.III. True or false questions.( T ) 1. “Where did he buy the beer” presupposes “He bought the beer”.( F) 2. Sense and reference are the same aspects of meaning.( F ) 3. A word’s category can be told straightforward from its meaning.( T ) 4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.(T ) 5. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is grammatical.( T ) 6. “The student’’ in the sentence ‘The student liked the linguistic lecture” and “The linguistic lecture”in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student”belong to the same syntactic category.( F ) 7. Compounds with a preposition are in the categoryof the prepositional part of the compound.(T ) 8. Like other phrases, Infl takes an NP as its specifier and a VP category as its complement.( T ) 9. Linguistic context is concerned with the probability of words or expressions co-occurring orcollocating with each other.( T ) 10. When the two words are in the same grammatical category, the compound will be in this category.( F ) 11. Linguistics is the course of language.( F ) the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.( T ) 13. Articulatory phonetics is concerned about how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds.( T) 15. Phonology is the study of the rules governing the structure, distribution,and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.(T) 16. Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by following a set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in a particular order.( T) 17. Stress has two main semantic functions: distinguish between two words and emphasize the syllable or word.( T) 18. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are closed class words.( T) 19. Linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense.(T) 20. The more commonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired more than one meaning.( T ) 21. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the Abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication or simply in context.( F ) , suggesting, warning, ordering are instances of commissives.( T ) 23. When performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to be true.(T) 24. Coordination refers top the process or result of linking linguistic units so that they have different syntactic status, one being dependent upon the other, and usually a constituent of the other.(T ) 25. Traditionally,sentence is the minimum part of language that express meaning.。
语言学概论期末复习参考资料 第二章-语言的本质
第二章语言的本质名词解释：1、任意性：符号虽然是由形式和内容构成的结合体，但形式和内容之间没有必然的联系。
也就是说，作为形式的替代者和作为内容的被替代者之间没有必然的联系。
换句话说，形式和内容之间的关系是任意的，是不可论证的。
完全是使用语言符号的社会长期以来约定俗成的习惯决定的。
比如中国人的习惯是用“点头”表示“肯定”,用“摇头"表示“否定"，而保加利亚则刚好相反,用“点头"表示“否定”，用“摇头"表示“肯定"。
（P61）2、组合关系：组合关系是指在同一层级上组合起来的各个符号之间所形成的横向关系。
比如:“鸡吃小米”，“鸡”和"吃小米组合构成了主谓关系，而“吃”和“小米”的组合构成了述宾关系，主谓和述宾这样的关系是组合关系在语法层面的表现。
再如：jian、和“ian”是声韵关系，“i”、”a“、“n”是韵头、韵腹、韵尾的关系，这是组合关系在语音层面的体现。
又如：“我喝水”，“我”是施事，“喝”是动作，水”是受事，它们之间构成“施事－动作一受事”的语义结构关系，这是组合关系在语义层面上的体现。
3、聚合关系：聚合关系是指在一定条件下,在语言链条的某一环节上，能够互相替换的具有某种相同作用的各个符号之间形成的纵向关系。
比如:在“我读书”、“你唱歌”、“他打球”这三个结构体中“我"、“你”、"他"位置相同，作用相同,可以替换，“我”、“你”、“他"之间的关系就是聚合关系。
（P69）4、思维：思维是指人脑能动地反映客观现实的机能和过程，他所反映的是客观事物的本质特征以及客观事物之间的本质联系。
5、语用学：语用学作为语言学的一门新兴的独立学科。
研究在特定情，特别是研究在不同的语言交际环境下如何理解和运用语言的过程。
复习思考题1、谈谈语言符号和非语言符号共有的特点。
①任意性。
符号虽然是有形式和内容构成的结合体，但形式和内容之间，作为形式的替代者和作为内容的被替代者之间直接没有必然的联系。
语言学概论第一章第二章
语⾔学概论第⼀章第⼆章第⼀章语⾔和语⾔学第⼀节语⾔⼀、语⾔和⼈类社会⼀样古⽼，是⼈类社会的特征（特有财富）。
1、⼈类以外的动物不具备语⾔能⼒，所以不可能学会⼈类的语⾔。
2、其他动物的交际⽅式如叫喊、舞蹈等，即所谓的“动物语⾔”和⼈类语⾔有着本质的区别。
单位的明晰性结构的⼆层性任意性开放性传授性不受时地、环境的限制⼆、语⾔是符号系统1、什么是符号？它有哪些因素构成？符号是⼀个社会全体成员共同约定⽤来表⽰某种意义的记号、标记。
符号包括了形式和内容（意义）两个⽅⾯的要素。
形式和内容互相依存。
eg: ⼗字路⼝的红绿灯就是⼀种符号。
2、符号和征候的区分：符号和所标记的事物是具有约定性的（或者是由某些⼈规定，或者是社会习惯），⽽征候与它所标记的事物之间往往具有⾃然（本质或必然）的联系。
3、符号的分类:象征（有⼀定的含义,有⼀定的理据）狭义的符号（没有理据，任意约定的）4、语⾔是⼀种符号系统？语⾔具有符号的⼀切特征：语⾔是由语⾳和意义两个⽅⾯统⼀构成。
语⾳和意义在具体的语⾔中统⼀于⼀体，密不可分，⼆者互为存在条件。
语⾳和语义的联系是社会成员约定俗成的，个⼈不能任意改变这种联系。
注：具体来说语⾔中的词可以分为三种情况：⼀类是“哈哈” “啊”等叹词，它们可以说是⼈类感情的本能的反应，可以归⼊征候。
⼀类是“哗啦” “汪汪”等拟声词，⽤事物所发出的声⾳来记录事物本⾝，和事物间有着⼀定的联系，但同⼀种事物的声⾳在不同的语⾔中往往有着不同的记录，也体现了它的社会约定性，可以归⼊象征。
剩下的语⾔中绝⼤多数的词，它们的⾳和义之间关系完全是社会约定俗称的，没有任何理据可⾔，属于真正意义上的狭义的符号。
5、语⾔符号的任意性和线条性特点？任意性和线条性是语⾔符号的两个最基本的特点。
语⾔符号的任意性是指语⾔符号的⾳义关系是由社会约定的，⽤什么样的“⾳”去表达什么样的“义”⼈们说不出什么道理，完全由社会约定，这种⾳义关系⼜叫约定性。
语⾔符号的任意性是就语⾔创制时来说的，语⾔符号⼀旦形成，在整个社会范围内的执⾏就具有强制性，因⽽也就表现为⼀定的稳固性（可变性）。