类意群在口译中的运用
口译笔记[1]
![口译笔记[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/d4bd14c758f5f61fb736665d.png)
Leave out periods in standard abbreviations. cf = compare e.g. = example dept = department etc. asap
Use only the first syllable of a word. pol = politics dem = democracy lib = liberal cap = capitalism
6. 笔记的要领
1. 纵写式（vertical arrangement) 口译笔记应避免横向书 写，以免影响传译的顺畅。 2. 重叠法 （superposition) 把一些相关的字词组合在一起， 使译员一眼就知这一系列字词间的关系。 3. 内缩式 （indention）利用笔记的上下前后位置，来显 示出不同位置语言间的关系，例如从属关系，或逻辑上的 关系。 4. 分隔法 （division）在一篇讲话中语气和意义结束的地 方，以 “//”或横线等分开以免和下面的句子和要点混淆。 用这种分隔线来显示语气和意义的完结。译完一段后，最 好将笔记划去，这样接着译时很容易找到该从何处开始译。
1. 口译记忆的方法：脑记
1) 由于口译包括对原语进行转换和重新表达的环 节，口译记忆必须是理解性的记忆。经过理解以 后，口译记忆就是对原语意义的记忆。 人脑的意 义记忆的容量是很大的。比如一部一个半小时的 精彩电影，看完后，大部分的内容都会记得很清 楚，还可讲述出来。因此，口译记忆是以脑记忆 为主。特别要注重捕捉原语的逻辑关系和主要意 逻辑关系和主要意 思，不能让字词牵着鼻子走。
Omit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word. ppd = prepared prblm = problem estmt = estimate bkgd = background gvt = government
会议口译中技巧的应用
语言研究会议口译中技巧的应用王少兴 对外经济贸易大学英语学院摘要：针对翻译工作者和口译人员来说，会议中所涉及的翻译工作具有较强的挑战性。
会议口译中口译人员该具备何种能力，已不停留于中英语知识或者口译技能上。
会议中，由于不少内容均为现场发挥，为达到理想的气氛，口译工作者往往还需掌握非语言知识、应变能力以及较高的职业素养等。
换而言之，口译人员在会议中应学会巧妙使用翻译技巧，不断融入会议氛围，从而保证整个会议、翻译的优质完成。
关键词：会议口译；技巧；应用会议口译，属于跨语言、涉及多种文化的交流职业，位于口译领域的高端。
通常，会议口译表现为交替、同声传译两种基本模式。
口译听解过程中，译员有必要集中注意力去听取，用自己的思维对源语予以加工，强调意义并抓住信息的着手点，从而有序完成记忆、表达等各项任务。
倾听时，还应积极调用个人的百科、情景以及专业等“非语言知识”。
对非语言知识的掌握程度会从很大程度上影响口译的准确性和流畅性，一名合格的口译员需要具有优秀的语言能力和相当的专业知识背景。
一、顺句驱动和同声传译相比，会议交替传译的要求相对较低。
尽管译者无需立即翻译出源语言，但时间上也相对较为紧迫。
区别于笔译工作者，会议交替传译没有太多的时间去分析原材料，必须在约定的时间内予以翻译。
基于此，会议交替传译并不需要译者对原文进行100%的翻译，而是涉及大概内容、传达出正确的信息便可。
也正因为这样，口译工作中往往使用顺句驱动法，这也是口译人员有必要掌握的一项技巧。
很显然，顺句驱动也就是根据源语言中不同语句所出现的顺序，对原文依次进行翻译。
中英文在语言上存在不少差异，口译人员通过该种翻译法很难对原文进行全面把握。
不过，鉴于口译工作的时效性要求较高，该方法能为译员节省更多的时间，减轻工作强度，改善翻译效率。
以赖斯演讲为例，我们这里对顺句驱动做初步分析。
例句：Different nations will find ways to express democratic values that reflect their own cultures and their own ways of life.通过上面提及的顺句驱动法，我们可做出如下翻译：“在不同的国家，人们的民主意识、文化背景和生活方式均会存在差异。
释意理论视域下口译技巧探析
释意理论视域下口译技巧探析［摘要］随着中国对外交往的不断增加，国内兴起了口译学习的热潮。
很多英语学习者踊跃参加口译考试。
但是口译考试不同于大学英语4，6级或英语专业4，8级考试，口译考试属于职业能力考试，而不是英语水平测试。
职业能力考试注重考核应试者的职业技能。
除了要有扎实的双语功底，人事部口译考试二级和一级还要求考生要熟练掌握口译技巧。
那么主要有哪些口译技巧呢？该如何掌握这些口译技巧呢？这是本文重点研究并回答的问题。
结合释意理论的相关知识，笔者回顾自己在口译方面多年的教学和实践，对常用的英汉口译技巧进行了归纳与总结，希望可以对广大口译学习者有所启发和帮助。
［关键词］口译；口译技巧；释意理论；交替传译一.引言口译是一项综合技能，口译员不仅需要有良好的语言水平，还要掌握常用的口译技巧。
口译按其任务类型划分，主要分为陪同口译、交替传译与同声传译。
本文主要讨论英汉交替传译中常用的口译技能。
在交替传译过程中，译员需要进行“多任务处理”（multi-tasking），需要边听边记笔记，在记旧信息的同时，还需要听新信息。
英汉两种语言有很大的差异，双语转换过程中会遇到很多困难。
如何运用常用的口译技巧，打破不同语言之间的外在形式，更加顺畅且高效地在不同语言间传递信息是本文重点研究的问题。
二. 释意理论及其启示口译的释意论，或称“释意理论”（Theory of sense）,由巴黎高等翻译学院的Danica Seleskovitch和Marianne Lederer于20世纪70年代提出，并在此后进行了系统的阐释。
Seleskovitch通过对交替传译的观察和分析发现，在口译的理解和表达阶段之间存在一个意义与语言外壳分离的阶段。
据此，Seleskovitch明确指出，口译不是从源语到目标语的直接转换，而是建立在理解基础之上的再表达；口译不是一个简单的从一种语言到另一种语言的线性转换过程，而是一个“三角形的过程”（a triangular process），可大致划分为语音感知、迅速抛弃语言外壳并保留信息的思维表征（mental representation）及用目标语表达三个程序。
介绍语类口译
介绍语类口译
介绍语类口译是指口译员在现场将介绍性质的言语从一种语言转换成另一种语言的过程。
这种口译形式广泛应用于各种场合，如会议、展览、商务活动、旅游导览等，旨在帮助不懂演讲语言的人理解演讲内容。
在进行介绍语类口译时，口译员需要具备以下几个方面的能力：
1.语言能力：口译员必须精通至少两种语言，能够准确、流畅地进行口头翻译。
这包括对源语言的听解能力和对目标语言的表达能力。
2.专业知识：对于所涉及的领域或主题，口译员应具备一定的专业知识背景，以便准确理解和传达专业术语和概念。
3.记忆能力：口译员需要具备良好的短期记忆能力，以便在听取源语言信息后能够迅速、准确地将其转换成目标语言。
4.应变能力：由于现场环境的多变性，口译员需要具备应对突发情况的能力，如讲话人的语速过快、口音重、信息模糊等。
5.跨文化交际能力：口译员在跨文化交流中扮演着重要角色，需要了解不同文化背景下的交际规范和习惯，以便更好地传达信息并促进沟通。
在进行介绍语类口译时，口译员应遵循准确性、流畅性和忠实性的原则，确保翻译内容准确无误、表达流畅，并忠实于原讲话人的意图和风格。
同时，口译员还应注意保持中立立场，避免在翻译过程中掺入个人主观意见或情感色彩。
Unit 10 视译
All countries which wish to see their policies inside the shelter of the law of nations, our charters, should pause and give this most serious problem the most careful consideration it commands.
类意群
译文
The General Assembly recognized
the importance of international cooperation in devising measures effectively to prevent their (terrorist acts) occurrence and of studying their underlying causes with a view to finding just and peaceful solutions as quickly as possible.
Highly successful translators and interpreters are distinguished from insufficiently trained free-lancers by their appreciation of linguistic nuance, understanding of cultural contexts, and awareness of policy and trade issues.
英汉视译中长难句停顿和衔接研究——以特朗普2018达沃斯闭幕演讲为例
摘要摘要随着中国与世界的联系日趋紧密，全球化的不断深入，国际会议日益增多。
因此国际市场上对翻译人才的需求与日俱增，尤其是口译方面。
视译作为会议口译的一种形式，其应用性也变得更加广泛。
因此，视译很值得研究。
笔者在平时视译课堂练习实践中，发现长句的断句与衔接问题是英汉视译的重点和难点。
本文从类意群断句策略和类意群衔接策略等理论出发，以特朗普2018达沃斯论坛闭幕会演讲稿为语料，以南昌大学10名MTI学生为研究对象，通过英汉视译模拟实验，分析与总结MTI学生在视译过程中实际遇到的问题，特别是长难句停顿断句与衔接不当的问题，并提出相应的解决策略，有助于充实视译教学内容，为视译理论提供一些借鉴。
通过研究和分析，笔者发现在长句视译中，断句不当的问题是以单词、意群、整句为单位断句，它会产生漏译、误译以及非流利现象，其具体应对策略是通过类意群为单位断句。
根据视译的要求，类意群应该具备三个特征，即相对独立的意义概念、在一目可及的范围之内、能够通过连接语较灵活的与前后的视译单位结合。
在确定类意群作为视译切分基本单位之后，译者需要解决类意群切分不当和衔接不当的问题。
类意群切分不当问题主要体现在切分频繁和类意群切分错误两方面。
其解决策略包括识别主干类意群以及确保句法结构的正确划分。
同时也可通过日常训练实践扩大视域范围和提高阅读速度，以达到较好的心理素质。
类意群衔接不当的问题主要体现在类意群缺乏衔接和错误衔接两方面。
其解决策略包括类意群间增补连接和类意群显化释义。
关键词：英汉视译；类意群；长难句；断句；衔接IIAbstractAbstractWith China’s increasingly close ties with the world and the deepening of globalization,more and more international conferences are held today.The demand for translation/interpreting talents in the international market,therefore,is increasing day by day,especially for interpreters.As a form of conference interpreting,sight interpreting has become more widely used and is worth studying under such background.During sight interpreting,the author finds that division and cohesion of long sentences are of great significance and also present a major challenge to students. This paper starts from the theories of division and cohesion strategy of para-sense groups,taking Donald Trump’s speech at the closing ceremony of2018Davos Forum as the research material and10MTI students from Nanchang University as the research object.The author analyzes and summarizes problems in sight interpreting, especially improper division and cohesion of long and complex sentences.The author then puts forward corresponding strategies,which intends to help to enrich the teaching content of sight interpreting and provide some references for the theory investigation.Through research and analysis,the author finds that in interpreting long sentences,an improper division,which is based on units including words,sense groups and whole sentences,will lead to omissions,misinterpreting and dis-fluency. The corresponding strategy is to divide the sentence into para-sense groups.As required in sight interpreting,para-sense groups have three characteristics:a relatively independent concept of meaning;within the reach of one glance;a flexible access to combine with the front and following sight interpreting units through connectives.After taking the para-sense group as the basic unit for sight interpreting division,the interpreter still needs to solve improper division and cohesion,the problems mainly manifest in excessive and inaccurate division of para-sense groups. Strategies include identifying the trunk para-sense groups and ensuring the correct division of syntactic structure.Meanwhile,interpreters could expand the vision scopeIIIAbstractand improve their reading speed through daily training to achieve a sound mental quality.Improper cohesion of para-sense groups is mainly reflected in lacking and mistaking cohesion.Solutions include supplementation to the connectives between and an explicit interpreting of the para-sense groups.Key words:E-C sight interpreting;para-sense group;long sentences;division；cohesionIVContentsVContents摘要..............................................................................................................................I Abstract (III)Chapter One Introduction (1)1.1Background of the Study (1)1.2Literature Review (3)1.3The Present Study (4)Chapter Two Division and Cohesion of Para-sense Group (7)2.1Improper Division in Long Sentences and the Corresponding Solution (7)2.1.1Words as Interpreting Unit (7)2.1.2Sense Group as Interpreting Unit (8)2.1.3A Whole Sentence as Interpreting Unit (9)2.2Division of Para-sense Group (10)2.2.1The Definition and Characteristics of Para-sense Group (10)2.2.2The Reason for Choosing Para-sense Group as Interpreting Unit (11)Chapter Three Division and Cohesion of Para-sense Groups in Sight Interpreting (13)3.1Improper Division of Para-sense Group (13)3.1.1Excessive Division of Para-sense Group (13)3.1.2Inaccurate Division of Para-sense Group (14)3.2Reasons for Improper Division of Para-sense Group (14)3.2.1Excessive Segmentation of Prepositions (15)3.2.2Limited Reading Horizon (16)3.3Solution to Improper Division of Para-sense Group (17)3.3.1Rational Choice on the Length of Para-sense Group (17)3.3.2Correct Recognition of the Main Para-sense Group (18)3.3.3Good Command of Grammar for Accurate Division of Syntactic Structure (19)ContentsVI3.3.4Improvement on Sight Reading and Adequate Preparation for Sight interpreting (20)Chapter Four Analyzing Division of Para-sense Groups in Sight Interpreting (22)4.1Inappropriate Cohesion of Para-sense Group (22)4.1.1The Lack of Cohesion Among Para-sense Groups (22)4.1.2Improper Cohesion among Para-sense Groups (23)4.2Reasons for Improper Cohesion of Para-sense Group (24)4.2.1Literal interpreting (24)4.2.2Irrational Division of Para-sense Group (24)4.3Strategy for Cohering Para-sense Groups (26)4.3.1Supplementing Connectives between Para-sense Groups (26)4.3.2Explicit interpreting of Para-sense Groups (26)Chapter Five Conclusion (28)Acknowledgement (30)References (31)Appendix 1 (33)Appendix 2 (37)Chapter One IntroductionChapter One Introduction1.1Background of the StudyBasically,sight interpreting refers to a way of interpreting,in which the interpreter with the speaker’s speech or other related texts in hand,interprets the texts from the source language into the target language while listening to the speech.(陈菁，2011)In international conferences,sight interpreting is regarded as the way of interpreting that is the most similar to simultaneous interpreting,which is often referred to as“simultaneous interpreting with texts”.So sight interpreting is actually a special form of interpreting.(Agrifoglio,M,2004)However,sight interpreting did not receive as much attention as simultaneous interpreting and consecutive interpreting. In fact,sight interpreting is the basis of studying simultaneous interpreting and should be taken seriously.(秦亚青，何群，2009)The largest common ground between sight interpreting and simultaneous interpreting is that the interpreter must keep up with the speed of the speaker, constantly racing against time.Sight interpreting requires the interpreter to interpret the manuscript content into the target language within a certain time and with barely no preparation.Therefore,sight interpreting and simultaneous interpreting are basically equivalent in interpreting speed and rhythm,which means two ways are basically the same in terms of basic principles and techniques,but not completely the same.（陈菁，2011）In simultaneous interpreting,the interpreter inputs information through listening, while in sight interpreting,through texts.The process of simultaneous interpreting is divided into three phases,namely listening,interpreting,and speaking;while the process of sight interpreting is four steps:listening,reading,interpreting,and speaking.(陈晓颖，2010)It is obvious that the interpreter only needs to listen to the speech of the speaker and then interprets in simultaneous interpreting;but in sight interpreting,the interpreter not only needs to listen to the speaker,but it also requires1Chapter One Introductionto read the texts and then outputs.Although,there is a manuscript for reference, requirements for interpreting quality are stricter.So it is still very difficult for interpreters.(赵天星，2015)Sight interpreting can be applied in many occasions.At conferences or major international events,the speaker may give the interpreter a speech manuscript before the meeting,which requires the interpreter to interpret the text;if the speaker combines the content of his speech with slides to present,the interpreter also needs to interpret all information.Sight interpreting is also applied in business negotiations and court interpreting.Interpreters also need to visually interpret the materials presented on site.(Ersozlu,E,2007)Sight interpreting is not only widely used in these practical situations,but also an indispensable process in the study of simultaneous interpreting.From consecutive interpreting to simultaneous interpreting,sight interpreting is a good transitional stage.Through the study of sight interpreting,the interpreter can better understand and master the principles and techniques of simultaneous interpreting as well as the“multi-tasking”in simultaneous interpreting, laying a solid foundation for future simultaneous interpreting training.The basic requirement of sight interpreting is to be consistent with the speed of the speaker.(詹成，2012)Sight interpreting is a time-saving manner in conferences.If the interpreter can’t keep up with the speed of the speaker,even if the interpreting is accurate,it doesn’t make much sense.Therefore,speed is crucial in the process of sight interpreting.However,the speed is also affected by many factors.Some people speak fast,some slowly,and their speaking speed changes with the environment and emotions.For the interpreter,if not a slow-speaker by nature,usually it is achievable to keep up with the speed of the speaker.The key to accelerate the speed in sight interpreting lies in word order.In order to catch up with the time,if there is a large number of word order adjustments,it will inevitably affect the speed of sight interpreting.(冯熹，2013)Therefore,special attention should be paid to the adjustment of word order,which also involves the first principle in the process of sight interpreting.Sequential interpreting,or syntactic linearity,is the first principle of sight interpreting.(刘明陆，2018)It means that the interpreter divides the sentence into2Chapter One Introductionindependent units of meaning according to the order of source language and then adopts various cohesion techniques to skillfully connect the interpreting.In short,this principle requires the target language maintaining the word order of the source language as consistent as possible.In order to meet this requirement,the interpreter has to choose a feasible method to divide long sentences.(王宇珍，2011)Therefore,it is necessary to understand the definition,basic principles and requirements of sight interpreting for further study.During daily practices,the author finds that there are certain difficulties in interpreting English long sentences into Chinese,especially for division and cohesion of long sentences.These difficulties lead to misinterpreting,omission and non-fluency.The author looked into previous studies and researches,trying to solve these problems,but it turned out that studies in difficulties of interpreting long sentences in E-C sight interpreting are not that rich.However,sight interpreting actually is an important part in sight interpreting.Therefore,the author believes that it is necessary to analyze and study the division and cohesion of long sentences.As an important component of interpreting,sight interpreting is widely applied in more and more fields.However,sight interpreting is often overlooked by people because they tend to pay more attention to and conduct researches on simultaneous interpreting and consecutive interpreting,which are more widely applied.(许庆美，刘进，2014)This paper aims to study on the division and cohesion in long sentences in sight interpreting,intending to help interpreters avoid the errors of improper cohesion and adopt correct division and cohesion strategies of para-sense group while encountering problems,which will improve the quality of interpreting.Meanwhile, this paper wishes to attract more attention from scholars at home and abroad to focus more on sight interpreting,so that interpreters can have a more systematic learning and training of this subject.1.2Literature ReviewCurrently,there are few studies and literature on sight interpreting at home and abroad.A small number of scholars abroad have studied the training of interpreters3Chapter One Introductionand few focuses on sight interpreting.Most of the researches made by Chinese scholars mainly focused on the English-Chinese sight interpreting.Domestic researches on sight interpreting are basically a combination of sight interpreting and simultaneous interpreting or consecutive interpreting,such as the paper Sight interpreting and Information Reconstruction in Chinese-English Consecutive interpreting by Cheng Ruifang in2014and the paper Improving Consecutive interpreting with Sight interpreting by Liu Jin in2011.Or there are studies that connect sight interpreting with interpreting teaching process,such as the paper the Application of Sight interpreting in E-C interpreting Teaching Process by Zhao Yule in2014and the study Including Sight interpreting Training into Consecutive interpreting Teaching by Deng Yanling in2012.As for papers on the study of sight interpreting alone,the aspects of their discourse are also very limited.Generally,they are discussing interpreting strategies adopted in morphological,linguistic,conjunction or passive sentences,such as the Study of Prepositions in English-Chinese Sight interpreting by Zhu Yan in2017, the paper The Processing of Passive Sentences in English-Chinese Sight interpreting by Wu Yi in2015and the Research on Sight interpreting Appositive Clause in E-C interpreting by Liu Minglu in2018.However,there are very few papers that focused on the most important aspects of sight interpreting,i.e.the division and cohesion in long sentences.1.3The Present StudyThe study text of this E-C sight interpreting is the speech by U.S.President Donald Trump at the closing ceremony of the2018Davos Forum.On January26, 2018,US President Trump delivered a speech at the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum in Davos,Switzerland.With original wording style and expressions, the speech covers a wide range of subjects and fields,which is helpful to the authentic evaluation and analysis of this simulation experiment on interpreting.This manuscript contains1,945words,a moderate length for sight interpreting.A number of long and complex sentences can be found in this speech.Therefore,it is4Chapter One Introductiona typical material and of academic significance in the study of division and cohesion in long sentences in E-C sight interpreting.The research subjects of this experiment are ten MTI students from Nanchang University.They did sight interpreting on this material,and the author collected and summarized the problems that those students actually encounter in the process.So considerable authenticity can be reflected in these experimental results.After completing interpreting,the author interviewed the students,who shared their problems encountered in sight interpreting.The author guided them to talk about the difficulties and confusions in terms of sentence division and cohesion.The experiment has considerable authenticity,which is conducive to providing accurate solutions for practical sight interpreting teaching and learning.The stimulation experiment is divided into three phases,namely the preparation before sight interpreting,the process of interpreting and the analysis after interpreting.There is half an hour of preparation before the simulation officially launched. The author distributes copies of the text to ten students,with a glossary list attached. Within limited time,they have to quickly scan the content while getting familiar with the glossary before sight interpreting.Accordingly,ten students began to simultaneously interpret the content of the speech after thirty minutes of preparation.Meanwhile,they were asked to record their own interpreting in voice recorder and save to the disk.When the sight interpreting was completed,the author did an interview with ten students on the problems encountered in interpreting.At the same time,some questions were raised to lead them to talk about their difficulties and confusions in division and cohesion in long and complex sentences.In the end of this experiment,the author collected each student’s record, re-listened to and transformed the voice records into texts,and did a comparative analysis with referred translation.Through careful analysis,the author finds out that two main problems affecting the quality of sight interpreting are the division and cohesion of the para-sense groups,which lead to inaccuracy,desynchrony,confusion in logic and inconsistent with Chinese expressions,etc.After collecting the interview5Chapter One Introductionrecords of the subjects,it is easy to find that most of them are facing challenges in dealing with long sentences,especially the division and cohesion of the complex sentences in sight interpreting,which definitely results inaccuracy and dis-fluency.In response to these problems in interpreting,the author further studies and explores the root causes and clearly presents the examples to readers after summary.6Chapter Two Division and Cohesion of Para-sense GroupChapter Two Division and Cohesion of Para-senseGroup2.1Improper Division in Long Sentences and the Corresponding SolutionDue to the complex structure of long sentences,interpreters often come across improper division in sight interpreting,including chopping the sentence into units, such as words,sense groups or whole sentences.(许妍，2013)Improper division in sentences can lead to inappropriate pauses,misinterpreting and omission in sight interpreting,which surely affects the quality of interpreting.To solve this problem,it is advised that the interpreter should adopt the strategy that takes para-sense groups as the interpreting unit so as to achieve better interpreting of long sentences.(赵洪霞，2014)2.1.1Words as Interpreting UnitBefore analyzing the problem of segmenting long sentences,the concept of “long sentence”should be clarified and understood.Long sentence refers to a sentence consisting of more than twenty words.(赵天星，2015)It is impossible though,that the whole text is consisted of long and complex sentences,once appeared, they’d often become barriers in sight interpreting.Therefore,long sentences are often regarded as the key points and difficulties in sight interpreting.Since the structure of long sentences is complicated,it is common that interpreters are often encountered with problems of improper division.Although,English sentences are composed of words according to grammatical rules,the division unit would be too limited if the long sentence is chopped into words,which definitely will affect the flow of interpreting and result in being entangled with dis-fluency and improper pause,inaccuracy,omission and slowness of7Chapter Two Division and Cohesion of Para-sense Groupsight interpreting.(万丽，2011)As English and Chinese are two languages with obvious differences,it is difficult to interpret word by word.Even if the word-for-word interpreting method is adopted,it would be challenging for the interpreter to make up words into a sentence in sight interpreting,which consequently fails to convey the meaning of the sentence.Therefore,it is inappropriate for interpreters to solely rely on words as division unit in sight interpreting.Example1：I’m here today to represent the interests of the Americanpeople and to affirm America’s friendship in building a better world.Analysis：If the interpreter divides the sentence based on words in sight interpreting,the sentence above will be divided as following:I’m//here//today//to//represent//the//interests//of//the//American//people//and//to// affirm//America’s//friendship//and//partnership//in//building//a//better//world//.Therefore,the interpreting will be:我在这里今天代表利益的美国人和确定美国人的友谊伙伴关系去建造一个更好的世界。
口译技巧汇总
主要口译技巧总结第一部分1．词汇与词法1．1 重复在笔译中人们往往要删除一些可有可无的词，避免不必要的重复，以求文字精炼。
但在口译中，即使是一流的译员也往往会重复用字，其原因可能有二：①争取更多的喘息、思考时间；②更便于听众理解。
句子中重复的形式可以是多种多样的，实义词、不定式、符号、介词、连接词等均可被重复。
1．1．1 重复实义词例：但是这个事件非常重要，向全世界发出一个信息，就是中国政府不会为一个金融企业还债。
But this incident is of great significance，for it has sent a signal，a message to the entire world，that is，the Chinese government will not repay the debts for the financial institution or financial firm.此译员使用同义重复的办法来翻译“信息”与“金融企业”，既可争取思考时间，又便于听者听懂。
1．1．2 重复不定式符号例所以我们今后要加强基础设施的建设，加强农村广大市场的开发。
So，in the future we intend to increase and step up the construction of infrastructure and to explore and open up the vast market in the rural areas．以上汉语中有两个并列的结构“加强……建设”和“加强……开发”。
在笔译中通常可采用we intend to do A and (do) B的句式，但在口译中很可能采用比较罗嗦易懂的结构：we intend to do A and to do B。
1．1．3 重复介词例美国没有签署关于种族隔离、种族歧视、禁止酷刑、歧视妇女等等公约。
口译中的语篇技巧
口译基础知识与技巧6口译中的语篇技巧众所周知，汉语和英语分属不同的语系：汉语属于汉藏语系，英语属于印欧语系。
从语言学角度来看，英、汉语言之间最重要的区别莫过于形合（hypotaxis）与意合（parataxis）之分了。
此处的“合”指关系。
一句话当中可能有若干小句，小句之间的关系可隐可显，如果关系是隐性的，称之为“意合”；如果关系是显性的，称之为“形合”。
形合指句子内部的连接或句子间的连接采用句法手段（syntactic devices）或词汇手段（lexical devices）。
意合指“句子内部的连接或句子间的连接采用语义手段（semantic connection）”（方梦之2004）。
印欧语言重形合，语句各成分的相互结合常用适当的连接词语或各种语言连接手段，以表示其结构关系。
汉语重意合，句中各成分之间或句子之间的结合多依靠语义的贯通，少用连接语，所以句法结构形式短小精悍。
鉴于英汉两种语言的形合和意合的区别，译员需注意句子内部的连接，这种连接多半是语法或句法的要求。
既然英语以显性连接为主，汉语以隐性连接为主，那么汉译英时多使用关系副词、关系代词、并列连接词、从属连接词等实现句内连接。
(1)我深信，香港市民一定能够以主人翁的姿态，抓住机遇，善用机遇，实现自己的抱负，建设香港的未来，共同追求民族振兴的宏伟目标。
译文：I am confident that Hong Kong people will take up the role of master and capitalize on every opportunity to realize their visions, to work for a better Hong Kong and to pursue the glorious goal of national revival.(2)经济社会发展对自然资源的需求日益增加，加剧了自然资源长期再生和生态系统有限的能力之间的矛盾。
托福阅读意群分类法怎么用
托福阅读意群分类法怎么用托福阅读备考练习中，大家也要多掌握一些具体的方法和技巧，这样能够帮助我们更好的攻克阅读考试的难度，拿到高分成绩。
关于托福阅读意群分类的方法，大家了解多少呢?下面小编为大家整理了详细的内容，供大家参考!什么是意群意群，指的是在语法结构和意义上联系较为紧密的一组词。
意群阅读，也就是在我们阅读文章时，不要以词为单位来阅读，而要把在语法结构和意义上有联系的几个词组合到一起，成块地输入到大脑。
以意群为单位进行阅读不仅可以提高阅读速度，还能克服指读、重读等不良阅读习惯，从而有助于快速而准确地理解句子、段落甚至是文章的大意。
如何划分意群我们知道，语篇的构成单位是段落，段落的构成单位是句子，而句子的最终构成单位是词汇。
我们所说的意群划分，是指按照词汇之间意义的紧密性对英语句子结构所进行的拆分。
要想把意群划分清楚，首先需要找到句子的主干。
这就要求考生熟练掌握英语的五大基本句型。
这五大基本句型分别是：1)主+谓;2)主+谓+宾;3)主+谓+双宾;4)主+谓+宾+宾补;5)主+系+表。
掌握了英语的基本句型，便可以迅速提取句子的主干，也就在大体上划分了意群。
其次，考生还要熟悉句子的修饰成分。
英语中有两大修饰成分：定语和状语，其中包括单词、短语和从句，比如形容词、介词短语、定语从句、状语从句等都可以是句子中的修饰成分。
掌握了句子的主干和修饰成分，意群的划分就变得很容易了。
意群分类法实例解析The primary method previously used by paleontologists to estimate climatic changes that occurred during Pleistocene glacial cycles(新世纪冰川周期)was the determination of 18O/16O(18O与16O分别为氧元素)ratios in calcareous fossils.第一眼看上去这个句子很长，结构很复杂，但是如果对这句话进行意群划分，我们会发现这个句子理解起来并没有那么难。
口译类型与技巧范文
口译类型与技巧范文会议口译是口译中最常见的一种类型。
在会议中，口译员需要即时翻译与会人员的发言。
这种口译要求口译员具备较高的听力和口语表达能力，以及良好的逻辑思维能力和专业知识。
同时，口译员还需要具备时间管理能力，能够在瞬息万变的会议环境中快速做出决策，识别重点及相关固定表达，准确地传达与会人员所言。
同声传译是一种同时进行听译和口译的技巧。
在国际会议等场合中，同声传译常常用于确保各个语言不通的与会人员能够实时交流。
同声传译要求口译员具备极高的听译能力和口述能力。
在同声传译中，口译员需要准确理解正在发言的内容，并能够迅速将其翻译成其他语言。
同时，口译员还需要具备口头表达的能力，确保翻译的流利性和语言的准确性。
为了顺利进行同声传译，在许多大型会议中会准备专门的设备，如翻译舱和耳机，以帮助口译员更好地完成任务。
交替传译是一种交替进行听译和口译的技巧。
在此类型的口译中，发言人暂停等待口译员翻译完毕后再继续发言。
交替传译相对于同声传译来说，时间更为宽裕。
但是，交替传译需要口译员在发言暂停期间快速理解和翻译内容，以确保顺畅的沟通。
同样，口译员需要具备高水平的听译和口述能力，以及专业知识，以便准确地传达发言者的意思。
除了掌握不同类型口译的技巧外，口译员还需要具备一些基本的技巧，以确保翻译的准确性和流畅性。
首先，口译员需要具备快速理解和分析的能力，能够在短时间内理解内容，并将其转化为另一种语言。
其次，口译员需要良好的记忆能力，以便准确无误地传达所听到的信息。
同时，口译员还需要具备较强的逻辑思维能力，以便在翻译过程中准确地传达发言者的意图。
此外，口译员还需要具备较好的人际交往能力，以便与不同语言和文化背景的人们进行有效的沟通。
总之，口译是一门艺术和技巧的结合体。
不同类型的口译在技巧上有所区别，但都需要掌握听译和口述能力，以及逻辑思维能力和专业知识。
同时，口译员还需要具备一些基本的技巧，如快速理解、良好的记忆能力、逻辑思维能力和人际交往能力，以保证口译工作的准确性和流畅性。
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矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及审查大纲
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及《矿产资源开发利用方案》审查大纲一、概述
㈠矿区位置、隶属关系和企业性质。
如为改扩建矿山, 应说明矿山现状、
特点及存在的主要问题。
㈡编制依据
(1简述项目前期工作进展情况及与有关方面对项目的意向性协议情况。
(2 列出开发利用方案编制所依据的主要基础性资料的名称。
如经储量管理部门认定的矿区地质勘探报告、选矿试验报告、加工利用试验报告、工程地质初评资料、矿区水文资料和供水资料等。
对改、扩建矿山应有生产实际资料, 如矿山总平面现状图、矿床开拓系统图、采场现状图和主要采选设备清单等。
二、矿产品需求现状和预测
㈠该矿产在国内需求情况和市场供应情况
1、矿产品现状及加工利用趋向。
2、国内近、远期的需求量及主要销向预测。
㈡产品价格分析
1、国内矿产品价格现状。
2、矿产品价格稳定性及变化趋势。
三、矿产资源概况
㈠矿区总体概况
1、矿区总体规划情况。
2、矿区矿产资源概况。
3、该设计与矿区总体开发的关系。
㈡该设计项目的资源概况
1、矿床地质及构造特征。
2、矿床开采技术条件及水文地质条件。