德国功能学派

Vermeer: it is always to be found in the receiving culture.
(P. 72 , 2nd par., 6th line )
Reiss :原文是翻译中衡量一切的标准
Vermeer:原文只是“提供信息”，这种信息 可能部分或全部为目标语所接受
Reiss 1.文本类型 （texttype）按交际目的划分，传 意、表情、使役 情书—表情性 商务信函—传意性 求助信—使役性 决定一般翻译方法 2.语篇体裁或变体 （textsorten） 按语言特征或 管理常规分类，如工具书、演讲稿讽刺作品、 广告 对语言和文本结构方面考虑
（Nord 译）
,《译有所为——功能翻译理论阐释》，张美芳，王克非主
Skopos
Functionalist theorists conceive of translation as
an action carried out by a person who has a
specific communication goal, which is referred to as the text’s Skopos. (P.70, 2nd par.,6th line)
—— the “culture turning”
(P75，1st par.)
What we can learn?
Skopos
Flexibility Evaluation
Reference book
1. 李文革 ，《西方翻译理论流派研究 》， 2004，中国社会科学出版社 2. Nord ，译有所为——功能翻译理论阐 释》，张美芳，王克非主译，2005，外语教 学与研究出版社
（Nord 认为，intention是从发送者角度； function“文本功能”，由接受者期望要求、已有 知识和环境条件决定。）
Nord认为，
brief “(翻译)纲要”，commission “授权”，
assignment “任务”，instruction “指导”， 都是同义词，指翻译委托人（initiator）对 翻译提出的要求。
2. Empower translators, elevating them
3. Blur the definitional boundaries of translation
（P.71）
Skopos
Reiss : dependent upon identifying the sourcetext typologies, including the text’s appeal or aim, and reconstructing those elements in the receiving culture.
Mary Snell-Hornby
1.A model
Multiple vertical and horizontal planes From a general level (macrolevel) to more particular level (microlevel)
（ P.74, 2nd par., 5th line ）
Reiss and Vermeer
“textual coherence”——
“Intersexual coherence ” 语际连贯，忠实原 文，忠实度和形式由译文目的和译者对原文 理解决定 “Intratextual coherence” 语内连贯，让接受者 理解
Vemeer 突破对等理论，以文本目的为第一准则 受众决定目的，原文作用小于在对等理论中 的作用
Thank you
Functionalist Theori “交际”
Reiss：testtypen “文本类型 ”
textsorten “语篇题材” Vermeer ：aim “目标” purpose “目的” function “功能” intention “意图”
Reiss
1….if the derivation is consistent with the original Skopos, it is called faithful and accepted
2.有时不需要原文与译文之间完全对能，因 为有时译文和原文功能并不一致。例如，将
一篇散文改写为舞台剧，将《格列佛游记》 译为儿童读本。
Mary Snell-Hornby
2.…the importance of the individual items, are only important depending upon their relevance to the larger context of the communication situation and the culture.
“Translation brief” gives the translator details — purpose, addressee, time, place, occasion, medium for the translation to follow. (P.73, 1st par., 10th line)
Skopos
Nord :Skopos rule as “the ends justify the means” Functionalists pragmatically ask only that translators strive for optimal solutions within actual existing conditions. Translators may choose …as they see fit, depending upon the cultural conditions and the needs of the audience / consumer. (P.71, 1st par.,1st line)
Skopos
Who decides the goal (skopos)?
The most innovative addition to the model is what functionalists call the “initiator”, who is largely responsible for defining and often paying for the translation.
Representatives
Reiss Pushing the boundaries of Nida’s concept of dynamic equivalence to new levels of flexibility and adaptability. (P.70, 2nd par., 5th line)
1. Approaches can be varied still be true to the theory, as long as the approach chosen is adequate to the aim of the communication— translators flexibility to decide
Skopos
For most practical purposes, the Skopos is negotiated between the client and the translator, with reference to both the source text and receiving audience. Even when no translation brief is officially articulated, …an unspoken brief that professional translators will be able to infer from their experience. (P.73, 2nd par.)