文献翻译-浅析步进电机的PLC控制技术与发展趋势

中文资料浅析步进电机的PLC控制技术与发展趋势1、概述：随着微电子技术和计算机技术的发展，可编程序控制器有一了突飞猛进的发展，其功能已远远超出了逻辑控制、顺序控制的范围，它与计算机有一效结合，可进行模拟最控制，具有一远程通信功能等。

有-人将其称为现代丁业控制的三大支柱(即PLC，机器人，CAD/CAM)之一,目前可编程控制器广泛应用于冶金、矿业、机械、轻丁等领域，为工业自动化提供了有一力的工具。

PLC控制的步进电机开环伺服机构应用于组合机床自动生产线上的数控滑台控制，可省去该单元的数控系统,使该单元的控制系统成本降低。

2、步进电机的基本特点:（1）、一般步进电机的精度为步进角的3-5%且不累积。

（2）、步进电机外表允许的最高温度步进电机温度过高首先会使电机的磁性材料退磁，从而导致力矩下降乃至于失步，因此电机外表允许的最高温度应取决于小同电机磁性材料的退磁点;一般来讲，磁性材料的退磁点都在摄氏130度以上，有一的甚至高达摄氏200度以上，所以步进电机外表温度在摄氏80-90度完全正常（3）、步进电机的力矩会随转速的升高而下降。

当步进电机转动时，电机各相绕组的电感将形成一个反向电动势;频率越高，反向电动势越大在它的作用大，电机随频率(或速度)的增大而相电流减小，从而导致力矩下降。

（4）、步进电机低速时可以正常运转，但若高于一定速度就无法启动，并伴有一啸叫声步进电机有一个技术参数:空载启动频率，即步进电机在空载情况下能够正常启动的脉冲频率，如果脉冲频率高于该值.，电机不能正常启动，可能发生丢步或堵转。

在有一负载的情况下，启动频率应更低如果要使电机达到高速转动，脉冲频率应该有一加速过程，即启动频率较低，然后按一定加速度升到所希望的高频.步进电动机以其显著的特点，在数字化制造时代发挥着重大的用途伴随着小同的数字化技术的发展以及步进电机本身技术的提高，步进电机将会在更多的领域得到应用。

3、步进电机控制系统的组成：步进电机是一种将电脉冲转化为角位移的执行机构。

当步进驱动器接收到一个脉冲信号，它就驱动步进电机按设定的方向转动一个固定的角度称为“步距角”，它的旋转是以固定的角度一步一步运行的。

可以通过控制脉冲个数来控制角位移最，从而达到确定位的目的;同时,可以通过控制脉冲频率来控制电机转动的速度和加速度，从而达到调速的目的步进电机.可以作为一种控制用的特种电机，利用其没有累积误差精度为百分百的特点，泛应用于各种开环控制。

4、步进电机的PLC制技术:应使输入步进电机的输入脉冲总数和脉冲频率受到相应的控制。

因此在控制软件上设置一个脉冲总数和脉冲频率可控的脉冲信号发生器;对于频率较低的控制脉冲，可以利用PL的定时器构成，脉冲频率可以通过定时器的定时常数控制脉冲周期，脉冲总数控制则可以设置一脉冲计数器C10当脉冲数达到设定值时，计数器C1。

动作切断脉冲发生器回路，使其停止,伺服机构的步进电机无脉冲输入时便停止运转，伺服执行机构定位当伺服执行机构的位移速度要求较高时，可以用PLC的高速脉冲发生器. 不同的PLC其高速脉冲的频率可达4000 6000Hz. PLC 用来产生控制脉冲,通过PLC编程输出一定数最的方波脉冲，控制步进电机的转角,可编程控制器输出的控制脉冲按步进电机的通电顺序分配到相应的绕组。

PLC 控制的步进电机可以以采用软件环行分配器，硬件环行分配器采用软环占用的PLC资源较多，特别是步进电机绕组相数大于四时，对于大型生产线应该充分考虑采用硬件环行分配器，虽然硬件结构稍微复杂些，但可以节省占用PLC的输出输入点数，目前市场有一多种专用芯片可以选用.步进电机功率驱动器PLC输出的控制脉冲放大到几十至上百倍, 伏特、几安到几十几安的驱动能力,一般PLC 的输出接口具有一定的驱动能力，而通常的晶体管内流输出接口的负载能力仅为十几到几十伏特、几十到几百毫安,但对于功率步进电机则要求几十到上百伏特,几安到几十安的驱动能力，因此应该采用驱动器对输出脉冲进行放大。

5、国内外电机的发展趋势:（1）、继续沿着小型化的方向发展随着电动机本身应用领域的拓宽以及各类整机的不断小型化，要求与之配套的电动机也必须越来越小，在57, 42机座号的电动机应用了多年后，现在其机座号向3 9, 3 5,30, 25方向向下延伸。

（2）、对电动机进行综合设计即把转速位置传感器，减速齿轮等和电动机本体综合设计在一起，这样使其能方便地组成一个闭环系统，因而具有一更加优越的控制性能。

（3）、向五相和三相电动机方向发展.目前,泛应用的二相和四相电动机，其振动和噪声较大，而五相和三相电动机具有优势性而就这两种电动机而言，五相电动机的驱动电路比三相电动机复杂，因此三相电动机系统的性能价格比要比五相电动机更好一些我国的情况有一所小同，直到20纪纪八十年代，一直是磁阻式步进电动机占统治地位，混合式步进电动机是80年代后期才开始发展，至今仍然是两种结构类型同时并存。

尽管新的混合式步进电动机完全.可能替代磁阻式电动机，但磁阻式电动机的整机获得了长期应用，对于它的技术也较为熟悉，特别是典型的混合式步进电动机的步距角与典型的磁阻式电动机的步距角不一样，用户改变这种结构小是很客易的，这就使得两种机型并存的局面难以在较短时问内改变。

这种现状对步进电动机的发展是不利的。

英文资料The shallow treads into the PLC control technique and development trend of electrical engineering1.Say all:Along with the micro-electronics technique and the calculator technical hai r Exhibition, the programmable preface controller has an advance by leaps and bounds of hair Exhibition, its function has already outrun a logic control far and far, in proper order The scope of control, it has an effect to combine wit h calculator, can enter Go to imitate to control most, have along range corresp ondence function etc.. 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Can be the special kind electrical en gineering that a kind of control uses, make use of it didn't accumulate error m argin accuracy to 100 to divide 100 of characteristics, be suffused with to appl y in various open a wreath control PLC which enter electrical engineering tech nique.4、make the importation tread to be subjected to a homologous control into tot al amount and pulse frequency of the importation pulse of electrical engineerin g. Establish the pulse signal occurrence that a pulse total amount and pulse fre quency can control a machine therefore and in control，software; Can make us e of PL in fixed time a machine composing for the frequency lower control p ulse, the pulse frequency can pass in fixed time machine in fixed time constan t control pulse period, the pulse amounts control then can establish a the pulse counter C10 be when the pulse number attain initial value, count machine C1. 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