名词代词和动词知识点
名词
表示人、事物、地方、现象或抽象概念等的名称的词。
一、名词的分类
名词
类别意义例词
专有名词
表示具体的人名、事物、国家、
地名、机构、团体等的专有名
称
Jim , China, Qingdao, the
UK, the Great Wall
普
通
名
词
可
数
名
词
个体
名词
表示单个人的人或事物
girl, student, factory,
desk, cat , country
集合
名词
表示一群人或一些事物的总
称
people, police, team,
clothes, group, crew 不
可
数
名
词
物质
名词
表示无法分为个体的物质
water, ice, pork, cheese,
cotton, broccoli
抽象
名词
表示抽象概念的词
fun, healthy, happiness,
courage, love, care
注：1.专有名词是指人、地方、团体、机构等特有的名称。第一个字母必须大写。专有名词前一般不加冠词。
2、有普通名词构成的专有名词前要用定冠词“the”，但它不大写。
3、有些不可数名词有时表示为具体的东西时，则变为可数名词，而且以四上也有了变化。eg. beer ----a beer 一杯啤酒，work--- a work 工厂，著作，glass---a glass 一个玻璃杯，room空间---a room一个房间
二、名词的数：表示可以计算数目的人或物称为可数名词。
1、可数名词有单、复数两种形式：可数名词的单数形式要在名词前加“a或an”；复数
形式是在名词后加“-s或-es”。
2. 可数名词复数的不规则变化
①改变单数名词中的元音字母
eg. man--men, woman—women, tooth—teeth, foot—feet, goose—geese, mouse--mice
②单复数同形eg. Chinese-Chinese, deer-deer, fish-fish, sheep-sheep,…
③由man 和woman构成的合成词, 每个名词都要变复数
eg. a man doctor— men doctors, a woman teacher--women teachers
注意: 有些名词表示一种物体具有不可分割的相同的两部分,在使用时只有复数形式eg. trousers, clothes, glasses, shorts,scissors, etc;有些名词从形式上看是复数,
实际上是单数(其后的谓语动词要用单数). eg. maths, phyiscs, politics, news
3. 不可数名词：表示不能计算数目的人或物，称为不可数名词。他们前面不能用a/an,没有复数形式。物质名词和抽象名词都属于不可数名词。不可数名词一般只有单数形式, 但有其特殊用法:
(1)同一个词,变成复数形式, 意义不同。eg. food 食物--- foods 各种食物，
time 时间--- times 时代，green 绿色---greens 青菜
(2)有些不可数名词用复数代指具体的事物
eg. hope ---hopes 希望hardship --- hardships 艰苦
(3)物质名词在表示数量时,常用某个量词+of来表示
eg. a cup of tea, seven pie ces of bread, several bags of rice, …
三、名词的所有格
名词的所有格是表示名词之间的所有关系,有两种表示形式, 一种是在名词后+’s ；另一种是用of, 表示 “……的”。
1. (1) 一般词的所有格, 直接在词尾 +’s 。 eg. Mr. Mott’s robot, children’s clothes (2) 以s 结尾的名词所有格只在词尾 +’ eg. teachers’ books
(3) 两人共有的物体, 则在第二个名词后+’s; 如果分别是两人所有, 则在每个名词后面 +’s 。 eg. Lucy and Lily’s room. (指两人共住一个房间)
Mrs Green’s and Mrs Brown’s son. (指两人各自的儿子) (4) 表示某具体场所时, 所有格后面的名词可省略 eg. the doctor’s (office) Mr. White’s
2.(1) 没有生命的事物一般用of 短语来表示所属关系。 eg. the wall of the classroom ，a picture of the bedroom ， (2) 名词的的定语较长时,有生命的事物也可用of 短语表示。 eg. a long story of a 50-year-old man
（3）有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词，可以加’s 来构成所有格。eg. ten minutes’ walk, today’s newspaper
代 词
一．代词的分类英语中常把代词分为人称代词、无主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、连接代词、不定代词和相互代词。 一、代词的用法
1． 人称代词：人称代词是指人的代词，有性、数、格的区别。表示“我” “你” “他” “我们” “你们” “他们”。
(1) 人称代词主格在句中作主语。例如：She is my English teacher. (2) 宾格在句中作宾语。例如：They don’t want me to go there alone. Don’t worry. I can look after her.
(3) 宾格还可以作宾格。特别是在口语中。例如：--- Who’s that? --- It’s me. 注意：①人称代词we, you, they 可以用来表示一般人。例如：
You cannot go into the hall with slippers. 不准穿拖鞋进入大厅。
②人称代的主格作表语，一般都在正中的谈话中， 表示强调。例如： It was he who took away the necklace. 是他拿走了那条项链。 ③人称代词she 可以用指代祖国、大地、月亮、轮船等。 例如： The ship is leaving. She’s on her first trip to Boston.
We love o ur country, we hope she’ll be stronger and stronger.
④It 作为人称代词时，可以表示天气、距离、时间、环境等。 例如：
数 格 人 称
单 数 复 数 主 格 宾 格 主 格 宾 格 第一人称 we me we us 第二人称 you you you you 第三人称
he him they
them
she
her
it it
It is about 10 kilometres from here. 离这儿大约有10公里。
⑤It 还可用作形式主语或形式宾语，来代替由不定式，动词的-ing,形式或主语从句构成的真正的主语或宾语，以避免句子头重脚轻。例如：
It is not easy to learn English well.
It is good for you taking a walk after supper.
I found it difficult to sleep.
⑥英语里当主语是并列的几个人时，人称代词的排列顺序和汉语不同，I 在最后，you 在最前；但是，当受到批评或时承认错误时正好相反，I 在最前，you在最后。例如：
You, he and I are all the winners.
I, Li lei and you are wrong. We should do more for the project.
2．物主代词：表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词包括名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词。
词义类型我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的
他/她/
它们的
形容词性物主代词my your his her its our your their 名词性物主代词mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs
（1）形容词性物主代词在句中具有形容词的特征。在句中作定语，后面跟名词。例如：To our surprise, he has passed the exam.
(2) 名词性的物主代词具有名词的特征，在句中作主语、表语、宾语。例如：
May I use your bike? Mine is at school. (作主语)
Whose glasses are these? They are hers. ( 作表语)
My dictionary is lost. Can I use yours? (作宾语)
(3) 名词性物主代词可以与of 连用，作定语。例如：A friend of ours are waiting for us.
3．反身带词：用来表示“某人自己”的代词称为反身代词。如下表所示：
词
义
我(们)自己你(们)自己他/ 她/ 它自己/ 他们自己单数myself yourself himself herself itself
复数ourselves yourselves themselves
（1）反身代词在句中常用宾语,主语或宾语的同位语。例如：
Her sister is too young to dress herself. (作宾语)
He himself is always making such mistakes. (主语同位语)
You’d better ask your wife herself. (宾语同位语)
(2)反身代词可与其他词构成固定搭配，例如：
make oneself at home, teach oneself, learn by ones elf, help oneself to…,etc
4．指示代词：表示时间和空间远近关系的代词叫指示代词。见下表
这，这个那，那个这些那些
this that these those 指示代词可在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。例如：
Those are my parents. ( 作主语)
Throw it like that. (作表语)
The toys little Tom likes are those in the basket. ( 作表语)
These pictures are drawn by an old blind man. ( 作定语)
注意：（1）前面刚刚提到过的东西，常用that, those 表示。例如：
I’m sorry to hear that.
( 2 )下文将要提到的事情，可用these, this 表示，起启下的作用。例如：
Tell the children to do like this: knock the stick into the earth first, then tie the tree to it.
5．疑问代词：用来构成特殊疑问句的代词叫疑问代词。常用的有：who, what, which, whose, whom，在句中常作主语、宾语、定语、表语。
作主语：What make you so happy?
作宾语：Who / Whom is your manager talking with?
在口语中，作宾语时who和whom可以通用，但在介词后面只能用whom.
例如：
About whom they are talking just now?
作定语：Which subject do you like best?
作表语：What’s your mother.
6．相互代词：用于表示相互关系的代词。常用的有：each other, one another. 相互代词可以作宾语、定语。例如：
We should help each other.
The villagers have looked after one another these year.
相互代词后可以加’s,表示所有关系。例如：
We put the presents in each other’s stocking.
7．连接代词：用来连接宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句的代词叫连接代词。常用的有：what, which, who, whom whose, that例如：
I know what he said at the meeting.
The problem is who will mend it.
Could you tell me which is the way to the post office?
8. 不定代词：不定代词没有确定的对象，常用的有：all, each, every, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many，much, other, another, some any, no以及由some, no, any, every 构成的复合词。
不定代词通常可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语，而none及含有some, an every 的合成代词不能做定语，no和every 只能做定语。
代词
many, few, a few修饰可数名词，much, little, a little修饰不可数名词。both, either, neither, each用于指两者，all, any, none, every, another用于指三者或三者以上。
动词
动词是表示动作（study, find, swim 等）或状态（be, like, feel 等）的词。动词具有人称、数量、时态、语态和语态变化。
知识梳理：提纲挈领，抓住重点和难点！
动词分类：动词有助动词、情态动词、联系动词和行为动词四类。
一）助动词
助动词没有任何含义，不能单独做谓语，只能和行为动词一起构成谓语，帮助行为动词组成各种时态、语态、语气以及疑问或否定形式。常见的助动词有be, do, does, did, have, will, shall等。具体用法如下：
1、助动词be的用法如下：
1）构成各种进行时态。如：
It was raining all day yesterday.
昨天整天下雨。
2）构成被动语态。如：
The meeting was held yesterday afternoon.
会议是昨天下午举行的。
3）与不定式连用表示按照计划、预先安排或规定要发生的动作。如：
They are to see an English film this evening.
他们今天晚上看英语电影。
2、助动词do的用法如下：
1）构成疑问式或否定式。如：
Does he think so?
I didn’t say anything about the result.
2)在动词前加上do, does, did表示强调，意为“的确，确实”。如：
They do study hard.
She does love him.
He did want to help the old man.
3、have: 助动词have 的过去式是had。have和had均可与动词过去分词一起构成完成时态。如：
He has lived here for three years.
As soon as the sun had set they returned.
4、shall, should: 助动词shall只用于第一人称的将来时态；助动词should 是shall的过去式，构成过去将来时。如：I shall send ten letters to my good friend.
She wanted to know if I should go to the palace.
二）情态动词
情态动词本身有一定含义，但不能单独作谓语，要和行为动词一起构成谓语。它们也能表明句子的否定、疑问或时态上的区别。常见的情态动词有：can, may, must, need, should等。
表示能力
表示能力一般用can, could。如：Rose can speak now, but she couldn’t a week ago.
be able to 也表示能力，它和can 的区别如下：
1）表示做事的能力，两者可通用。但can 只能用于一般现在时和一般过去时。be able to 可用于任何时态。如：
She could / was able to eat four pieces of bread when she was young.
They will be able to finish the drawing soon.
2) 表示过去经过努力而成功的某一次动作，只能用was/were able to, 但在否定句中可互换。如：
She was weak, but was able to finish the task last night.
can (could) 在疑问句中与第二人称连用时，表示征求对方意见或提出请求，表示委婉语气。虽然could是can的过去式，但是could 只是表示比can语气更加委婉客气，没有时间上的差别。如：
-Could you lend me your pen?
-Yes, I can.
表示许可
表示许可一般用may/might, can/could, 而且常可互换。Might, could语气比较委婉。要特别注意：回答以might, could开头的疑问句只能用may, can 给予直截了当的回答。
-Might/Could I borrow your book?
-Yes, you may/can.
表示必需、必要
must和have to都有“必须” ，一般情况下可互换。如：You must / have to finish the work.. 但他们有如下区别：
1）must 表示说话人的主观看法；have to 表示客观需要。如：
I must have a talk with him.
He has to give up smoking because of badly cough.
2) 否定式mustn’t 表示禁止，意为“不准，不可以做”；don’t have to 意为“不必”。如：You mustn’t hit her.
You don’t have to explain it to me if you dislike the job.
注：表示推测的情态动词有表示“一定”的must, 表示“很有可能”的should, ought to 和表示“可能”的can, could, may, might。具体用法如下：
must 表示较有把握的推测，只用于肯定句，不能用语否定句或疑问句。用法如下：
1）对目前动作的推测，用must+动词原形。如：
You must lose in the mountain.
2) 对目前状态的推测，用must + be + 表语。如：You speak for 4 hours, you must be thirsty. 在肯定句中，表示对现在或将来把握不大的推测用may (might) +动词原形，might 比may 的可能性更小；对过去把握不大的推测用may (might) have+ 过去分词。如：
The package might come tomorrow.
They may have killed the enemies.
3、在疑问句中，对现在表示推测用can (could) …+动词原形，对过去表示怀疑则用can (could) …have+过去分词；在否定句中，对现在表示推测用can’t+动词原形，对过去表示推测用can’t (couldn’t) have+过去分词。如：
It can’t b e John. He has gone to UK.
4、need的双重身份
need 既可作情态动词又可作实意动词，它们的用法不同，如不注意区分，就容易用错。三）系动词
连词动词的种类
联系动词含有一定意义，它们要与其后做表语的形容词、名词或介词（短语）一起构成合成谓语。系动词按意义可分为三类，而且有自己的特定用法。
1、按意义联系动词有：be, appear, seem, keep, remain, continue, stay, prove 等，如：Jim appears very old.
２、表示感觉的联系动词有look, feel, smell, sound, taste等。如：It smells bad.
3、表示转变的联系动词有become, fall, get, go, grow, turn等。如：
She becomes more beautiful than three years ago.
四）行为动词
行为动词又称实义动词，它们都含有实在的意义，表示动作或状态，可在句中独立作谓语。行为动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词。
１、及物动词
及物动词后一定要跟宾语，意思才能完整。如：
My mother told me she wanted to buy some books for me.
2、不及物动词
不及物动词意义完整，不需带宾语，但如果有些不及物动词非要带宾语时，必须先加介词后加宾语。如：
He only worried about his daughter.现在完成时
1）现在完成时的构成：have / has + v-ing
2）现在完成时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以be和see为例）：
主语肯定式否定式疑问式
第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数
I /We/You/ They have
been here before.
He/ She has been here
before.
.I / We/ You/ They/
Many people have seen
the film.
I /We/You/ They
haven’t been here
before.
He/ She hasn’t been
here before .
.I / We/ You/ They/
Many people haven’t
seen the film.
Have you/ they been
here before?
Has he/ she been here
before?
Have you/ they/ many
people seen the film?
在完成时的用法：
1、表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果.常与already, just, ever, never, before等词连用. 如:
She has never read this novel.他从未读过这本小说.(他对小说的内容不了解)
2、表示“过去的动作”一直延续到现在并有可能继续延续下去. 常与for (后跟段时间)或since (后跟点时间)等连用.如:
I have been a member of the Party for 10 years.
I have been a member of the Party since 10 years ago.
注：在有for 和since 引导时间状语的句子中不能用短暂性动词，应用与之相应的表示状态的词。如：
He has died for 3 years.(F)
He has been dead for 3 years.(T)
注意：①现在完成时不能和表示明确的过去时间连用。如：in 1998, last morning等
②have/has been to 表示“去过”（去了又回来了）
have/has gone to 表示“去过”（去了没回来了）
如：Where has she gone?(句中所指的人不在)
Where has she been?(句中作指的人在)
6、过去进行时
1）过去进行时的构成：was / were +v-ing
2) 过去进行时的用法：
过去某一阶段或某一时刻正在进行的动作。例如：
This time last year I was living in Brazil.
What were you doing at 10 o'clock last night?
3)常用于过去进行时的时间状语：
【英语】名词和代词真题
名词和代词 1. -----What time is the football game on? ------I have ，but I can check it for you in the newspaper. A. not id ea B. no id ea C. no id eas D. not id eas 2. We have got two TV sets, but we still can’t watch anything because _______works properly. A. each B. either C. neither D. every 3. Much to the stud ent’s ________, the examination was postponed to the next Frid ay. A. probl em B. burd en C. relief D. belief 4. When you stay in a foreign country for some time, you will get used to the l ocal peopl e’s _____of life. A. rul e B. habit C. way D. tradition 5. My brother brought me a few books, but ______of them was of any use for my paper. A. neither B. none C. either D. all 6. She believed that Mr. Smith had taken ______of all the opportunities to get the position. A. profit B. benefit C. interest D. advantage 7. Solar energy is a new kind of energy _________that we can use to replace the traditional energy. A. root B. origin C. source D. pool 8. The _______between the rich and the poor has been wid ening. A. growth B. fund C fashion D. gap 9. She tried to explain this program by ________ of sign language. A. event B. means C. route D. capacity 10. Our visitors d ecid ed to stay in our city for ______two d ays as they wanted to have a look around. A. other B. the other C. another D. other’s 11. I d on’t like to ________a room with a stranger. A. share B. live C. stay D. sl eep 12. You needn’t introduce him to me. I’ve met him on several . A. occasions B. time C. schedul es D. cases 13. ---- Mom, which of these coats d o you like best? ---- _______. They are both expensive and l ess warm. A. None B. Nothing C. Neither D. Either 14. She was talking about her ______as a nurse in a hospital, which we had never heard of. A. expenses B. excuses C. experience D. expressions 15. All the traveling _______are to be paid by the company if you travel on business. A. charges B. money C. prices D. expenses 16. Surprisingly, the accid ent did very littl e _____to either of the cars. A. damage B. danger C. effect D. confusion 17. It is not always reliabl e to make a conclusion on the _______of the first impression. A. basic B. base C. basement D. basis 18. She finally d ecid ed to obtain a ______ from the bank in ord er to buy a house. A. finance B. capital C. l oan D. profit 19. There seemed to be no ________to their financial probl ems. A. method B. function C. d ecision D. solution 20. ______of them knew anything about the plan because it was a closely-guard ed secret. A. Some B. None C. No one D. Any 21. Before the invention of refrigeration, the _____ of fish and meat must have been a probl em. A. treatment B. maintenance C. presentation D. preservation 22. Air pollution is obviously one of the major ______of city life. A. references B. disadvantages C. d efinitions D. expressions 23. The house was sol d for $60,000, which was far more than its real _______. A. money B. payment C. value D. profit 24. So far as is known, the original manuscripts of Shakespeare’s plays are no longer in ________.
名词代词及动词第三人称单数
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初中英语名词代词练习题名词
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Unit1词句精讲精练
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形容词与副词专题精讲精练
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