2 or more children are likely to have asthma

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新航道雅思语法定语从句

• 【课堂练习】一（引导词）：
• 1. These are lots of business people ___ come to China to work and do business. (剑 3,T3,S)
• 2. The council, ___ was founded in 1996, certifies fisheries that meet high environmental standards, enabling them to use a label that recognizes their environmental responsibility.（剑7,T4,R）
③why----原因状语
• Reason why • 【练】发生这种变化的一个主要原因就是电视的影响力增大了。 (剑3，G，TB，W） • One of the major reasons why this change has happened is the increased influence of TV.
② but = that ````not
• There is no man but has his fault. • =there is no man who does not have his fault. • 不存在没有过错的人。
③as
• （1）as---限定（即限制性定语从句） • 固定搭配：such, as, the same + as At exactly the same time as this new realization of the finite character of healthcare resources was sinking in, an awareness of a contrary kind was developing in Western society.（剑4,T4,R） • 就在保健资源是有限的这个新知识被理解的同时，一种相反的观点也在西方社会逐步形成。

国家开放大学《人文英语3》章节测试参考答案

国家开放大学《人文英语3》章节测试参考答案Unit 1 Parenting Children会话演练听张华和Mary谈论家庭成员。

Zhang Hua pays a visit to Mary's home, and gets to know her family.Zhang Hua: How many people are there in your family?Mary: There are（four）, my husband, my daughter, my son and me.Zhang Hua: Do you have much experience with kids?Mary: Yes, I do. I have（two）kids. To tell you the truth, sometimes I regret having a baby so early.Zhang Hua: I understand. I've been in your（position）before. At that time my wife took care of our children（alone）, and I（seldom）stayed at home due to being very busy with work.Mary: What about your mother? Did she help you?Zhang Hua: Yes, she did a little. But you see, you can't depend on your mother to be a full-time babysitter .Mary:（Sometime）I wish I could look after my children full time .Zhang Hua: Don't worry. Soon your children will be old enough to attend kindergarten . Then you can find a job and work. Besides, it's a great feeling to watch your kids growing up, right?Mary: Yeah, indeed.Zhang Hua: By the way, how long have you been married?Mary: About four years now, and you?Zhang Hua: I've been married for about（five）years. How do you feel about marriage life?Mary: Not bad. I think it was a good（choice）to marry Tom.边学边练理解细节，判断准确信息，Mary的有利条件是什么A.Now she has a new job and works hard.B.She has two children.C.Her mother did a lot to help her take care of the children.D.She is satisfied with her four-year marriage.E.She loves her kids, but she regrets having babies so early.F.She takes care of her children all the time.G.She has less experience with kids.会话演练听汤姆和妻子玛丽讨论如何教给孩子正确的行为方式。

2022年12月大学英语四级考试真题(第3套)含答案

2022年12月大学英语四级考试真题（第3套）Part I Writing(30minutes) Directions:In this task,you are to write an essay on the role of physical exercise in achieving success at college.You will have30minutes for the task.You should write at least 120words but no more than180words.PartⅡListening Comprehension(25minutes)特殊说明：由于多题多卷，官方第三套真题的听力试题与第二套真题的一致，只是选项顺序不同，因此，本套试卷不再提供听力部分。

Part III Reading Comprehension(40minutes) Section ADirections:In this section,there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage.Read the passage through carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2with a single line through the centre.You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once．Parenting brings fathers more joy than it does mothers,according to a new study.The research examined three studies26more than18,000participants.Across all three, parenthood was27with more positive wellbeing outcomes for dads than for mums.So why are fathers happier than mothers?“Fathers may fare better than mothers in part due to how they spend time with their children,”said lead author Katherine Nelson-Coffey.In one study,the authors28that dads were more likely to take“playing”as an29 activity both when caring for their kids and spending time with their kids.“Playing with their children likely offers parents opportunities to experience positive feelings and30 closeness with their children,”they say.Fathers also did better than men without kids,reporting greater happiness,life satisfaction,and fewer31symptoms.They also reported greater connectedness and autonomy(自主).For mums,32,compared to women without children,the results weren’t quite as positive.Mums reported greater autonomy,but also“greater trouble”and fewer positive33.Mums reported happier moods while interacting with their kids,compared to other experiences,but not while engaging34in childcare.“This difference suggests that how mothers and fathers spend time with their children might have important35for their wellbeing,”the authors write.They suspect that mums may be less happy than dads because they’re more likely to have higher expectations about parenthood.As such,they’re more likely to be“let down”by the experience.A)additional F)directly K)involvingB)associated G)emotions L)noteC)composing H)however M)preciselyD)cultivate I)implications N)superficialE)depressive J)interfered O)thereforeSection BDirections:In this section,you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs.Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived.You may choose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet2.Learning to say noA)Not doing something will always be faster than doing it.This philosophy applies in manyareas of life.For example,there is no meeting that goes faster than not having a meeting at all.This is not to say you should never attend another meeting,but the truth is that we say“yes”to too many things we don’t actually want to do.B)How often do people ask you to do something and you just reply,“Sure.”Three days later,you’re overwhelmed by how much is on your to-do list.We become frustrated by our obligations even though we were the ones who said“yes”to them in the first place.Even worse,people will occasionally fight to do things that waste time.You don’t have to do something just because it exists.It’s worth asking if things are necessary.Many of them are not,and a simple“no”will be more productive than whatever work the most efficient person can cope with.But if the benefits of saying“no”are so obvious,then why do we say“yes”so often?C)We say“yes”to many requests not because we want to do them,but because we don’twant to be seen as rude or unhelpful.Often,we have to consider saying“no”to someone we will interact with again in the future—our co-worker,our spouse,our family and friends.Saying“no”to our superiors at work can be particularly difficult.In these situations,I like the approach recommended in Essentialism by Greg McKeown.He writes,“Remind your superiors what you would be neglecting if you said‘yes’and force them to deal with the trade-off.For example,if your manager comes to you and asks you to do X,you can respond with‘Yes,I’m happy to make this the priority.Which of these other projects should I deprioritize to pay attention to this new project?’”D)Collaborating with others is an important element of life.The thought of straining therelationship outweighs the commitment of our time and energy.For this reason,it can be helpful to be gracious in your response.Do whatever favors you can,and be warm-hearted and direct when you have to say no.But even after we have accounted for these social considerations,many of us still seem to do a poor job of managing the trade-off between yes and no.We find ourselves over-committed to things that don’tmeaningfully improve or support those around us,and certainly don’t improve our own lives.E)Perhaps one issue is how we think about the meaning of yes and no.The words“yes”and“no”get so often used in comparison with each other that it feels like they carry equal weight in conversation.In reality,they’re not just opposite in meaning,but of entirely different magnitudes in commitment.When you say“no”,you’re only saying“no”to one option.When you say“yes”,you’re saying“no”to every other option.I like how economist Tim Harford put it,“Every time we say‘yes’to a request,we’re also saying ‘no’to anything else we might accomplish with the time.”Once you’re committed to something,you’ve already decided how that future block of time will be spent.In other words,saying“no”saves you time in the future.Saying“yes”costs you time in the future.“No”is a form of time credit.You retain the ability to spend your future time however you want.“Yes”is a form of time debt.You have to pay back your commitment at some point.F)“No”is a decision.“Yes”is a responsibility.Saying“no”is sometimes seen as a luxurythat only those in power can afford.And it’s true:turning down opportunities is easier when you can fall back on the safety net provided by power,money,and authority.But it’s also true that saying“no”is not merely a privilege reserved for the successful.It’s alsoa strategy that can help you become successful.Saying“no”is an important skill todevelop at any stage of your career because it retains the most important asset in life:your time.As investor Pedro Sorrentino put it,“If you don’t guard your time,people will steal it from you.”You need to say“no”to whatever isn’t leading you toward your goals. G)Nobody embodied this idea better than Steve Jobs,who said,“People think focus meanssaying‘yes’to the thing you’ve got to focus on.But that’s not what it means at all.It means saying‘no’to the hundred other good ideas that there are.You have to pick carefully.”Jobs had another great quote about saying“no”:“I’m actually as proud of the things we haven’t done as the things I have done.Innovation is saying‘no’to1,000 things.”H)Over time,as you continue to improve and succeed,your strategy needs to change.Theopportunity cost of your time increases as you become more successful.At first,you just eliminate the obvious distractions and explore the rest.As your skills improve and you learn to separate what works from what doesn’t,you have to continually increase your threshold for saying“yes”.You still need to say“no”to distractions,but you also need to learn to say“no”to opportunities that were previously good uses of time,so you can make space for better uses of time.It’s a good problem to have,but it can be a tough skill to master.I)What is true about health is also true about productivity:an ounce of prevention is worth apound of cure.More effort is wasted doing things that don’t matter than is wasted doing things inefficiently.And if that is the case,elimination is a more useful skill than optimization.I’m reminded of the famous Peter Drucker quote,“There is nothing so useless as doing efficiently that which should not be done at all.”36.People often grant a request just because they want to appear polite and helpful.37.It’s no easy job learning to say“no”to opportunities that were once considered worth grasping.38.When you decline a request,you are saving your future time.39.People sometimes struggle to do things that are simply a waste of time.40.Doing efficiently what is not worth doing is the most useless effort.41.It is especially difficult for people to decline to do what their superiors ask them to do.42.People agree to do too many things they are in fact unwilling to do.43.According to one famous entrepreneur,innovation means refusal to do an enormous number of things.44.It is an essential aspect of life to cooperate with other people.45.Refusing a request is sometimes seen as a privilege not enjoyed by ordinary people. Section CDirections:There are2passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions46to50are based on the following passage.We’re eating more fish than ever these days.At around20kilograms per person global fish consumption is now more than twice what it was in the1960s.What’s really remarkable, though,is where that fish comes from.For the first time in human history,most of our aquatic(水产的)food now comes from farming rather than fishing.People ate around73million tonnes of farmed fish—just more than half of the volume of fish that humans consumed—in2014.That’s out of a total fish supply of167million tonnes; the remaining20million or so tonnes go into things like animal feed and medical products.To keep eating fish at the current rate,we’re definitely going to need to keep aquaculture(水产养殖)developing.That’s because the volume of fish caught in the wild has leveled off since the1990s.Back in1974,only10%of marine fish stocks had been overfished.Now,more than three-tenths are.Only a tenth of our oceans’fish stocks could sustain heavier fishing than current levels.But while catchings at sea have suffered,fish-farming has been growing at a fast rate.A lot of that is coming from China,which produces60%of the world’s farmed fish.In fact, some35countries,including China,now produce more farmed than wild-caught fish.This shift toward aquaculture isn’t just good for ensuring salmon(三文鱼)on your plate; it’s also crucial to ensuring food security and sustainability.By2050,the world will need to feed an estimated9.7billion people.They’ll have to get their protein somewhere.However, raising cattle,pigs,and other land-based animals requires vast sums of grain and water.For example,pound for pound,beef requires15times more feed to raise than carp,a freshwaterfish farmed all over Asia.That grain—and the water needed to grow it—could be consumed by people instead.However,aquaculture is no silver bullet.In some southeast Asian countries,shrimp farming does disastrous damage to marine ecosystems.Despite these problems,however, shrimp continues to be among the most popular seafoods worldwide.46.What does the author say is remarkable about the fish we eat?A)They reproduce quickly.B)They are mostly farmed.C)They have become as important as grain.D)They have a longer history than humans.47.What do we need to do if we keep consuming fish at the current rate?A)Increase the fishing volume considerably.B)Develop more advanced fishing technology.C)Enlarge the marine fish stocks effectively.D)Expand the scale of fish-farming continuously.48.What does the author say about China in terms of aquatic food?A)It places increasing emphasis on fishing now.B)It boasts of the world’s largest fishing stocks.C)It raises more fish than caught from the wild.D)It supplies60%of the world’s fish products.49.Why does the author say aquaculture is so important these days?A)It is a must for feeding the world’s fast-growing population.B)It proves a reliable source of protein for humans and animals.C)It is essential to maintaining both mental and physical health.D)It ensures a balanced healthy diet for people the world over.50.What does the author imply by saying aquaculture is no silver bullet?A)Shrimp-farming is a risky business.B)Fish-farming will not be sustainable.C)Fish-farming may cause serious problems too.D)Shrimp-farming can become quite expensive.Passage TwoQuestions51to55are based on the following passage.In2020,the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the World Food Programme(WFP).Why a Nobel Prize for the WFP,and why now?In2019,the WFP assisted nearly100 million people in88countries.It is the safety net for those who fall off the edge of existence. It is a response to solving the problem of food instability.Its Nobel Prize reminds us all of the moral hazard in imagining that the poor and vulnerable are somebody else’s problem.The WFP has been around since1961and has been the global coordinator of nationally based efforts to avoid disasters with food aid.Despite decades of effort to eliminate hunger, the latest estimate is that about11%of people on the planet(about820million people)aresuffering daily undernourishment.Progress at reducing undernourishment has stopped despite gains through the1990s and2000s.Developed countries sometimes offer food and aid to developing ones,but at a price. One American philosopher stated that addressing the needs of the poor and vulnerable is about more than money—it is mostly about creating conditions under which prosperity and opportunity can thrive.When aid is offered with heavy conditions attached,like loan repayment or food for resources,it often widens the gap between rich and poor and sustains the old world order.This is why the work of the WFP is so vital.The scientific community,however,can provide a helping hand to the WFP.By sharing knowledge of agriculture and climate with peers in countries most vulnerable to poverty and hunger,scientists can help reduce these problems.By making its voice heard,science can lead by example.The ability to overcome food shortages that must be built into some of the poorest countries will not come from loans from wealthy countries,which may have food problems of their own,or world economic institutions.This ability will be built upon self-confident people using open and shared scientific knowledge to pull themselves out of their misery.51.What does the WFP’s winning of the Nobel Peace Prize make us realize?A)More and more people in the world are suffering from starvation.B)All of us can be affected by food instability one way or another.C)It is hazardous to leave millions of people poor and vulnerable.D)It is morally wrong to think helping the poor is not our business.52.What do we learn about the WFP’s effort to eliminate hunger?A)It has ensured a sufficient food supply to millions.B)It is still far from its goal despite the progress made.C)It has done a good job in combating natural disasters.D)It is preventing starvation occurring on a global scale.53.What will happen when food aid is offered at a price?A)The rich will become richer and the poor poorer.B)More people will be willing to join in the effort.C)More food will be made available to the needy.D)The relief effort will be rendered less sustainable.54.How can scientists help cope with poverty and hunger?A)By collaborating closely with world economic institutions.B)By sharing expertise with peers in poverty-stricken nations.C)By setting up more food research programs in developing countries.D)By building self-respect in people suffering from undernutrition.55.What message does the author try to convey at the end of the passage?A)Wealthy nations should solve their own food problems first.B)Rich countries should be more generous in providing food aid.C)Poor nations should enhance their own ability to solve their food shortages.D)World economic institutions should play a bigger role in fighting hunger.PartⅣTranslation(30minutes)Directions:For this part,you are allowed30minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English.You should write your answer on Answer Sheet2.冬至（Winter Solstice）是全年白昼最短、黑夜最长的一天，标志着一年中最寒冷时节的开始。

218国家开放大学《人文英语3》单元自测(1-8)参考答案

2018 国家开放大学《人文英语 3》单元自测（单元自测 1题目为随机，用查找功能（Ctrl+F ）搜索题目一、选择填空，从 A 、B 、 C 三个选项中选出一个能填处的最佳选项。

（每题— Ken did badly in his math test. I'm terribly worri —.A. I am so happy he is very healthy.B. Well, it is hard to see.C. Come on. It isn't the end of the world.反馈解析：本题考核“ 表达别担心” 情境下的交际用语。

当担心时，第二说话人可用 Come on. It isn't the end of the world （振作起来，这不是世界末日）来回应，而 A 和是对这句话的回应，所以选 C 。

正确答案是： Come on. It isn't the end of the world.B 不— Do you have much experience with caring for babies? — .A. Yes, I do. I often take care of kids in my free time.B. No, you are freshmen. You should work hard.C. Yes, they are. They are very cute.解析：本题考核 “ 询问信息 ”情况下的交际用语。

第一说话人询问你是否对照顾ba by有经验，答语应加以证实，所以选 A 。

而 B 是建议性的话语，说你是大学新生，要努力学习。

正确答案是： Yes, I do. I often take care of kids in my free time.Lily is a good student except ________ she is a little bit careless.C 是说孩子们可爱。

2004年全国考研英语试题及答案.doc

2004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section II Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories 大21家on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 大22家they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through 大23家with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in 大24家to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, 大25家as a rejection of middle-class values.Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, 大26家the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes 大27家lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are 大28家to criticism.Changes in the social structure may indirectly 大29家juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that 大30家to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment 大31家make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in 大32家lead moreyouths into criminal behavior.Families have also 大33家changes these years. More families consist of one-parent households or two working parents; 大34家, children are likely to have less supervision at home 大35家was common in the traditional family 大36家. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other 大37家causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased 大38家of drugs and alcohol, and the growing 大39家of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, 大40家 a directcausal relationship has not yet been established.21. [A] acting[B] relying[C] centering[D] commenting22. [A] before[B] unless[C] until[D] because23. [A] interaction[B] assimilation[C] cooperation[D] consultation24. [A] return[B] reply[C] reference[D] response25. [A] or[B] but rather[C] but[D] or else26. [A] considering[B] ignoring[C] highlighting[D] discarding27. [A] on[B] in[C] for[D] with28. [A] immune[B] resistant[C] sensitive[D] subject29. [A] affect[B] reduce[C] check[D] reflect30. [A] point[B] lead[C] come[D] amount31. [A] in general[B] on average[C] by contrast[D] at length32. [A] case[B] short[C] turn[D] essence33. [A] survived[B] noticed[C] undertaken[D] experienced34. [A] contrarily[B] consequently[C] similarly[D] simultaneously35. [A] than[B] that[C] which[D] as36. [A] system[B] structure[C] concept[D] heritage37. [A] assessable[B] identifiable[C] negligible[D] incredible38. [A] expense[B] restriction[C] allocation[D] availability39. [A] incidence[B] awareness[C] exposure[D] popularity40. [A] provided[B] since[C] although[D] supposingSection III Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Markyour answers on A NSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database onthe Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site’s “personal se interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails themlegal, intellectual property,when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywordsand Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an open ing. “I struck g old,” says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company.With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can betime-consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases. B ut although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks. Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against you: “Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility.expert.For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept—what you think you want to do -- then broaden it. “None of these programs do that,” says another expert. “There’s no career coe best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in aall of this.” Instead, thparticular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. “rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a da tabase that might interest me,” says the author job-searching guide.agent sends out Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSite’smessages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs --those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will have tovisit the site again to find them -- and they do. “On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase in our traffic,” says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing for CareerSite.Even those who aren’t hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselveswhen negotiating for a raise. Although happily employed, Redmon maintains his agent at CareerBuilder. “You always keep your eyes open,” he says. Working with a personal search agent means having anoth of eyes looking out for you.41. How did Redmon find his job?[A] By searching openings in a job database.[B] By posting a matching position in a database.[C] By using a special service of a database.[D] By E-mailing his resume to a database.42. Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?[A] Lack of counseling.[B] Limited number of visits.[C] Lower efficiency.[D] Fewer successful matches.43. The expression “tip service” (Line 4, Paragraph 3) most probably means ________.[A] advisory[B] compensation[C] interaction[D] reminder44. Why does CareerSite’s agent offer each job hunter only three job options?[A] To focus on better job matches.[B] To attract more returning visits.[C] To reserve space for more messages.[D] To increase the rate of success.45. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters.[B] Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands.[C] Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed.[D] Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed.Text 2Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal.But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half ofthe alphabet.It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has inlife over Zo?Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K.Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and26 of George Bush’s predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet agains just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countriesare alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chrétien and Koizumi). The world’top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if oneof them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world’s five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Alle and Albrecht).Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. Soshort-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posedby those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awardsfirst; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn upalphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.46. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAA A cars and Zodiac cars?[A] A kind of overlooked inequality.[B] A type of conspicuous bias.[C] A type of personal prejudice.[D] A kind of brand discrimination.47. What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?[A] In both East and West, names are essential to success.[B] The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zo? Zysman.[C] Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies’ names.[D] Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.48. The 4th paragraph suggests that ________.[A] questions are often put to the more intelligent students[B] alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from class[C] teachers should pay attention to all of their students[D] students should be seated according to their eyesight-3, Paragraph 5)?49. What does the author m ean by “most people are literally having a ZZZ” (Lines 2[A] They are getting impatient.[B] They are noisily dozing off.[C] They are feeling humiliated.[D] They are busy with word puzzles.50. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated.[B] VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism.[C] The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go.[D] Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias.Text 3-year-old When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet. But the 47 manicurist isn’t cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she’d like to, either. Most of $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames thea good economic indicator,”　she says. “I provide a service that people can do softening economy. “I’mSo Spero is downscaling, shopping at without when they’re concerned about saving some dollars.”　middle-brow Dillard’s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. don’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too.” she says.-hot economy is cooling, lots of working Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that America’s redfolks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales havebeen lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year’s pace. But don’t s yet. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening.Consumers say they’re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “there’s a happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Inst-estate broker. And20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three,” says John Tealdi, a Bay Area realmost folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interestrates. Employers wouldn’t mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have beeinfluenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan’s hot new Alain Ducasse restaur impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting.-2, Paragraph 1), the author means ________.51. By “Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet” (Lines 1[A] Spero can hardly maintain her business[B] Spero is too much engaged in her work[C] Spero has grown out of her bad habit[D] Spero is not in a desperate situation52. How do the public feel about the current economic situation?[A] Optimistic.[B] Confused.[C] Carefree.[D] Panicked.-4, Paragraph 3) the author is talking53. When mentioning “the $4 million to $10 million range” (Lines 3about ________.[A] gold market[B] real estate[C] stock exchange[D] venture investment54. Why can many people see “silver linings” to the economic slowdown?[A] They would benefit in certain ways.[B] The stock market shows signs of recovery.[C] Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom.[D] The purchasing power would be enhanced.55. To which of the following is the author likely to agree?[A] A new boom, on the horizon.[B] Tighten the belt, the single remedy.[C] Caution all right, panic not.[D] The more ventures, the more chances.Text 4Americans today don’t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education --not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren’t difficult to find.says “Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,”　Left Back: A education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.” Ravitch’s latest boo Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideasof others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.”“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and professor Ric in Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer-Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism inUS politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation roMark Twain’sor 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.”　Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized -- going to school and learning to read -- so he can preserve his innate goodness.Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate,re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country’s e is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerne to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”56. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?[A] The habit of thinking independently.[B] Profound knowledge of the world.[C] Practical abilities for future career.[D] The confidence in intellectual pursuits.57. We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of ________.[A] undervaluing intellect[B] favoring intellectualism[C] supporting school reform[D] suppressing native intelligence58. The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are ________.[A] identical[B] similar[C] complementary[D] opposite59. Emerson, according to the text, is probably ________.[A] a pioneer of education reform[B] an opponent of intellectualism[C] a scholar in favor of intellect[D] an advocate of regular schooling60. What does the author think of intellect?[A] It is second to intelligence.[B] It evolves from common sense.[C] It is to be pursued.[D] It underlies power.Part BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries. 61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own.Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century. 62) We are obliged tothem because s ome of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however,nguage, were not always so grateful. 63) Thewho were less eager to deal with bizarre data from “exotic” lanewly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. Native Americanlanguages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages. 64) Being Sapir’sinterested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another. 65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages, Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.2004年考研英语真题答案Section II: Use of English (10 points)21. [C] 22. [D] 23. [A] 24. [D] 25. [A]26. [B] 27. [C] 28. [D] 29. [A] 30. [B]31. [A] 32. [C] 33. [D] 34. [B] 35. [A]36. [B] 37. [B] 38. [D] 39. [A] 40. [C]Section III: Reading Comprehension (50 points)Part A (40 points)41. [C] 42. [A] 43. [D] 44. [B] 45. [C]46. [A] 47. [D] 48. [C] 49. [B] 50. [D]51. [D] 52. [A] 53. [B] 54. [A] 55. [C]56. [C] 57. [A] 58. [D] 59. [B] 60. [C]Part B (10 points)61. 希腊人认为, 语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。

英语四六级阅读材料之性别中立有利有弊

Pros And Cons Of Gender-Neutral ParentingThe perception that each person has a binary gender identification and our society’s insistence on perpetuating（永久的）those stereotypes is causing young people to feel ostracized（排斥的）, depressed and unsure of themselves. Gender-neutral parenting can help with this.Good question. The simple answer is “no.”When a baby is born, his or her brain is virtually（事实上）identical to （同样的）brains of little ones of the opposite sex. Boys do tend to have slightly bigger brains but they also tend to be bigger, in general. Some research indicates some negligible discernible（可以忽略不计的）differences in early behavior like when baby girls tend to speak sooner than boys or girls show a slightly better attention span.So, yes, brain scans show that sex does affect the brain early in life but most of us have a mix of features that are characteristic of both the male and female sex.But, weirdly, studies suggest that girls and boys show a penchant（倾向）for playing with toys that fit their gender as early as nine months.Also, studies have shown that a kid’s interest in a toy is greatlyinfluenced by whether it is pink or blue. A pink car or a blue doll does not fit their perceptions of what they are supposed to play with.This raises questions about why and most researchers agree that it is because the child has been exposed to such toys since birth and has been rewarded for playing with those toys. In short, they have been trained to believe that certain toys are for them and others are not.If you are interested in gender-neutral parenting but are not sure what to think, read over the following pros and cons.A 2012 survey found that about a quarter of elementary school kids reported seeing gender-nonconforming（性别错乱）peers experience bullying.A saddening 2015 study brought to light that almost 100% of LGBTQ youth had gotten negative feedback for not acting appropriately “masculine” or “feminine.” These statistics are troubling because our focus on something arbitrary like gender is allowing for people to treat one another poorly.“But… aren’t boys and girls just wired differently?”Pros of gender-neutral parentingGender neutral kids are given the freedom of choice in their expression and become more creative.●Children who get to play with any toys that they like will havebroader interests and hobbies. They will not be boxed into “boy activities” and “girl activities.”●Being gender neutral can increase self-esteem because beingexactly who they are is not just permitted, but celebrated.●Gender neutral children are more likely to advocate for equality.They will have better insight into the fact that the lines that we draw amongst people in our society are arbitrary and silly.●Above all, your child is a child. If they are pushed toward pinkand frills（褶边）and encouraged to continue to dress that way, they will do so. However, that frilly pink “girl” may grow up to feel that she was misunderstood and end up with feelings of gender dysphoria（性别焦虑症）.Cons of gender-neutral parenting●Some people think that a child who is raised without the conceptof gender will become puzzled about their identity when they begin to spend time around other kids. They may. However, they are being given the opportunity to develop their own identity without having to look to other kids. For example, if he or she isa homosexual（同性恋者）, they will feel more comfortable withit because no arbitrary restrictions have been put on them. This brings us to our next point, however…●Some moms and dads worry that they will be pushing their childto be a homosexual but, to be frank, this thinking is backward（倒退的）. There is simply no reason to believe that a child’s sexuality will be determined by the color shoes he or she wears.Boys with pink sneakers can grow up to be heterosexual（异性恋）. Promise. As a matter of fact, studies have shown that 85% of gender nonconforming kids become heterosexual adults.●It is not easy for parents. It requires forethought（深谋远虑）and training your own mind to stop using pronouns（代词）like “he, she, her, and him” or to be mindful that their toys are not gendered. I think most parents would say it was worth the trouble but it is definitely a challenging choice.●There is no way of avoiding gender completely and pushingtoo hard toward gender neutrality is no better than forcing a child into a “gendered box.” If your son loves sports and blue clothes then don’t push him not to. Don’t get upset if your daughter wants a princess party.Though we still have a long way to go, today’s young people have far less stringent（严格的）ideas about gender. 56 % of “Gen Z”reports knowing someone who uses gender-neutral pronouns. Some parents today choose not to disclose their child’s sexual anatomy until that child has decided on his or her gender. Pronouns like “they, them, their” are used and some call these babies raised without gender restrictions, “theybies.” The push toward more inclusive language is happening all over the world.In France, as a matter of fact, there are people who are advocating re-shaping the language so that it is gender neutral. Because, like Spanish, French designates everything as a gender, French people are forced with every word they speak to think about gender. It frames their thinking. In our language, we can just call our friend, “a friend.” In French, you have to assign that friend a gender in order to apply the male or female noun.So, what is the takeaway（要点）with gender-neutral parenting? It is important to understand that people are people and children are children. Your child’s malleable（可塑的）brain is internalizing what he or she is being taught and, therefore, will follow along with whatever gender path you set for them (at least initially) so leaving that path wide open is probably not a bad idea. In short, let your kid be whoever your kid is and you may be thoroughly blown away bythe person that they become.。

2018,2019上学期九年级英语期末试卷

2018,2019上学期九年级英语期末试卷考试栏⺫组⼩编为你的寒假提供了2018-2019上学期九年级英语期末试卷，快来试试吧，希望能帮助到你哦，更多相关资讯，请关注⺴站更新。

2018-2019上学期九年级英语期末试卷⼀、听⼒略⼆、选择填空(共15⼩题;每⼩题1分，满分15分) 从每⼩题所给的A、B、C三个选项中，选出可以填⼊空⽩处的正确答案。

21. I will give a T-shirt my brother as a birthday present.A. byB. toC. from 22.----Do you enjoy Chinese Folk Songs? ----Yes, the folk songs nice.A. soundB. smellC. look 23.----Must I hand in the survey on the use of bicycle-sharing right now? ----No, you .A. needn’tB. can’tC. shouldn’t 24. Tony is the best student in the class because he works than the others.A. hardB. harderC. hardest 25.---- I tried many ways to solve the problem, but of them worked.----Never give up. You' ll surely make it.A. allB. noneC. neither 26. ---- does Liu Chuanjian do?----He's a pilot of Sichuan Airlines. He's a hero!A. WhatB. WhereC. When 27. Blue whales are . We should try to protect them.A. in timeB. in publicC. in danger 28.----How ! There are no workers in the bank.----It's the first self-service bank in China.A. strangeB. scaryC. boring 29. You can surf the Internet you want to know about the 2020 World Middle School Games.A. untilB. afterC. if 30. China great achievements in science and technology since 1978.A. makesB. madeC. has made 31. ----I don’t know how to use the App Fun Dubbing.----Ask Jimmy for help. He has lots of in doing it.A. experienceB. troubleC. courage 32. Paper-making by the Chinese in the Western Han dynasty(朝代).A. is inventedB. inventedC. was invented 33. Grandma wants to watch the program legal Report. PleaseA. turn offB. turn onC. turn down 34. Yuan Longping is a Chinese rice scientist is leading a search to develop “sea rice”.A. whoB. whichC. whom 35. ----Karl Marx is a great thinker. Do you know ?----In 1818.A. where he was fromB. when he was bornC. how he learned foreign languages 参考答案 21.B 22.A 23.A 24.B 25.B 26.A 27.C 28.A 29.C 30.C 31.A 32.C 33.B 34.A 35.B 阅读 Ⅲ.完形填空 (共10⼩题;每⼩题1.5分，满分15分) 从每⼩题所给的A、B、C三个选项中，选出可以填⼊空⽩处的最佳答案。

2019-2020同步人教英语新课标必修二课时分层作业9 Section Ⅲ、Ⅳ Word版含答案

姓名，年级：时间：课时分层作业(九) Section Ⅲ、Ⅳ[语言知识练习固基础]单句语法填空1．Three new schools have been opened （open) in our city in the past five years。

2．It is said that the bridge has been closed (close) for repairs for months。

3．Great changes have taken （take） place in my hometown and you can see that a lot of factories have been set （set) up.4．It is the first time that the old computer has been checked （check) since I bought it。

5．I’m going to deliver a speech about how to deal with troubles.6．All the preparations for the task have been made （make)，and we're ready to start.7．We were talking about the TV play，and his sudden appearance（appear) stopped our conversation。

8．The traffic policeman signaled the driver to stop （stop） for a check.9．Watch out for cars when you cross the road.10．The old man talked about the things that he had experienced while living(live) in that small village.[高考题型练习提能力]阅读理解AAs technology plays an ever more important role in our daily lives,the subject of eye health and computer usage is becoming increasingly important.Surveys of people working before a computer screen for more than six hours a day have found that over 70 percent have visual （视力的）problems.In addition，a report has said that as many as 30 percent of American schoolchildren are “causing too much stress on their eyes by using the computer too much”，and it went on to prove a link between premature myopia (过早近视） and computer use.The research has found no evidence that computer screens can cause disease or permanent （永久的) damage to the eyes。

考研英语一真题手译完形填空2004

juvenile crime rates.
分享考研资料，助力考研成功！官方认证店铺：考研资料For example, changes in the economy that
to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising
unemployment
make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain.
Other
causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased
of
drugs and alcohol, and the
of child abuse and child neglect.
All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, causal relationship has not yet been established.
The latter may commit crimes
lack of adequate parental control.
All theories, however, are tentative and are
to criticism.
3- Changes in the social structure may indirectly
a direct
分享考研资料，助力考研成功！官方认证店铺：考研资料2004-1 Text 0
1- Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence.

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哮喘持续状态的处理
•给氧
•2 受体激动剂 •糖皮质激素 •抗胆碱能药物 •氨茶碱
•硫酸镁
•其他治疗
•机械通气
机械通气的指征
•持续严重呼吸困难
•呼吸音减低 •过度通气和呼吸肌疲劳使胸廓运动受限 •意识障碍
•吸入40%的氧发绀无改善
•PaCO2>=65mmHg
预防
•提高对疾病的认识
•配合防治、控制哮喘发作、维持长期
吸入性变应原：虫螨、花粉、霉菌、宠物、蟑螂

其他：包括非特异性刺激物，运动，精神因素，气候
变化，食物，药物。
发病机制
70年代和80年代初的哮喘认识 “痉挛学说”
哮喘主要是支气管痉挛舒张支气管平滑肌支气管扩张剂
80年代和90年代初的哮喘认识 “炎症学说”
• 哮喘是Th2驱动的以嗜酸细胞侵润为主的气道炎症，其它不重要
肺功能检查
病史
诊断哮喘
除外其他喘息性疾病
婴幼儿哮喘
1. 年龄<3岁，喘息发作3 次 2. 发作时肺哮鸣音 3. 特应性体质 4. 父母哮喘病等过敏史 5. 除外其他引起喘息的疾病
• •
1、2、5确诊如喘息发作2次，并具有2、5，诊断为可疑哮喘或哮支炎如同时有3和/或4条做诊断性治疗
有气道高反应性。 • 受刺激后引起气道缩窄。
哮喘---全球性疾病
世界上有1.5亿哮喘病人
用于治疗哮喘病的费用已超过肺结核和艾滋病的总和
全世界每年死于哮喘的病人有18万之多
我国哮喘患者2000万
哮喘的流行病学
• 儿童哮喘的患病率:
0-14岁哮喘患病率：1988-1990年0.11-2.03%，2000年 0.12-3.34% 我市儿童患病率10年前1.65%,2000-2001年达5.33%
In a classroom of 30 children
2 or more children are likely to have asthma
支气管哮喘（Bronchial asthma)
重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸科
刘恩梅
概
述
什么是哮喘?
• 英文Asthma来源于古希腊语, 是“喘息”的意思
稳定
•提高患者生活质量
生活质量
Life Quality
总
结
• 哮喘的本质与特征 • 哮喘的致病危险因素 • 哮喘的临床表现 • 诊断与鉴别诊断 • 治疗
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Th1 Th2
哮喘
IFN-
Th1
IL-4
Th2
IL-5
IgE-I型变态反应
IgE 致敏原
各种炎症因子组胺,5-羟色胺, 白三烯,前列腺素D2
平滑肌收缩, 粘膜水肿,粘液腺分泌亢进
肥大细胞
哮喘发作
IL-5-嗜酸性粒细胞
IL-5
嗜酸性粒细胞分化，成熟，存活嗜酸性粒细胞碱性蛋白，过氧化酶气道慢性炎症与高反应性
糖皮质激素
•口服：强地松1～2mg/kg/日
(<40mg)X1~7 天
•静脉：琥珀酸氢化可的松5～10mg/kg/ 次或
甲基强的松龙1～2mg/kg/次；每日2～
3次
糖皮质激素作用机理
•干扰花生四烯酸代谢、白三烯、前列腺素
合成
•减少微血管渗漏 •抑制细胞因子合成 •增加气道平滑肌对2激动剂的敏感性 •降低气道高反应性
• >80%在5岁以前首次发病,50%在三岁发病 • 男:女=2:1
病
因
病
• 尚不完全清楚 • 多因素参与
因
遗传因素
• Atopy-特应质 • 多基因遗传,遗传度7080% • 目前研究较多的是染色体5q31上的IL-4，IL13和IL-4受体基因的突变或多态性
环境因素
呼吸道感染
• 病毒感染：小儿30~42%，婴幼儿高达90%，成人3% • 肺炎支原体和肺炎衣原体感染 • 细菌感染少数
水肿支气管痉挛粘液分泌
临床症状
病理改变
临床表现
临床分期
1.急性发作期（exacerbation) 2.慢性持续期(persistent) 3.临床缓解期(remission)
症状、体征消失 ,儿童肺功能恢复：FEV1 或PEF 80％预计值并维持四周以上
-气道慢性炎症 -气道高反应性
结
• 哮喘的致病因素
-遗传和环境因素共同作用
• 哮喘的临床表现
-急性发作期表现 -哮喘持续状态
辅助检查
• • • • 嗜酸性细胞计数血清IgE 皮肤过敏原试验肺功能检查
1.舒张试验 2.激发试验
• X线检查 • 血气分析
诊断与鉴别诊断
哮喘诊断
哮喘评价气流受阻导致的各种症状
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儿童哮喘
•
• • •
年龄3岁，喘息反复发作发作时肺哮鸣音支气管舒张剂有明显疗效除外其他喘息、胸闷和咳嗽等疾病
试验：喘乐宁吸入；肾上腺素；FEV115% （+）
咳嗽变异性哮喘
• 咳嗽持续或反复发作>1月，无感染症或长期抗生素无效 • 支扩剂（喘乐宁）咳嗽缓解（基本诊断条件） • 个人或家庭过敏史、气道高反应性、皮肤变异原（+）辅诊 • 除外其他原因引起的慢性咳嗽
急性发作期表现
• • • • • 咳嗽喘息胸闷呼吸困难呼气相延长,呼气相的哮鸣音
患儿，男，14 岁，反复哮喘严重发作。桶状胸
吸气性三凹征
哮喘持续状态
哮喘严重发作,经合理使用拟交感神经药物和茶碱类药物,呼吸困难不能缓解者。
并发症表现
肺炎肺不张气胸纵膈气肿
小
• 哮喘的本质与特征
鉴别诊断
• 毛细支气管炎 • 支气管异物 • 肺结核
治
疗
治疗原则
•原则：坚持长期、持续、规范、个体化
•发作期：快速缓解症状、抗炎、平喘
•持续期：长期控制症状、抗炎、降低气
体高反应性、避免触发因素、自我保健
哮喘的药物治疗
快速缓解药物
• 短效吸入型2受体激动剂
长期预防药物
• 吸入型糖皮质激素 • 长效2激动剂 • 抗白三烯药物 • 缓释茶碱
> 6岁，每次0.5-1.0ml，每日3次
•
抗生素
哮喘的预防用药
吸入激素：
•丙酸倍氯米松（必可酮） •丙酸氟替卡松（辅舒酮） •丁地去炎松（普米克） •舒利迭（辅舒酮+沙美特罗）
吸入剂型：
压力定量吸入气雾剂（pMDI) 干粉吸入剂溶液雾化吸入
其他治疗

白三烯受体拮抗剂
抗过敏药物特异性免疫脱敏免疫调节剂－－因反复呼吸道感染诱发喘息发作者
吸入糖皮质激素
哮喘的发病机制
• 气道慢性炎症学说 • 免疫学发病机制 • 神经调节机制
气道慢性炎症学说
危险因素
慢性炎症
危险因素
哮喘的发病机制
• 气道慢性炎症学说 • 免疫学发病机制 • 神经调节机制
免疫学发病机制
TH亚群失衡
• Th1: IL-2,IFN-,TNF- • Th2: IL-3,IL-4,IL-5,IL-13 等正常
• 色甘酸钠
• 尼多克罗米 • 口服激素
• 全身性皮质激素
• 抗胆碱能药物
• 短效茶碱
2受体激动剂
•吸入短效2
•吸入长效2
受体激动剂：沙丁胺醇
受体激动剂
福美特罗、沙美特罗，持续8～12小时；
•口服长效2
受体激动剂
福美特罗（安通克）、盐酸丙卡特罗（美普清）、帮备
2 激动剂的作用原理
• • • • 气道平滑肌松弛而导致支气管扩张稳定肥大细胞膜增加气道的粘液纤毛清除力改善呼吸肌的收缩力
哮喘的发病机制
• 气道慢性炎症学说 • 免疫学发病机制 • 神经调节机制
神经调节机制
气道神经调节:胆碱能,肾上腺素能, 非肾上腺素能非胆碱能神经(NANC)
哮喘存在:-肾上腺素能受体功能, 迷走张力亢进
遗传倾向
免疫学发病机制
环境因素
呼吸道感染过敏原运动精神
气道炎症
神经调节机制
气道高反应性气道狭窄
其他药物
•氨茶碱
3～5mg/kg/ 次＋GS.30~50ml IV 滴20~30 分钟，每6～8小
时重复，重症：0.6~0.9mg/kg/hX3h 维持，血浓度：5～ 15g/ml, 如>20 g/ml, 即发生不良反应
•抗胆碱能药物-溴化异丙托品
雾化溶液：每1ml含药物250ug
= 6岁，每次0.25-0.5ml，每日3次
•1994年,WHO17个国家提出全球哮喘防治创议-GINA
• • • 哮喘是气道慢性炎症性疾病具有气道高反应性特征提倡吸入疗法
•
以吸入激素抗炎为主的防治
措施
•
以PEF为主的自我管理方法
哮喘的定义
• 由多种炎性细胞(嗜酸性粒细胞，肥大细胞,T细胞等)和细胞组分参与的气道慢性
炎症。
• 这种气道炎症使易感者对各种激发因子具