Chapter16 Blood
chap 16 Stretching
CHAPTER
16
Stretching and Warm-Up
Chapter Outline
Warm-up Flexibility Factors affecting flexibility Frequency, duration, and intensity of stretching When should an athlete stretch? Proprioceptors and stretching Types of stretching
– Joint mobility – ballistic stretches – Flex runs/skipping – multidirectional activity – power moves
Ch. 4 (TLTP) Stretching and Flexibility
• Reduce tension in the hips and glutes
Proprioceptors and Stretching
• Stretch Reflex: During a rapid stretching movement the Ia fibers from the muscle spindle cause increased activation of the muscle that was stretched and its synergist. This causes the muscle to shorten. THIS SHOULD BE AVOIDED • Careful static stretching does not invoke the stretch reflex • Mechanoreceptor: GTO is sensitive to muscle tension. When stimulated it causes the muscle to relax.
《哈利波特与阿兹卡班囚徒》第19章《伏地魔的仆人》中英文对照学习版
中英文对照学习版Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban《哈利波特与阿兹卡班囚徒》Chapter NineteenThe Servant of Lord Voldemort第19章伏地魔的仆人Hermione screamed. Black l eapt to his feet. Harry jumped as though he'd received a huge el ectric shock.赫敏尖叫起来，布莱克一跃而起，哈利好像突然遭受了强烈的电击。
‘I found this at the base of the Whomping Will ow,’ said Snape, throwing the Cl oak asid e, careful to keep his wand pointing directly at Lupin's chest. ‘Very useful, Potter, I thank you ...’“我在打人柳底下发现了这个。
”斯内普把隐形衣丢到一边，一面仍小心地用魔杖直指卢平的胸膛，“很有用的，波特，我要谢谢你……”Snape was slightly breathl ess, but his face was full of suppressed triumph. ‘You're wond ering, perhaps, how I knew you were here?’he said, his eyes glittering. ‘I’ve just been to your office, Lupin. You forgot to take your Potion tonight, so I took a gobl etful along. And very lucky I did ... lucky for me, I mean. Lying on your d esk was a certain map. One glance at it tol d me all I need ed to know.I saw you running al ong this passageway and out of sight.’斯内普有点气喘，但一脸抑制不住的得意。
简爱英文原版16章
简爱英文原版16章Chapter 16The day after the wedding, Jane wakes up as Mrs. Rochester. She feels a sense of duty and responsibility towards her new husband, Mr. Rochester. On their wedding night, Jane was filled with a mix of emotions - excitement, nervousness, and anticipation. She wasin awe of the fact that Mr. Rochester had chosen her, a poor and plain governess, to be his wife.As the days go by, Jane settles into her role as the mistress of Thornfield Hall. She describes her new life as a blend of happiness and humility. She takes pleasure in fulfilling her duties and managing the household, striving to meet Mr. Rochester's expectations. Jane also begins to explore the vast estate and familiarizes herself with its gardens, woods, and hidden corners.Despite her initial bliss, Jane senses a slight unease. She notices that Mr. Rochester becomes more distant and secretive as time goes on. He often leaves Thornfield Hall for long periods without any explanation, causing Jane to wonder about his whereabouts and activities. Jane's intuition tells her that something is not right, but she cannot put her finger on it.One evening, as Jane sits alone in her chamber, she is startled by a mysterious laughter echoing through the hallways. She investigates the source and discovers that it is coming from the third story of the house. Jane climbs the narrow staircase leading to the third floor and finds herself in a seemingly abandoned part of Thornfield. She feels an eerie presence and wonders who or what could becausing the laughter.Suddenly, Jane encounters a woman named Grace Poole, who is revealed to be the source of the laughter. Grace, a servant at Thornfield Hall, explains that she sometimes indulges in drinking too much and loses control over her actions. Jane is puzzled by this explanation and wonders why Grace is allowed to remain in such a position of responsibility despite her behavior.Jane becomes more curious about the mysterious happenings at Thornfield, especially after encountering the disturbed laughter and Grace's strange confession. She realizes that there is much more to Mr. Rochester's past than she knows. Jane's suspicion grows as she struggles to make sense of the secrets and hidden truths lurking within Thornfield Hall.In this chapter, the reader begins to get a glimpse of the unsettling events that are about to unfold. Jane's character is shown as someone who is determined and curious, willing to investigate and uncover the truth. Additionally, the introduction of Grace Poole and the eerie laughter suggest that there is more to Thornfield Hall than meets the eye. The reader is left with a sense of anticipation, wondering what lies ahead for Jane and Mr. Rochester.。
小说红字(英文版)
C7&C8:the government‘s hall & the elf-child
4
and the minister
Dimmesdale appeared to be wasting away and suffered from mysterious heart trouble. Chillingworth attached himself to Dimmesdale and lived with him so that he could provide his patient with round-the-clock care .Roger detected the minister as the lover and kept haunting his mind and soul.
C12:The minister’s vigil One night, Hester and Pearl encountered Dimmesdale at the town scaffold, trying to punish himself for his sins. Hester and Pearl joined him, and the three link hands. Dimmesdale refused Pearl’s request that he acknowledged her publicly the next day.
His four major romances or novels
written between 1850 and 1860
The Scarlet Letter《红字》 (1850)
The House of the Seven Gables 《七个尖角阁的房子》 (1851)
Chapter16 Lipids and biological membranes
Phosphatidic Acid and Phosphatides
O
Phosphatidic acid is the parent compound for the glycerol-based phospholipids; Phosphatidic acid consists of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate with fatty acids esterified at the 1and 2-positions; Phosphatides are phosphatidic acid esterified with a hydroxyl-containing organic functional group.
H2C
NH CH O C HC R (CH2 )12 CH3
sphingosine
CH3 H3C N
+
CH3
ceramide
O
H2 C
H2 C
O
P O H2C
O OH H C NH C R CH CH HC (CH2 )12 CH3
CH3
phosphocholine
sphingosine
O
fatty acid
Sphingomyelin
Ether Glycerophospholipids
Examples of Sphingolipids
Sphingolipid sphingomyelin cerebroside ganglioside Polar head group phosphocholine or phosphoethanolamine a monosaccharide such as glucose or galactose a complex oligosaccharide, including the acidic sugar sialic acid
《医用生物化学自主学习》学习指导
前言生物化学是研究生物体的化学组成和生命过程中化学规律的科学，从分子水平探讨生命现象的本质，研究生物体基本物质的化学组成、结构与功能，物质代谢与调节及其在生命活动中的作用，遗传信息传递的分子基础与调控规律。
其中核酸、蛋白质等生物大分子的结构与功能及基因结构、基因表达与调控等内容被视为分子生物学，分子生物学是生物化学的重要组成部分，也被视作生物化学的发展和延续。
简单地说，生物化学就是生命的化学，而医用生物化学主要研究人体的生物化学，是一门重要的医学基础课程。
生物化学的理论和技术已经渗透到医学科学的各个领域，掌握生物化学的基本理论、基本技能和基本实验方法，可以为进一步学习免疫学、微生物学、病理学、药理学、遗传学及细胞生物学等基础医学打下良好基础，现代医学的发展也经常运用生物化学的理论和技术来诊断、治疗和预防疾病，许多疾病的发病机制也需要从分子水平加以探讨。
《医用生物化学》课程的教学目的就是为医学生解释、解决医学实践中的有关问题提供理论依据、思路和方法，培养学生的独立观察问题、分析问题和解决问题的能力。
鉴于本学科理论性较强、比较抽象且进展较快的特点，我们的教学方法是在传统的课堂讲授的基础上，加入了自主学习（Self-Directed Learning）的内容，其目的就是希望通过讨论、辩论等形式，加深对相关理论知识的理解掌握和应用，而且通过学生自己包括资料查询、归纳总结以及整合报告的这种锻炼，培养其学习吸纳新知识的能力。
因为大学的课堂不仅仅是教会学生掌握若干个概念、公式或某个代谢过程，更应该教会学生在未来的学习和工作过程中，能够独立地分析解决问题，并随着学科的发展能够与时俱进、吐故纳新，后者应该更为重要，而且是能够终生受益的。
根据不同章节教学内容的特点，本学期我们为临床五年制专业安排了4次自主学习，临床七年制专业安排了5次自主学习，具体如下：临床五年制（理论总学时66学时，自主学习16学时）1)第四章第五节糖代谢紊乱2)第五章第五节胆固醇的代谢3)第九章物质代谢的相互联系和调节4)第十三章第三节真核基因的表达调控临床七年制（理论总学时75学时，自主学习19学时）1)Chapter 12 The Respiratory Chain & Oxidative Phosphorylation2)Chapter 19 Gluconeogenesis & Control of the Blood Glucose3)Chapter 27 Integration of Metabolism4)Chapter 31 Conversion of Amino Acids to Specialized Products5)Chapter 39 Regulation of Gene Expression尽管我们安排了自主学习的具体章节，但原则是立足于而不拘泥于这些章节涵盖的内容，一定程度上，我们会借助于每次自主学习的机会复习相关的背景知识，有着承上启下融会贯通的作用，因此我们为每个章节的自主学习设计了相关内容，包括引言、问题（围绕本章节需掌握、熟悉的内容提出，也是同学们需要讨论展示的主要内容）、参考文献和复习题。
(完整版)医学专业英语1-4单元术语解释、短语和课后习题答案
Chapter 1Human Body as a WholeMedical TerminologyLearn the following combining forms, prefixes and suffixesand write the meaning of the medical term in the space provided.1. a hormone secreted from the adrenal gland2. inflammation of the adrenal gland3. pertaining to medicine4. pertaining to biology5. pertaining to chemistry6. pertaining to the blood vessel7. pertaining to cells8. pertaining to molecules9. pertaining to the medicine of the living thing10. the study of the living thing11. pertaining to the physics of the living thing12. the study of the heart13. the disease of the heart14. the record of the heart waves15. the study of the human inner secretion from glands16. pertaining to the production of hormone17. the study of inner gland secretion18. the red blood cell19. the white blood cell20. the lymph cell21. the study of cell22. the study of chemistry of cell23. the study of biology of cell25. the tumor of the embryo26. the study of the disease of the embryo27. the study of the human inner secretion from glands28. pertaining to the inside of the heart29. pertaining to the inside of the cell30. above the skin31. above the skin32. inflammation of the skin33. red blood cells34. instrument of measuring red blood cells35. to breathe out the waste gas36. to drive somebody or something out37. to spread outside38. sth that produces diseases39. the study of blood40. blood cells41. the study of tissues42. the study of tissue pathology43. therapy treatment, hence tissue treatment44. pertaining to the base45. pertaining to the toxin46. pertaining to symptoms47. the study of body’s auto protection from diseases48. protected from49. deficiency in the immune system of the body50. substance from the adrenal gland51. water from it52. the study of societies53. the study of urinary system55. lymph cells56. tumor of the lymphatic system57. the study of the lymphatic system58. the study of physical growth59. a doctor of internal medicine60. treatment by physiological methods61. the new growth ,tumor62. the study of mind63. abnormal condition of the mind64. the study of the relationship between psychology and biology65. a condition of over activity of the thyroid gland66. the condition of under activity of the thyroid gland67. the inflammation of the thyroid gland68.cutting apart the human body as a branch of medical sciences69. cut open the bone70.to cut the heart open71. pertaining to the blood vessel72. inflammation of the blood vessel73. pertaining to the lymphatic system and the blood vesselKey to the Exercises B.1.（embryo）embryology2.(process/condition) mechanism3.(heart) cardiovascular4.(color) chromatin5.(secretion) endocrinology6.(cell) cytology7.(sth. that produces or is produced) pathogen8.(lymph) lymphatic9.(the study of) psychology10.(pertaining to) regularLanguage Points:put together组成known as 叫做joints between bones关节to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body牵动骨骼肌引起各种运动hip joint髋关节flexible有韧性的cushioning缓冲replaced by bone 骨化one bone moves in relation to the other两骨彼此靠近产生运动contents物质nourishment营养物质function发挥功能waste products废物accumulate积聚poison the body危害生命distributes运送needed materials有用的物质unneeded ones废物is made up of包括protect…against foreign invaders防止外来侵袭（See! Power Point）identical对等的receives吸收traveled through流经forced out压送reenter流入directly直接地channels 管道filters过滤larynx喉管trachea气管two lungs左右肺very large number of 大量的air spaces肺泡release释放出extending 延伸到broken down分解absorbed into吸收进chewing咀嚼esophagus食管Key to the Section B Passage 1 Exercises B.1. (The skeletal system consists of bones, joints and soft bones.)2. (Heart is generated when muscles are contracted, which helps keep the bodytemperature constant.)3. (The circulation of blood carries useful materials to all body cells while removing wasteones.)4. (Oxygen is inhaled and carbon dioxide is exhaled in the process of respiration.)5. (The digestion of food involves both mechanical and chemical procedures.)6. (The urinary system keeps normal levels of water and of certain chemicals in the body.)7. (The pituitary is a major gland located under the brain in the middle of the head.)8. (The brain collects and processes information and then sends instructions to all parts ofthe body to be carried out.)9. (The main function of the male reproductive system is to generate, transport and keepactive male sex cells.)10. (The largest of the body’s organs, the skin protects the inner structure of the body with acomplete layer.)Key to the Section A Passage 1 Exercises E.1.cardiovascular diseases2. function of the pituitary3. the urinary tract4. molecules5. artery6. endocrinology7. dyspnea / difficulty in respiration 8. saliva9. histology 10. blood circulation11. hematology 12. physiology13. anatomy 14. the female reproductive15. nervous cells 16. immunology17. indigestion / poor in digestion 18. voluntary muscle19. embryology 20. psychologySection B, Passage 2 Cells and TissuesLanguage PointsOrganized组（构）成arranged in to构成in turn are grouped into又进一步组成serves its specific有特定的bear in mind记住result from源于billions亿万determind确立fit on合在一起by contrast相比之下machinary机构while normally在正常情况下function with great efficiency高效地发挥作用are subject to易于发生result in导致millionth百万分之一equal等于average一般 a speck barely visible基本上看不见的一个小点The science that deals with cells on the smalleststructural and functional level is called molecular biology.从最小的结构及功能水平研究细胞的科学叫分子生物学。
基础人体解剖与功能学第11版（Martini Nath Bartholomew）说明书
Visual Anatomy & Physiology combines a one-of-a-kind visual approach with a modular organization that uniquely meets the needs of today’s students without sacrificing the comprehensive coverage of A&P topics required for careers in nursing and other allied health professions. The 3rd Edition presents key new features based on recent research about how students use and digest visual information.
Table of Contents
1. An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology 2. Chemical Level of Organization 3. Cellular Level of Organization 4. Tissue Level of Organization 5. The Integumentary System 6. Bones and Bone Structure 7. The Skeleton 8. Joints 9. Skeletal Muscle Tissue 10. The Muscular System 11. Nervous Tissue 12. The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes 13. The Brain, Cranial Nerves, and Sensory and Motor Pathways 14. The Autonomic Nervous System 15. The Special Senses 16. The Endocrine System 17. Blood 18. The Heart and Cardiovascular Function 19. Blood Vessels and Circulation 20. The Lymphatic System and Immunity 21. The Respiratory System 22. The Digestive System 23. Metabolism, Nutrition, and Energetics 24. The Urinary System 25. Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance 26. The Reproductive System 27. Development and Inheritance
奇文单词速记法-Chapter1 简易词 形容词、副词
时代周刊1000精选高频词：
2. affluent ['æfluәnt] adj. 富裕的 【同】prosperous, wealthy【反】 poor
Leeson and his wife Lisa never really seemed to fit into the affluent, neo-colonial life-style of Singapore or into the city’s multiethnic society.( TIME, Mar.13,1995,p.40)
Chapter1 简易词 形容词、副词(1)
时代周刊1000精选高频词：
1. accustomed [ә'kʌstәmd] adj. 习惯于 【同】used【反】unaccustomed
Even if they are willing to make the sacrifice in dollars, whether Americans will give up long accustomed personal liberties is another question.(TIME, May 1,1995,p.68)
葛罗夫呈递一份深入、周详的报告，令老板们印象深刻。
时代周刊1000精选高频词：
16. compulsory [kәm'pʌlsәrɪ] adj. 义务的，强制的 【同】mandatory In 1919 while serving a compulsory stint in the military, Nurmi entered a 20-k march carrying a rifle, a cartridge belt and a knapsack filled with 5 kg of sand. (TIME, June 24, 1996, p.66) 1919年，当他在军中服义务役的时候，努尔米带着一支步枪，腰上系着弹带， 背上背着装有5公斤沙子的背包参加20公里行军。 █ stint n. （在某处从事某事的）那段时间
Chapter7BloodCirculation血液循环.ppt
Cardiac Output = Heart Rate×Stroke Volume
CO=HR×SV =75 × 70 =5250（ml）
Cardiac reserve (心力贮备)
CO (Cardiac output) quiet (安静时)：5L/min movement (运动时)： 180-200 150-170 25-30L/min
Mechanism of AP :
0期: 去极,钠内流(快通道) 1期: 快速复极初期,钾通过瞬时性外向钾外流通
道外流, 膜内电位降至0mv左右
2期: 缓慢复极期又叫平台期,钙和少量钠通过慢 通道的
内流与少量钾外流相持
3期: 快速复极末期,膜对钾的通透性 升高,钾外流 膜电位由0mv 降至-90mv
(自动兴奋的频率)
2.Functional Synplasm（机能合胞体）
Structure basis : Intercalated disc (闰盘) 心肌的机能合体性
The phenomenon of ‘ all or none ’ in the myocardial
（心肌收缩的“全或无”现象）
Sino-artrial node (S-A node, 窦房结) Artrio-ventricular node (A-V node ,房室结) atrioventricular bundle 0.05m/s and bilateral bundles (房室束及左右束支) 2-5m/s
Purkinje fiber(浦肯野氏纤维) 2-5m/s
1.Def. Cardiac cycle (心动周期) : The whole cycle of systole and
diastole (心脏由收缩到舒张的整个过程)
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3) Keeping lipids exchange between membrane
and Plasma
4) Synthesis of GSH, NAD+
NADP+
2GSH
H2O2
谷胱苷肽还原酶 glutathion reductase
谷胱苷肽过氧化物酶 glutathion peroxidase
6-Pgluconate
NADPH++H+
GSSH
2H2O
(II) Lipids metabolism
Lipids of Mature erythrocytes almost located in cell membrane.
Section 3
Hemocyte metabolism
I. Metabolism features of RBC
RBC: the major cell in blood. The development of RBC: parent red cell (Proerythroblast ) basophilic erythroblast (Be) polychromatophilic erythroblast(Pe)
渗透压：溶液中的溶质颗粒通过半透膜吸取膜外水分子的 一种力量。渗透压的大小与单位体积中溶质分子的数目有 关，而与溶质颗粒的大小无关。
血浆渗透压
血浆晶体渗透压：维持细胞内外水平衡 血浆胶体渗透压：维持血管内外水平衡
血浆胶体渗透压的大小主要取决于血浆蛋白的摩尔浓度。 清蛋白最能有效维持胶体渗透压。 清蛋白浓度过低 血浆胶体渗透压下降 组织间潴留 水肿 水分在
blood
(55%-60%) Inorganic substances
Na+、K+、Cl-…
Red blood cell (RBC) White blood cell (WBC) Platelet Water (90%) Plasma Solutes
Organic substances
Glucose, lipids, Pr NPN: 14.28~24.99 mmol/L
Hb + O2 PO2 PO2 HbO2
2, 3–BPG
2. Pentose phosphate pathway (NADPH)
(5~10%)
G-6-P
6-磷酸葡萄 6-phosphoglucose dehydrogenase 糖脱氢酶
NADP+
2GSH
H2O2
谷胱苷肽还原酶 glutathion reductase
谷胱苷肽过氧化物酶 glutathion peroxidase
6-Pgluconate
NADPH++H+
GSSH
2H2O
3. physiological significance of carbohydrate metabolism in RBC (2,3-BPG, ATP, NADPH)
(1) Function of ATP
ALA dehydrase
(PBG)
δ -氨基-r 酮戊酸
胆色素原
UPG I cosynthase ( PBG deaminase)
3NH2
NH2
Linear tetrapyrrole UPG III cosynthase NH2 4CO2
甲烯桥
8 7
decarboxylase Uroporphyrinogen III Coproporphyrinogen III
3- phosphoglycerate
lactate
The compound 2,3-BPG derived from the glycolytic pathway intermediate 1,3- BPG within erythrocytes. Synthesis of 2,3-BPG represents a reaction pathway for the consumption of glucose in RBC. Note that when glucose is oxidized by this pathway , the erythrocyte loses the ability to gain 2 moles of ATP from glycolytic oxidation of 1,3-BPG to 3-PG.
late erythroblast (normoblast )
.
Reticulocyte Mature erythrocyte
(I) Carbohydrate metabolism
Mature erythrocytes don’t contain mitochondria. Glycolysis in the erythrocyte is the most prominent pathway in the energy metabolism. Erythrocyte take up glucose from blood 30g/day .
3.除清蛋白外,几乎所有的血浆蛋白质均为糖蛋白,它们含 有N-或0-连接的寡糖链。寡糖链包含了许多生物信息。 血浆蛋白合成后的定向转移过程需要寡糖链。
4.许多血浆蛋白呈现多态性。如ABO血型
5.血浆蛋白有自己特异的半衰期。正常成人的清蛋 白和结合珠蛋白的半衰期分别为20天和5天左右。 6.发生急性炎症或一些类型的组织损伤时,某些血浆 蛋白的水平会增高,它们被称为急性时相蛋白质，少 则增加50％，最多可增至1000倍，包括C-反应蛋白、 α1抗胰蛋白酶、结合珠蛋白、α1酸性蛋白和纤维蛋 白原等。急性时相期，有些蛋白质浓度降低，如清蛋 白和转铁蛋白。
1. Glycolysis and 2,3-BPG shunt pathway
( 90%~95% )
(2,3-BPG)
glucose
2NADH
BPG mutase
(15% ~ 50%)
1,3-BPG
2ATP
（1）
kinase
2,3-BPG
（2） 2,3-BPG phosphatase 2,3-BPG shunt pathway
Non-protein nitrogen (NPN) : the non-protein
nitrogen-containing compound existing in blood,
include urea,creatine,creatinine, uric acid,
bilirubin,ammonia etc. Normally,the content of
二、血浆蛋白质的功能
1.维持血浆胶体渗透压：主要由清蛋白产生 2.维持血浆正常的pH：7.35-7.45 3.运输作用：清蛋白+脂肪酸/胆红素等 4.免疫作用：免疫球蛋白
血浆功能酶：在血浆中发挥功能
5.催化作用 外分泌酶：由外分泌腺分泌的酶类
细胞酶：存在于组织和细胞内，参与 物质代谢的酶类
6.营养作用 7.凝血、抗凝血和纤溶作用
Function of 2,3-BPG
2,3-BPG binds in the cavity between the chains of Hb, making electrostatic interactions with positively charged surrounding this cave. The higher 2,3-BPG content in RBC, the more stable the deoxy structure of Hb will be. 2,3-BPG reduce hemoglobin affinity for oxygen.
3.According to the function of blood plasma protein
（二）血浆蛋白的性质
1.主要在肝合成，如清蛋白、纤维蛋白原和纤连蛋白等。 少量由其他组织细胞合成,如γ球蛋白由浆细胞合成。
2.合成场所一般位于膜结合的多核蛋白体上。在肝细胞内经历 了从粗面内质网到高尔基复合体再抵达质膜而分泌入血液 的途径。
ALA synthase
+
succinyl CoA
glycine
δ-ALA
(coenzyme: Pyridoxal phosphate)
Site: in mitochondria
㊀ lead
δ-aminolevulinic acid
Site: cytosol
(ALA enters the cytosol) A=acetate
3NH3
I
胆色素原
尿出
尿卟啉
(1 :10000)
(UPG III)
Coproporphyrinogen III (into Mit)
2CO2 4H 6H
decarboxylase oxidase
2
Protoporphyrinogen IX
Methemoglobin (MHb) reductive system: NADH-MHb reductase NADPH-MHb reductase
MHb
(1%-2%)
Hb (+) direct action
GSH,VitC
G-6-P
6-磷酸葡萄 6-phosphoglucose dehydrogenase 糖脱氢酶
(III) synthesis and regulation of Hb