对外经济贸易大学英语学院《861综合英语》历年考研真题及详解
考研英语一历年真题及答案解析(1986-2016)
2016年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题(完整版)及参考答案2016年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)In Cambodia,the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male.It may involve not only his parents and his friends,1those of the young woman,but alsoa matchmaker.A young man can2a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to3the marriage negotiations,or the young man’s parents may make the choice ofa spouse,giving the child little to say in the selection.4,a girl may veto thespouse her parents have chosen.5a spouse has been selected,each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying6a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair.Formerly it lasted threedays,7by the1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half.Buddhist priests offera short sermon and8prayers of blessing.Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting,9cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists,and10a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to blessthe11.Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife’s parents and may12with them up to a year,13they can build a new house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to14,but not common.Divorced persons are15with some disapproval.Each spouse retains16property he or she17into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is18equally.Divorced persons may remarry,but a gender prejudice19up:The divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before hecan remarry20the woman must wait ten months.1.[A]by way of[B]on behalf of[C]as well as[D]with regard to2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 . [A]adapt to [B]provide for [C]compete with [D]decide on. [A]close [B]renew [C]arrange [D]postpone. [A]Above all [B]In theory [C]In time [D]For example. [A]Although [B]Lest [C]After [D]Unless. [A]into [B]within [C]from [D]through. [A]since [B]but [C]or [D]so. [A]copy [B]test [C]recite [D]create. [A]folding [B]piling [C]wrapping [D]tying0. [A]passing [B]lighting [C]hiding [D]serving1. [A]meeting [B]collection [C]association [D]union2. [A]grow [B]part [C]deal [D]live3. [A]whereas [B]until [C]if [D]for4. [A]obtain [B]follow [C]challenge [D]avoid5. [A]isolated [B]persuaded [C]viewed [D]exposed6. [A]whatever [B]however [C]whenever [D]wherever7. [A]changed [B]brought [C]shaped [D]pushed8. [A]withdrawn [B]invested [C]donated [D]divided9. [A]breaks [B]warms [C]shows [D]clears0. [A]so that [B]while [C]once [D]in thatSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each textby choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1France,which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion,has decided itsfashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women.Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crimeto employ ultra-thin models on runways.The parliament also agreed to ban websites that“incite excessive thinness”by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives.They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health.That’s a start.And theban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death—as some have done.It tells the fashion industry that it musttake responsibility for the signal it sends women,especially teenage girls,aboutthe social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans,if fully enforced,would suggest to women(and many men)that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty.And perhaps faintly,they hintthat people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect ratherthan dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.The French measures,however,rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep—and bone-showing.Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a$85,000fine and six months in prison.The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types.In Denmark,the United States,and a few other countries,it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion imagesthat rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.In contrast to France’s actions,Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last monthon rules and sanctions regarding the age,health,and other characteristics of models.The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states:“We are aware ofand take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals,especially on young people.” The charter’s main tool of enforcement is to denyaccess for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week, which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and-shame method of compliance.Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.2 [ [ [ [ 2 [ [ [ [ 2 [ [ [ [ 2 1.According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?A] Physical beauty would be redefined.B] New runways would be constructed.C] Websites about dieting would thrive.D] The fashion industry would decline.2.The phrase “impinging on” (Line 2,Para 2) is closest in meaning toA] heightening the value of.B] indicating the state of.C] losing faith in.D] doing harm to.3.Which of the following is true of the fashion industry?A] The French measures have already failed.B] New standards are being set in Denmark.C] Model are no longer under peer pressure.D] Its inherent problems are getting worse.4. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for[ [ [ [ 2 [ [ [ [ A] setting a high age threshold for models.B] caring too much about models’ character.C] showing little concern for health factors.D] pursuing perfect physical conditions.5.Which of the following may be the best title of the text?A] The Great Threats to the Fashion Industry.B] Just Another Round of Struggle for Beauty.C] A Dilemma for the Starving Models in France.D] A Challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals.Text 2For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country.In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate “thecountryside” alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylishhouses but to save “the beauty of natural places for everyone forever.” It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience “a refreshing air.”Hill’s pressure later led to the creation of nationalparks and green belts. They don’t make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it. It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment.The Conservatives’planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorizing “off -plan” building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent. Only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sided with thosepleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local Consecutive parties.The sensible place to build new houses, factories and offices is where people are, in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million houses in the London are alone, with no intrusion on green bet. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces.The idea that “housing crisis” equals “concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk.The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them. Under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?Development should be planned, not let rip. After the Netherlands, Britain isEurope’s most crowded country. Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-densityurban living. There is no doubt of the alternative —the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.2 [ [ [ [ 2 [ [ 6.Britain’s public sentiment about the countrysideA] didn ’t start till the Shakespearean age.B] has brought much benefit to the NHS.C] is fully backed by the royal family.D] is not well reflected in politics.7.According to Paragraph 2, the achievements of the National Trust are now beA] gradually destroyed.B] effectively reinforced.[ [ 2 [ [ [ [ 2 [ [ [ [ 3 [ [ [ [ C] largely overshadowed.D] properly protected.8.Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3?A] Labour is under attack for opposing development.B] The Conservatives may abandon “off -plan” building.C] The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence.D] Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation.9.The author holds that George Osborne’s preferenceA] highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure.B] shows his disregard for the character of rural areas.C] stresses the necessity f easing the housing crisis.D] reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas.0.In the last paragraph, the author shows his appreciation of\A] the size of population in Britain.B] the political life in today’s Britain.C] the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain.D] the town-and-country planning in Britain.Text 3“ There is one and only one social responsibility of businesses,” Wrote MiltonFriedman, a Nobel prize-winning economist, “That is,to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profit”. But even if you accept Firedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as waste of shareholders’ money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut. New research suggestthe CSR may create monetary value for companies-at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than$15billiona year on CSR,according to an estimate by EPG,a consulting firm.This could add valueto their businesses in three ways.First,consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal”that a company’s products are of high quality.Second,customers maybe willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes it helps.And third,through a more diffuse“halo effect,”whereby its gooddeeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three.A recent study attempts to separate themby looking at bribery prosecutions under America’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA).It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their investigations,they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that,among prosecuted firms,those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties.Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms’political influence,rather than their CSR stand,that accounted for the leniency:Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all,the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits,they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR.“We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern,such aschild labour,or increasing corporate giving by about20%results in fines that generally are40%lower than the typical punishment for briding foreign officials,”says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR.Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect,rather than the other possible benefits,when they decide theirdo-gooding policies.But at least they have demonstrated that when companies getinto trouble with the law,evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.31.The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with[ [ [ [ 3 [ [ [ [ 3 [ [ [ [ 3 [ [ [ [ 3 [ A] toleranceB] skepticismC] uncertaintyD] approval2.According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company byA] winning trust from consumers.B] guarding it against malpractices.C] protecting it from being defamed.D] raising the quality of its products.3. The expression “more lenient” (Line 2, Para. 4) is closest in meaning toA] more effectiveB] less controversialC] less severeD] more lasting4.When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company’s CSR recordA] has an impact on their decision.B] comes across as reliable evidence.C] increases the chance of being penalized.D] constitutes part of the investigation.5.Which of the following is true of CSR, according to the last paragraph?A] Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.[ [ [B]The necessary amount of companies’spending on it is unknown.C]Companies’financial capacity for it has been overestimated.D]It has brought much benefit to the banking industry.Text4There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint.Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate.“Sometime inthe future，”the paper’s publisher said back in2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside，there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print.The infrastructure required to make a physicalnewspaper-printing presses,delivery trucks—isn’t just expensive;it’s excessiveat a time when online-only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints.Readers are migrating away from print anyway.And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts,revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation lower,but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake,says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Times should’t waste time getting out of the print business,but only if they go about doing it the right way.“Figuring out a way to acceleratethat transition would make sense for them,”he said,“but if you discontinue it,you’re going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”Sometimes that’s worth making a change anyway.Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming.“It was seenas a blunder,”he said.The move turned out to be foresighted.And if Peretti werein charge at the Times?“I wouldn’t pick a year to end pr int,”he said.“I wouldraise prices and make it into more of a legacy product.”The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor,the idea goes,and they’d feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believein.“So if you’re overpaying for print,you could feel like you were helping,”Peretti said.“Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.”In other words,if you’re going to make a print product,make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year —more than twice as mush as a digital-only subscription.“ It’s a really hard thing to do and it ’s a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeeddoesn’t have a legacy business,” Peretti remarked. “But we’re going to havequestions like that where we have things we’re doing that don’t make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it’s better to be more aggressive than less aggressive.”3 [ [ [ [ 3 [ [ [ [ 3 [ [ [ [ 3 6.The New York Times is considering ending its print edition partly dueA] the high cost of operation.B] the pressure from its investors.C] the complaints from its readers.D] the increasing online ad sales.7. Peretti suggests that, in face of the present situation, the Times shouldA] seek new sources of readership.B] end the print edition for good.C] aim for efficient management.D] make strategic adjustments.8.It can be inferred from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that a “legacy product”A] helps restore the glory of former times.B] is meant for the most loyal customers.C] will have the cost of printing reduced.D] expands the popularity of the paper.9.Peretti believes that, in a changing world.[ [ [ [ 4 [ [ [ [ A] legacy businesses are becoming outdated.B] cautiousness facilitates problem-solving.C] aggressiveness better meets challenges.D] traditional luxuries can stay unaffected.0.Which of the following would be the best title of the text?A] Shift to Online Newspapers All at OnceB] Cherish the Newspaper Still in Your HandC] Make Your Print Newspaper a Luxury GoodD] Keep Your Newspapers Forever in FashionPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the A-G for each of the numbered paragraph (41-45). There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)[ [ [ [ [ [ [ A] Create a new image of yourselfB] Have confidence in yourselfC] Decide if the time is rightD] Understood the contextE] Work with professionalsF] Make it efficientG] Know your goalsNo matter how formal or informal the work environment, the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in first impressions. According toresearch from Princeton University,people assess your competence,trustworthiness,and like ability in just a tenth of a second,solely based on the way you look.The difference between today’s workplace and the“dress for success”era isthat the range of options is so much broader,Norms have evolved and fragmented.In some settings,red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status;in others notso much.Plus,whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like decade or two lennials,it seems,face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding.It can be confusing.So how do we navigate this?How do we know when to invest in an upgrade?And what’s the best way to pull off one that enhances our goals?Here are some tips:41As an executive coach,I’ve seen image upgrades be particularly helpful during transitions--when looking for a new job,stepping into a new or more public role,or changing work environments.If you’re in a period of change or just feeling stuckand in a rut,now may be a good time.If you’re not sure,ask for honest feedbackfrom trusted friends,colleagues,and professionals.Look for cues about how others perceive you.Maybe there’s no need for an upgrade and that’s OK.42Get clear on what impact you’re hoping to have.Are you looking to refreshyour image or pivot it?For one person,the goal may be to be taken more seriouslyand enhance their professional image.For another,it may be to be perceived as more approachable,or more modern and stylish.For someone moving from finance to advertising,maybe they want to look more“SoHo.”(It’s OK to use characterizationslike that.)43Look at your work environment like an anthropologist.What are the norms of your environment?What convey status?Who are your most important audiences?How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves?The better you understand the cultural context,the more control you can have over your impact.44Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist,or use the free styling service of a store like J.Crew.Try a hair stylist instead of a barber.Work with a professional photographer insteadof your spouse or friend.It’s not as expensive as you might think.45The point of a style upgrade isn’t to become more vain or to spend more time fussing over what to wear.Instead,use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue.Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options.Buy all your clothesat once with a stylist instead of shopping alone,one article of clothing at a time.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Mental health is our birthright.(46)We don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy;it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cutor mend a broken bone.Mental health can’t be learned,only reawakened.It is likethe immune system of the body,which under stress or through lack of nutrition of exercise can be weakened,but which never leaves us.When we don’t understand the value of mental health and we don’t know how to gain access to it,mental health will remain hidden from us,(47)Our mental health doesn’t really go anywhere;likethe sun behind a cloud,it can be temporarily hidden from view,but it is fully capableof being restored in an instant.Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem—confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our common sense.It allows us to have perspective on our lives—the ability to not take ourselves too seriously,to laugh at ourselves,to see the bigger picture,and to see that things will work out.It’s a from ofinnate or unlearned optimism.(48)Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles,with kindness of they are in pain,and with unconditional love no matter who they are.Mental health is the source of creativityfor solving problems,resolving conflict,making our surroundings more beautiful,managing our home life,or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier.It gives us patience for ourselves and toward others as wellas patience while driving,catching a fish,working on our car,or raising a child.It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature,in culture,in the flow of our daily lives.(49)Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives,it is perfectlyordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions.It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations to show you right from wrong,good from bad,friend from foe.Mental health has commonly been called conscience,instinct,wisdom,common sense,or the inner voice.We think of it simply as a healthy and helpful flow of intelligent thought. (50)As you will come to see,knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.SectionШWritingPart A51.Directions:Suppose you are a librarian in your university.Write a notice of about100 words,providing the newly-enrolled international students with relevantinformation about the library.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10points)52.Directions:Write an essay of160~200words based on the following drawing.In your essay, you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its intended meaning,and then3 ) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)I cloze1 . As well as2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 . Decide on. Arrange. Above all. After. Into. But. Recite. Tying0. Lighting1. Union1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 2. Live3. Until4. Obtain5. Persuaded6. Whatever7. Brought8. Divided9. Shows0. WhileII Reading comprehensionPart AText12 2 2 2 2 1. Physical beauty would be redefined.2. Doing harm to.3. New standards are being set in Denmark.4. Showing little concern for health factors.5. A Challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals.Text 22 2 2 6.is not well reflected in politics7. gradually destroyed8. The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence2 3 9. highlight his firm stand against lobby pressure0. the town-and-country planning in BritainText 33 3 3 3 3 1. uncertainty2. winning3. less severe4. has an impact on their decision5. the necessaryText 43 3 3 34 6. the high cost of operation7. make strategic adjustments8. is meant for the most loyal customers9. Aggressiveness better meets challenges0. Cherish the Newspaper Still in Your HandPart B4 4 4 4 4 1. Decide if the time is right2. Know your goals3. Understand the context4. Work with professionals5. Make it efficientPart C46.我们不必学习如何保持健康的心理;它与生俱来，正如我们的身体知道如何让伤口痊愈，如何让骨折好转。
(NEW)对外经济贸易大学《815经济学综合》历年考研真题
D．需求增加
2 如果闲暇是正常品，则财产性收入的增加会导致劳动供给量 （ ）。 A．增加 B．减少 C．不改变 D分配最为平 均？（ ） A．甲国的基尼系数为0.20 B．乙国的基尼系数为0.35 C．丙国的基尼系数为0.50 D．丁国的基尼系数为0.60
One worrying lesson for bankers and regulators everywhere to bear in mind is post-bubble Japan. In the 1990s its leading bankers not only hung onto their jobs; they also refused to recognize and shed bad debts, in effect keeping “zombie” loans on their books. That is one reason why the country’s economy stagnated for so long. The quicker bankers are to recognize their losses, to sell assets that they are hoarding in the vain hope that prices will recover, and to make markets in such assets for their clients, the quicker the banking system will get back on its feet.
2007年对外经济贸易大学816经济学科综合考研真题及详解
2008年对外经济贸易大学815经济 学综合考研真题
一、名词解释（每小题3分，共12分） 1 范围经济
对外经济贸易大学翻硕考研真题：词汇汉译英答案
对外经济贸易大学翻硕考研真题：词汇汉译英答案对外经济贸易大学翻硕考研真题：词汇汉译英答案考研备考的过程中，真题是必不可少的。
下面是凯程考研搜集整理的对外经济贸易大学英语翻译基础考研真题——词汇翻译汉译英部分答案。
汉译英：从10个terms里面挑5个translate and define them briefly in English(共15分，一个3分)1、United Nations Conference on Trade and Development(UNCTAD)Established in 1964, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) promotes the development-friendly integration of developing countries into the world economy. UNCTAD has progressively evolved into an authoritative knowledge-based institution whose work aims to help shape current policy debates and thinking on development, with a particular focus on ensuring that domestic policies and international action are mutually supportive in bringing about sustainable development.或者The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) was established in 1964 as a permanent intergovernmental body. UNCTAD is the principal organ of the United Nations General Assembly dealing with trade, investment, and development issues. The organization's goals are to: "maximize the trade, investment and development opportunities of developing countries and assist them in their efforts to integrate into the world economy on an equitable basis."The primary objective of UNCTAD is to formulate policies relating toall aspects of development including trade, aid, transport, finance and technology. The conference ordinarily meets once in four years; the permanent secretariat is in Geneva.2、Generalised System of Preferences(GSP)The Generalized System of Preferences, or GSP, is a preferential tariff system which provides for a formal system of exemption from the more general rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO), (formerly, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade or GATT). Specifically, it's a system of exemption from the most favored nation principle (MFN) that obliges WTO member countries to treat the imports of all other WTO member countries no worse than they treat the imports of their "most favored" trading partner. In essence, MFN requires WTO member countries to treat imports coming from all other WTO member countries equally, that is, by imposing equal tariffs on them, etc.GSP exempts WTO member countries from MFN for the purpose of lowering tariffs for the least developed countries, without also lowering tariffs for rich countries3、North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA)The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral rules-based trade bloc in North America. The agreement came into force on January 1, 1994.It superseded the Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement between the U.S. and Canada. NAFTA has two supplements: the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC) and the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC).In terms of combined purchasing power parity GDP of its members, as of 2013 the trade bloc is the largest in the world as well as by nominal GDP comparison.4、word of mouth，public praiseWord of mouth is the passing of information from person to person by oral communication, which could be as simple as telling someone the time of day. Storytelling is a common form of word-of-mouth communication where one person tells others a story about a real event or something made up. Oral tradition is cultural material and traditions transmitted by word of mouth through successive generations. Storytelling and oral tradition are forms of word of mouth that play important roles in folklore and mythology. Another example of oral communication is oral history—the recording, preservation and interpretation of historical information, based on the personal experiences and opinions of the speaker. Oral history preservation is the field that deals with the care and upkeep of oral history materials collected by word of mouth, whatever format they may be in.5、bill of exchangeA bill of exchange or "draft" is a written order by the drawer to the drawee to pay money to the payee. A common type of bill of exchange is the cheque (check in American English), defined as a bill of exchange drawn on a banker and payable on demand. Bills of exchange are used primarily in international trade, and are written orders by one person to his bank to pay the bearer a specific sum on a specific date. Prior to the advent of paper currency, bills of exchange were a common means of exchange. They are not used as often today.6、dumpingIn economics, "dumping" is a kind of predatory pricing, especially in the context of international trade. It occurs when manufacturers export a product to another country at a price either below the price charged in its home market or below itscost of production.7、niche marketingNiche marketing is marketing a product or service in a small portion of a market that is not being readily served by the main stream product or service providers. Nearly everything we take for granted –from the fast food chains, convenience stores, even Wal-Mart–began as a business to fill perceived voids in the market place. These “niches”can be geographic areas, a specialty industry, a demographic or ethnic group, a specific gender group, or other special group of people.8、FranchisingFranchising is the practice of the right to use a firm's successful business model and brand for a prescribed period of time. The word "franchise" is of Anglo-French derivation—from franc, meaning free—and is used both as a noun and as a (transitive) verb.For the franchiser, the franchise is an alternative to building "chain stores" to distribute goods that avoids the investments and liability of a chain. The franchisor's success depends on the success of the franchisees. The franchisee is said to have a greater incentive than a direct employee because he or she has a direct stake in the business. Essentially, and in terms of distribution, the franchisor is a supplier who allows an operator, or a franchisee, to use the supplier's trademark and distribute the supplier's goods. In return, the operator pays the supplier a fee. Thirty three countries—including the United States and Australia—have laws that explicitly regulate franchising, with the majority of all other countries having laws which have a direct or indirect impact on franchising.9、market segmentationMarket segmentation is a marketing strategy that involvesdividing a broad target market into subsets of consumers, businesses, or countries who have common needs and priorities, and then designing and implementing strategies to target them. Market segmentation strategies may be used to identify the target customers, and provide supporting data for positioning to achieve a marketing plan objective. Businesses may develop product differentiation strategies, or an undifferentiated approach, involving specific products or product lines depending on the specific demand and attributes of the target segment.10、counter tradeCounter trade means exchanging goods or services which are paid for, in whole or part, with other goods or services, rather than with money. A monetary valuation can however be used in counter trade for accounting purposes. In dealings between sovereign states, the term bilateral trade is used. OR "Any transaction involving exchange of goods or service for something of equal value."小提示：目前本科生就业市场竞争激烈，就业主体是研究生，在如今考研竞争日渐激烈的情况下，我们想要不在考研大军中变成分母，我们需要：早开始+好计划+正确的复习思路+好的辅导班（如果经济条件允许的情况下）。
对外经贸大学翻译硕士英语笔译考研真题
育明教育孙老师整理，来育明教育赠送资料，更多真题可咨询孙老师。
对外经济贸易大学2011年翻译硕士(MTI)真题翻译硕士英语Part1:Vocabulary and Grammar.（30P）01.The Space Age____in October1957when the first artificialsatellite was launched by the Soviet Union.A.initiatedB.originatedC.embarkedmenced02.John said that he didn’t quite____and asked me to repeat whatI had said.A.snatch upB.summon upC.catch onD.watch out03.When he tried to make a____,he found that the hotel that he wantedwas completely filled because of a convention.plaintB.claimC.reservationD.decision04.A budget of five dollars a day is totally____for a trip roundEurope.A.inadequateB.incapableC.incompatibleD.invalid05.In our highly technological society,the number of jobs for unskilledworkers is____.A.shrinkingB.obscuringC.alteringD.constraining06.The fuel of the continental missile is supposed to be___by thisdevice.A.ignitedB.lightedC.firedD.inspired07.I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time____the last bus.A.to have caughtB.to catchC.catchingD.havingcaught08.Frankly speaking,your article is very good except for some____mistakes in grammar.A.obscureB.glaringC.trivialD.rare09.As it turned out to be a small house party,we____so formally.A.needn’t dress upB.did not need have dressed upC.did not need dress upD.needn’t have dressed up10.Certain species disappeared or became____as new forms arose that were better adapted to the Earth’s changing environment.A.feebleB.extinctC.massiveD.extinguished11.I apologize if I____you,but I assure you it was unintentional.A.offendB.had offendedC.should have offendedD. might have offended12.Franklin D.Roosevelt argued that the depression stemmed from the American economy’s____flaws.A.underliningB.vulnerableC.vulgarD. underlying13.Although a teenager,Fred could resist____what to do and what not to do.A.to be toldB.having been toldC.being toldD.to have been told14.I am afraid that you have to alter your____views in light of the tragic news that has just arrived.A.indifferentB.distressingC.optimisticD. pessimistic15.Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage____avoided.A.is to beB.can beC.will beD.has been16.Stop shouting!I can’t hear the football____.A.judgmentB.interpretationmentaryD. explanation17.Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores,and this is especially true____it comes to classroom tests.A.beforeB.asC.sinceD.when18.Every member of society has to make a____to struggle for the freedom of the country.A.pledgeB.warrantyC.resolveD.guarantee19.David tends to feel useless and unwanted in a society that gives so much____to those who compete well.A.prestigeB.regimeC.superiorityD.legislation20.The terrorists might have planted a bomb on a plane in Athens,set to____when itarrived in New York.A.go offB.get offe offD.carry off21.The younger person’s attraction to stereos cannot be explained only____familiarity with technology.A.in quest ofB.by means ofC.in terms ofD.by virtue of22.By signing the lease we made a___to pay a rent of$150a week.A.conceptionmissionmitmentD. confinementPart2:Identify Stylistic Problems.（18P）01.By the time Julia Roberts was23,she had won two academy award nominations,she had also become the world’s most popular female actress.A.run onma spliceC.correctD.fragment02.Since then,Roberts has appeared in fourteen films.Most recently,“My Best Friend’s Wedding”and“The Conspiracy Theory.”A.fragmentB.choppyC.correctma splice03.She didn’t plan to become an actress.She wanted to be six feet tall.She wanted to be a veterinarian.She wanted to be happy and make others happy.A.fragmentma spliceC.choppyD.correct04.Although Julia Roberts has had much professional success.In spite of her trouble with several failed relationships.A.fragmentB.choppyma spliceD.correct05.Julia Roberts lives in Manhattan,not far from the apartment she once shared with her sister in Greenwich Village.A.fragmentma spliceC.correctD.run on06.She came to New York when she was seventeen.Because her older sister lived there and she was influenced by her sister.A.fragmentB.run onC.choppyma splice07.Roberts was raised in Georgia.Her parents ran a theater school there. Her sister and brother are also actors.The family was always short of money.A.fragmentB.choppyC.correctD.run on08.When Julia was four years old,her parents divorced.After eighteen years of marriage.A.fragmentB.run onC.choppyD.correctPart3:Reading Comprehension（30P）Passage AMany United States companies have,unfortunately,made the search for legal protection from import competition into a major line of work.Since 1980the United States International Trade Commission（ITC）has received about280complaints alleging damage from imports that benefit from subsidies by foreign governments.Another340charge that foreign companies“dumped”their products in the United States at“less than fair value.”Even when no unfair practices are alleged,the simple claim that an industry has been injured by imports is sufficient grounds to seek relief.Contrary to the general impression,this quest for import relief has hurt more companies than it has helped.As corporations begin to function globally,they develop an intricate web of marketing,production,and research relationships.The complexity of these relationships makes it unlikely that a system of import relief laws will meet the strategic needs of all the units under the same parent company. Internationalization increases the danger that foreign companies will use import relief laws against the very companies the laws were designed to protect.Suppose a United States-owned company establishes an overseas plant to manufacture a product while its competitor makes the same product in the United States.If the competitor can prove injury from the imports—and that the United States Company received a subsidy from a foreign government to build its plant abroad—the United States Company’s products will be uncompetitive in the United States,since they would be subject to duties.Perhaps the most brazen case occurred when the ITC investigated allegations that Canadian companies were injuring the United States salt industry by dumping rock salt,used to device roads.The bizarre aspect of the complaint was that a foreign conglomerate with United States operations was crying for help against a United States company with foreign operations.The“United States”company claiming injury was a subsidiary of a Dutch conglomerate,while the“Canadian”companies included a subsidiary of a Chicago firm that was the second-largest domestic producer of rock salt.01.The passage is chiefly concerned with______.A.arguing against the increased internationalization of United States corporationsB.warning that the application of laws affecting trade frequently has unintended consequencesC.demonstrating that foreign-based firms receive more subsidies from their governments than United States firms receive from the United States governmentD.advocating the use of trade restrictions for“dumped”products but not for other imports02.It can be inferred from the passage that the minimal basis for a complaint to the International Trade Commission is which of the following?A.A foreign competitor has received a subsidy from a foreign government.B.A foreign competitor has substantially increased the volume of products shipped to the United States.C.A foreign competitor is selling products in the United States at less than fair market value.D.The company requesting import relief has been injured by the sale of imports in the United States.03.The last paragraph performs which of the following functions in the passage?A.It summarizes the discussion thus far and suggests additional areas of research.B.It presents a recommendation based on the evidence presented earlier.C.It cites a specific ease that illustrates a problem presented more generally in the previous paragraph.D.It introduces an additional area of concern not mentioned earlier.04.The passage warns of which of the following dangers?panies in the United States may receive no protection from imports unless they actively seek protection from import competition.panies that seek legal protection from import competition may incur legal costs that far exceed any possible gain.panies that are United States owned but operate internationally may not be eligible for protection from import competition under the laws of the countries in which their plants operate.panies that are not United States owned may seek legal protection from import competition under United States import relief laws.05.According to the passage,the International Trade Commission isinvolved in which of the following?A.Investigating allegations of unfair import competitionB.Granting subsidies to eompanies in the United States that have been injured by import competitionC.Recommending legislation to ensure fair tradeD.Identifying international corporations that wish to build plants in the United StatesPassage BSince the late1970s,in the face Of a severe loss of market share in dozens of industries,manufacturers in the United States have been trying to improve productivity—and therefore enhance their international competitiveness—through cost-cutting programs.（Cost-cutting here is defined as raising labor output while holding the amount of labor constant.）However,from1978through1982,productivity—the value of goods manufactured divided by the amount of labor input—did not improve;and while the results were better in the business upturn of the three years following,they ran25percent lower than productivity improvements during earlier,post-1945upturns.At the same time,it became clear that the harder manufactures worked to implement cost-cutting,the more they lost their competitive edge.With this paradox in mind,I recently visited25companies;it became clear to me that the cost-cutting approach to increasing productivity is fundamentally flawed.Manufacturing regularly observes a“40,40, 20”rule.Roughly4o percent of any manufacturing-based competitive advantage derives from long-term changes in manufacturing structure （decisions about the number,size,location,and capacity of facilities）and in approaches to materials.Another40percent comes from major changes in equipment and process technology.The final20percent rests on implementing conventional cost-cutting.This rule does not imply that cost-cutting should not be tried.The well-known tools of this approach—including simplifying jobs and retraining employees to work smarter,not harder—do produce results.But the tools quickly reach the limits of what they can contribute.Another problem is that the cost-cutting approach hinders innovation and discourages creative people.As Abernathy’s study of automobile manufacturers has shown,an industry can easily become prisoner of itsown investments in cost-cutting techniques,reducing its ability to develop new products.And managers under pressure to maximizecost-cutting will resist innovation because they know that more fundamental changes in processes or systems will wreak havoc with the results on which they are measured.Production managers have always seen their job as one of minimizing costs and maximizing output.This dimension of performance has until recently sufficed as a basis of evaluation,but it has created a penny-pinching,mechanistic culture in most factories that has kept away creative managers.Every company I know that has freed itself from the paradox has done so,in part,by developing and implementing a manufacturing strategy. Such a strategy focuses on the manufacturing structure and on equipment and process technology.In one company a manufacturing strategy that allowed different areas of the factory to specialize in different markets replaced the conventional cost-cutting approach; within three years the company regained its competitive advantage. Together with such strategies,successful companies are also encouraging managers to focus on a wider set of objectives besides cutting costs.There is hope for manufacturing,but it clearly rests on a different way of managing.01The author of the passage is primarily concerned with______.A.summarizing a thesisB.recommending a different approachparing points of viewD.making a series of predictions02It can be inferred from the passage that the manufacturers mentioned in paragraph1expected that the measures they implemented would______.A.encourage innovationB.keep labor output constantC.increase their competitive advantageD.permit business upturns to be more easily predicted03.The primary function of the first paragraph of the passage is to ______.A.present a historical context for the author’s observationsB.anticipate challenges to the prescriptions that followC.clarify some disputed definitions of economic termsD.summarize a number of long-accepted explanations04.The author refers to Ahernathy’s study most probably in order to ______.A.qualify an observation about one rule governing manufacturingB.address possible objections to a recommendation about improving manufacturing competitivenessC.support an earlier assertion about method of increasing productivityD.suggest the centrality in the Unit States economy of a particular manufacturing industry05.The author’s attitude toward the culture in most factories is best described as______.A.cautiousB.criticalC.disinterestedD. respectfulPassage CIt can be argued that much consumer dissatisfaction with marketing strategies arises from an inability to aim advertising at only the likely buyers of a given product.There are threegroups of consumers who are affected by the marketing process.First, there is the market segment—people who need the commodity in question. Second,there is the program target—people in the market segment with the“best fit”characteristics for a specific product.Lots of people—may need trousers,but only a few qualify as likely buyers of very expensive designer trousers.Finally,there is the program audience—all people who are actually exposedto the marketing program without regard to whether they need or want the product.These three groups are rarely identical.An exception occurs in cases where customers for a particular industrial product may be few and easily identifiable.Such customers,allsharing a particular need,are likely to form a meaningful target,for example,all companies with a particular application of the product in question,such as high-speed fillers ofbottles at breweries.In such circumstances,direct selling（marketing that reaches only the program target）is likely to be economically justified,and highly specialized trade media existto expose members of the program target—and only members of the program target—to the marketing program.Most consumer-goods markets are significantly different.Typically, there are many rather than few potential customers.Each represents a relatively small percentage of potential sales.Rarely do members of a particular market segment group themselves neatly into a meaningful program target.There are substantial differences among consumers with similar demographic characteristics.Even with all the past decade’s advances in information technology, direct selling of consumer goods is rare,and mass marketing—-a marketing approach that aims at a wide audience-remains the only economically feasible mode.Unfortunately,there are few media that allow the marketer to direct a marketing program exclusively to the program target.Inevitably,people get exposed to a great deal of marketing for products in which they have no interest and so they become annoyed.01.The passage suggests which of the following about highly specialized trade media?A.They should be used only when direct selling is not economically feasible.B.They can be used to exclude from the program audience people who are not part of the program target.C.They are used only for very expensive products.D.They are rarely used in the implementation of marketing programs for industrial products.02.The passage suggests which of the following about direct selling?A.It is used in the marketing of most industrial products.B.It is often used in cases where there is a large program target.C.It is not economically feasible for most marketing programs.D.It is used only for products for which there are many potential customers.03.The author mentions“trousers”in paragraph1most likely in order to______.A.make a comparison between the program target and the program audienceB.emphasize the similarities between the market segment and the program targetC.provide an example of the way three groups of consumers are affected by a marketing programD.clarify the distinction between the market segment and the program target04.“the product in question”in Line5,Paragraph2means______.A.“the product in the previous question”B.“the product under discussion”C.“the product on sale”D.“the product in doubt”05.It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is true for most consumer-goods markets?A.The program target and the program audience are not usually identical.B.The program audience and the market segment are usually identical.C.The market segment and the program target are usually identical.D.The program target is larger than the market segment.Cloze TestMost economists in the United States seem captivated by the spell of the free market.__16__.A price that is determined by the seller or, for that matter,established by anyone other than the aggregate of consumers seems pernicious.__17__.In fact,price-fixing is normal in all industrialized societies because the industrial system itself provides,as an effortless consequence of its own development,the price-fixing that it requires.Modern industrial planning requires and rewards great size.Hence,a comparatively small number of large firms will be competing for the same group of consumers.That each large firm will act with consideration of its own needs and thus avoid selling its products for more than its competitors charge is commonly recognized by advocates of free-market economic theories.__18__.Each large firm will thus avoid significant price-cutting,because price-cutting would be prejudicial to the common interest in a stable demand for products. Most economists do not see price-fixing when it occurs because they expect it to be brought about by a number of explicit agreements among large firms;it is not.Moreover,those economists who argue that allowing the free market to operate without interference is the most efficient method of establishing prices have not considered the economies of non-socialist countries other than the United states.These economies employ intentional price-fixing,usually in an overt fashion.Formalprice-fixing by cartel and informal price-fixing by agreements coveringthe members of an industry are common-place.__19__,the countries that have avoided the first and used the second would have suffereddrastically in their economic development.There is no indication that they have.Socialist industry also works within a framework of controlled prices.In the early1970’s,the Soviet Union began to give firms and industries some of the flexibility in adjusting prices that a more informalevolution has accorded the capitalist system.__20__;rather,Soviet firms have been given the power to fix prices.A.But each large firm will also act with full consideration of the needsthat it has in common with the other large firms competing for the same customersB.Consequently,nothing seems good or normal that does not accord withthe requirements of the free marketC.Economists in the United States have hailed the change as a returnto the free market.But Soviet firms are no more subject to pricesestablished by a free market over which they exercise little influence than are capitalist firmsD.Accordingly,it requires a major act of will to think of price-fixing（the determination of prices by the seller）as both“normal”and having a valuable economic functionE.Were there something peculiarly efficient about the free market andinefficient about price-fixing-o.Part4:Writing.（30P）Write an English essay of250-300words describing Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs and analyze this model with ONE example.Your writing will be assessed for language,format,structure and content.育明教育考研专业课第一品牌，考研信息可咨询育明教育官网育明教育孙老师解读：翻译硕士报考院校选择遵循原则随着现阶段的专业硕士越来越受欢迎，以及就业趋势的引导，翻译专业硕士愈加受欢迎。
(NEW)首都经济贸易大学外国语学院《912英语语言文学综合》历年考研真题及详解
【答案】In second language acquisition, the first language study has served as a backcloth for perceiving and understanding new facts about
1. acronyms 【答案】Acronym is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization, which has a heavily modified headword, e.g. NATO, UNESCO. Acronyms are a type of word formation process, and they are viewed as a subtype of blending. Acronyms are used most often to abbreviate names of organizations and long or frequently referenced terms. The armed forces and government agencies frequently employ acronyms. Business and industry also are prolific coiners of acronyms. The rapid advance of science and technology in recent centuries seems to be an underlying force driving the usage, as new inventions and concepts with multiword names create a demand for shorter, more manageable names. Besides, Acronym use has been further popularized by text messaging on mobile phones with Short Message Systems.
2008年对外经济贸易大学英语专业基础英语真题试卷_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
2008年对外经济贸易大学英语专业（基础英语）真题试卷(总分180, 做题时间90分钟)1. 选择题1.Even though he knew that his mother had been ill, he did not have the propriety to write her.SSS_SINGLE_SELA decency.B posterityC apathyD eulogy该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:A解析：句意：尽管他知道母亲一直在生病，但他还是没有按照礼节给她写信慰问。
“propriety”意为礼貌、礼节。
A选项意为礼貌、体面，因此为正确答案。
2.The constant motion of the earth as it turns on its axis creates the change of the seasons.SSS_SINGLE_SELA perfidiousB plausibleC perilousD perpetual该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:D解析：句意：地球围绕地轴不停地旋转产生了四季更替。
“constant”意为持续不断的，由词义可知，D选项为最佳答案。
3.His former employer recommended him highly as having been a very industrious worker.SSS_SINGLE_SELA affluentB cogentC diligentD extinct该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:C解析：句意：他的前任老板对他评价很高，说明他工作非常的勤奋。
题干中的“industrious”与选项中的diligent同义，即“勤奋的”。
4.His arrogant manner has kept him from being very popular.SSS_SINGLE_SELA waxyB sleazyC surlyD flimsy该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:C解析：句意：他傲慢的举止使得他很不受欢迎。
2017年对外经贸大学翻译硕士考研真题、答题攻略及复习经验指导
2017年对外经贸大学翻译硕士考研真题、答题攻略及复习经验指导357英语翻译基础考研真题第一部分短语翻译加解释七个选五个翻译加解释E-C barriestoentrycarpooling specialdrawingrightscurrentaccountquotaexportcredittertiaryindustry C-E全面二孩灵猫六国跨太平洋伙伴合作协定一带一路首次公开募股国际收支平衡表投资组合理论第二部分E-C世界银行集团的风险管理C-E第一部分三个古文句子翻译1.百川汇海阔风正好扬帆（后半句不大确定了）2.同心合意，庶几有成3.急人之急，雪中送炭，是中国所推崇的处世之道第二部分，篇章翻译是关于RCEP的，貌似是李克强的一个讲话。
211翻译硕士英语单选20题考的基本上都是词义辨析改错10题不是很难阅读四篇第一篇用机器鸟赶鸽子T/F/NG第二篇关于学习英语的（FT中文网原文）四选一第三篇关于Creation的选headings的题目第四篇关于Uber的文章（没记错的话也是FT中文网的文章）选句子填空写作图表作文给了两个图，第一个是FDI的图，第二个China'stradewithGeorfia（记不清是不是这个国家了）通过这两个图标分析说明中国在这个地区建立自由贸易区的可行性。
百科福之祸所依是谁说的2015诺贝尔文学奖武汉的意义法国西班牙分界线孙思邈写的书获得普利策奖和诺贝尔文学奖的唯一女作家狄更斯的小说晏殊的昨夜西风凋碧树中东地区矛盾冲突的原因二十四节气英语翻译基础书目推荐1、庄绎传，《英汉翻译简明教程》。
北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002。
2、叶子南，《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》。
北京：清华大学出版社，2001。
3、中国日报（ChinaDaily）：英语点睛：新词新译4、王恩冕，《大学英汉翻译教程》，对外经济贸易大学出版社，第三版，2010。
5、金融时报官方网站：双语时评。
2012年对外经济贸易大学英语学院761基础英语考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
2012年对外经济贸易大学英语学院761基础英语考研真题及详解Part I Multiple Choice (35%)Section One: Choose from A, B, C or D the one that best completes each blank. Mark the correct choice for each blank on your ANSWER SHEET (10 points).1. There is a ______ difference in treatment of creditors in Europe-Britain, Ireland, the Netherlands and Scandinavian countries are the friendliest, while Italy and Spain the worst.A. crudeB. harshC. briskD. stark【答案】D【解析】句意：在欧洲不同的国家对待债权人的态度有巨大的差别。
crude粗糙的；天然的，未加工的；粗鲁的。
harsh严厉的；严酷的；刺耳的；粗糙的；刺目的。
brisk敏锐的，活泼的，轻快的；凛冽的。
stark严酷的，（对比）鲜明的，完全的。
2. We’ve got all the different companies working together and we have proved it works and is commercially ______.A. viableB. practicalC. potentialD. feasible【答案】A【解析】句意：我们已经让不同的公司在一起工作了，事实证明这个方法是有效的，而且在商业上也是可行的。
viable可行的；能养活的；能生育的。
practical 实际的；实用性的。
potential 潜在的；可能的。
考研英语一历年真题及答案解析(1986-2016)
2016年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题(完整版)及参考答案2016年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)In Cambodia,the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male.It may involve not only his parents and his friends,1those of the young woman,but alsoa matchmaker.A young man can2a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to3the marriage negotiations,or the young man’s parents may make the choice ofa spouse,giving the child little to say in the selection.4,a girl may veto thespouse her parents have chosen.5a spouse has been selected,each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying6a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair.Formerly it lasted threedays,7by the1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half.Buddhist priests offera short sermon and8prayers of blessing.Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting,9cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists,and10a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to blessthe11.Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife’s parents and may12with them up to a year,13they can build a new house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to14,but not common.Divorced persons are15with some disapproval.Each spouse retains16property he or she17into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is18equally.Divorced persons may remarry,but a gender prejudice19up:The divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before hecan remarry20the woman must wait ten months.1.[A]by way of[B]on behalf of[C]as well as[D]with regard to2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 . [A]adapt to [B]provide for [C]compete with [D]decide on. [A]close [B]renew [C]arrange [D]postpone. [A]Above all [B]In theory [C]In time [D]For example. [A]Although [B]Lest [C]After [D]Unless. [A]into [B]within [C]from [D]through. [A]since [B]but [C]or [D]so. [A]copy [B]test [C]recite [D]create. [A]folding [B]piling [C]wrapping [D]tying0. [A]passing [B]lighting [C]hiding [D]serving1. [A]meeting [B]collection [C]association [D]union2. [A]grow [B]part [C]deal [D]live3. [A]whereas [B]until [C]if [D]for4. [A]obtain [B]follow [C]challenge [D]avoid5. [A]isolated [B]persuaded [C]viewed [D]exposed6. [A]whatever [B]however [C]whenever [D]wherever7. [A]changed [B]brought [C]shaped [D]pushed8. [A]withdrawn [B]invested [C]donated [D]divided9. [A]breaks [B]warms [C]shows [D]clears0. [A]so that [B]while [C]once [D]in thatSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each textby choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1France,which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion,has decided itsfashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women.Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crimeto employ ultra-thin models on runways.The parliament also agreed to ban websites that“incite excessive thinness”by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives.They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health.That’s a start.And theban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death—as some have done.It tells the fashion industry that it musttake responsibility for the signal it sends women,especially teenage girls,aboutthe social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans,if fully enforced,would suggest to women(and many men)that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty.And perhaps faintly,they hintthat people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect ratherthan dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.The French measures,however,rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep—and bone-showing.Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a$85,000fine and six months in prison.The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types.In Denmark,the United States,and a few other countries,it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion imagesthat rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.In contrast to France’s actions,Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last monthon rules and sanctions regarding the age,health,and other characteristics of models.The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states:“We are aware ofand take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals,especially on young people.” The charter’s main tool of enforcement is to denyaccess for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week, which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and-shame method of compliance.Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.2 [ [ [ [ 2 [ [ [ [ 2 [ [ [ [ 2 1.According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?A] Physical beauty would be redefined.B] New runways would be constructed.C] Websites about dieting would thrive.D] The fashion industry would decline.2.The phrase “impinging on” (Line 2,Para 2) is closest in meaning toA] heightening the value of.B] indicating the state of.C] losing faith in.D] doing harm to.3.Which of the following is true of the fashion industry?A] The French measures have already failed.B] New standards are being set in Denmark.C] Model are no longer under peer pressure.D] Its inherent problems are getting worse.4. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for[ [ [ [ 2 [ [ [ [ A] setting a high age threshold for models.B] caring too much about models’ character.C] showing little concern for health factors.D] pursuing perfect physical conditions.5.Which of the following may be the best title of the text?A] The Great Threats to the Fashion Industry.B] Just Another Round of Struggle for Beauty.C] A Dilemma for the Starving Models in France.D] A Challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals.Text 2For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country.In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate “thecountryside” alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylishhouses but to save “the beauty of natural places for everyone forever.” It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience “a refreshing air.”Hill’s pressure later led to the creation of nationalparks and green belts. They don’t make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it. It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment.The Conservatives’planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorizing “off -plan” building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent. Only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sided with thosepleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local Consecutive parties.The sensible place to build new houses, factories and offices is where people are, in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million houses in the London are alone, with no intrusion on green bet. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces.The idea that “housing crisis” equals “concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk.The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them. Under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?Development should be planned, not let rip. After the Netherlands, Britain isEurope’s most crowded country. Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-densityurban living. There is no doubt of the alternative —the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.2 [ [ [ [ 2 [ [ 6.Britain’s public sentiment about the countrysideA] didn ’t start till the Shakespearean age.B] has brought much benefit to the NHS.C] is fully backed by the royal family.D] is not well reflected in politics.7.According to Paragraph 2, the achievements of the National Trust are now beA] gradually destroyed.B] effectively reinforced.[ [ 2 [ [ [ [ 2 [ [ [ [ 3 [ [ [ [ C] largely overshadowed.D] properly protected.8.Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3?A] Labour is under attack for opposing development.B] The Conservatives may abandon “off -plan” building.C] The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence.D] Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation.9.The author holds that George Osborne’s preferenceA] highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure.B] shows his disregard for the character of rural areas.C] stresses the necessity f easing the housing crisis.D] reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas.0.In the last paragraph, the author shows his appreciation of\A] the size of population in Britain.B] the political life in today’s Britain.C] the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain.D] the town-and-country planning in Britain.Text 3“ There is one and only one social responsibility of businesses,” Wrote MiltonFriedman, a Nobel prize-winning economist, “That is,to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profit”. But even if you accept Firedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as waste of shareholders’ money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut. New research suggestthe CSR may create monetary value for companies-at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than$15billiona year on CSR,according to an estimate by EPG,a consulting firm.This could add valueto their businesses in three ways.First,consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal”that a company’s products are of high quality.Second,customers maybe willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes it helps.And third,through a more diffuse“halo effect,”whereby its gooddeeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three.A recent study attempts to separate themby looking at bribery prosecutions under America’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA).It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their investigations,they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that,among prosecuted firms,those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties.Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms’political influence,rather than their CSR stand,that accounted for the leniency:Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all,the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits,they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR.“We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern,such aschild labour,or increasing corporate giving by about20%results in fines that generally are40%lower than the typical punishment for briding foreign officials,”says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR.Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect,rather than the other possible benefits,when they decide theirdo-gooding policies.But at least they have demonstrated that when companies getinto trouble with the law,evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.31.The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with[ [ [ [ 3 [ [ [ [ 3 [ [ [ [ 3 [ [ [ [ 3 [ A] toleranceB] skepticismC] uncertaintyD] approval2.According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company byA] winning trust from consumers.B] guarding it against malpractices.C] protecting it from being defamed.D] raising the quality of its products.3. The expression “more lenient” (Line 2, Para. 4) is closest in meaning toA] more effectiveB] less controversialC] less severeD] more lasting4.When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company’s CSR recordA] has an impact on their decision.B] comes across as reliable evidence.C] increases the chance of being penalized.D] constitutes part of the investigation.5.Which of the following is true of CSR, according to the last paragraph?A] Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.[ [ [B]The necessary amount of companies’spending on it is unknown.C]Companies’financial capacity for it has been overestimated.D]It has brought much benefit to the banking industry.Text4There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint.Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate.“Sometime inthe future，”the paper’s publisher said back in2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside，there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print.The infrastructure required to make a physicalnewspaper-printing presses,delivery trucks—isn’t just expensive;it’s excessiveat a time when online-only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints.Readers are migrating away from print anyway.And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts,revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation lower,but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake,says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Times should’t waste time getting out of the print business,but only if they go about doing it the right way.“Figuring out a way to acceleratethat transition would make sense for them,”he said,“but if you discontinue it,you’re going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”Sometimes that’s worth making a change anyway.Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming.“It was seenas a blunder,”he said.The move turned out to be foresighted.And if Peretti werein charge at the Times?“I wouldn’t pick a year to end pr int,”he said.“I wouldraise prices and make it into more of a legacy product.”The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor,the idea goes,and they’d feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believein.“So if you’re overpaying for print,you could feel like you were helping,”Peretti said.“Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.”In other words,if you’re going to make a print product,make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year —more than twice as mush as a digital-only subscription.“ It’s a really hard thing to do and it ’s a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeeddoesn’t have a legacy business,” Peretti remarked. “But we’re going to havequestions like that where we have things we’re doing that don’t make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it’s better to be more aggressive than less aggressive.”3 [ [ [ [ 3 [ [ [ [ 3 [ [ [ [ 3 6.The New York Times is considering ending its print edition partly dueA] the high cost of operation.B] the pressure from its investors.C] the complaints from its readers.D] the increasing online ad sales.7. Peretti suggests that, in face of the present situation, the Times shouldA] seek new sources of readership.B] end the print edition for good.C] aim for efficient management.D] make strategic adjustments.8.It can be inferred from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that a “legacy product”A] helps restore the glory of former times.B] is meant for the most loyal customers.C] will have the cost of printing reduced.D] expands the popularity of the paper.9.Peretti believes that, in a changing world.[ [ [ [ 4 [ [ [ [ A] legacy businesses are becoming outdated.B] cautiousness facilitates problem-solving.C] aggressiveness better meets challenges.D] traditional luxuries can stay unaffected.0.Which of the following would be the best title of the text?A] Shift to Online Newspapers All at OnceB] Cherish the Newspaper Still in Your HandC] Make Your Print Newspaper a Luxury GoodD] Keep Your Newspapers Forever in FashionPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the A-G for each of the numbered paragraph (41-45). There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)[ [ [ [ [ [ [ A] Create a new image of yourselfB] Have confidence in yourselfC] Decide if the time is rightD] Understood the contextE] Work with professionalsF] Make it efficientG] Know your goalsNo matter how formal or informal the work environment, the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in first impressions. According toresearch from Princeton University,people assess your competence,trustworthiness,and like ability in just a tenth of a second,solely based on the way you look.The difference between today’s workplace and the“dress for success”era isthat the range of options is so much broader,Norms have evolved and fragmented.In some settings,red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status;in others notso much.Plus,whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like decade or two lennials,it seems,face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding.It can be confusing.So how do we navigate this?How do we know when to invest in an upgrade?And what’s the best way to pull off one that enhances our goals?Here are some tips:41As an executive coach,I’ve seen image upgrades be particularly helpful during transitions--when looking for a new job,stepping into a new or more public role,or changing work environments.If you’re in a period of change or just feeling stuckand in a rut,now may be a good time.If you’re not sure,ask for honest feedbackfrom trusted friends,colleagues,and professionals.Look for cues about how others perceive you.Maybe there’s no need for an upgrade and that’s OK.42Get clear on what impact you’re hoping to have.Are you looking to refreshyour image or pivot it?For one person,the goal may be to be taken more seriouslyand enhance their professional image.For another,it may be to be perceived as more approachable,or more modern and stylish.For someone moving from finance to advertising,maybe they want to look more“SoHo.”(It’s OK to use characterizationslike that.)43Look at your work environment like an anthropologist.What are the norms of your environment?What convey status?Who are your most important audiences?How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves?The better you understand the cultural context,the more control you can have over your impact.44Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist,or use the free styling service of a store like J.Crew.Try a hair stylist instead of a barber.Work with a professional photographer insteadof your spouse or friend.It’s not as expensive as you might think.45The point of a style upgrade isn’t to become more vain or to spend more time fussing over what to wear.Instead,use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue.Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options.Buy all your clothesat once with a stylist instead of shopping alone,one article of clothing at a time.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Mental health is our birthright.(46)We don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy;it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cutor mend a broken bone.Mental health can’t be learned,only reawakened.It is likethe immune system of the body,which under stress or through lack of nutrition of exercise can be weakened,but which never leaves us.When we don’t understand the value of mental health and we don’t know how to gain access to it,mental health will remain hidden from us,(47)Our mental health doesn’t really go anywhere;likethe sun behind a cloud,it can be temporarily hidden from view,but it is fully capableof being restored in an instant.Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem—confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our common sense.It allows us to have perspective on our lives—the ability to not take ourselves too seriously,to laugh at ourselves,to see the bigger picture,and to see that things will work out.It’s a from ofinnate or unlearned optimism.(48)Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles,with kindness of they are in pain,and with unconditional love no matter who they are.Mental health is the source of creativityfor solving problems,resolving conflict,making our surroundings more beautiful,managing our home life,or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier.It gives us patience for ourselves and toward others as wellas patience while driving,catching a fish,working on our car,or raising a child.It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature,in culture,in the flow of our daily lives.(49)Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives,it is perfectlyordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions.It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations to show you right from wrong,good from bad,friend from foe.Mental health has commonly been called conscience,instinct,wisdom,common sense,or the inner voice.We think of it simply as a healthy and helpful flow of intelligent thought. (50)As you will come to see,knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.SectionШWritingPart A51.Directions:Suppose you are a librarian in your university.Write a notice of about100 words,providing the newly-enrolled international students with relevantinformation about the library.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10points)52.Directions:Write an essay of160~200words based on the following drawing.In your essay, you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its intended meaning,and then3 ) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)I cloze1 . As well as2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 . Decide on. Arrange. Above all. After. Into. But. Recite. Tying0. Lighting1. Union1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 2. Live3. Until4. Obtain5. Persuaded6. Whatever7. Brought8. Divided9. Shows0. WhileII Reading comprehensionPart AText12 2 2 2 2 1. Physical beauty would be redefined.2. Doing harm to.3. New standards are being set in Denmark.4. Showing little concern for health factors.5. A Challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals.Text 22 2 2 6.is not well reflected in politics7. gradually destroyed8. The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence2 3 9. highlight his firm stand against lobby pressure0. the town-and-country planning in BritainText 33 3 3 3 3 1. uncertainty2. winning3. less severe4. has an impact on their decision5. the necessaryText 43 3 3 34 6. the high cost of operation7. make strategic adjustments8. is meant for the most loyal customers9. Aggressiveness better meets challenges0. Cherish the Newspaper Still in Your HandPart B4 4 4 4 4 1. Decide if the time is right2. Know your goals3. Understand the context4. Work with professionals5. Make it efficientPart C46.我们不必学习如何保持健康的心理;它与生俱来，正如我们的身体知道如何让伤口痊愈，如何让骨折好转。
2015年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士MTI考研真题答案及复习攻略
we read ours. 句义：阅读为我们提供了各种知识，思考让我们读到的内容变成自己的东西。 答案：D 考点：词义辨析 分析：
A. rectifies B. prolongs C. minimizes D. furnishes
矫正 延长 最小化 提供，供给
22. If the fire alarm is counted, all residents are requested to assemble in the courtyard. 句义：火警警报响起时，所有市民都要在院子里集合。 答案：A 考点：词义辨析 分析：
答案：D 考点：词义辨析
分析：
A. commend
表扬，称赞
B. memorize
记住，熟记
C. propagate
传播，宣传
D. commemorate
纪念，庆祝
07. Please do not be irritated by his offensive remarks since he is merely trying to attract
才思教育考研考博全心全意
对外经济贸易大学 2010 年 MTI 硕士入学考试
基础英语·答案详解
Part 1: Grammar and Vocabulary.
01. The lady in this strange tale very obviously suffers from a serious mental illness. Her plot
14. The members of Parliament were indignant that the government had not consulted them. 句义：议员对政府没有和他们协商感到很愤怒。 答案：D 考点：词义辨析 分析：