西方翻译理论
PeterNewmark西方翻译理论
B. 在表达形式上，语义翻译是译文与原文 的形式更为接近，并尽量保留原文的声 畅地道， 简明易懂。
C.当信息的内容与效果发生矛盾时，语 义翻译重内容而不重效果，交际翻译则 重效果轻内容。
e.g.
Wet Paint! 湿油漆！ 油漆未干，请勿触摸！
the letter --- the spirit
the words --- the sense
form --- message 他认为直译和意译都忽视了翻译应当 考虑翻译目的、读者的特点和文本的类 型。
各种翻译方法的差异：
SL emphasis
TL emphasis
Word-for-word translation
直译 原文语言形式
意译 译文语言形式
语义翻译法集逐字翻译、直译和忠实 翻译的优势
交际翻译集归化、意译和地道翻译的优 势
理论基础
理论论述 以德国心理学家、功能语言学家布勒
和雅各布森论述的三大语言功能为依据， 即表情功能、信息功能、感染功能。还 采用了弗哥茨基（Vygotsky）关于思维 的本质的观点来区分两种翻译：
“内心言语本身就是一种功能，而不是外在言语
的内在表现。在很大程度上，内心言语才是纯 粹意义上的思维。”
据此，纽马克认为成年人运用语言的目 的和运用语言进行的最基本的活动是思 维，而不是说话或写作、交际或（自我） 表达。
A.每个人在思考的时候，总会有单词或句 子出现在脑海里，而不可能只是一片空 白。这说明，语言能表明人在思考，但 语言不等同于思维。
一、生平 二、主要理论
一、生平
彼得·纽马克，生于1916 年，是英国著名的翻译家 和翻译理论家。他从事过 多种欧洲语言的翻译工作， 是出色的译者和编辑。纽 马克同时也是一位语言学 家，并担任英国语言学家 协会会长。他的主要兴趣 就是把语言学的相关理论 应用于翻译实践之中，把 翻译研究和英语语言研究 相结合。
西方翻译理论
一．The North American Translation Workshop(早期北美翻译学派)Development:①The North American Translation Workshop began to study the human’s brain function in the translation .② It also put forward the nature and the definition of the translation③It purposed many questions about epistemology which made a difference in the translation study and practice.④ It also doubt the standard of translation evaluation.⑤The scholars in NATW subverted many traditional translation school and expressive form.⑥ It believed that translation is a kind of literary criticism.While opening up new perspectives, the general approach as practiced in the North American Translation Workshop might be characterized by a theoretical naive and subjective methodologies that tend to reinforce whatever theoretical values individual translators hold.1.I. A. RichardsRichards is a critic, linguist, poet, founder of New Criticism. He is often labeled as the father of the New Criticism, largely because of the influence of his first two books of critical theory, The Principles of Literary Criticism and Practical Criticism.Richards’s initial premises remain intact: he still believed that the field consists of texts containing a primary body of experience that readers could discern; with the proper training, a consensus could be reached regarding what that experience might be.Richards’s aims were threefold: (1) to introduce a new kind of documentation into contemporary American culture; (2) to provide a new technique for individuals to discover for themselves what they think about poetry; (3) to discover new educational methods.2. Ezra PoundEzra Pound’s theory of translation focused upon the precise rendering of details, of individual words and of single or even fragmented images;Pound’s theoretical writing fall into two periods: an early imagist phase that, while departing from traditional forms of logic, still occasionally contained abstract concepts and impressions; and a second late imagist or vorticist phase that was based on words in action and luminous details;Pound's emphasis was less on the "meaning" of the translated text or even on the meaning of specific words. Instead, he emphasized the rhythm, diction, and movement of words;Pound supposes that we can have a creative translation besides literal translation and free translation.3.Frederic WillMeaning is redefined by Will as thrust or energy. Meaning is redefined by Will not as something behind the words or text, not as an essence in a traditional metaphysical sense, but as different, as thrust of energy, something which is at the same time indeterminate and groundless and universal and originary. Translation is possible both because dynamic universals constantly and continually thrust and because language is impenetrable. In translation Will seems to find a possible / impossible paradox of language which not only defines the translation process, but defines how we come to know ourselves through language.wrence VenutiAn influential scholar among those who have broadened translation studies within the social-cultural framework is Lawrence Venuti. He put forward two translation strategies: Demesticating translation and Foreignising translation.Lawrence Venuti’s contribution to translation studies are multiple: He criticizes the humanistic underpinning of much literary translation in the United States and shows how it reinforces prevailing domestic beliefs and ideologies;He Provides a new set of terms and methods for analyzing translations;He offers a set of alternative strategies he would like translators to try.二．The Science of Translation (翻译科学派) Development:North American translation workshop might be characterized by a theoretical naive and subjective;The problem is not just a contemporary phenomenon in North America, but one that has troubled translation theory historically;People practiced translation, but they were never quite sure what they were practicing.Until early sixties, linguists has been characterized by largely descriptive research in which individual grammars were detailed. Generative transformational grammar along with its legitimacy within the field of linguistics, lent credence and influence to Nida’s science of translation.1.Noam ChomskyThe phrase structure rules generate the deep structure of a sentence, which contained all the syntactic and semantic information that determine its meaning;Chomsky’s empirical evidence of language structure is not based upon living language but on sentences found only in an ideal state;He does not claim that the deep structure are universal.The form of a particular language does not necessarily equal the form of another.2.NidaHe proposed formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence;He tries to lay the ground work for a larger audience;Nida simplifies Chomsky’s transformation-generative grammar and adopt only the later two part of the model in order to validate his science.3.Wolfram WilssWilss’s science of translation is divided into three related but separate branches of research: (1) a description of a “general science” of translation which involves translation theory. (2) “descriptive studies”of translation relating empirical phenomenon of translation equivalence;(3) “applied research”in translation point out particular translation difficulties and ways of solving specific problems.Wilss’s argument is based less on scientific argument and more on intuition.Wilss’s work has evolved over the course of the past two decades,especially his descriptive studies, which works with pair-bound cases and explores the various possibilities for their translation.4.Functionalist theories in German language countries:Katharina Reiss; Hans Vermeer; Christiane Nord三．The Early Translation Studies（早期翻译学派）Development: P77（包括挑战、特点、目标、研究方法、影响）1.James Holmes:（如果全面解释的话，就找书91页）or （如果只是简要概括，就可以直接从91页开始找点）2.Raymond Van den Broeck: Who addressed the problem of equivalence in translation from the perspective of translation studies.3.André Lefevere : Rewriting-Translation is a rewriting of an original text. All rewritings, whatever their intention, reflect a certain ideology and a poetics and as such manipulate literature to function in a given society in a given way.Rewriting is manipulation, undertaken in the service of power, and in its positive aspect can help in the evolution of a literature and a society. Rewritings can introduce new concepts, new genres, new devices. But rewriting can also repress innovation, distort and contain.4.JiříLevý: Levy’s theory also reinforced a by product of Formalism: in addition to the awareness of the correspondence of sign to object, there is the necessary opposite function simultaneously in process, namely that the relationship between sign and object is always inadequate.5.BassnettBassnett divides Translation Studies into four categories:History of translation;Translation in the TLcultureTranslation and linguisticsTranslation and poetic四．Polysystem Theory（多元系统学派）Development:With the incorporation of the historical horizon, polysystem theorists changed the perspective that had governed traditional translation theory and began to address a whole new series of questions. Not only are translations and interliterary connections between cultures more adequately described, but intraliterary relations within the structure of a given cultural system and actual literary and linguistic evolution are also made visible by means of the study of translated texts.1.Turij Tynjanov :According to him, any new literary work must necessarily deconstruct existing unities, or by definition it ceases to be literary.Two changes in Tynjaov’s thinking became apparent: first, “literariness”could not be defined outside of history.And second, formal unities receded in importance as the systemic laws were elevated.Tynjaov’s major contribution to literary theory was to extend, in a logical fashion, the parameters of formalism to include literary and norms.2.Itamar Even-Zohar:Even-Zohar adopted Tynjanov’s concept of system. He developed the polysystem hypothesis while working on a model for Israeli Hebrew literature. In a serious of papers written from 1970 and 1977 and collect in 1978 as “Papers in Historical Poetics”He first introduced the term “polysystem”to refer to the entire network of correlated system within society. Thus, it is a global term covering all of the literary system both major and minor existing in a given culture.He developed an approach called polysystem theory to attempt to the function of all kinds of writing within a given culture from the central canonical texts to the most marginal non-canonical texts.3.Gideon Toury:He believes that descriptive study is very important, and he distinguishes three kinds of translation norms: preliminary, initial and operational norms.Several aspects of Toury’s theory have contributed to development withing the field:(1) the abandonment of one-to-one notions of correspondence as well as the possibility off literary/linguistic equivalence (2) the involvement of literary tendencies within the target culture system in the production of any translated text.(3) the destabilization of the notion of an original message with a fixedidentity;(4) the integration of both the original text and the translated text in the semiotic web of interesting cultural systems.五．Deconstruction (解构主义学派)Development:The development of translation school is deeply influenced by the trend of the times. In the mid-1960s, the theoretical circles in the West made a rebellion against structuralism and the deconstruction emerged. It also called post structuralism. From the late 1980s to the early 1990s, the influence of this trend of thought has expand gradually and has a huge impact on the traditional translation theory. Deconstructionists analyze the differences, slips, changes, and elisions that are part of every text.Deconstruction is a literary theory and philosophy of language derived principally from Jacques Derrida's 1967 work Of Grammatology. The premise of deconstruction is that all of Western literature and philosophy implicitly relies on metaphysics of presence, where intrinsic meaning is accessible by virtue of pure presence. Deconstruction denies the possibility of a pure presence and thus of essential or intrinsic meaning.1.FoucaultFoucault attempts to break down the traditional notion of the author,and instead suggests we think in terms of “author-function”Foucault thinks of the author as a series of subjective positions determined not by any single harmony of effects but by gaps, discontinuities and breakages.2.HeideggerHis thought turns more and more to language as he essay unfolds, and he continually raises the question of being. Only to see any resemblance of an answer simultaneously disappear as he comes closer to coherently structuring the question.Heidegger’s translation theory marks a significant shift, for he is not uncovering any author’s original intention, bur recovering a property of language itself.3.Jacques DerridaDerrida’s main theoretical point seems to be that there is no pour meaning, no thing to be presented, behind language, nothing to be represented.Derrida prefers the term “regulated transformation”over that translation, for he argues we will never have the transport of pure signified from one language to another.Derrida’s deconstructive theory rises in the middle of last century. It opens a “post- philosophy”era and it applied to the study of translation.Through its discussion of the Nature of language and the concern of words, he introduces key items like “Différance” and “play of trace”.。
语言学派西方翻译理论研究综述
西方翻译理论是翻译研究的一个重要分支，其发展历程漫长而丰富。从古至今， 西方翻译理论经历了多次重大变革和进步，逐渐形成了当代的多元化研究格局。
一、西方翻译理论的起源源自古希腊和罗马时期是西方翻译理论的起源。这一时期，翻译家们主要的是如何 准确传达原文的意义。例如，西塞罗提出了“字对字”的翻译理论，强调在翻 译过程中应尽可能保持原文的语言形式和意义。这种理论影响深远，至今仍在 许多翻译理论中占有重要地位。
语言学派西方翻译理论研究综述
01 引言
03 结论
目录
02 文献综述 04 参考内容
本次演示旨在总结语言学派西方翻译理论的研究现状、争论焦点和发展趋势。 通过文献综述的方法，分析比较了西方翻译理论的主要研究成果和不足，探讨 了不同研究方法的特点和优缺点。本次演示认为，语言学派西方翻译理论在翻 译研究领域具有重要地位，但研究仍存在不足之处，需进一步深入探讨。
语言学派西方翻译理论的研究方法主要包括以下几种：
（1）对比分析法：这种方法通过对原文本和目标文本进行对比分析，探究翻 译过程中的语言转换和交际活动。研究者通常从词汇、语法和语篇等层面入手， 分析两者的异同点，从而为翻译实践提供指导。
（2）语料库研究法：这种方法通过建立翻译语料库和参照语料库，对大量的 翻译实践进行实证研究。研究者通过对语料库中的真实翻译案例进行统计和分 析，揭示翻译的规律和特点。
（3）实证研究：目前语言学派西方翻译理论的研究多以规范性研究为主，而 实证研究相对较少。未来研究可能会更加注重实证研究方法的使用，通过大量 的实证研究发现翻译的规律和特点，为翻译实践提供更为可靠的依据。
结论
本次演示从发展历程、研究现状、研究方法和发展趋势等方面对语言学派西方 翻译理论进行了综述。虽然该领域取得了一定的研究成果，但仍存在一些不足 之处和需要进一步探讨的问题。
《西方翻译理论简介》课件
翻译科学之父切斯特曼
总结词
翻译科学派创始人
详细描述
切斯特曼是翻译科学派的创始人，他主张将 翻译研究建立在科学的基础上，提出了翻译 的“五步骤”理论，即分析、转换、重构、 验证和接受。切斯特曼的翻译理论强调了翻 译的科学性和客观性，对后来的翻译研究产 生了重要影响。
翻译等值论者尤金·奈达
总结词
功能对等理论创始人
诸如许渊冲、杨宪益等，都是文学翻译领域的杰出代表。
商务翻译
商务翻译
商务翻译是指将商务文件、合同 、协议等从一种语言转换成另一 种语言的过程。商务翻译要求翻 译者具备专业的商务知识和语言
表达能力。
翻译要点
商务翻译的要点是准确、专业、 严谨，确保译文在商务场合中能
够被准确理解和使用。
实际应用
商务翻译在实际应用中非常重要 ，例如国际贸易、投资、法律等
01
西方翻译理论的挑 战与未来发展
文化差异与翻译的挑战
语言与文化差异
翻译过程中，语言和文化差异是最大的挑战之一。译者在 翻译过程中需要充分理解源语言和目标语言的文化背景， 确保信息的准确传递。
文化意象的传递
在翻译过程中，如何准确传递原文中的文化意象是一个重 要的问题。译者需要充分了解两种文化，避免因文化差异 造成的误解和歧义。
01
强调译本的功能和目的，关注译本在目标文化中的接受度。
多元化翻译理论的涌现
02
包括后殖民主义翻译理论、女性主义翻译理论等，关注译本与
权力、性别等议题的关系。
翻译与跨文化交际的结合
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
03
强调译本在跨文化交际中的作用，关注文化差异的处理和传递
。
01
西方翻译理论的主 要流派
西方翻译理论
西方翻译理论西方翻译理论简介中西译论因其不同的哲学思想、价值观念和语言文化习惯形成了彼此相异的译论体系。
西方翻译理论有着严格的方法论、精确的理论描述、细腻和定性定量的分析。
战后西方翻译研究更是欣欣向荣，翻译流派异彩纷呈，翻译大家层出不穷，翻译思想、翻译方法、研究角度日新月异。
译介和引进当代西方翻译理论的成果，加强中西译论的交流与对话，无疑对创立具有中国特色的翻译研究大有裨益。
正如奈达所说，翻译理论应“兼容并包，利用多种手段来解决翻译中的种种难题”。
积极地了解当代西方翻译理论的沿革、现状与发展趋势，打破翻译研究的地域、学科、流派的限制，形成跨学科综合、多元互补的研究格局，汲取一切译论的研究成果，这无论对初涉译事的后生或对有相当经验的译者应该说都不无裨益。
西方翻译理论也包括古典译论、现代译论、当代译论，尤其是当代西方翻译理论更是流派林立，如美国翻译培训派:策德内斯:创立培训班的前提、里查兹:翻译的理论基础、庞德:细节翻译理论、威尔:翻译的矛盾;翻译科学派:乔姆斯基:语言的“内在”结构、奈达:翻译中的生成语法、威尔斯:翻译的科学、德国翻译理论的发展趋势;早期翻译研究派:俄国形式主义的影响、利维.米科和波波维奇、霍姆斯、勒非弗尔、布罗克与巴斯奈特;多元体系派:传统语言学和文学界限的瓦解、通加诺夫:文学的演变、佐哈尔:系统内部文学的联系、图里:目标系统;解构主义派:福科:解构原文、海德格尔:重新认识命名、德里达:系统的解构主义理论、解构主义理论的影响、解构与创译。
当代西方翻译理论大家包括奈达(三个发展阶段、对等概念、逆转换理论)、卡特福德(翻译的语言学、翻译的界定与分类、翻译等值的条件与可译性)、威尔斯(翻译是一门科学、翻译是交际过程、翻译方法的定义与分类、文本类型与翻译原则)、纽马克(语义结构、翻译原则、文本类型与翻译方法)、斯坦纳(翻译是理解的过程、语言的可译性、翻译的步骤)、巴尔胡达罗夫(翻译的定义及实质、翻译理论的定位、语义与翻译、翻译的层次)、费道罗夫、,.科米萨罗夫的翻译理论、穆南(语言与意义、“世界映象”理论与可译性、意义交流与翻译、可译性与限度)、塞莱丝柯维奇和法国释意理论(释意的基本问题、翻译程序与评价标准、释意理论与翻译教学)。
Peter Newmark 西方翻译理论
（1）理论背景
（2）理论基础
（3）定义 （4）比较 （5）再发展
理论背景
直译 意译
语义翻译 交际翻译
F.语义翻译是一门艺术，只能由一个人单独承 担，不能有不准确的翻译，但由于造成了认知
意义和语用意义的走失，语义翻译译文一般不
及原文。
交际翻译是一门技巧，有时可由多人承担。由
于重效果，简洁明了，弥补了语义翻译中意义
的走失，又经过了适当的润色，交际翻译译文
一般优于原文。
适用文本
语义翻译：表达性文本或是重要的审美 性文本，其表达形式和内容一样重要， 那么不管是文学作品，还是哲学、宗教、 政治、科技作品都用语义翻译。
Bao-yu played “Racing Go”with the other maids. This was a game in which you moved your Gopieces across the board in accordance with the throw of dice, the object being to reach the opposite side before every thing else and pocket all the stakes.（David Hawkes &John Minford)
“内心言语本身就是一种功能，而不是外在言语
的内在表现。在很大程度上，内心言语才是纯
粹意义上的思维。”
据此，纽马克认为成年人运用语言的目 的和运用语言进行的最基本的活动是思
西方翻译理论
罗曼.雅科布逊Roman Jakobson
原籍俄国，后移居捷克；二战时迁至美国， 加入美籍。作为学派的创始人之一，他对 翻译理论的贡献主要体现在《论翻译的语 言学问题》(On Linguistic Aspects of Translation)之中。文章从语言学的角度， 对语言和翻译的关系、翻译的重要性、以 及翻译中存在的问题作出了详尽的分析和 论述。自１９５９年发表后，此文一直被 西方理论界奉为翻译研究的经典之一。
尤金.奈达Eugene Nida
因此,如按照英汉两种语言字面上的对等来翻译, 原句译为“他靠传染来思维,象感冒一样获得思 想”,这样,原文的真正意义就无法清楚地表达。 事实上,在汉语中很难找到一个完全与英文对等 的句型来表达同样的内涵。于是,译者将源语的 深层结构转换成目的语的表层结构,即用目的语 中相应的词汇直接说明、解释原文的内涵,以使 译文读者更易接受译作。根据奈达的翻译理论, 文化差异的处理是与从语义到文体将源语再现 于目的语紧密相联的。只有当译文从语言形式 到文化内涵都再现了源语的风格和精神时,60、70年代，德国译学界受结构主义语言 学的影响，形成了以纽伯特(A. Neubert)、卡德 (O. Kade)维代表的莱比锡派(the Leipzig School) 和以威尔斯(W. Wilss)为代表的萨尔派 (Saarbrücken School)。前者立足于转换生成语 法，在翻译中严格区分不变的认知因素与可变的 语用因素；后者是奈达学说的追随者，主张建立 翻译科学。 功能派翻译理论在这时兴起，针对翻译语言学派 中的薄弱环节，广泛借鉴交际理论、行动理论、 信息论、语篇语言学和接受美学的思想，将研究 的视线从源语文本转向目标文本。目的论影响深 远，功能学派因此有时也被称为目的学派。
西方翻译理论简介
05
西方翻译理论的应用领域
文学翻译
文学翻译的特点
文学翻译具有艺术性和创造性， 要求翻译者具备扎实的语言功底 、广博的文化知识和较高的审美 情趣，能够准确传达原文的情感
和风格。
文学翻译的难点
文学翻译的难点在于如何处理语 言的韵律、修辞、意象和象征等 方面，要求翻译者具备较高的语
言转换能力和文化素养。
翻译的定义与分类
翻译的定义
翻译是指将一种语言中的文本 或思想以另一种语言的形式进 行再现的过程。
翻译涉及对原语言的理解、表 达和传达，以及在目标语言中 构建相应的语义和语境。
翻译旨在促进不同语言和文化 之间的交流和理解。
翻译的分类
01
02
03
文学翻译
涉及文学作品、散文、诗 歌等文学作品的翻译。
非文学翻译
日期:
西方翻译理论简介
汇报人：
目录
• 西方翻译理论的历史与发展 • 翻译的定义与分类 • 西方翻译理论的核心概念 • 西方翻译理论的主要流派 • 西方翻译理论的应用领域 • 西方翻译理论面临的挑战与发展趋势
01
西方翻译理论的历史与发展
翻译理论的起源
古希腊罗马时期
翻译理论起源于古希腊罗马时期 ，当时的翻译家提出“字面翻译 ”和“精神翻译”两种方法。
Investment Agreement》、《Sales Contract》等，都是西方翻译理
论在商务翻译领域的经典案例。
口译
口译的特点
口译具有即时性和交互性，要求翻译者具备扎实的语言功 底、敏捷的思维和良好的心理素质，能够准确传达说话人 的意思并促进双方交流。
口译的难点
口译的难点在于如何处理语言的口语化表达、口音和语速 等方面，要求翻译者具备较高的语言转换能力和快速反应 能力。
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矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及审查大纲
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及《矿产资源开发利用方案》审查大纲一、概述
㈠矿区位置、隶属关系和企业性质。
如为改扩建矿山, 应说明矿山现状、
特点及存在的主要问题。
㈡编制依据
(1简述项目前期工作进展情况及与有关方面对项目的意向性协议情况。
(2 列出开发利用方案编制所依据的主要基础性资料的名称。
如经储量管理部门认定的矿区地质勘探报告、选矿试验报告、加工利用试验报告、工程地质初评资料、矿区水文资料和供水资料等。
对改、扩建矿山应有生产实际资料, 如矿山总平面现状图、矿床开拓系统图、采场现状图和主要采选设备清单等。
二、矿产品需求现状和预测
㈠该矿产在国内需求情况和市场供应情况
1、矿产品现状及加工利用趋向。
2、国内近、远期的需求量及主要销向预测。
㈡产品价格分析
1、国内矿产品价格现状。
2、矿产品价格稳定性及变化趋势。
三、矿产资源概况
㈠矿区总体概况
1、矿区总体规划情况。
2、矿区矿产资源概况。
3、该设计与矿区总体开发的关系。
㈡该设计项目的资源概况
1、矿床地质及构造特征。
2、矿床开采技术条件及水文地质条件。