国贸名词解释

国际贸易实务名词解释1、平安险：Free from Particular Average p121-122This is a very limited cover confining the insurer’s liability, strictly speaking, to only total loss of the insured cargo except where the carrying vessel or craft is grounded, sunk or burnt, and only in such latter cases will partial loss of or damage to the cargo be answerable.水渍险：With Particular AverageIt covers partial loss due to vile weather, lightning, tsunami, earthquake and/ or flood as well as the risks covered under Free from Particular Average condition as mentioned above.一切险：All RisksAll risks provide additional coverage besides the cover under Free from Particular Average and With (Particular) Average conditions. Contrary to its name, the clause dose not protect against all risks. The more common perils it does cover are theft, pilferage, non-delivery, fresh water damage, contamination, breakage, and leakage. Inherent vice, loss of market, and losses caused by delay are not covered.2、单独海损：Particular Average p118-119It means that a particular cargo is damaged by any cause and the degree of damage does not reach a total loss, which shall be borne by the owner of this individual consignment. It always refers to any other accidents except General Average, i. e. the partial loss caused directly by perils.共同海损：General AverageIt refers to the loss which is the result of a sacrifice voluntarily made or an expense incurred; for the sole purpose of saving a ship and its cargo in face of a common danger (e. g. jettison of cargo to lighten a ship in distress). If the action taken is successful, each party to the adventure----all cargo owners and the vessel owner----bear the loss and expenses incurred based on the value of each shipment in proportion to the total value of cargo and vessel. The cargo owners whose goods are safe and sound or uninsured in the marine perils must also contribute to pay for the loss and expenses.3、已装船提单：On Board B/L or Shipped B/LIt is a B/L acknowledging that the relative goods have been received on board for shipment on a specified vessel.装船待运提单：Received for shipment B/LIt refers to a B/L acknowledging the receipt of goods by a carrier for shipment on a specified vessel.4、清洁提单：Clean B/LThis is a B/L which bears no superimposed clause or notation which declares a defective condition of the goods and/or the packaging.不清洁提单：Unclean B/LIt refers to a notation on a B/L which donates a deficient condition of the goods on packaging or other annotated conditions modifying the printed conditions on the B/L.5、记名提单：Straight B/LIt is a non-negotiable B/L whereby the consignee named in the bill is the owner of the relative goods.空白提单：Bear or Open B/LIt contains no definite consignee of goods. There usually appears in the box of consignee words like “to bearer”. The holder of such a bill is entitled to the goods the bill represents, and he therefore can take delivery of goods at destination upon his presentation of the bill to the carrier. The carrier will be discharged from liability if he delivers the cargo to a holder.提示提单：Order B/LIt is a bill in which it is stated that the goods are consigned or destined to the order of any person named in such a bill. It is a B/L in which it is stated that the goods are consigned or destined to the order of any person named in such a bill. It is a B/L that is made out “to order ” or “to order of XXX”. That person may be either the shipper or the consignee, or even a bank.6、租船提单:：Charter Party B/LWhen a business has a large amount of goods for shipment, he will charter a ship to move the goods because it is more economical than consigning them by liners. The contract of carriage signed by him and the ship owner is called a charter party.班轮提单：Liner B/LA liner B/L is a bill issued by the carrier when the goods are transported by liner.7、全式提单:：Long Form B/LThis refers to a B/L form with all terms and conditions written on it. Most B/L’s are in short term forms which incorporate the long form clauses by reference.简式提单：Short Form B/LIt is a B/L without the terms and conditions written on it. The terms are incorporated by reference to the long form B/L.8、倒签提单：Ante-dated Bill of Lading p94-95When the actual loading date is later than the date of shipment prescribed by the L/C, in order to avoid non-acceptance of the B/L by banks, the carrier, at the request of the shipper, sometimes will issue a B/L with a date of signature that suits the requirement of the L/C. The B/L thus signed is an ante-dated B/L.预借提单：Advanced Bill of LadingAn advanced B/L is issued at the request of the shipper before the commencement of the actual loading operation. When the expiry date of the L/C is due and the seller has failed to get the goods ready for shipment, he will ask the carrier to issue an advanced B/L in order to negotiate payment at the bank before the credit expires.It is issued by the carrier or his agent to the shipper when the goods are to be transported from the port of loading direct to the port of destination. Buyers usually prefer to such B/Ls because transshipment increases the chance of cargo damage and loss. Sometimes an L/C prohibits transshipment of goods.转船提单：Transshipment B/LIt is issued when there is no direct service between two ports, but when the ship owner is prepared to transship the goods at an intermediate port at the expense of his own. The intermediate port must be shown in the B/L.联运提单：Through B/LThis B/L covering a shipment of goods by more than one mode of transportation. The first carrier collects the freight for the whole voyage and is responsible for arranging transshipment and forwarding of the goods at ports other than the port of destination. This arrangement is advantageous to the shipper since otherwise he has to deal with the other individual carriers by himself.10、舱面提单：On Deck B/LIt is issued when the goods are shipped on deck. So it is obvious that the goods may incur more possible losses and the carrier is reluctant to be responsible for damage or any losses. And the bank will also refuse to accept such B/L. anyway, it is rarely used in international trade.11、过期提单：Stale B/L p95It is presented with other documents to the negotiation bank after 21 days from the date of issuance.12、货代提单：House (Forwarder’s) B/LIt is issued by a forwarder to a shipper as a receipt for merchandise that the forwarder will consolidate with cargo obtained from other exporter and ship to his agent at the port of destination. In most cases, the forwarder’s B/L has legal standing for banking purposes.It refers to a bill of lading prepared by a consolidator, issued by a carrier, showing the consolidator as the shipper and the break-bulk agent,or ”deconsolidator” as consignee.14、背对背信用证：Back-to-back Letter of CreditThis is a letter of credit in the seller’s (middleman’s) favor which is offered to a bank as securi ty for it issuing a different letter of credit in the seller’s own name to another person.可转让信用证：Transferable Letter of Credit p167A transferable letter of credit is one in which the beneficiary has the right to request the paying, or negotiating bank to make either part, or all, of the credit value available to one or more third parties. This type of credit is useful for those acting as middlemen especially where there is a need to finance purchases from third party suppliers.备用信用证：Standby Letters of Credit p168It is a letter of credit which a bank issues on behalf of its customer to serve as a guarantee to the beneficiary of the letter of credit that the bank’s customer will perform a specified contract with the beneficiary. If the customer defaults, the beneficiary may draw funds against the letter of credit ad penalties or as payments, whichever the terms of the credit provide.15、D/P at sight：即期付款交单（托收）p157After shipment of the goods, the seller shall draw a sight bill of exchange, and send it with shipping documents to a local bank, through which and whose correspondent bank the documentary draft is presented to the buyer. The buyer shall pay against the documentary draft drawn by the seller at sight. It requires immediate payment by the buyer to get hold of the documents.16、D/P after sight：远期付款交单（托收）p157After shipment of the goods, the seller shall draw a usance bill of exchange and send it wih shipping documents to a local bank, through which and whose correspondent bank the documentary draft is presented to the importer. Thebuyer shall accept the usance draft, and make payment on the due date of the usance bill.17、D/A：承兑交单（托收）p159D/A calls for delivery of documents against acceptance of the draft drawn by the seller. D/A is always after sight. In D/A terms the collecting bank is permitted to release the documents to the buyer against acceptance of a bill of exchange promising to pay at a later date (usually 30, 60 or 90 days). The full set of draft is held by the collecting bank and presented to the buyer for payment at maturity, after which the collecting bank sends the funds to the remitting bank, which in turn sends them to the principal.18、出票：Issuance p147Issuance means the act of the drawer in filling up the bill of exchange with particulars required, and after signature, the drawer presents the bill to the payee.提示：PresentationIt refers to the act of the holder of the bill of exchange presenting the bill to the drawee, asking the latter either to pay or to accept the bill.承兑：AcceptanceAcceptance a draft is a signification by the drawee of his assent to the order given by the drawer.背书：EndorsementA bill of exchange is a negotiate instrument, thus it can be transferable in the international mo ney market. In the case of a “to order” bill of exchange, an endorsement starts from the first holder, i.e. the payee by signing his name on the back of the bill.付款：PaymentWhen a drawee or his representative, an acceptor or his representative makes payment to a holder of a draft ,then the relations of bill can be eliminated. So the purpose of payment is to clear relations between creditor’s rights and debtor’s duties.拒付：DishonorWhen a bill has been duly presented for acceptance or payment and the acceptance or payment has been refused ,the bill is said to be dishonored. Upon dishonor the holder has an immediate right to take action against all parties to the bill. The holder must normally give a formal notice of dishonor to all the parties he wishes to make liable. In order to exercise the right of resource, the holder should apply for a letter of protest from the notary public on the strength of which he may recover the purchase price.19、汇票：Drafts p144A draft is an uncoordinated order in writing , addressed by one person to another, signed by the person giving it, requiring the person to whom it is addressed to pay on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time a sum certain in money to or to the order of a specified person, or to bearer.本票：Promissory Note p148A promissory note is a signed statement containing a written promise from the maker to pay a stated sum to a specified person or his order at a specified date or on demand.支票：Checks（Cheques）p151A check is an unconditional order in writing addressed by customer to a bank signed by that customer authorizing the bank to pay on demand a sum certain in money to or to the order of a specified person or to better.。