argument真实
关于谬论的英语作文
关于谬论的英语作文English Answer:Logical fallacies are errors in reasoning that can lead to invalid or incorrect conclusions. They arise when someone makes an argument that is based on faulty logic or incorrect assumptions. Understanding logical fallacies is essential for evaluating arguments and identifyingpotential weaknesses or errors. Here are some common types of logical fallacies:Ad hominem: Attacking the person making the argument rather than addressing the argument itself.Straw man: Misrepresenting the opponent's argument to make it easier to attack.Circular reasoning: Using the conclusion to support a premise in the argument.Slippery slope: Assuming that a small step will inevitably lead to a series of negative consequences.Begging the question: Assuming the truth of the conclusion as a premise.Hasty generalization: Drawing a conclusion based on a small or unrepresentative sample.False dilemma: Presenting only two options when there are actually more.Either-or fallacy: Assuming that a proposition must be either true or false when there may be other possibilities.Appeal to emotion: Using emotional appeals to persuade rather than logical arguments.Appeal to authority: Citing an authority figure to support an argument without providing evidence.Identifying and avoiding logical fallacies is crucialfor clear thinking and effective communication. By being aware of these common errors in reasoning, you can evaluate arguments more critically and make more informed decisions.中文回答：逻辑谬误是推理中的错误，可以导致无效或不正确的结论。
逻辑错误一览,全了
* 当你与别人讨论，尝试获得答案或解释时，你可能会遇到一些人犯上逻辑谬误。
这样的讨论是无意义的。
你可能尝试向对手要求证据或提供其他假设，令你获得更好或更简单的解释。
如果都失败，可以尝试指出你讨论对手的问题。
你可辨认他的逻辑问题以免深究，以及可告知讨论对手关於他的谬误。
以下是简单介绍其中最常见的谬误：人身攻击（ad hominem）o 拉丁语「向着人」的意思。
辩者用人身攻击来攻击对手，而不是在讨论议题。
当辩者不能用证据、事实或理由去维护他的立场，他可能透过标签、稻草人、骂人、挑衅及愤怒的人身攻击方式来攻击对手。
诉诸无知（appeal to ignorance / argumentum ex silentio）o 以诉诸无知作为某些证据。
（例如：我们没有证据说神不存在，所以祂一定存在。
又例如：由於我们没有关於外星人的知识，这表示他们并不存在。
）对某些东西的无知，是与它的存在与否无关。
全知论据（argument from omniscience）o （例如：所有人都相信某些东西，每个人都知道的。
）辩者需要有全知能力以清楚每个人的信仰、怀疑或他们的知识。
小心如「所有」、「每个人」、「每种东西」、「绝对」等词语。
诉诸信心（appeal to faith）（例如：如果你不相信，是不能清楚明白的。
）如果辩者倚仗信心作为他论据的根基，那麽你在以後的讨论所能得到的将不多。
根据定义，「信心」是倚靠相信，并非靠逻辑或证据支持。
信心倚赖非理性的思想，并会产生不妥协。
诉诸传统（appeal to tradition）（类似主流思想谬误）（例如：占星、宗教、奴隶）只因为人们以此为传统，与它本身的存活能力无关。
诉诸权威（argument from authority / argumentum ad verecundiam）* 以「专家」或权威的说话作论据的根基，而不是用逻辑或证据来支持该论据。
（例如：某某教授相信创造科学。
）只由於某个权威的声称，不足以代表他已令这声称正确。
驳论怎么写 英文作文
驳论怎么写英文作文英文：Writing a rebuttal in English involves presenting a counterargument to a given position or claim. It requires careful consideration of the opposing viewpoint and presenting a compelling argument to refute it. Here's how to approach writing a rebuttal:1. Understand the Opposing Argument: Before you begin writing, make sure you fully understand the argument you're rebutting. Identify the main points and evidence used to support it.2. Gather Evidence: Collect evidence and examples that contradict or weaken the opposing argument. This could include statistics, expert opinions, or real-life examples that illustrate your point.3. Organize Your Rebuttal: Structure your rebuttal in aclear and logical manner. Start by restating the opposing argument to ensure your readers understand what you're responding to. Then, present your counterarguments one by one, supporting each with evidence.4. Address Weak Points: Anticipate potential weaknesses in your own argument and address them preemptively. Acknowledging opposing viewpoints shows that you've considered all angles and strengthens your credibility.5. Use Persuasive Language: Use persuasive language and rhetoric to make your rebuttal more convincing. This could include appeals to logic, emotion, or ethics, depending on the nature of the argument.6. Provide Examples: Back up your rebuttal with real-life examples or anecdotes to make your points morerelatable and memorable. Personal stories or case studies can be particularly effective in driving your argument home.7. Conclude Strongly: Summarize your key points and reiterate why your rebuttal is valid. End with a strongconclusion that leaves no doubt in the reader's mind about the strength of your argument.中文：写驳论需要针对某个观点或主张提出反驳性的论点。
感情真实流露街头见闻作文
感情真实流露街头见闻作文English Response:Real-Life Expressions in Street Scenes.It was a chilly evening, the kind that makes you pull your coat a little tighter around you. The streets were bustling with activity as people hurried along, eager to reach their destinations. Amidst the hustle and bustle, I found myself standing on a crowded street corner, observing the ebb and flow of human emotions.As I glanced around, I noticed a young couple engagedin a heated argument. Their voices were raised, and their gestures were animated, drawing the attention of passersby. It was clear that emotions were running high, and Icouldn't help but feel a pang of sympathy for them. Arguments are a natural part of any relationship, but it's always difficult to witness them play out in public.Further down the street, I spotted an elderly couple walking hand in hand, their faces illuminated by smilesthat seemed to defy the passage of time. It was a beautiful sight, a testament to the enduring power of love. Despite the challenges they may have faced over the years, they remained devoted to each other, finding comfort and solacein each other's presence.Nearby, a group of friends laughed and joked as they strolled along the sidewalk. Their laughter was infectious, spreading joy to those around them. It was heartwarming to see the bonds of friendship so clearly displayed, areminder of the importance of human connection in a world that often feels so divided.As I continued to observe the scene unfolding before me, I couldn't help but marvel at the complexity of human emotions. From love and laughter to anger and sadness, the streets were a kaleidoscope of feelings, each one as real and raw as the next. It was a reminder that no matter where we are in life, our emotions connect us all in ways thatare both profound and universal.中文回答：街头见闻中的真实表达。
大纲词汇表趣味记忆法
大纲词汇表趣味记忆法（in）ability to：（没）有…的能力（in）capacity to：（没）有…的能力a/an：art.一个a great deal：大量，许多a great many：很多a variety of：种种；若干不同的ability：n.能力，能耐(ab阿伯，il近似ill病，ty讨厌，阿伯病了，我讨厌自己没有能力治愈他)ability to do：做…的能力able：a.有才能的，能够的abolish：vt.废除（法律，习惯等）；取消(ab阿伯，o鸟蛋，lishu梨树，阿伯把梨树上的鸟蛋全废除了) above：prep.在…之上above all：首先，首要abroad：ad.到国外；在国外(ab阿伯，road路，阿伯走路去了国外)absent：a.缺席，不在(ab阿伯，se蛇，nt农田，阿伯在农田被蛇咬伤了，所以缺席的)absolute：a.绝对的，完全的(ab阿伯，so这样，te特别)absolutely：ad.完全地，绝对地；肯定地abstract：a.抽象的n.摘要，梗概vt.提取；摘录要点(ab阿伯，str石头人，act表演，阿伯拿个石头人在做抽象的表演)absurd a.荒谬的(ab，阿伯，s美女，u杯子，rd柔道，阿伯和美女在杯子里柔道，多么荒谬的)absurdity：n.荒谬abuse：vt./n.滥用，妄用；虐待，凌辱(ab阿伯，u杯子，se蛇，阿伯把蛇装杯子里虐待它)academic：a.学院的，学会的；学术的(ac爱车，ad阿弟，em 恶魔，ic-IC卡，阿弟开着爱车去学院，路上被恶魔用IC卡刮坏了车)accent：n.重音；口音(ac爱财，cent分币，我很爱财，开口说话（口音）就要一分币)accept：v.同意，接受（ac米兰，ce厕所，pt葡萄，ac米兰同意队员在厕所吃葡萄）acceptable：a.可以接受的access：n.通道，入口；接近（或进入）的机会（a苹果，c吃，ce厕所，ss两个美女，两个美女在厕所的通道吃苹果）accessible：a.易接近的；易受影响的（to）；可理解的accident：n.意外；偶然事故（ac米兰，ci刺，den等，t他，AC米兰在等他的队员时遇刺，是个意外事故）accompany：vt.陪伴，陪同；伴随，一起发生；伴奏（ac爱车，company公司，开着爱车，陪同别人一起去公司）accomplish：vt.完成（任务等）（ac爱车comp赠品，any一些，开爱车把一些赠品送回家，完成任务）accomplishment：n.完成；成就；[pl.]造诣，技能accord vt，使一致，给予，符合，（ac爱车，cord绳索，爱车不开时用绳子捆起来，符合防盗要求）accordance：n.一致，和谐；符合according：ad.（与to构成介词）按照，根据accordingly：ad.相应地according to：根据…account：n.叙述，说明；帐户vi.说明（原因等）（ac爱财，count数，爱财的人数账户上的钱）accountant：n会计师accountability：n.有解释义务；负有责任（）accumulate vt.积累，积聚（ac爱吃cu醋，mu母亲，late晚，母亲晚上积累了很多爱吃的醋）accuracy：n.准确（性），精确（性）accurate：a.准确的，精确的accurately：ad.准确的，精确地ache：vi/n.疼痛（a一，che车，被一辆车撞了当然很疼）achieve：vt.完成，实现，达到（a苹果，chi吃，eve黄昏，黄昏时我吃完了苹果，完成任务）achievement：n.完成，达到；成就，成绩achive：vt.完成，实现，达到，得到acid：n.酸，酸性物质a.酸的（a爱，ci-chi吃，d的，女性怀孕喜欢吃酸的）acknowledge：vt.承认；表示感谢（ac暗藏，knowledge知识，暗藏的知识我们应该承认）acquaintance：n.认识，了解；相识的人，熟人（ac暗藏，quaint新奇有趣的，tance探测，通过探测，认识了解了暗藏的新奇有趣的知识）acquire：vt.获得，得到acronym：n.首字母缩略词across：ad.交叉，横过act：n. 行为，举动act as：（林市）担任，充当，起…作用act on：遵照…行为，奉行；作用于，影响act out：将…表演出来，（用行动）表示出来action：n.行动；作用（on）activate：vt.使活动，使起作用active：a.活动的；活跃的activity：n.活动，活跃；行动actor：n.男演员actual：a.实际的；真实的（ac爱吃，tu吐，al-all所有的）AD：（或A.D.）（=Anno Domini）[拉]公adapt：vt.使适应，使适合；改编vi.适应（to）（ad阿弟，apt 天资聪明的，天资聪明的阿弟适应的很快）adapt……to：使…适应…add：v.增加add up to：总和是，[口]总起来意味着addition：n.加，加法；附加物（ad阿弟，di低，tion身子，阿弟低着身子在算加法）additional：a.附加的，追加的；另外的address：n.地址，住址adequate：a.充足的，充分的；胜任的（ad阿弟，e鹅，quate 四分之一）adjective：n.形容词adjust：vt.调整，调节；校准（ad广告，just刚刚，刚做好的广告需要调整）adjustment：n.调整administration：n.管理，经营；行政，行政机关（ad广告，mini迷你，st石头，rat老鼠，ion名词后缀）admire：vt.钦佩，赞美，赞赏admit：vt.承认，供认；准许…进入，准许…加入admission：承认，供认；准许进入，准许加入adolescent：n.青少年 a.青春期的；青少年的adopt：vt.采取，采用；正式通过；收养advance：vi.前进，取得进展n.前进，进展；预付advanced：a.高等的advantage：n.优点，优越；好处advantageous：a.有利的，有助的adventure：n.冒险，奇遇adversely：ad.相反地；不利地，有害地advertise：vt./vi.为…做广告；登广告advertisement：n.（简写为ad）广告advice：n.劝告advise：vt.忠告，劝告affair：n.事情，事件affect：vt.影响，打动）afflict：vt.使苦恼，折磨afraid：a.害怕的Africa：n.非洲African：n.非洲的after：prep.在…后after all：毕竟；终究afternoon：n.下午afterward：ad.然后again：ad.又against：prep.反抗age：n.年龄aged：a.年老的，老的agent：n.代理人，代理商；起作用的人或物aggression：n.侵犯，侵略aggressive：a.侵略的，好斗的；有进取心的aggressiveness：n.侵犯，侵略；进取精神ago：ad.以前dagree：vi.同意agreement：n.同意agricultural：a.农业的ahead：在…前ahead of：在…前aid：vt.帮助aim：n.目标aim for：瞄准；以…为目标air：n.空气airplane：n.飞机Alabama：阿拉巴马（美国州名）alarm：n.警报；惊恐vt.向…报警；打扰alarming：a.惊人的，吓人的Alaska：阿拉斯加（美国州名）Albert Einstein：爱因斯坦alert：a.警觉，警惕的（to）；活泼的，敏捷的Alex la Guma：亚力克斯·拉顾玛（南非作家）Alfrde Hutchinson：阿尔弗雷德·哈奇逊（南非作家）Alfred Whitehead：阿尔福雷德·怀特里德alike：a.同样的，相像的alive：a.活着all：a.全部pron.全部all the same：仍然，尽管如此allege：vt.断言，宣称allocate：vt.分配，分派；把…拨给；把…划归allocate……for：分配给…；配给allow：vt.允许almost：ad.几乎alone：a.单独的along：prep.沿着；往前aloud：ad.大声地alphabetize：vt.按字母顺序排列，用字母表示already：ad.已经also：ad.也alter：vt./vi.改变，改动alternative：a.供选择的东西；抉择a.两者择一的although：conj.虽然altogether：ad.完全地Alvin Bronstein：阿尔文·布朗斯坦（人名）always：ad.总是Amazonia：（巴西）亚马逊尼亚国家公园America：美洲American：n.美国人Americas：美洲（前边加定冠词the）among：prep.在…之中amount：n.数量，数额，总数vi.合计，共计amount to：达到，总计，相当于，等于amplifier：n.放大器amusement：n.娱乐，消遣an：art.一个anaesthetics：n.麻醉学analysis：n.（[复]analyses）分析；分解analyze：vt.分析ancestor：n.祖先，祖宗ancient：a.古代的，古老的and：conj.和and so on：等等and the like：等等，诸如此类Andre Brink：安德烈·布林克（南非作家）anger：n.愤怒vt. 使发怒，激怒vi. 发怒angry：a.生气的animal：n.动物animated：a.栩栩如生的；生气勃勃的；被赋予生命的Anne Peters：安妮。
心理学专业英语词汇（V）
心理学专业英语词汇(V)v factor 语文理解因素v.f. 语言震颤va 视敏度vacancy 空虚vacant state 空态vacillate 波动vacuum reaction 真空反应vacuum response 真空反应vagabond 游民vagabondage 流浪vagabondish 流浪者vagal 迷走神经的vagary 奇想vagoaccessorius 迷走副神经vagoglossopharyngeal 迷走舌咽神经的迷走舌咽神经的vagogram 迷走神经电图vagomimetic 类迷走神经的vagoneurosis 迷走神经病vagosplanchnic 迷走交感神经的vagotomy 迷走神经切断术vagotonia 迷走神经过敏vagotonin 迷走神经紧张素vagotony 迷走神经紧张vagotropic 对迷走神经起作用的vagotropism 向迷走神经性vagovagal 经迷走神经反射的vagrancy 思想游移不定vagus nerve 迷走神经vagusstoff 迷走神经素vainglory 自负vakt 多感官教学法valence 效价valence 诱发力valence expectancy model 诱意性期待模型valetudinarianism 虚弱valid argument 有效论证valid argumentation 有效论点valid dimension 有效维度valid exclusion 正确排除valid inclusion 正确录取valid negative 正确否定valid positive 正确肯定validate validity 实证效度validation 效度validation study 效度研究validity 效度validity coefficient 效度系数validity criterion 效度标准valnoctamide 甲乙基戊酰胺valuable 有价值的value 价值value analysis 价值分析value analysis engineering 价值分析工程value clarification 价值澄清法value consensus 价值共认value expression 价值表现value form 价值形式value goal 价值目标value goal congruence 价值目标一致性价值目标一致性value judgment 价值判断value of autonomy 自主的价值value of calculation 计算值value of personality 人格的价值value scale 价值量表value standard 价值标准value system 价值体系value test 价值观测查values 价值观念values characteristics 价值观特征values clarification 价值观辨析values clarification school 价值观辨析学派value expressive function 价值表现机能价值表现机能vamp 勾引vandalism 破坏行为vane 反复无常的人vane kindergarten test 韦恩幼儿园测验vanish 消失vanishing point 隐没点vanity 虚荣心vanquish 克服vantage 优势vapidity 乏味vaporish 忧郁的vaporous 空想的variability 变异性variability scale 离势量表variable 变量variable 可变的variable annuity 可变年金variable certainty equivalent method 可变确定值等分法variable contrast 可变反差variable error 变误variable geometry 可变机翼variable interval 不定时variable interval reinforcement 变动间隔强化variable limit 可变极限variable quantity 变量variable radix 可变基数variable ratio 变率variable ratio reinforcement 变率强化variable selection 变量选择variable stimulus 变异刺激variable interval reinforcement schedule 变动时距式强化方式variable interval schedule 可变时距程序可变时距程序variable pay programs 浮动工资方案浮动工资方案variable ratio reinforcement schedule 变动比率式强化方式variable ratio schedule 可变比率程序可变比率程序variable sweep wing 可变后掠翼variance 变异数variance 方差variance analysis 方差分析variance component 方差成分variance components method 方差分析法方差分析法variance law 方差律variance of configuration 组态方差variance of sum 总和方差variance of totals 总量方差variance optimum value 方差最优值variance partitioning 方差划分variance ratio 变异刺激variance testing 方差检定variance yields 方差值variance component model 方差分子模式variance maximizing rotation 极大方差轴转variant 变异variate 变量variation 变异variation 离中趋势variation analysis 差异分析variation tone 变调音variational psychology 差别心理学variator 调音器varicolored 杂色的varied reaction 多变反应variety 多样化varmint 流氓vary 改变vary in size 大小不同vascular 血管的vascular dementia 血管性痴呆vascular plethysmography 血管容积描记法vascular reaction 血管反应vascular reflex 血管反射vascular theory 脉管论vasculomotor 血管舒缩的vasoconstriction 血管收缩vasoconstrictor centre 血管收缩中枢vasoconstrictor nerve 血管收缩神经vasodilatation 血管舒张vasodilator 血管舒张药vasodilator centre 血管舒张中枢vasodilator nerve 血管舒张神经vasomotor centre 血管舒缩中枢vasomotor headache 血管运动性头痛vasomotor reflex 血管舒缩反射vasopressin 血管加压素vasovagal 血管迷走神经的vdt 视觉显示终端ve 爱vecordia 轻度精神障碍vector 矢量vector 向量vector addition 向量加法vector algebra 向量代数vector analysis 向量分析vector approach to psychotherapy 心理治疗指向分析vector diagram 向量图vector distribution 向量分布vector method 向量法vector notation 向量记法vector psychology 向量心理学vector quantity 向量vector sum 向量和vector variable 向量变量vectorcardiogram 心电向量图vectorcardiograph 心电向量描记器veerne s syndrome 韦内综合症vegan 绝对素食者veganism 绝对素食主义vegetarian 素食者vegetarianism 素食主义vegetation 单调的生活vegetative 植物性的vegetative function 营养机能vegetative life 植物性生活vegetative motivation 生存动机vegetative nervous system 植物性神经系统vegetative neurosis 植物性神经官能症植物性神经官能症vegetative stimulus 植物神经性刺激vehement 热烈的vehicle 媒介物vehicle 运载工具vehicle accident 交通事故vehicles 载体veiled 掩饰的vein 静脉veinlet 小静脉velar stop 舌后塞音velleity 意志薄弱velocimeter 速度计velocity 速度velocity constancy 速度常性velocity threshold 速度阈限velocity transposition phenomenon 速度变换现象velometer 速度计venae cerebri 大脑静脉venae cordis 心静脉venenation 中毒venenum 毒venereal disease 性病venereologist 性病学家venereology 性病学venereophobia 性病恐怖症venerismus 性病venery 性欲的vengeful 有报仇心理的venous pulse 静脉脉搏vent 发泄ventilation 舒发ventrad 向腹侧ventral 腹侧ventral horn 腹角ventral medial hypothalamus 腹中下丘脑腹中下丘脑ventral root 腹根ventralward 向腹侧ventricle 脑室ventriculitis 脑室炎ventriculogram 脑室造影照片ventriculography 脑室造影术ventriculometry 脑室压测量法ventriculus cerebelli 小脑室ventriculus cerebri 脑室ventriculus quartus 第四脑室ventriculus tertius 第三脑室ventrobasal complex 腹侧基底核丛ventrolateral nucleus of thalamus 丘脑腹外侧核ventromedial arcuate nucleus 腹内侧弓状核ventromedial hypothalamus 腹内侧下丘脑ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus 下丘脑腹内侧核venture 冒险vep 视觉诱发电位veracious 可靠的veracity 真实性verbal 言语的verbal ability 言语能力verbal ability test 言语能力测验verbal alexia 语性失读verbal amnesia 词语遗忘verbal aphasia 词汇性失语症verbal apraxia 词汇性失用症verbal aptitude test 言语能力测验verbal association 言语联想verbal attack 言语攻击verbal behavior 言语行为verbal coding 言语编码verbal communication 口头沟通verbal communication 言语交流verbal conditioning 言语条件作用verbal development 言语发展verbal development in infancy 婴儿期言语的发展verbal discrimination 语文辨别verbal error 用词错误verbal exposition 言语表达verbal expression skill 言语表达能力verbal feedback 言语反馈verbal figure 语图verbal function 言语功能verbal generalization 语意类化verbal inhibition 言语抑制verbal intelligence 语文智力verbal intelligence test 语文智力测验verbal iq 语文智商verbal kinesthesia 言语动觉verbal learning 语文学习verbal meaning 语文意义verbal mediation 言语中介verbal memory 语文记忆verbal paraphasia 语性错语verbal power 言语功率verbal psychotherapy 言语心理治疗verbal reasoning 语文推理verbal reasoning quotient 语文推理商数语文推理商数verbal reinforcement 言语强化verbal report method 口头报告法verbal scale 言语量表verbal stereotype 语性刻板印象verbal suggestion 言语暗示verbal test 文字测验verbal thought 言语思维verbalism 言语主义verbalization 言语表达verbalized attitude 言表态度verbal motion transfer 言语动作迁移verbatim recall 逐字回忆verbicide 滥用语词者verbigeration 重复言语verbomania 饶舌癖verb adjective proportion 动词形容词比动词形容词比veridical perception 真实知觉verifiable 可证实的verification 验证verification of data 数据核对verification process 验实过程verification stage 论证期verification test 证实试验verify 证实verisimilitude 真实性verity 真实性vermis 蚓部vermis cerebelli 小脑蚓部vernier 微差游标vernier acuity 游标视敏度vernier chronoscope 微差计时器verno s hierarchy structure model of intelligence 弗南智力层次结构模式versatility 多面性versatility indices 多方适应性指标versed 精通的version test 变式检查verstehend psychologie 理解心理学vertebrates 脊椎动物vertex positive wave 顶正波vertical association 垂直联想vertical axis 纵轴vertical center line illusion 垂直中线错觉vertical diagonal band 对顶带vertical differentiation of organization 组织的纵向分化vertical group 垂直团体vertical growth 垂直成长vertical integration 垂直整合vertical inventory 垂直式量表vertical loyalty 垂直效忠vertical mobility 纵向流动vertical process 垂直过程vertical sampling 垂直抽样vertical social distance 纵向社会距离vertical social mobility 纵向社会流动vertical society 纵向社会vertical transfer 垂直迁移verticality 垂直性vertical horizontal illusion 横竖错觉vertiginous 眩晕的vertigo 眩晕vertigophobia 眩晕恐怖症verve 活力very bright 聪明儿童vesania 躁狂症vesanic 疯癫的vesica 泡vesical reflex 膀胱反射vesicle 囊泡vestibular 前庭的vestibular apparatus 前庭装置vestibular function 前庭机能vestibular hallucination 前庭幻觉vestibular membrane 前庭膜vestibular nerve 前庭神经vestibular nucleus 前庭神经核vestibular nystagmus 前庭性眼振vestibular organ 前庭器vestibular response 前庭反应vestibular sac 前庭囊vestibular sensations 前庭感觉vestibular stimulation 前庭刺激vestibular system 前庭系统vestibular vegetative disturbance 前庭植物性紊乱vestibule 前庭vestibule school 技工学校vestibulocerebellum 前庭小脑vestibulocochlear nerve 听前庭神经vestibulo ocular reflex 前庭眼球反射vestibulo ocular response 前庭眼球反应前庭眼球反应vestibulo proprioceptive illusion 前庭本体性错觉vestibulo spinal tract 前庭脊髓径vestigial 发育不全的vestigial organ 退化器官vex 使烦恼vexation 烦恼vf 语言震颤vi reiforcement schedule 变动时距式强化方式viability 生存力vibes 激动vibrate 振动vibratile 振动的vibration 振动vibration adaptation 振动觉适应vibration base 振动台vibration effect 振动效应vibration exposure limits 振动耐受限度振动耐受限度vibration limit 受振限度vibration limit for comfort 保证舒适的受振限度vibration limit for safety 保证安全的受振限度vibration platen 振动平台vibration sensation 振动觉vibration sense 振动觉vibration sensitive receptor 振动感受器振动感受器vibration table 振动台vibratiuncle 微振vibrato 颤音vibrator 振动器vibrocardiogram 心振动描记图vibrocardiography 心振动描记术vibrograph 振动显示器vibromasseur 振动按摩器vibrometer 振动治聋器vibrophone 鼓膜振动器vibrophonocardiograph 心振动心音描记器vibroscope 振动仪vibrotherapeutics 振动疗法vibrotherapy 振动疗法vicarious 感应式vicarious 替代的vicarious classical conditioning 感应式古典条件作用vicarious conditioning 替代性条件作用替代性制约作用vicarious consequences 替代性结果vicarious emotional arousal 感应式情绪引发vicarious experience 替代性经验vicarious extinction 感应式学习消除vicarious function 替代作用vicarious learning 代替学习vicarious reinforcement 替代性强化vicarious responding 替代反应vicarious satisfaction 感应式满足vicarious trial and error 替代性尝试错误vice 恶习vicinal 邻近的vicious argument 错误论点vicious circle 恶性循环vicious habits 恶习vicious pronunciation 不正确发音vicious transformation 恶性转化viciousness of crime 犯罪恶习vicissitudes of libido 欲力转变victim 被害人victim psychology 被害人心理victimization 受害victimize 受害video 电视video amplifier 视频放大器video amplitude 视频振幅video data terminal 显示数据终端video display units 视频显示器video frequency 视频video recall 视觉回忆video signal 视频信号videotapes 录像磁带videotapes instruction 录像磁带教学video phone 电视电话vie 竞争viennese school 维也纳学派vier 竞争者vierodt s law 维厄洛两点阈定律vieth muller circle 维斯穆勒圆view 观点view 看法view of criminality 犯罪观view of live 人生观view of the world 世界观viewing angle 视角viewing distance 视距viewing system 观察系统views on intelligence and ability 智能观智能观views on knowing and doing 知行观views on mind and matter 心物观views on vital will and energy 志气观view point 观点vigilambulism 醒性梦行症vigilance 警戒vigilance task 警戒工作vigor 精力vigor tolerance 总耐力vigorous 健壮性vigotsky concept formation 维哥斯基概念形成测验vile practices 可耻行为vile violence 狂热行为vile weather 恶劣天气vilification 诬蔑villaret s syndrome 维拉雷综合症vinbarbital 戊烯巴比妥vincent curve 文森特曲线vindicability 可证明性vindicable 可证明的vineland social maturity scale 威尼兰社会成熟量表vino 酒vinous 酒的vinous excitement 酒后兴奋violate 强奸violence 暴动violent behavior 暴力行为violet 紫viper 险恶之人viral 病毒的viral leukoncephalopathy 病毒性脑白质病virgin 处女virginal anxiety 处女焦虑virile 男性化virile response 强劲性反应viriligenic 促男性化的virilism 男性化virility 有男性特征virilization 女性男性化virtual 实质上的virtual image 虚像virtual memory 虚拟存储器virtual organization 虚拟组织virtual temperature 虚温virtual work 虚功virtue 德行virus inhibition 病毒抑制viscera 内脏visceral brain 内脏脑visceral drive 内脏驱力visceral hallucination 内脏幻觉visceral learning 内脏学习visceral nerve 内脏神经visceral nervous system 内脏神经系统内脏神经系统visceral pain 内脏痛visceral paraesthesia 内脏感觉异常visceral reaction 内脏反应visceral receptor 内脏感受器visceral reflex 内脏反射visceral sensation 内脏感觉visceral vegetative system 内脏植物性系统visceroatonia 内脏优势型visceroatonia type 内脏型visceroceptor 内脏感受器viscerogenic desires 出自本能的欲望viscerogenic motivation 生理性动机viscerogenic need 内脏性需要visceroinhibitory 抑制内脏运动的visceromotor 内脏运动的viscerosensory 内脏感觉的viscerotonia 肥胖型viscerotonia 内脏强健型viscero neurosis 内脏性神经症viscus 内脏visibility curve 视见曲线visibility function 视见函数visibility level 能见度水平visibility meter 能见度仪visible 能见的visible light 可见光visible mutant 可见突变型visible range 可视域visible spectrum 可见光谱vision 视觉vision theory 视觉说visual 视觉的visual accommodation 视觉调节visual acuity 视敏度visual adaptation 视觉适应visual afterimage 视觉后像visual agnosia 视觉失认症visual agnosic alexia 视觉失认性失读visual aid 视觉教具visual allesthesia 视觉异处感觉visual amnesia 文字盲visual analyzer 视觉分析器visual angle 视角visual aphasia 视觉性失语症visual area 视觉区visual arts 视觉艺术visual auditory aid 视听辅助工具visual axis 视轴visual brightness 视觉亮度visual capacity 视觉能力visual cell 视细胞visual center 视中枢visual cliff 视崖visual code 视码visual coding 视觉编码visual cognition 视觉认知visual contrast 视觉对比visual coordinate 视觉坐标visual cortex 视觉皮质visual defect 视觉缺陷visual deprivation 视剥夺visual development 视觉发展visual direction 视觉方向visual discrimination 视觉辨别visual disparity 双眼视差visual display 视觉显示visual display terminal 视觉显示终端visual display unit 视觉显示单元visual displays 视觉显示器visual disturbance 视觉障碍visual environment 视觉环境visual ergonomics 视觉工效学visual evoked potential 视觉诱发电位visual exploration 视觉探索visual fatigue 视觉疲劳visual feedback 视觉反馈visual field 视野visual field of color 彩色视野visual field of fixation 注视视野visual fixation 注视visual focusing 视觉焦距visual hallucination 幻视visual hallucination 视幻觉visual hearing 以视代听visual idea 视觉观念visual illusion 视错觉visual illusion in flight 飞行视错觉visual image 视觉表象visual imagery 视觉表象visual information 视觉信息visual information storage 视觉信息储存视觉讯息储存visual kinesthetic 视动的visual language 视觉语言visual limen 视觉阈限visual line 视线visual literacy 视觉认识能力visual masking 视觉掩蔽visual measurement 目测visual memory 视觉记忆visual meter 视觉计visual motor 视动visual motor behavior rehearsal 视觉运动行为演练visual motor gestalt test 视动完形测验视动完形测验visual movement 视觉运动visual noise 视觉噪声visual noise in tracking 追踪中的视觉干扰visual object agnosia 视觉物体失认visual organ 视觉器官visual organization 视觉组织visual pattern recognition 视觉模式辨认视觉模式辨认visual pattern recognition machine 视觉图像辨认机visual perception 视知觉visual perception of velocity 速度的视知觉visual performance 视觉功能visual photometry 视觉测光法visual pigment 视色素visual preference of neonate 新生儿的视觉偏爱visual projection 视像投射visual purple 视紫visual pursuit 视觉追踪visual range 视觉范围visual receptor 视觉感受器visual reflex 视反射visual register 视觉登记visual resolution factor 视觉分辨率visual rivalry 视觉竞争visual scanning 视觉扫描visual search 视觉搜索visual search pattern 视觉搜索模式visual sensation 视觉visual sense 视觉visual sensibility 视觉感受性visual size perception 大小视知觉visual space 视觉空间visual space agnosia 视觉空间失认visual speech area 视觉言语区visual stimulus 视觉刺激visual surround 视觉环境visual symbol 视觉符号visual system 视觉系统visual task 视觉作业visual thinking 视觉思维visual threshold 视觉阈限visual time error 视觉时间误差visual tracking 视觉跟踪visual type 视觉类型visual violet 视紫质visual white 视白质visual world 视觉世界visual yellow 视黄质visualization 视觉化visualization of geometry 几何学的视觉化visualized 直观的visually directed reaching 视觉引导伸向视觉引导伸向visually handicapped 视觉缺陷者visual auditory aid 视听辅助工具visual auditory kinesthetic tactile 多感官教学法visual kinesthetic 视动的visual spatial ability 视觉空间能力visual vocal distance 视音距visuoauditory 视听的visuognosis 视觉辨认visuometer 视力计visuopsychic 精神视觉的visuopsychic area 视觉心理区visuosensory 视觉的visuo motor flexibility 视觉运动伸缩性视觉运动伸缩性vital 生机的vital capacity 生活力vital center 生命中枢vital energy 生命力vital force 生命力vital functions 生命机能vital hardiness 生命抵抗力vital impulse 活力vital index 生命指数vital meridian 冲脉vital movement 生机运动vital of lungs capacity 肺活量vital selection 生存竞争vital statistics 生命统计vital theory 生机论vitalism 生机说vitality 活力vitaminology 维生素学vitanition 维生素缺乏性营养障碍vitium 缺陷vitodynamics 生物动态学vitreous humor 玻璃状液viva 口试vivacious type 活泼型vividness 清晰viviparous 胎生的viviperception 活体观察vivisection 活体解剖vivosphere 生存空间vl 能见度水平vmh 腹内侧下丘脑vns 自主神经系统vocabulary 词汇vocabulary quantity 词汇量vocabulary test 词汇测验vocabulary word 字汇词vocal 声音的vocal center 发声中枢vocal cord 声带vocal fremitus 语言震颤vocal register 发音音域vocal tract 声道vocalism 发声vocality 发声能力vocalization 发音vocation 职业vocational adjustment 职业适应vocational aptitude 职业能力倾向vocational aptitude test 职业能力倾向测验vocational blink 职业盲vocational choice 职业选择vocational counseling 职业咨询vocational counselors 职业咨询人员vocational development 职业发展vocational education 职业教育vocational guidance 职业指导vocational interest 职业兴趣vocational interest blank 职业兴趣问卷vocational interest blank 职业兴趣问卷职业兴趣问卷vocational interest inventory 职业兴趣量表vocational maladjustment 职业适应不良职业适应不良vocational maturity 职业成熟性vocational preference inventory 职业偏好量表vocational psychology 职业心理学vocational rehabilitation 职业更新vocational selection 职业选择vocational training 职业训练voder 语音合成器vogt s syndrome 伏格特综合症voice 声音voice controls 语音控制器voice disorder 声音障碍voice key 音键voice onset time 嗓音起始时间嗓音起始时间voice print 声纹voice sound 有音声voiceless sound 无音声voice operated controls 语音控制器voicing 牵动声带void 空虚voigt s boundary lines 伏伊特界线volatility 易变volition 意志volition act 意志行为volitional behavior 意志行为volitional behavior disturbance 意志行为障碍volitional characteristics 意志特征volitional development 意志发展volitional movement 意志行动volitional quality 意志品质volitive 意志的volitive faculty 意志力volley principle 并发原则volley theory 并发论volt 伏特voltage 电压voltammeter 伏特计volume 容量volume color 容量色volume conservation 体积守恒volume control 容量控制volumetric analysis 容量分析volumetric receptor 容积接受体volumetric thirst 容量渴voluntarism 唯意志论voluntarist 唯意志论者voluntaristic philosophy 唯意志哲学voluntaristic psychology 唯意志论心理学voluntary 随意的voluntary 自愿的voluntary action 有意动作voluntary activity 自发性活动voluntary attention 有意注意voluntary behavior 有意行为voluntary chain 自由连锁店voluntary contraction 随意收缩voluntary coordination 自发性协调voluntary hospitalization 自愿住院voluntary imagination 随意想象voluntary motion 随意运动voluntary movement 随意运动voluntary muscle 随意肌voluntary muscular tissue 随意肌组织voluntary nervous system 自主神经系统voluntary parenthood 自愿亲职voluntary response 自主性反应voluntary test 自发测验volunteer 自愿者voluntomotory 随意运动的voluptuous 激起情欲的vomeronasal organ 犁鼻器vomit 呕吐vomiting center 呕吐中枢vomiting phobia 呕吐恐怖症vomiturition 干呕vomitus cruentus 呕血von kries s law of coefficient 冯·克里斯系数法则von kries s persistence law 冯·克里斯持续律von restorff effect 冯·雷斯托夫效应von restorff effect 孤立效应voodoo 巫术voodoo death 巫术死亡vot 嗓音起始时间嗓音起始时间vowel 元音vowel cancellation task 删除元音的工作删除元音的工作voyeur 窥阴癖者voyeurism 窥阴癖vr reinforcement schedule 变动比率式强化方式vrbison illusion 奥尔比逊错觉vte 替代性尝试错误vu 容量vulgar desires 低级欲望vulgarism 粗俗vulnerability 脆弱性vλ光亮度函数。
七重外壳下的真实？
2021年1期(第5卷) 认知科学 No.1 2021 ( Vol.5 ) 七重外壳下的真实？●作者/周理乾●●单位/上海交通大学人文学院，上海，200240●DOI：10.12184/wsprzkxWSP2515-528805.20210501作者简介 周理乾（1988- ），山东临沂人，哲学博士。
现为上海交通大学人作者简介 文学院哲学系副教授，主要研究领域为信息哲学、心与认知哲学、生物学哲学、一般科学哲学。
“我已经剥掉了6层shell，谁知道还有没有第七层。
也许我得剁掉一个手指头才能证实。
”bq01王晋康，《七重外壳》，pp. 52穿戴上虚拟现实的设备后，一个人所获得的知觉是真实的，还是错误知觉（错视）（illusion）？查尔莫斯（David Chalmers）（2017）通过“镜bq01 中篇小说《七重外壳》是王晋康在1999年创作的科幻小说，在这篇小说中，主角甘又明被邀请寻找一个虚拟现实程序中可能存在的bug，也就是让一个人能够察觉是处于虚拟现实而不是现实的地方。
由于是有备而来，他发现这个程序至少设计了6层虚拟现实：当甘又明发现一层虚拟现实的bug后，会让他觉得从虚拟现实中回到现实，而实际上进入另一层虚拟现实。
《黑客帝国》实际上也蕴含了多层虚拟现实的想法，即人类反抗组织所认为的现实实际上是第二层虚拟现实。
周理乾：七重外壳下的真实？子论证”（Mirror Argument）论证，虚拟现实的知觉并不是错视。
而薛少华（2021）则利用神经科学的经验证据反驳这个论证，认为查尔莫斯的这个论证不足以支持他的观点。
本文将首先论述“镜子论证”，然后分析少华是如何挑战了这个论证并指出这个挑战对“镜子论证”不足以构成威胁。
不过，这并不意味着“镜子论证”就不存在问题。
最后一部分，我将给出我对这个论证的反驳。
查尔莫斯的“镜子论证”可以重构如下：由于认知导向，镜像知觉具有独特的现象学bq02。
镜像知觉并非错视。
基于符号执行与实际执行的二进制代码执行路径分析_崔宝江
ISSN 1000 0054CN 11 2223/N清华大学学报(自然科学版)J T sing hua Un iv (Sci &Tech),2009年第49卷第S2期2009,V o l.49,N o.S219/252186 2192基于符号执行与实际执行的二进制代码执行路径分析崔宝江1, 国鹏飞1, 王建新2(1.北京邮电大学计算机学院,北京100876; 2.北京林业大学信息学院,北京100083)收稿日期:2009 11 15基金项目:国家 八六三 高技术项目(2007AA01Z466)作者简介:崔宝江(1973 ),男(汉),山东,副教授。
E mail:cuib j@摘 要:应用符号执行方法能够获得程序输入和执行路径的对应关系,这种关系对于分析和测试程序的缺陷是十分重要的。
符号执行在针对源码的安全审计中有着成功的应用,但由于其自身的特点导致其很难应用到二进制代码的分析中。
该文提出了一种符号执行与实际执行结合的系统模型,解决了符号执行应用于二进制代码分析中的一些难点,在此基础上提出了利用符号执行进行二进制代码分析的新途径。
关键词:符号执行;机器指令解析;路径约束中图分类号:T P 309 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1000 0054(2009)S2 2186 07Binary code execution path based on symbolic and actual program executionCU I Baojiang 1,GUO Pengfei 1,W AN G Jianxin 2(1.School of C omputer Science and Technology,Beijing University of Posts and Telecom munications,Beijing 100876,China;2.School of Inf ormation of Science &Technology,Beijing Forestry University,Beijing 100083,China)Abstract:A system model that combines sy mbo lic and act ual ex ecution w as develo ped for path analyses of binary co des to f ind pr og ram bug.A debug ger was built to dynamically load a pro gr am t o obtain the binar y code.T he transformed system binary co de is tr ansfor med into ex pressions co ntaining mor e info rmation than the assembly code which are useful for sy mbo lic ex ecut ion.T he symbo lic code is then executed w ith the actual code t o obtain the path co nditions.T he symbolic ex ecut ion analysis of the ver ification test pr og ram links the prog ram s ex ecution path to its unique input.T ests sho w that the sy stem model can precisely analy ze the relationships betw een the pr og ram input and its ex ecutio n path.Key words:symbolic ex ecut ion;machine code analysis;path const rain对程序进行安全审计时,能够获得源代码当然是最好的。
4级常见同义词替换(含4级以下部分)
Part1AA range of=an array of= a list of= a collection of=a series of= a set of一系列Accelerate=speed up加速Accomplishment=achievement 成就，完成Accomplish=achieve （V）完成，达成，成就Attend=participate in 参加Achieve=obtain=gain=access to sth 得到、获得Aim.n=objective=goal 目的Aim at=focus on=concentrate on=emphasize on 集中、强调Attempt to do=try to do=intend to do尝试作，想要作Approximately=roughly=about=some=around 大约As a result=consequently=as a consequence=hence因此、从而Associate with=connect with=link with=relate to=involve in与……相关联Attach to=connect to=link to与……相连接、附着在……上At will=at random＝by chance=by accident=accidentally随意地BBe similar to=closely resembled =have something in common 相似Be used to=be devoted to专门用于Be equivalent to=be equal to 等同于Be taken aback=be surprised 吃惊CCalculate=measure 衡量Catch up with=keep pace with跟上步伐Chief=major=dominant=principle主要的Chronic=long term 慢性病的Concern n. =focus关心的问题Concept =conception=notion=idea=understanding概念、理解Confront=encounter=in the face of面临Consist of=comprise由什么组成Contribute to=result in=lead to=link to=responsible for导致Cooperate with=work with 与……协作Convert to=turn into 转为、转变为DDistract from= can not concentrate 使精力分散Diminish=decrease=shrink 减少Distinct=distinguish=different=unique不同的Distinct variety of =different kind of=separate kind of不同的Due to=because of由于Drawback=defect=ill缺点Endanger=threaten 威胁Engage in=participate in=join in 参与Establish=set up建立Evolvement=development=progress发展、发育Emphasize=stress 强调（v）Embark upon=start=launch开始Enlighten=illuminate=instruct=educate启蒙、给予知识Exceptional=extremely 特别（特别好）FFail to do=failure to do=can not do没有能够做Fault=flaw=defect错误Form=shape=mould形成Foundation=basis基础Finance=sponsor=fund 提供赞助（金钱）Free=release=set free释放Frequently=often 经常GGreat milestone=impact=effect=influence对……具有很重要的影响力Grant=give授予Gas=petrol石油HHalt=stop=hamper(v.) 阻止、使停滞Hurdle=barrier(n.) 阻碍IIdentical=the same一模一样Imitate=impersonate模仿Incline to do=tend to do倾向于做某事Indicate=show=suggest=signify=identify表明In reaction to=respond to 对……起反应KKey (a.)=important=significant=crucial=essential=play a vital/ an important part/role in重要的，关键的Key (n.)=approach=means=method=technique方法LLikelihood=possibility可能性Master=grasp 掌握Match sth to=assign sth to把……和……搭配起来Misconception=misunderstanding=mistaken view错误的理解Modify=change=alter修改、改变NNature=character=characteristics本质、特点Novel a.=fresh=new=up to date 新潮的、创新的Numerous= a number of 许多OOwing to=thanks to =contribute to多亏……，有赖于……PPreserve=store 储存Prevailing=popular=prevalent 盛行的Present day=modern society 现代社会、现在时代Produce=trigger=generate=spawn=bring about=result=breed激发、产生Provide=offer 提供Protect A from B =shelter A from B 使A不受B的侵害QQuestionnaire=survey 问卷调查RRely on=depend on 依靠……Remarkable=extraordinary 特别突出的（好的事物）Replace=take the place of 取代Resemble=like=as像SSignificance=importance 重要性State=Situation=circumstance 状况,状态,情形Striking=noticeable值得注意地Struggle for=strive for 努力地争取Substantial=considerable 相当可观的Success=achievement=great outcome=great progress=huge development成功、成就Surprising=unexpectedly uncommon令人吃惊的Tale=story=fairytale 故事Talent=gift 天赋Turn to=consult 寻求帮助、求助于UUnbiased=without prejudice 无立场、不带任何偏见的Up to=depend on/upon=rely on 由……决定Universal=popular普遍VVirtue=advantage=strength 优点好处WWork out=figure out=reckon 计算出、作出Part 2AA band of= a herd of=a flock of 一群A range of=an array of= a list of= a collection of=a series of= a set of一系列Accelerate=speed up加速Accomplishment=achievement 成就，完成Accomplish=achieve （V）完成，达成，成就Attend=participate in 参加Achieve=obtain=gain=access to sth 得到、获得Adapt to=integrate into使适应、融为一体Aim (.n)=objective=goal 目的Aim at=focus on=concentrate on=emphasize on 集中、强调An array of=a list of =a set of=a series of 一系列Attempt to do=try to do=intend to do尝试作，想要作Approximately=roughly=about=some=around 大约Appreciation=interest 欣赏As a result=consequently=as a consequence=hence因此、从而As well as=and和As well=too也Associate with=connect with=link with=relate to=involve in与……相关联Attach to=connect to=link to=serve与……相连接、附着在……上At will=at random＝by chance=by accident=accidentally随意地Automatically ensure=guarantee确保BBe similar to=closely resembled =have something in common 相似Be used to=be devoted to专门用于Be equivalent to=be equal to 等同于Be taken aback=be surprised 吃惊Briskly =rapidly=swiftly快速地CCalculate=measure 衡量Catch up with=keep pace with跟上步伐Chief=major=dominant（统治的、突出的）=principle主要的Chronic=long term 慢性病的Complain=illness 病症Concern n. =focus关心的问题Concern v. =about 与……有关Concept =conception=notion=idea=understanding概念、理解Condition=regulate 调节Confront=encounter=in the face of面临Concern = care关心Consist of=comprise由什么组成Concur（同意、同时发生）with sb=agree with sb 同意某人Contaminate=pollute=poison 污染Contend（声称、主张）=assert=claim断言Contribute to=result in=lead to=link to=responsible for导致Cooperate with=work with 与……协作Convert to=turn into 转为、转变为Crop up=crop out=come up 出现DDegenerated=underdeveloped退化Distract from= can not concentrate 使精力分散Deadly=fateful 致命的Diminish=decrease=shrink 减少Distort（歪曲）reality=far from reality=dishonest不真实的Distinction=difference=dissimilarrity 不同之处Distinct=distinguish=different=unique不同的Distinct variety of =different kind of=separate kind of不同的Distinguish=tell辨别Due to=because of由于Drawback=defect=ill缺点EEat=feed 喂食，进食Endanger=threaten 威胁Engage in=participate in=join in 参与Establish=set up建立Establish=find out=figure out=work out查明Evolvement=development=progress发展、发育Emphasize=stress 强调（v）Embark（乘船、装载）upon=start=launch开始Enlighten=illuminate=instruct=educate启蒙、给予知识Entire=whole 全部Exceptional=extremely 特别（特别好）FFail to do=failure to do=can not do没有能够做Far from=not at all根本不Fault=flaw=defect错误Form=shape=mould形成Foundation=basis基础Finance=sponsor=fund 提供赞助（金钱）Free=release=set free释放Frequently=often 经常GGreat milestone=impact=effect=influence对……具有很重要的影响力Grant=give授予Gas=petrol石油HHold=harbor=embrace拥有Halt=stop=hamper (v.) 阻止、使停滞Hurdle=barrier (n.) 阻碍IIdentical=the same一模一样Imitate=impersonate模仿Incline to do=tend to do倾向于做某事Indicate=show=suggest=signify=identify表明Identify=recognize鉴别In reaction to=respond to 对……起反应Interpret=illustrate解释Introduce to=import to引入KKey (adj.) =significant=crucial=essential=play a vital/ an important part/role in 重要关键的Key (n.)=approach=means=method=technique方法LLikelihood=possibility可能性Link-up=connection 联系MMaster=grasp 掌握Match sth to=assign sth to把……和……搭配起来Misconception=misunderstanding=mistaken view错误的理解Modify=change=alter修改、改变Manifestation=demonstration 显示、表明Nature=character=characteristics本质、特点Non-toxic= less poisonous=safe 无毒的、安全的Novel a.=fresh=new=up to date 新潮的、创新的Numerous= a number of 许多OOwing to=thanks to =contribute to多亏……，有赖于……PPattern=format形式，模式Pattern=design图案Pore over=study 研究Poisonous=toxic 有毒的Portray=describe描写塑造(v.)Portrait=description描写塑造(n.)Preserve=store 储存Prevailing=popular=prevalent 盛行的Present day=modern society 现代社会、现在时代Prodigious effort=enormous effort重大的努力Produce=trigger=generate=spawn=bring about=result=breed=spawn激发、产生Provide=offer 提供Protect A from B =shelter A from B 使A不受B的侵害QQuestionnaire=survey 问卷调查Readily=easily=accessible 容易地Reflect=consider考虑Relate to=understand=appreciate理解Rely on=depend on 依靠……Remarkable=extraordinary 特别突出的（好的事物）Replace=take the place of 取代Residue=remains=relics=relicts=ruins剩余物、废墟Resemble=like=as像SShow=reflect表现Significance=importance 重要性State=Situation=circumstance 状况,状态,情形Striking=noticeable值得注意地Struggle for=strive for 努力地争取Substantial=considerable 想当可观的Success=achievement=great outcome=great progress=huge development成功、成就Surprising=unexpectedly uncommon令人吃惊的TTake to=be used to=get used to 对……习惯Tale=story=fairytale 故事Talent=gift 天赋Tuition=formal teaching正式的学校教育Turn to=consult 寻求帮助、求助于Toxic=poisonous 有毒的UUnbiased=without prejudice 无立场、不带任何偏见的Up to=depend on/upon=rely on 由……决定Universal=popular普遍VVirtue=advantage=strength 优点好处WWork out=figure out=reckon 计算出、作出11. Concern with = relate to 与有关2. grow= increase= rise3. Under the title=name4. tend to do sth = plane to do sth/ want to do sth5. be associated with = be connected with = be linked to 与…有关联6. approach = method = way = key7. establish= found = set up8. offer sb sth =supply sb with sth =provide sb with sth= grant9. argument= disagreement work = masterpiece 著作10. contract = agreement合同，合约11. chaos = mess 混乱12. help sb with = assist sb in doing sth=reach a hand to sb帮助某人作某事13. draw from = take from14. competitor= rival15. intensely= extremely = very16. establishment = organization17. no= without = have no 没有18. monument= landmark里程碑19. leading = outstanding20. recognize as = look/assume as21. concentrate on = focus on22. achievement =success21. dislike=distaste `test = examine2. effect= impact=influence from…to = range from…to…3. ignore = neglect `as per=according to4. unfold= carry on `be reluctant to do=reject=refuse5. before = prior to `analyze=closely examine6. predict = estimate =anticipate obey= abide by = comply with7. account for= explain= elucidate=illustrate in essence = in fact=indeed8. discrepancy=difference=shade forgo=give up9. context /circumstance/situation `occur=happen10. radical different=extremely different put another way=in other words11. sort out= find out= figure out plausible = reasonable12. fear=worry pollute = contaminate13. predict= anticipate=forecast overstate = exaggerate14. in great number of = in _____ number of actually=indeed15. disappear= extinct灭绝 seem to do =assume to do16. solve = cope with=deal with解决 accelerate = speed up17. impact = effect =influence response to = react to18. opinion poll= survey reason = factor 原因、因素19. entitle= nameoverwhelming=dominant20. field =domain 学科领域域 oppose=against21. for example=such as=for instance=say altruistic=non-selfish22. lead to=result in 导致extremely=seriously 严重地23. perception = view 观点、看法 association=society协会24. encounter with = face=confront面对 postpone to=delay25. pressing=urgent紧急、急迫 measure=solution=method解决方法26. key=crucial =significant=importmant detect=examine27. but=yet enormous importance=great/significant28. launch=start derive from = get from29. revert to= get back to distinction=identity30. immense =great in the domain of=in the field of31. couple with = along with amass dollar=accumulate dollar32. essential feature = principle seize=grasp33. innovative=fresh drab=dull/single34. entirely=totally be restricted to=be limited to35. needs=demand considerable=substantial36. dub=call=name reflex=reaction/response37. result from=originate from be critical for = be important to38. demanding=difficultretune=adjust39. seek for =search for outlook=view40. figure out = find out track=follow41. in response to=respond to = react to trigger=produce42. prominence=importance revolution=invention43. in relation to= in association withsociety = association44. treatise=work feature=characteristics45. commercial exploitation =commercialize do with=due to=because of46. objective = impersonal=impartial foster=develop47. account=explanation=illustration substantial=consider=enough48. be acknowledged=be realized pilot program=trial program49. configuration=structure phenomenal=surprising50. make stride=make progress regardless of=despite of51. perpetuate=keep=maintain access to sth=get sth52. vital importance=extremely important induce=encourage53. rest=depositartificial=manmade54. make a comeback=return=re-enter big=popular55. ignite=trigger a field of=a domain of56. encompass=unify imply=indicate57. breakthrough=milestone around the corner=is coming58. materialize=realize tide=trend59. agency=organization reckon=deem60. approach=method spot=find out61. boost=promote prospect=future62. feature=portray elusive=pessimistic63. match up to sth=equalwith impressive=great impact=effect=influence fragile=vuln erable64. indigenous people=native people tend to=look after65. undermine=destroy=damage inevitable=unavoidable66. renaissance=revive for instance=for example67. operate=run regardless=in spite of68. failure=incident rare=unusually69. tension=pressure compression=pressure70. prime=get ready to do inclusion=impurity。
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Argument真实 1 argument就应该这样写(二)！！！
我的每个帖子都是很辛苦的，并且这些经验的获得也是我长期思考的结果 我也希望我的见解能够帮助更多的朋友 所以我首先恳请斑竹，能把他们加做精华，也请看帖的朋友能支持 *************************************************** 自从写了上个帖子， http://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthre ... type%26typeid%3D100 很多朋友都给我发信问问题 也都很苦恼怎么才能写好
我帮着改作文的同学，也似乎只是稍微有所长进 离最后的熟练差别很大
由于我帮2个同学改，今天，我发现在一个题目上，他们都出现过很大的问题 我感觉到这个应该不是个单独现象 很多朋友应该也会有这样的问题 特拿出来给大家分享 我恳请大家能看完，因为我知道这个对你们中的大多数人绝对有很大的帮助
Argument17: The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Walnut Grove town newspaper. 'Walnut Grove's town council has advocated switching from EZ Disposal (which has had the contract for trash collection services in Walnut Grove for the past ten years) to ABC Waste, because EZ recently raised its monthly fee from $2,000 to $2,500 a month, whereas ABC's fee is still $2,000. But the town council is mistaken; we should continue using EZ. EZ collects trash twice a week, while ABC collects only once. Moreover, EZ—which, like ABC, currently has a fleet of 20 trucks—has ordered additional trucks. Finally, EZ provides exceptional service: 80 percent of respondents to last year's town survey agreed that they were 'satisfied' with EZ's performance.'
在这里我请求大家花点时间思考下，你自己的话，你会怎么写 然后再看我下面的内容
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我不知道大家是怎么写的 但是我两个同学写的文章简直如出一辙！！！
攻击的3段内容是： Argument真实 2 1。 the arguer fails to provide necessary and confident evidence about whether the residents of Walnut Grove care more about the frequency of the trash collection than the amount of money they paid 2。the fact that EZ has ordered additional trucks tells us little about EZ’s performance 3。the argument depends on a survey that 80 percent of respondents to last year’s town survey agreed that they were ‘satisfied’ with EZ’s performance.
请大家扪心自问，自己是不是也是这样想的 我可以大胆的猜测至少60%的人是这么写的。 那么我请问，你这样的逻辑攻击，能和别人有区别么？ 那么多人，和你采用的都是一样的论调 凭什么你的就能得高分，别人的就比较低？ 因为你写的多？你写的熟练？ 那我请问，你一个月后，写得更多了更熟练了，你再写这个文章你能涨多少分？ 你再找理由能找出什么新的，好的理由来？ 恐怕不能吧。。。
再看这些攻击的提纲 我不知道大家是不是有个感觉，发现自己有点在“找歪理” 比如这个“EZ公司一个礼拜收2次，abc收1次垃圾” 我不知道有多少人是不关心这个收垃圾的频率 我不知道在夏天，1个礼拜的垃圾是不是会发臭到，让人难以忍受
在比如这个“EZ公司和abc一样有20辆汽车，并且会预定更多的汽车” 我实在看不出，一个公司汽车多些有什么不好 我同学居然能说出，这些汽车也许不是运垃圾的 。。。 我不知道在这样成篇说垃圾的文章里面，作者会愚蠢到说不运垃圾的汽车
我不知道在现实生活中，有谁给你说出这样的话 你不是在觉得无理取闹。。。 比如，你告诉你朋友，请a清洁工去她家做工吧，a在自己家干过，手脚干净，干活麻利 然后你朋友说“你凭什么说a就一定好？在你家干活麻利，手脚干净，怎么就一定能说在我家也这样？再说了，我家条件比你家好，你凭什么说，他就不会见财起贪心？” 试问，遇到这样的朋友，你还会和他继续说下去么 但是，你发现没有？这样“不讲道理”的话，就是常常出现在你arguement里面的话。
我不得不说，即便这样的攻击，不是在找歪理，那么也是圈定了一个非常小的范围，来指出在这样的情况下，作者的论述是错误的。 但是。。。你觉得一个苹果上的一个小伤口，能导致整个苹果都不能吃么？ Argument真实 3 显然不是的啊。 或者说，大家是不是承认，如果有个写的很好的arguement，应该是很能让人信服的，他说的道理应该是能为我们大家接受的，是不是？ 如果是这样的话，那写一些只有“歪理”的arguement你能算是一个好arguement么？ 在我看来，完全算不上！！！
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说到这里，我想大家已经应该有点感觉了 这个感觉是，arguement的好坏在于能让人信服的程度
那什么话才是“讲道理”的呢 再说那个帮朋友介绍清洁工的例子，如果你朋友告诉你”哦，但是我老公已经找了个回来了“ 或者说”我们家房子比你们小的多拉，就40平方，我自己一个人做就行了，没必要找个清洁工“
大家发现了没有，区分哪些理由是讲道理的，哪些是无理取闹的 就基于一个标准，那个就是你究竟是在一个限定很小的范围里面去攻击，还是一个很大，大家都认可的范围里面去说 如果是后者，大家都认可的范围里面，你能说出这个观点的问题，那么ok~~~你就能说服人。
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回到这个题目上来 那怎么写呢，才是讲道理的呢？？？
这个就又得回到，我上个文章介绍的，大家应该遵守的从大往小的写法 也就是找到整个文章逻辑链的写法。
这个文章的逻辑链是什么？？？ 我同学，说的很简单 结论：we should continue using EZ 证据1：EZ collects trash twice a week, while ABC collects only once 证据2：EZ—which, like ABC, currently has a fleet of 20 trucks—has ordered additional trucks 证据3：80 percent of respondents to last year's town survey agreed that they were 'satisfied' with EZ's performance. Argument真实 4 是这样的逻辑链么？？？ 那我请问，整个文章的开始部分怎么就没了啊？？？ 那么大一段啊我数了啊49个字，总共题目的正文只有109个字啊 你就这么不写了？？？ 就是因为你没有找到这个里面的逻辑问题？ 就是因为这里说的ez公司的反面，是不选择他的理由，是结论的对立面，所以你就不写了？？？ 但是在这里我得告诉大家，就在这个你们都忽视，都不写，都没东西可写的地方，就是这个文章最大毛病的所在，最关键的地方就在这里！！！
我告诉了你这个地方出现了非常重大的，以至于说出来能得到大家广泛认同的，并非歪理的逻辑问题。傻眼了？？？那你再找找，你找到了么？？？
如果你找不到，那你就有必要好好思考下自己以前写的文章了，也应该好好思考下自己以后要写的文章了。
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那怎么找？我的方法就是顺着逻辑链，顺藤摸瓜 这个地方我再贴下文章原文 'Walnut Grove's town council has advocated switching from EZ Disposal (which has had the contract for trash collection services in Walnut Grove for the past ten years) to ABC Waste, because EZ recently raised its monthly fee from $2,000 to $2,500 a month, whereas ABC's fee is still $2,000. But the town council is mistaken; we should continue using EZ. EZ collects trash twice a week, while ABC collects only once. Moreover, EZ—which, like ABC, currently has a fleet of 20 trucks—has ordered additional trucks. Finally, EZ provides exceptional service: 80 percent of respondents to last year's town survey agreed that they were 'satisfied' with EZ's performance.' 首先有一点是非常明确的 文章的结论是：But the town council is mistaken; we should continue using EZ. 结论后面的3个证据是很明显的。但是正如我上个文章所说，关键不是看出来这个是证据，而是看出来，它们是谁的证据！！！ http://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthre ... type%26typeid%3D100 接着就是前面一大块。