词汇学复习资料
词汇学复习重点
词汇学复习重点1. jargon------Jargon refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves such as in business.2. translation loans------Translation loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.3. Renaissance------ It is a European movement of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics.4. Allomorph------ one of the variants of the same morpheme5. inflectional affix------ an affix that indicates grammatical relationships6. acronyms------the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations special noun phrases and technical terms7. back-formation------the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes8. polygsemy------ Polysemy means that one single word has two or more senses at the same time.9. morpheme------ It is a minimal meaningful unit of a language, or it is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.10. grammatical meaning------that part of the meaning of the word indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms.11. homonym------Homonyms are words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.12. reference------what a linguistic form refers to in the real word. It is the relationship between language and the world13. semantic field------ Semantic field is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as a system of interrelated lexical networks.14. motivation------ the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.15. conceptual meaning------ the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.16. amelioration------or elevation, a process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.17. transfer------ a process whereby words which were used to designate one thing have changed to mean something else.1.Discuss the major characteristics of Basic word stock with examples.Basic word stock contains the following characteristics:All national character: Words of the basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us, which are indispensable to all the people who speak the language.Stability: As they denote the commonest things necessary to life, they are likely to remain unchanged. Stability, however, is only relative.Productivity: Words of the basic word stock are most root words or monosyllabic words; They can form new words with other roots and affixesPolysemy: Words belonging to the basic word stock often possess more than one meaning because most of them have undergone semantic changes in the course of use and become polysemous.Collocability: Many words of the basic word stock have strong collocability.2.What are the major modes of modern vocabulary expansion and give yourexamples.The major modes are creation, semantic change and borrowing.Creation refers to the formation of new words by using existing materials, namely roots, affixes, and other elements. Semantic change means an old form, which takes on a new meaning to meet the new , such as mouse and web. Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of vocabulary, particularly in earlier times. Borrowed words constitute merely six to seven percent of all new words. Creation:词根词缀构成新词semantic change: the word angel is an example. The word is the name of a spiritual being, now, it has a new meaning used to refer to a radar echo caused by something not visually discernible.Borrowing:From French language, English has taken such words as: auteur, black humor, limoFrom German language, English has taken such words as: humoresqueFrom Chinese language, English has taken such words as: Kung fu, wok 3.What are the inflectional affixes frequently used in English? Discuss themeaning each of them indicates.-(e)s— plural number-(e)s— third- person singular present tense-(e)d— past tense -ing— progressive aspect-er— comparative degree-est— superlative degree-'s— possessive case4.How compounds differ from free phrases? Give examples to dwell on this point. phonetic features. In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the first element whereas in noun phrases the second element is generally stressed if there is only one stress. In cases of two stresses, the compound has the primary stress on the first element and the secondary stress, if any, on the second whereas the opposite is true of free phrases, e.g. “a ′green room”is a compound, while “a green ′room”is a free phrase.semantic features. Compounds are different from free phrases in semantic unity. For example, “a green hand”is an “inexperienced person”.Grammatical features.A compound tends to play a single grammatical role in a sentence, for example verb, a noun or an adjective. “Bad-mouth”used as a verb can take the third person singular-s.5.Both back-formation and back-clipping are ways of making words by removingthe endings of words. Explain their differences.Back-formation is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixed. It is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. For example, “loafer” may be assumed to derive from the verb “loaf” on the analogy of known derivatives, such as “swimmer” from “swim” or “driver” from “drive”. By removing the supposed suffixes -er from “loafer”, a verb “loaf” is coined. Back-clipping is different. The deletion occurs at the end of word. Both the original long word and its short form remain in the same word class.6.What is the relationship between concept and meaning?Meaning and concept are closely connected but not identical. They are both related directly to referents and are notions of the words but belong to different categories. Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. It is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on whereas meaning belongs to language, so is restricted to language use. A concept can have as many referring expressions as there are languages in the world . Even in the same language, the same concept can be expressed in different words.7.What is the relationship between grammatical meaning and lexical meaning? Grammatical meanings refer to that part of the meaning of the world which indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms. Grammatical meaning of a word becomes important only when it is used in actual context. Different lexical items, which have different lexical meanings, may have the same grammatical meaning, on the other hand, the same word may have different grammatical meanings. Lexical meaning and grammatical meaning make up the word meaning. It is known that grammatical meaning surfaces only in use .But lexical meaning is constant in all the content words within or without context as it is related to the notion that a word conveys.8.What is the difference between homonyms and polysemants? How todifferentiate them?The difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fact that homonyms refer to different words which happen to share the same form and the latter is the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings. One important criterion is to see their etymology. Homonyms are from different sources whereas a polysemant is from the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development. The second principle consideration is semantic relatedness. The various meanings of a polysemant are correlated and connected to one centralmeaning to a greater or lesser degree. On the other hand, meanings of different homonyms have nothing to do with one another. In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meaning all listed under one headwork while homonyms are listed as separate entries.9.Discuss some of the characteristics of antonyms.1) antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition2) a word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym3) antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. Pairs of antonyms are seen as marked and unmarked terms respectively.4) contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite.10.What are the causes of semantic changes? Illustrate your point. .There are many causes of semantic change. The main causes include extra-linguistic factors and linguistic factors. In extra-linguistic factors. There are historical reasons, class reasons, and psychological reasons. In linguistic factors, there are shortening of phrases, influx of borrowings and analogy.。
现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter10
Chapter10 English Idioms⏹10.1 Introductory Remarks⏹10.2 Sources of English Idioms⏹10.3 Classification of Idioms⏹10.4 Syntactic, structural and stylistic analysis of idioms10.1 Introductory Remarks♦Idiom: is a combination of two or more words which are usually structurally fixed and semantically opaque, and function as a single unit of meaning.♦English idiom: is a group of words with a special meaning different from the meanings of its constituent words.eg. a feather in sb.’s cap –an honour ,success ,of which one can be prouddraw a blank–to fail to discover or find out about sth. after searching hard and asking many questions .*Idioms are usually semantically opaque, i.e. metaphorical rather than literal.An idiom functions as a unit of meaning.♦Features: a. semantic opaqueness; b. structural invariability.♦English idioms form an essential part of the general vocabulary.Idioms reflect the environment, life, history and culture of the native speakers, and are closely associated with their innermost spirit and feeling.10.2 Sources of English IdiomsMany idiomatic expressions come from:1)Everyday life of the English people;eg. to keep one’s shirt on要有耐心; 别紧张; 指不要紧张t o give sb. the cold shoulder冷落某人2)Agricultural life;eg. to go to seed花谢结子; 走下坡路; 花谢结籽to lead sb. up the garden path迷惑某人,使某人产生错觉,花言巧语3)Nautical and military life;eg. be in the same boat with同舟共济to be in deep waters陷入困境4)Business life;eg. to come under the hammer将要落锤to talk shop三句不离本行5)Student life;eg. to speak by the book引经据典to turn over a new leaf重新开始(改过自新,过新生活)6)Food and cooking;eg. to keep the pot boiling仅足糊口;苟延残喘to be in the soup陷入困境7)Sports and cad-playing;eg. to keep the ball rolling不使中断to reach first base取得初步成就8)The Bible;eg. a thorn in the flesh肉中刺,眼中钉,烦恼的根源to turn the other cheek忍气吞声t he apple of one’s eyes掌上明珠9)Shakespeare’s plays;eg. to flutter the dovecotes扰乱鸽棚to give the Devil his due勿掩恶人善，平心而论10)fables, myths or legends.eg. sour grapes（指某人因得不到某物而称该事物不好）酸葡萄the lion’s share（最大份额或最大的一份）狮子的份额10.3 Classification of IdiomsThere are several criteria of classification of idioms. We classify them by structural criterion.A.Phrase idioms 短语成语According to the central word , they may subdivided into:1.Verb phrase idiom*a)All common English verbs, most of which are of native Anglo-Saxon origin, can combine with adverbs and prepositions to form phrasal verbs.b)Most of the verb phrase idioms are often nearly synonymous with loan words of Roman origin.c)Verb phrase idioms can form noun compounds.d)Phrasal verbs usually more lively and expressive than single verbs.eg. fall flat大失所望; 残败bite the hand that feeds one以怨报德2. Noun phrase idiomThe commonest functions of noun phrase idioms:a)As the direct object of a clause;b)As the complement of a clause;c)As the object of a preposition.eg. a baker’s dozen 十三个Jack of all trades 万事通; 万金油3. Adjective phrase idiomThe commonest function of adjective phrase idioms is as complement of a clause.eg. high and mighty盛气凌人;趾高气扬wide of the mark毫不沾边4. Prepositional phrase idiomFunctions of prepositional phrase idioms are:a)As an adjunct modifying a verb; 附属修饰语b)As a complement;补语c)As a complement or adjunct;d)As a disjunct; 分离判断语，附加语e)As a connecting phrase.B.Clause idioms 无主语从句成语Most of these idioms are terse, colloquial, vivid and changed with life.1.Verb + complement pattern2.Verb + direct object pattern3.Verb + direct object + complement pattern4.Verb + indirect object + direct object pattern5.Verb + direct object + adjunct patternC.Sentence idioms句子成语1.Proverbs;2.Typical conversational expressionseg. Upon my word! 我敢担保!Well begun is half done.半途而废Kill the goose that laid the golden egg. 毁掉财路; 杀鸡取卵10.4 Syntactic, structural and stylistic analysis of idiomsA. syntactic function 句法的功能1.The syntactic function of most phrase idioms usually corresponds with the central word or components.2.The syntactic function of some phrase idioms can vary.3.Prepositional phrase idioms have very diverse functions.4.noun + noun phrases have diverse functions.eg. He has a gift of the gab.(the ability to talk readily and easily )B. transformational restrictions 结构转换的限制性Transformation is a matter of structural change, and the change may be of various kinds.1.Some verb phrases may change word order.2.Some cannot change their word order.3.Some verb phrases may be passivized, but some can not.4.Most of the clause idioms cannot be put into the passive voice, while some of them can be used either way.5.The direct object usually does not undergo passive transformation; only the indirect object can be passivized.6.Some clause idioms may be made passive with a meaning quite different from what it had in the active form.C. Collocative restrictions 搭配限制1. Words collocate with idioms as the subjects, objects, predicates etc. of different types of phrase and clause idioms.2. Some idioms have a wide range of collocates while some have a limited choice.3. For some idioms, one has to consider which collocates will serve as adjuncts.D. Structural variability结构变化Idioms are structurally fixed, and as a rule one are not supposed to change any element in an idiomatic expression. But it is not unusual for writers to give a new twist to an old saying by making slight changes for rhetorical effect.Some ways of alteration in idioms:1. The replacement of one element by another without affecting the meaning of the whole.2. Insertion of one or more words into an idiomatic expression without changing its basic meaning.3. Deletion of one or more words, especially articles.E. Stylistic features文体特征1. Most idioms are stylistically neutral;2. But some of them belong to informal spoken English;3. Some idiom phrases are slangy.。
词汇学复习重点
第一章1.word : 1简单意义：a word is a minimal unit/form in/of a sentence2.完整意义：a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.2.vocabulary定义四个要素：1.refer to the total number of the words in a language.2.it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period.3.refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. 4个要素：language, time, space, person.3.sound and form 1.关系：the symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional.2.more and more different 原因：1,the number of alphabet cannot describe the English sounds one by one.2, sounds develop faster than the written form.3.the scribes deliberately change the written form for being easily recognized.4.the printing machine fixed the written form.5.borrowed words make the gap wider. 4.motivation分类：1.onomatopec motivation.(Refers to the motivated aspect of motivation which means the words are created by imitation the natural sounds or noise. 2. morphological motivation(refers to the motivated aspect of motivation which means the words created by using existing language materials ,as roots, affixes, etc).3.semantic motivation(refers to the motivated aspect of motivation in which the new meanings are given to existing words by mentalassaiations.4.etymological motivation(refers to the motivated aspect of motivation by which the new meanings can directly tell the origin of the word.)4.word meaning 分类：4. “All national character”is the most important of all the features that may differentiate words of common use from all others.basic word stock基础词汇：1.all national character(全民性，必须有)2.stability 3.productivity 4.polysemy(一词多义)5.collocability(可搭配性) –5．Nonbasic vocabulary. 1。
英语词汇学复习大纲整理
1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念1.1 the definition of a word（： (1) a minimal free form of a language ； (2) a sound unity ； (3） a unit of meaning; （4） a form that can function alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function 。
）1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional 。
A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question.1.3 sound and form : 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇nonbasic vocabulary非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇by notion 按概念分：content words and functional words实义词和功能词by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性terminology 术语jargon 行话slang 俚语argon 黑话dialectal words 方言词archaism 古语词neologism 新词neutral in style 文体上中性frequent in use 使用频繁native words本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词aliens 异形词translation-loans 译借词1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obviouscharacteristics明显的特点(Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation betweennotions, words, etc.)2D e v e l o p m e n tIt is assumed that the world has approximately 3, 000 (some put it 5, 000 ) languages, which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar。
英语词汇学知识点整理
英语词汇学知识点整理词汇期末复习（C1-C7）Chapter 1⼀、Word 词的定义(1) a minimal free form（最⼩的⾃由形式）(2) a sound unity(3) a semantic unity（meaning）(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.（具有句法功能）⼆、Vocabulary词汇的定义All the words in a language make up what is generally known as vocabulary.⼀般来说，词汇指的是⼀种语⾔⾥所有单词的总和。
词的总和构成语⾔的词汇。
词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。
三、Sound&Meaning发⾳和意义The connection between the sound (form) and meaning is arbitrary (任意的) and conventional. ⼆者的关系是约定俗成、随意的四、Sound & Form发⾳和形式(1)The written form of a natural language is the orthographical（正字的）record of the oralform.⾃然语⾔的书写形式是⼝语形式的书写记录。
(2)The reasons of differences occur between sound and form: 发⾳与形式不同的原因：①English alphabet was adopted from the Romans 英语字母表来⾃罗马②the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. 发⾳改变快速③Differences created by professional scribes. 专业抄写员的不同④More differences brought by the continuing change of sounds and the standardization of spelling.发⾳不断变化，书写标准化。
词汇学复习
第一单元英语词汇概说1.词是语音、形态和意义的统一体，音和形是词的物质外壳，意义是词的物质内容。
Word is the combination of pronunciation, morphology and meaning.2.词是在口语和书面语中能独立、自由使用的并具备完整意义的语言最小单位。
Word is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit that can be used on its own in oral and written language.3.词汇（vocabulary, lexicon）: collection of words4.词汇是语言（language）的基本要素（语音、语法、词汇）之一。
Pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary5.Active vocabulary（积极性词汇）: speaking/writing vocabularyPassive vocabulary（消极性词汇）: reading/guessing vocabulary6.词汇学（lexicology）: the science of wordsLexicology is the branch of linguistics that investigates, describes and theorizes about vocabulary. 作为语言学的一个分支，词汇学对词汇进行调查研究、描述并予以理论化。
第二、三单元英语基本构词法1.词素（morpheme）是语言中语音和语义的最小结合体。
Morpheme is the minimum unit of meaning.2.构词法（1）词缀法（affixation/derivation派生法）Prefixation 前缀法；Suffixation 后缀法Prefix do not generally change the world-class(词性) of the stem but only modify its meaning.(except “en-”, ”be-”, ”a-”) 三个可以决定词性的前缀Suffix mainly change the word-class ( except “less”)（2）复合法（compounding或composition）→复合词compound（3）转化法（conversion）也叫功能转换法（functional shift）或转移法（transmutation）（4）缩略法（abbreviation或shortening）·截短词clipped wordsapocope截除词尾，aphaeresis 截除词首front and back clipping截除首尾，syncope截除词腰·首字母缩略词initialisms·首字母拼音词acronyms·拼缀词blending e.g. stagflation = stagnation + inflation注：Acronym differ from initialism in that they are pronouncedas words rather than as sequences of letter.（5）逆生法（back formation）e.g. laser为首字母拼音词，因词尾形似后缀-er，则逆生出动词lase。
词汇学复习提纲
Part 1从B栏中选出A栏各词的释义:A1. word_____2. lexis______3. lexicon ____4. vocabulary _____5. glossary________6. phrase ____7. expression _____8. diction______9. collocation ______10. p hraseology______11. morphology _____12. l exicology _______13. etymology_______14. lexicography______15. lexical semantics______ Ba) a list of the difficult words used in a piece of writing or subject, with explanations of their meaningsb) a group of words that form a unit within a clausec)unclassified linguistic unit of any length: words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs, etc. the choice of words usedin a speech or piece of writingd)words in general known, learnt, used, etc. or a list of words, usually in alphabetical ordere)and with explanations of their meaningsf)all the words and phrases in a language or a dictionaryg)all the words in a languageh)the smallest unit of spoken or written language which has meaning and can stand alonei)the study of origins and development of wordsj)the writing and making of dictionariesk)the study of words and their meaningsl)the study of meanings and uses of wordsm)the study of how words are formed in a languagen)the words and phrases used in a particular profession or activity, or a particular way of putting words together to express somethingo) a group of words which “naturally” go together through common usageKeys：1. h 2. g 3. f 4. e 5. a 6. b 7. c 8.d 9. o 10.n 11.m 12.l13.i 14. j 15. kPart 2.借助词典将下列与词汇学有关的英语单词或词组翻译成汉语：1. acronym2. antonym3. Synonym4. hyponym5. affix6. morpheme7. lexeme8. Idiom9. collocates 10.function words11.content words 12. corpus 13. corpus linguistics 14. lexical chunks 15. Polysemy16. wording 17. word class 18. HeadwordKeys: 1.首字母缩略词 2.反义词 3.同义词4.下义词5.词缀6.词素、语素7.词位、词汇单位8.习语、成语、熟语9.搭配词10.功能词11.实词12.语料库13.语料库语言学 14.词块15. 一词多义16.措辞、用词17.词类18.词目Part 3. 选择与所给词意义相近的正确答案：1. calamity A. disaster B. stormC. conferenceD. breeze2. comprehensive A. accidental B. including muchC. delicateD. small3. venture A. turn aside B. urgeC. misrepresentD. risk4. conventional A. large B. at a conferenceC. outstandingD. ordinary5. enhance A. reject B.getC. improveD. free6. attribute A. admiration B. programC. diseaseD. quality7. dispatch A. recall B. removeC. sendD. plant8. exemplify A. construct B. representC. planD. test9. concurrent A. apart B. happening togetherC. northD. off-and-on10. recession A. parade B. amusementC. giving inD. business decline11. predominant A. smallest B. most noticeableC. having a tendencyD. hidden12. default A. jump B. fail to do somethingrequiredC. do automaticallyD. seize13. sanctuary A. opinion B. hardshipC. place of safetyD. something complicated14. degenerate A. give up B. improveC. stay the sameD. worsen15. implausible A. possible B. hard to believeC. imaginaryD. historical16. incoherent A. not logical B. well-spokenC. quietD. unable to read17. obsolete A. current B. difficult to believeC. out-of-dateD. not sold18. encounter A. meeting B. totalC. departureD. attack19. discern A. see clearly B. deviseC. rule outD. consider20. tangible A. more than normal B. touchableC. hiddenD. orderlyPart 4. 写出下列首字母缩略词的汉语意思：1. WHO2. ASEAN3. WTO4. GATT5.PLO6. EEC7. IP 8. IT 9. WWW 10. CPU 11.PNP 12. CAI13. ISP 14. WPS 15. PM16. GM 17. TP 18. PA19. VIP 20. CEO 21. GMT 22. IOC 23. CIA 24. BBC 25. ID 26. TB 27. SST28. VOA 29. NBA 30. FBIPart 5写出下列首字母拼音词的汉语意思：1.ROM2. BIOS3. DOS4. BASIC5. COBOL6. SMOS7. FAT 8. UNESCO 9. NATO10. OPEC 11. TOEFL 12. SALT13. AIDS 14. GHOST 15. radar16. SAM 17. TESL 18. WINser 20. IELTSPart 6. 把方框内词语编入三个不同的语义场：2.body parts3.stationeryPart7. 从下列七组词语中各找出一个不属于该组语义场的词：1. pen, pencil, ink, wallpaper, pencil-box, ruler, pads2. soap, towel, bathtub, oven, basin, sink, perfume3. driver, professor, clerk, student, nurse, guard, porter4. walk, stride, pace, plunge, run, stroll，roam, parade5. car, truck, bus, train, bicycle, airplane, steamboat6. red, green, purple, pink, blue, sand, brown, orange7. cup, mug, glass, stick, howl, pot, plate：Part 8. 将方框内有关食物或人身体部位的词语填入比喻词组中，使其意思完整：pancakeflourporridgeeggscucumber arm beans butter skeletonears blackberry beef toast onionspotatoessausage1. as lean as _________2. as long as_________3. as white as_________4. as flat as_________5. as warm as_________6. as yellow as_________7. as plain as_________ 8. as round as_________9. as naked as_________ 10. as sweet as_________11. as strong as_________ 12. as tasteless as_________13. as red as_________ 14. as plum as_________15. as thick as_________ 16. as cool as_________Part9. 将方框内有关家居、材料. 工具及饰品的词语填入比喻词组中，使其意思完整：3. as _________ as cellar4. as _________ as wood5. as_________ as soap6. as_________ as log7. as_________ as a doornail 8. as _________ as steel9. as_________ as crystal 10. as _________as pearl11. as_________ as ivory 12. as _________as granite13. as_________ as iron 14. as _________as wax15. as_________ as sawdust 16. as _________as board17. as ________ as oil 18. as _________as coral19. as _________as wall 20. as_________ as silverKeys to Part 81. skeleton2. arm3. flour4. pancake5. toast6. butter7. ears8. sausage 9.eggs 10. beans 11. onions 12. potatoes 13. beef14. blackberry 15. porridge 16. a cucumberKeys to part 91. safe2. cold3. dark4. clumsy5. Soft6. heavy7. dead8. true9. clear 10. pure11. smooth 12. firm 13. rigid 14. white 15. Dry16. flat 17. easy 18. red 19. Thick 20. fair Part10.将下列20个形容词分成四组同义词：nervous depressed dynamic harmonious agreeableactive crestfallen apprehensive discouraged energeticfearful matching concerned low-spirited forcefulfriendly balanced disheartened anxious vigorousPart11选出下列各词的反义词:1. indeterminate A. qualified B. definite C. stubborn D.effective2. diverge A. bypass B. enclose C relay e together3, anomalous A. viscous B. essential C. normal D.elemental4. stabilize A. penetrate B. minimize C. fluctuate D.isolate5. anchor A. unbend B. disjoin C. disrupt D.dislodge6. refute A. associate B. recognize C. prove D.understand7. boisterous A. angry B. clever C. frightened D.quiet8. emit A. absorb B. demand C. mistake D.prevent9. ally A. mediator B. adversary C. inventor D.conspirator10. offhand A. accurate B. universal C. appropriate D.premeditated11. profuse A. sequential B. scant C. surly D.supreme12. extant A. extensive B. extricable C. extinct D.extra13. persevere A. put into B. send out C. take away D.give up14. pungency A. boredom B. redundancy C. blandness D.insignificance15. sedulous A. ponderous B. careless C. useless D.treacherous16. flustered A. mute B. calm C. heavy D.courageous17. expire A. evolve B. stabilize C. come to life D. grow to fruition18. morose A. agitated B. overawed C. decisive D.cheerful19. gist A. artificial manner B. trivial point C. eccentric method D. singular event20. endorse A. provoke criticism B. receive payment C. submit unwillingly D. oppose publiclyPart12. 现代英语中大量专门术语进入日常生活并扩大了词义范围，从B栏中找出与A栏术语对应的一般意义：A B1. alibi a. practical opinion or body of opinions2. scenario b. obsession of any kind3. charismatic c. of which one is not consciously aware4. compulsive d. nervous, eccentric, given to worry5. catalyst e. compelling6. ambiance f. any mental or emotional disorder7. osmosis g. cruelty8. psychology h. showing off9. syndrome i. mental process10. subliminal j. having popular appeal11. parameter k. quality, feeling, etc. of a place12. philosophy 1. description of a possible course of events13. complex m. typical example of something14. schizophrenia n. conclusion, clincher15. interface o. connection16. neurotic p. any stimulus in hastening a result17. sadism q. subtle or gradual absorption or mingling18. bottom line r. determining factor, characteristic19. paradigm s. excuse20. exhibitionism t. distinctive or characteristic pattern of behavio rKeys: 1. s 2.1 3.j 4.e 5.p 6.k 7.q 8.i 9.t 10. c11.r 12. a 13. b 14. F 15.o 16. d 17.g 18. n 19. m 20. h Part13. 用树形图表示以下现代语言的关系：Celtic Greek Swedish DanishPersian German Welsh ItalianRomance Polish English SlavicBulgarian Hindi Indo-Iranian BengaliFrench Spanish Russian GermanicIranian Indo-Aryan Indo-EuropeanPart14从B栏中找出与A栏对应的谚语表达：A B1. Two heads are better than one. a.饭后百步走，活到九十九。
英语词汇学期末复习
Chapter 1Lexicology 词汇学Context 语境Pragmatics 语用学Phoneme 音素Morpheme 词素Semantic fields 语义场Lexicology: is the study of the vocabulary or lexicon of a given language.Morphology 形态学Semantics 语义学Etymology 词源学Lexicography 词典学Morphology is the study of the forms of words and their components, is to look at morphemes and their arrangements in word formation.构词法Morphemes: the smallest meaningful units which may constitute words or parts of words.最小的、有意义的构词单位Semantics: is often defined as the study of meaning.Etymology: is the study of the whole history of words.Lexicography: is closely related to the words in a given language.What is a word?Word：is used traditionally to refer to a sequence of letters bounded by spaces.以空格为界的字母序列Word: an uninterruptible unit of structure consisting of one or more morphemes.由一个或多个词素组成的不可分离的结构单元Word: is viewed as a minimal free form which can occur in isolation and have meaning but which cannot be analyzed into elements which can occur alone and also have meaning. （除复合词）最小的、有意义的、可独立存在的、不可分离的语言单位Major features of wordsA word is a sound or combination of sounds which we make voluntarily with our vocal equipment.任意的、发声器官Pitch 音高Juncture 停顿A word is symbolic and is used to stand for something else.The word is uninterruptible unitA word has to do with its social functionalA word may consist of one or more morphemesWords are part of the large communication system we call language.A word occurs typically in the structure of phrasesA word receives some of its meaning as it fills the grammatical slot in a sentence.Syntax: 句法学Discourse analysis: 语篇分析Word classesClosed classes: preposition pronoun determiner conjunction auxiliary verb封闭词类:介词代词限定词连词助动词Open classes: noun adjective verb adverb开放词类：名词形容词动词副词Lexical words(词汇词)= form open classesGrammatical words(语法词)=closed classes and so onInflectional words(8): 名词复数、所有格，动词三单、过去式、过去分词、现在分词，形容词的比较级、最高级。
(完整word版)现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter2英语词汇的形态结构
现代英语词汇学概论复习资料1~7现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料Chapter 2 Morphological Structure of English Words英语词汇的形态结构⏹ 2.1 Morphemes词素/语素/ 形位⏹ 2.2 Classification of Morphemes词素分类2.1.1 The Definition of “Morphemes” 词素的概念Morpheme: The smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language，not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.➢smallest: not divisible into smaller forms➢meaningful: carry meaning (lexical and grammatical)e.g. denationalizationdenationalization= de + nation + al + iz + ation➢ A morpheme is a two-facet language unit: sound and meaning➢ A morpheme is not identical with a syllable，either，since the latter has nothing to do with meaning.Allomorphs语素变体、词素变体:➢various shapes or forms of a morpheme➢do not differ in meaning or function➢conditioned by position or adjoining sounds➢Eg. -sbook→books /-s/pig→pigs /-z/horse → horses /-iz/➢Eg. im-，in-，i- perfect, responsible, logical, flexible perfect → imperfectresponsible→ irresponsiblelogical → illogicalflexible → inflexible➢Eg. –tion，-sioninvent →inventiondescribe →descriptionjustify →justificationmodernize→modernizationexpand →expansiondecide →decisionomit →omission2.2 Classification of Morphemes词素分类●Free Morphemes and Bound Morphemes自由词素与粘着词素Free morpheme:➢one that can be uttered alone with meaning➢ A free morpheme is a word.E.g. green, red, write, faithBound morpheme:➢cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance➢appear with at least one other morpheme, free or boundE.g. receive re-ceiveQ：自由词素与粘着词素如何组词？E.g. green, greenhouse, greenness, disagreeable, receive, encyclopedia➢green (free)➢green-house (free + free)➢green-ness (free + bound)➢re-ceive (bound + bound)➢en-cyclo-pedia (bound + bound + bound)* A free morpheme is a word.●Roots and Affixes词根与词缀Root 词根: The basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.➢ 1. Free root (自由词根):A word consist of one free root (or one morpheme)is a simple word.Free roots provide the English language with a basis for the formation of new words.➢ 2. Bound root（粘着词根）:roots derived from foreign sources ,esp. from Greek and Latin, belong to the class of bound morphemes, such as tian and cieveEg.1)work, workable, worker, worked, working (free)2) contain, detain, retaintain= tenere (L) = to hold (bound)3) conceive, deceive, receiveceive= capere (L) = to take (bound)4) revive, vitamin, vital, vivacious, vividvit, viv = life / to live (bound)➢Vital:necessary in order to stay alive-al: pertaining to = have a connection withvital = having a connection with life Vivacious:adj. apprec. full of life and high spirits; lively-ous: full ofvivacous = full of life (energy)Vivid:producing sharp clear pictures in the mind; lifelike-id: having a certain qualityvivid = having a certain quality of lifeAffixes缀: a collective term for the type of formative that can be used when added to another morpheme.➢ 1. Inflectional affixes(屈折词缀): serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree.特点：1.not to form a new word with new lexical meaning2. having only particular grammatical meaning3. only to be affixed to words of the same word-class (not to change the word-class)➢ E.g. Plural marker: pens, oxen, feetGenitive case: Jame’sVerbal endings: works, working, worked, bought, saidComparative and superlative degree: slower, slowest➢ 2. Derivational affixes（派生词缀）:to be added to another morpheme to derive a new word 特点：1. to derive a new word2. having a specific lexical meaning (some also affective meaning)3. some to be attached to words of different word classes➢Eg. Having pejorative or derogatory meaning-ism means“doctrine or point of view ”==socialismPro-means“on the side of ”==pro-com-munist⏹Mini-carmean-nessModern-izeSocial-ism Pro-communist De-codeDe-valueWash-able⏹mis-mal-absorptionpseudo-democratic hire-ling weak-ling child-ish派生词缀分类（derivational morphemes）: Prefixes and suffixes1) By linguistic origin:➢Native affixes➢Foreign affixes2) By productivity:➢Productive/living affixes➢Unproductive/dead affixes➢Summary➢ 2.Morphological Structure of English Words英语词汇的形态➢ 2.1 Morphemes词素➢ 1.The Definition of “Morphemes”词素的概念➢ 2. Allomorphs 词素变体➢ 2.2 Classification of Morphemes 词素分类➢ 1. Free Morphemes and Bound Morphemes➢自由词素与粘着词素➢ 2. Roots and Affixes 词根与词缀➢free root and bound root自由词根与粘着词根➢inflectional affixes and derivational affixes屈折词缀与派生词缀➢➢。
词汇学复习
Chapter 1 A general survey of English vocabularyLexicology: the study of words/ to study the science of words.a word is the smallest significant unit of a speech.词是语言的最小的有意义结构单位。
the smallest significant unit of a speech is morpheme(词素/语素/形位)Word defined: a fundamental（基本的）unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning) capable of performing a given syntactic function.Sound the naturalists 自然派Meaning the conventionalists 习惯派Three periods of EV1.Old English/Anglo-Saxon Period(449-1100AD)2.Middle English Period (1150-1500)3.Modern English Period (1500-present)Some characteristics of Old English1、The vocabulary is of Germanic characteristic, an exclusively Germanic vocabulary (few borrowings from non-Germanic languages), distinguished by compounding.（复合词）2、An ability to develop new words out of the existing Germanic word-stock instead of borrowing foreign words.3、Old English was an inflected language. It had a complete system of declension with five cases and conjugations.Middle English periodSome features of this period:1)Much borrowed French words;2)The inflectional system of OE decayed rapidly during the ME period and hadvanished almost entirely by the end of this period.3)The appearance of natural gender.Some characteristics of Modern English1、It was divided into two parts: early modern English(1500-1700) and latemodern English(1700--present)2、Expansion3、New words*Newest Development of EV（the rapid growth of present-day English vocabulary and its causes）1、Marked progress of science and technology;cybernetics, bionics, chain reaction, radioactivity, neutron bomb, medium-range ballistic missile, cosmonaut中程导弹, countdown倒数, space shuttle, launching pad, maglev train…2、Socio-Economic, political and cultural changes;Credit card; fringe benefit 额外福利pension 退休金Teach-in 宣讲游说roller-hockey 曲棍球surf-riding 冲浪3. The influence of other cultures and languagesombudsman: 调查官员舞弊情况的官员apartheid: 种族隔离制sputnik: 人造地球卫星autostrada: 高速公路(Italian）autopista: 高速公路（Spanish）Classification of EV1.By origin2.By level of usage:3.By notion4.By time1、By origin:native and loan words 本族语和外来语Fundamental features of basic word stock:1.National character;2.Stability3.Word-forming ability;4.Ability to form collocations.2. By level of usage 使用的程度来分类Common words (standard word) 普通词汇literary words Archaic words 古体语书面语Obsolete wordsPoetical words: traditionally used in poetry. E.g. the deep (the sea), steed (horse), thou, thee (you, sing.), ye (you, plur.), thy (your), thine (yours), yon (over there), aught (anything), naught (nothing).Colloquial words 口语词汇are described as everyday words which have been around for a long time and are often used in informal speeches.Slang words 俚语are ever-changing set of colloquial words generally considered distinct from and socially lower than the standard to describe language that is new and fresh, including argot/cant (secret vocabulary of underworld groups). Technical words 术语include formal specialized language (terminologies) and informal specialized language (jargon) to a trade, job, or group.3. By notionFunction words功能词：determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries（助词），and so forthContent words 实意词: diagnosis 诊断prescription 处方injection 注射space walk ; space opera 太空剧apartheid 种族隔离Chapter 2 Morphological structure of English wordsMorpheme(语素，词素): the morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.one morpheme：nationtwo morphemes: nationalthree: morphemes: nation +al +izeAllomorphemes :语素变体，形位变体：Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position. Such alternative morphs are allomorphemes. E.g. the morpheme of plurality (-s) has a number if allomorphemes in different sound context, e.g. in cats/s/, in bags/z/, in matches/iz/.有些词素根据其在词中的特殊位置而产生的变体叫词素变体。
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1. A word is _______ of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. A. a minimal free form B. a smallest meaningful unit C. an element which can not be further analyzed D. a grammatically minimal form 2. Which of the following statements is Not correct? A. A word can be formed by two free morphemes B. A word can be formed by a free morpheme and a bound morpheme C. A word can be formed by two bound morphemes D. A word can be formed by any two affixes. 3. The symbolic connection of a word to a particular thing is almost always _______________. A. logical B. arbitrary C. inherent D. automatic 4. In different languages, the same concepts can be represented by different sounds, which shows __________. A. the relationship between sound and meaning can not be established. B. there are different logical relations between sound and meaning C. the relation between sound and meaning is a matter of convention
D. the concepts are not really the same 5. The pronunciation of a language has changed more ______ than spelling over the years. A. systematically B. arbitrarily C. logically D. rapidly 1. The Indo-European language family consists of________. A. all the languages in Europe and India B. all the languages in India and some languages in Europe. C. most of the languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. D. Some of the languages of Europe and all the languages of the Near East 2. The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be ______. A. A highly inflected language. B. A highly developed language. C. A very difficult language. D. A language of leveled endings. 3. The Eastern set of Indo-European language family includes such languages as _____. A. Polish, Welsh and Hindi B. English, French and Russian C. German, Persian and Irish D. Armenian, Albanian and Bulgarian 4. The Germanic family consists of the four European languages: __________. A. Slovenian, Czech, Romany and Italic B. Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish C. Scottish, Irish, Welsh and Breton D. Portuguese, Italian, English and German 5. _________ only made a small contribution to the English vocabulary. A. Latin B. Celtic C. Danish D. Spanish 6. The first peoples known to inhabit what is now England are ________. A. Anglo-Saxons B. French speaking Normans C. Celts D. Jutes 7. English is more closely related to ____________. A. German than French. B. French than German C. Welsh than German D. Irish than Dutch 8. The most important mode of vocabulary development in present-day English is the creation of new words by means of _______. A. translation-loans B. semantic loans C. word formation D. borrowings 9. Old English vocabulary was in essence ________ with a small quantity of words borrowed from Latin and Scandinavian. A. Celtic B. Germanic C. Roman D. Irish 10. English has evolved from ___________. A. an analytic language to a synthetic language B. a Celtic language to a British language C. analytic language to a less inflectional language D. a synthetic language to an analytic language 1. The relationship between the word-form and meaning is ____. Most words can be said to be___. A. prescriptive, motivated B. prescriptive, non-motivated C. arbitrary, motivated D. arbitrary, non-motivated of the following is incorrect? A. “airmail” means “mail by air” B. “reading-lamp” means “lamp for reading” C. “green horn” is the horn green in color D. “hopeless” is “without hope” 3. ____ explains the connection between the literal sense and triturative sense of the word. A. Etymological motivation B. Onomatopoetic motivation C. Morphological motivation D. Semantic motivation 4. Now people use “pen” for any writing tool though it originally denotes “feature”. This phenomenon can be explained by____ . A. etymological motivation B. onomatopoetic motivation C. morphological motivation D. semantic motivation is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning. A. Grammatical meaning B. Denotative meaning C. Associative meaning D. Connotative meaning 6. When readers come across the word “home” in reading, they may be reminded of their family, friends, warmth, safety, love. That is because of the “home” has ______. A. collocations B. connotations C. denotations D. perorations 7. “Domicile, residence, abode, home” are almost the same in conceptual meaning,