TMA turnaround management association (国际性非营利性组织)
4C营销理论——中英文单词
4C营销理论（The Marketing Theory of 4Cs）4R营销理论（The Marketing Theory of 4Rs）4P营销理论（The Marketing Theory of 4Ps）感性营销（Sensibility Marketing）利基营销（Niche Marketing）交叉营销（Cross Marketing）知识营销（Information Marketing）文化营销（Cultural Marketing）服务营销(Services Marketing)体验营销(Experience Marketing)定制营销(Customization Marketing)色彩营销（Color Marketing）绿色营销(Green Marketing)关系营销(Relationship Marketing)合作营销(The Co Marketing Solution)伙伴营销(Partnership Marketing)一对一营销(One-to-One Marketing)差异化营销(Difference Marketing)大市场营销（Big Marketing）个性化营销(Personalization Marketing)堡垒式营销（Focalization Marketing）数据库营销（Data base Marketing）服务分销策略（Services Distribution Strategy）服务促销策略（Services Sales Promotion Strategy）整合营销传播（Integrated Marketing Communications, IMC)水坝式经营（Dam Operation）战略营销联盟(Strategic Marketing Union)网络数据库营销（Internet Data base Marketing）“整时营销”与“晚盈利”（Profit by Timing Marketing and Lag Profit Marketing) 管理篇目标管理（Management by Objectives, MBO）标杆瞄准（Benchmarking)开明管理（Open Management）宽容管理（Allowance Management）危机管理（Crisis Management）标杆管理（Benchmarking Management）人格管理（Character Management）品牌管理（Brand Management）变革管理（Change Management）沟通管理（Communication Management）走动管理（Management by Walking Around，MBWA）价值管理（Value Management）钩稽管理（Innovation and Practice Management）能本管理(Capacity Core Management)绩效管理（Managing For Performance）赋权管理（Delegation Management）灵捷管理（Celerity Management）物流管理(Logistics Management/Physical Distribution ) (Physical Distribution为传统意义上的物流)知识管理（Knowledge Management）时间管理（Time-Management）互动管理（Interactive Management）T型管理(T Management)预算管理（Budget Management）末日管理（End Management）柔性管理(Soft Management)例外管理（Exception Management）K型管理(K Management)EVA管理(Economic Value Added, EVA)5S管理法（5S ：Seiri、Seiten、Seigo、Seiketsu、Shitsuke）零缺陷管理（Zero Defects）一分钟管理（One Minute Management）供应链管理（Supply Chain Management, SCM）客户关系管理（Customer Relationship Management，CRM）产品数据管理(Product Data Management, PDM)过程质量管理法（Process of Quality Management）管理驾驶舱（Cockpit of Management）OEC管理法(Over All Every Control and Clear)数字化管理(Digital Management)海豚式管理(Management as Porpoise)丰田式管理（Toyota- Management）跨文化管理（Span-Culture Management）蚂蚁式管理（Style of Ant Management）购销比价管理（Purchase by Grade Management）企业内容管理（Enterprise Content Management）企业健康管理（Health of Enterprise Management）薪酬外包管理（Salary Epibolic Management）戴明的质量管理(William Edwards Dem’s Quality Management)六西格玛管理法(Six Sigma)倒金字塔管理（Handstand Pyramidal Management）变形虫式管理(Amoeba Management)定律篇木桶定律（Cannikin Law）墨菲定律(Moffe's Law)羊群效应（Sheep-Flock Effect）帕金森定律（Parkinson's Law）华盛顿合作定律(Washington Company Law)手表定律（Watch Law）蘑菇定律（Mushroom Law）鲇鱼效应（Weever Effect）飞轮效应（Flywheel Effect）光环效应（Halo Effect）马太效应（Matthew Effect）蝴蝶效应（Butterfly Effect）多米诺效应（Domicile Effect）皮格马利翁效应（Pygmalion Effect）彼德原理(The Peter Principle)破窗理论（Break Pane Law）路径依赖（Path Dependence）奥卡姆剃刀（Occam's Razor）博弈论(Game Theory)定位法则（Orientation Law）80/20原理（80/20 Law）X理论-Y理论（Theory X- Theory Y）超Y理论（Exceed theory Y）综合篇7S模型（Principle of 7S）ABC分析法（ABC-Analysis）SWOT分析(SWOT Analysis)波士顿矩阵法（Boston Matrix Analysis）新7S原则(Principle of New 7S)PDCA循环（PDCA Cyc）平衡记分卡(Balanced Score Card)品管圈（Quality Control Circle，QCC）零库存（In-Time Inventory）顾客份额（Constituency Share）业务流程重组(Business Process Reengineer)动态薪酬（Dynamic Salary）管理审计（Managed Audit）管理层收购（Management Buy-out）逆向供应链(Reverse Supply Chain)宽带薪酬设计（Broad Band Salary Design）员工持股计划（Employee Stock Ownership Plan，ESOP）人力资源外包（Epiboly HR）360度绩效反馈(360-Degree Performance Feedback)人力资源价值链（Human Resource Value Chain）柯氏模式（Kirkpatrick Model）归因模型(Attribution Model)期望模型（Expectancy Model）五力模型(The Five-force Model)安东尼模型（Anthony Model）CS经营战略（Customer Satisfaction）532绩效考核模型（532 Performance Appraisal Model）101℃理论（101℃Theory）双因素激励理论（Dual Stimulant Theory）注意力经济（The Economy of Attention）灵捷竞争（Adroitly Compete）德尔菲法（Delphi Technique）执行力(Execution)领导力(Leadership)学习力（Learning Capacity）企业教练（Corporate Coach）首席知识官（Chief Knowledge Officer）第五级领导者（Fifth Rank Leader）智力资本（Intellect Capital）智能资本(Intellectual Capital)高情商团队（High EQ Team）学习型组织（Learning Organization）知识型企业（Knowledge Enterprise）高智商企业（Knowledge-Intensive Enterprise）灵捷组织（Adroitly Organization）虚拟企业（Virtual Enterprise，VE）4Cs营销理论(The Marketing Theory of 4Cs)随着市场竞争日趋激烈，媒介传播速度越来越快，4Ps理论越来越受到挑战。
管理英语(含答案)
管理英语（含答案）题目：Even the best continually seek ways to ______ their skills.A: sharp B: sharpener C: sharpen答案：C题目：______we can't compete in terms of size I do believe we hold an advantage in terms of dedication to customer service.A: Therefore B: But C: Although答案：C题目：I think things have been a bit difficult for us the last couple of months.____________We've been working hard, but still getting behind.A: You're right. B: I'm afraid. C: I don't think so.答案：A题目：_____________ I'd like to have this film developed.A: What's it? B: May I help you? C: What do you want?答案：B题目：An effective leader sets the tone for the team, encourages a positive workplace culture and is able to ________ cultural change.A: bring down B: bring about C: bring up答案：B题目：There is no _____ the fact that he is the best student in the class.A: deny B: denies C: denying答案：C题目：An effective leader sets the tone for the team, encourages a positive workplace culture and is able to ________ cultural change.A: bring about B: bring down C: bring up答案：A题目：The majority of these team challenges ______ anywhere.A: can deliver B: are delivered C: can be delivered答案：C题目：Companies are ______ interested in your soft skills ______ they are in your hard skills. A: so…that…B: as…as…C: not…until…答案：B题目：The demands and requirements placed on the CEO of Sony are different from ______ on the manager of your local Wendy's restaurant.A: these B: those C: which答案：B题目：An appreciated gift and the gesture of providing it will ______ your coworker's day. A: look up B: lift to C: light up答案：C题目：Reading is the best way to pass time on the train. _____________________, I never go traveling without a book.A: You are joking B: That's true C: It sounds like fun答案：B题目：We would be grateful ______ any information you can give us.A: for B: with C: to答案：A题目：Without his assistance, I _______ the research last month.A: would not have completed B: could not finish C: should not finish答案：A题目：Jack, I'd like to have your opinions about my written report. _____________________. But I have one suggestion.A: It looks fine to me B: You are too modest C: That's a good idea答案：A题目：If demand is rising but the firm _______from allocative communication failure, then stocks will fall and there will be understaffing.A: has been suffering B: is going to suffer C: is suffering答案：C题目：Good work ________ good pay.A: deserves B: requests C: deserts答案：A题目：An employee may express their different understanding and, at the same time, a willingness to ________ with any constructive suggestions.A: comply B: complete C: compose答案：A题目：You'd better not push yourself too hard. You can ask the team and listen.____________A: You are right. B: No, we can't do that. C: I think it will kill our time.答案：A题目：_____ there is smoke, there is fire.A: If B: When C: Where答案：C题目：Would you ______ her novels as serious literature or mere entertainment?A: distinguish B: classify C: mistake答案：B题目：To build the reservoir（水库），thousands of people have to be .A: relocated B: repeated C: reopened答案：A题目：Concentrate on being _______ and real.A: distinct B: disastrous C: decisive答案：A题目：Terribly sorry to interrupt, but may I use your dictionary? Yes, ____________A: of course. B: it doesn't matter. C: no hurry.答案：A题目：I think the primary ______ factor is there's been so much absence lately.A: concerning B: causing C: affecting答案：A题目：This project is too big for me to finish on time. ____________A: Please do me a favor. B: You may ask for help. C: I'll give you a hand.答案：C题目：I think I have made a great mistake. ____________A: I don't think so. You really made an error. B: I don't think so. It's really terrible. C: I don't think so. It's not your fault.答案：C题目：Fifty-five per cent of the respondents said that praise and attention from their supervisor would make them feel ______ the company cared about them and their well-being. A: even if B: as if C: like答案：B题目：What you need to do is to keep things short and sweet, just the.A: questions B: topics C: highlights答案：C题目：The responsibilities in handbook ______ that managers have to be concerned with efficiency and effectiveness in the work process.A: imply B: indicate C: interrupt答案：A题目：I will ask them to _____a new design ,something a bit more toned down.A: come in B: come across C: come up with答案：C题目：______ on the hilltop, you could enjoy the scenery of the city bathed in the sun.A: Standing B: Stand C: Stood答案：A题目：Excuse me, but smoking isn't allowed here. ____________________ .A: Oh, sorry. I didn't know B: That's all right C: Yes, we certainly do答案：A题目：Is it possible for you to work out the plan tonight?____________A: I'll do that. B: I think so. C: I'd love to.答案：B题目：What are you going to do this weekend? _____________________. If time permits, I may go to Shanghai with my friends.A: Don't mention it B: It doesn't matter C: It depends答案：C题目：We are interested in the weather because it ______ us so directly what we wear, what we do, and even how we feel.A: benefits B: affects C: effects答案：B题目：______ the reactions of top managers, middle managers remained silent or provided optimistic, filtered information.A: Fearing B: Feared C: Fear答案：A题目：______ managers spend most of their time in face-to-face contact with others, but they spend much of it obtaining and sharing information.A: Not only B: Do not only C: Not only do答案：C题目：In competitive markets, leaders are ________ increased pressure to maintain a positive work culture.A: under B: below C: beneath答案：A题目：Will you help me arrange a meeting with Mr. Brown, please?____________A: No, no way. B: No, I can't. C: Sorry I can't I have to finish my project right now.答案：C题目：Who was ______ the meeting？A: chairing B: leading C: charging答案：A题目：Cultural differences ________ four categories: religion, nationality, region and lifestyle. A: fall down B: fall off C: fall into答案：C题目：I think a big part of it is ______ we know how to have fun on the job.A: that B: which C: why答案：A题目：Keep a _____ attitude and don't let yourself drown in uncertainty.A: negative B: positive C: neutral答案：B题目：Supervisors should ______ their employees in two-way communication so that understanding takes place.A: enable B: engage C: encourage答案：B题目：At a rough ________, we will take another four weeks to finish this plan.A: value B: estimate C: account答案：B题目：Let your values __________ in your communication.A: come out B: look through C: come through答案：C题目：Current opinion among politicians is that she is______, stands for her principles.A: encourage B: courage C: courageous答案：C题目：The Human Resource Managing Department at Honda is given specific instructions ______ employ the best possible workers.A: how to B: on what to C: on how to答案：C题目：What's the noise? It sounds as if it comes from upstairs. _____________________ . It must be the window-cleaner working, next door.A: I don't think so B: I'd rather not C: I'm not sure答案：A题目：It's about my new role as project coordinator that I'm taking ______.A: off B: on C: away答案：B题目：It is through enthusiasm and quiet intensity ______ we transform creativity and vision into the technologies.A: that B: / C: which答案：A题目：Don't keep water running when you wash hands._____________________.A: I hope so. B: I'm afraid not. C: Sorry, I won't.答案：C题目：Although we can't compete in terms of size, I _____ believe we hold an advantage in terms of dedication to customer service.A: did B: do C: have答案：B题目：How did your meeting go yesterday?____________actually, it was really frustrating. A: Not so good B: Very good C: Nothing special答案：A题目：We need ________ communication skills: listen carefully, think before you speak and manage conflicts diplomatically.A: outstanding B: plain C: general答案：A题目：I would recommend that you ______ on following through with projects.A: worked B: work C: would work答案：B题目：AT&T found that employees with better planning and decision-making skills were ______ to be promoted into management jobs.A: more likely B: more like C: more unlikely答案：A题目：______ employees keep leaving and joining the company, they also retire from time to time leaving empty places in various positions.A: Although B: If C: As答案：C题目：It's no secret that good leaders are also good communicators. Indeed, communication and leadership are inextricably tied. How can you galvanize, inspire or guide others if you don't communicate in a clear, credible and authentic way? Here are 5 essential communication practices of effective leaders: Mind the say-do gap. Trust is the bedrock of effective leadership your behavior is your single greatest mode of communication, and it must be congruent with what you say. If your actions don't align with your words, you are storing up trouble for the future. Make the complex simple. Effective leaders distill complex thoughts and strategies into simple, memorable terms that colleagues and customers can grasp and act upon. The most important thing is to clarify what you want to say, look out for technical jargon and avoid business speak, which add complexity. Say what you mean in as few words as possible. Find your own voice. Use language that's distinctly your own; let your values come through in your communication. Correct use of language and grammar are important, of course, but don't become overly fixated on eloquence for eloquence's sake; concentrate on being distinct and real. People want real, people respect real, people follow real. Be visible. Visibility is about letting your key stakeholders get a feel for who you are and what you care about. Don't hide behind a computer and only interact with people electronically see them face to face and voice to voice, and interact with them in a real, substantial way. In today's environment, where people are often burned out, it's important for employees to have a personal connection with you and the work you believe in. Show the people that work for you that you're engaged and that you care about them and their work. Listen with your eyes as well as your ears. Effective communication is a two-way process, and good leaders know how to ask good questions, and then listen with both their eyes and their ears. Because you are in a position of authority, others may be reluctant to express their real opinions to you directly. You won't always get direct feedback, so you need to also be able to read between the lines and look for the non-verbal munication and leadership dont always go hand in hand.TFThe say-do gap happens when people misunderstand their leaders intention.TFUsing technical jargon makes a leader convincing.TFCommunicating sincerely is always the best.TFObservation is as important as communication when you want to know what people really think.TF答案： B B B A A题目：The employee and the supervisor are clear about the employee's goals, required outcomes or outputs, and how the success of the contributions will be assessed. The goal in employee evaluation is to motivate a high level of quality and quantity in the work that the employee produces.The goals of the best employee performance evaluations also include employee development and organizational improvement. The employee performance evaluation helps employees accomplish both personal development and organizational goals. The act of writing down the goals takes the employee one step closer to accomplishing them.In the event that an employee is not succeeding or improving his job performance, the performance evaluation documentation can be used to develop a Performance Improvement Plan.This plan provides more detailed goals with more frequent feedback to an employee who is struggling toperform. The goal of a PIP is the improvement of the employee's performance, but non-performance can lead to disciplinary action up to and including employment termination.In many organizations, numeric rankings are used to compare an employee's performance with the performance of other employees. Numeric ratings are frequent components of these systems, too.No matter how fair and non-discriminatory, these ratings are made to appear through the endless establishment of criteria for rating, and they boil down to the manager's opinion of an employee's performance. This is why numeric components in an employee performance evaluation process are not recommended.What is the goal in employee evaluation?To motivate outcomes of the employeeTo punish inabilities of the employeeTo reduce costs of the employeeWhat is NOT the goal of the best employee performance evaluation?Employee anization improvement.Employment termination.What does PIP in Para. 6 stand for?Personal Improvement PlanPerformance Improvement PlanPromotion Improvement PlanWhat is the goal of PIP?To improve the employees performance.To protect both the employee and the employer.To create accurate appraisal documentation.What is the purpose of numeric rankings?To perform consistent, regular, non-discriminatory employee performance evaluations.To ensure equitable measurement of an employee's contribution.To compare an employees performance with the performance of other employees.答案： A C B A C题目：Teamwork is extremely important for the success of a company. Teamwork Multiplies Success: Teamwork has often been described as one plus one equals three. On teams, people can work together and accomplish much more than they could by themselves. Your company can also accomplish great things when everyone is working together toward a common goal. Teamwork Makes the Job Easier: Employees now specialize in areas and contribute to the team through the work they produce. By specializing in areas like merchandising or accounting, they become more expert at their tasks and make your team more effective as a result. Working in teams also teaches your associates to work together more effectively and frequently. The new ways of doing things are discovered by team members working together to solve a problem. Teamwork Maximizes Strengths and Reduces Weaknesses: Individual weaknesses can be minimized through the efforts of the team. In your company, you place your people where their strengths can be best used. Weaknesses can be reduced when your people concentrate on their areas of strength. Teamwork Makes Work Fun: Work is more fun when you are a part of a team. You can build on other people's ideas and share in completing the assignment together. You also have another pair of eyes to look at the work, which further reduces mistakes. Studies have also shown that laughter and fun reduce stress, which can also increase effectiveness on the job. Teams that enjoy working together can accomplish great things for your company.Whats function of the phrase one plus one equals three in Para.2?It shows that teamwork has its advantages and disadvantages.It tries to explains that working in a teamwork is better than working individually.It is a humorous way to explain how important the teamwork is in a company.The word associates can probably be replaced by the word ________ in the sentence Working in teams also teaches your associates to work together in Para.3.merchandisersaccountantscolleaguesWhich of the following statements is TREUE according to the passage?Personal shortcomings can be reduced through the efforts of the whole team.Working in a team you might be replaced by a salesman oraccountant.Weaknesses can be increased when your team members focus attention on their strength.Which of the following statements is FLASE according to the passage?Working in a team you can share in completing the assignment together.Working in a team you can improve effectiveness on the job.Working in a team you must be careless because you know somebody can help you.Whats the best title for this passage?The Tips for TeamworkThe Importance of TeamworkThe Advantages and Disadvantages of Teamwork答案： B C A C B题目：Project managers are change agents: they make project goals their own and use their skills and expertise to inspire a sense of shared purpose within the project team. They enjoy new challenges and the responsibility of driving business results. They work well under pressure and are comfortable with change and complexity in dynamic environments. They can shift readily between the big picture and the small-but-crucial details, knowing when to concentrate on each. Project managers cultivate the people skills needed to develop trust and communication among all of a project's stakeholders: its sponsors, those who will make use of the project's results, those who command the resources needed, and the project team members. They have a broad and flexible toolkit of techniques, resolving complex, interdependent activities into tasks and sub-tasks that are documented, monitored and controlled. They adapt their approach to the context and constraints of each project, knowing that no one size can fit all the variety of projects. And they are always improving their own and their teams' skills through lessons-learned reviews at project completion. Project managers are found in every kind of organization -- as employees, managers, contractors and independent consultants. With experience, they may become program managers (responsible for multiple related projects) or portfolio managers (responsible for selection, prioritization and alignment of projects and programs with an organization's strategy). And they are in increasing demand worldwide. For decades, as the pace of economic and technological change has quickened, organizations have been directing more and more of their energy into projects rather than routine operations.Which of the following is NOT enjoyed by project managers?Challenges.Responsibility.Status quo.Which of the following is NOT concerned by project managers?The overall situation.The non-crucial details.The crucial details.Which of the following is a TRUE statement about project managers?They do not need to keep contact with all of a projects stakeholders.They use one model to solve problems in various projects.They improve their skills after completion of each project.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a career possibility for experienced project manager?Becoming general manager of an organization.Running several projects at the same time.Allocating projects to other project managers.Which of the following can be an alternative title for the passage?Requirements of project managers.Future development of project managers.Career development of project managers.答案： C B C A A题目：When Jack Welch, the Chairman and CEO at General Electric (GE) retired in 2001, he could look back at a very successful career. He became CEO in 1981 at the age of 45. At that time, GE had a very complex organizational structure with considerably bureaucratic rules. One of hisfirst changes was to initiate a strategy formulation process with the guideline that each of the businesses should be number 1 or 2 in their respective areas. If this was not the case, managers had the options of fixing the problem, selling their particular business, or closing it. In an effort to streamline the organization, Welch removed the sector level and eliminated thousands of salaried and hourly employee positions. The restructuring was followed by changing the organizational culture and the managerial styles of GE's managers. One such program was the Work-Out（群策群力）.Groups of managers were assembled to share their views openly in three-day sessions. At the beginning of the meetings, the superior presented the challenges for his or her organizational unit. Then the superior had to leave, requesting the groups to find solutions to the problems. Facilitators (会议主持人) helped these discussions. On the last day, the superior was presented with proposed solutions. He or she then had three choices: to accept the proposal, not to accept it, or to collect more information. This process put great pressure on the superior to make decisions. Another program to improve effectiveness and efficiency was Best Practices. The aim was to learn from other companies how they obtained customer satisfaction, how they related to their suppliers, and in what ways they developed new products. This helped the GE people to focus on the processes in their operations that would improve the company's performance. Jack Welch was personally involved in developing managers at GE's training center in Crotonville. Leaders, Welch suggested, are not only those who achieve results but also those who share the values of the company.Jack Welch retired at the age of 65.TFJack Welch insisted that each of the businesses should be at least number 3 in their respective area.TFIf the business could not meet Welchs change requirements, its manager had 3choices.TFThe restructuring went before changing the organizational culture and the managerial styles of GEs managers.TFThe Work Out lasted a week.TF答案： A B A A B题目：When you think of team building, do you immediately picture your group off at a resort playing games or hanging from ropes? Traditionally, many organizations approach team building in this way but, then, they wonder why that wonderful sense of teamwork that had been displayed at the retreat or the seminar fails to impact long term beliefs and actions back at work. I'm not averse to retreats, planning sessions, seminars and team building activities in fact I lead them but they have to form part of a much larger teamwork effort. You will not build teamwork by retreating as a group for a couple of days each year, instead you need to think of team building as something you do every single day.Form teams to solve real work issues and to improve real work processes. Provide training in systematic methods so the team expends its energy on the project, not on trying to work out how to work together as a team to approach the problem.Hold department meetings to review projects and progress, to obtain broad input, and to coordinate shared work processes. If there is friction between team members, examine the work processes they mutually own the problem is not usually their personalities; instead, it is often the fact that the team members haven't agreed on how they will deliver a product or service, or the steps required to get something done.Build fun and shared occasions into the organization's agenda hold pot luck lunches, take the team to a sporting event, sponsor dinners at a local restaurant, go hiking or go to an amusement park. Hold a monthly company meeting, sponsor sports teams and encourage cheering team e ice breakers and teamwork exercises at meetings these helpteam members get to know each other, share details about each other's lives, and have a laugh together.Celebrate team successes publicly. There are many ways you could do this, for instance by buying everyone the same t-shirt or hat, putting team member names in a draw for company merchandise and gift certificates. The only thing limiting you is your imagination. If you do the types of teamwork building listed above, you'll be amazed at the progress you will make in creating a teamwork culture, a culture that enables individuals to contribute more than they ever thought possible together.Team building event is traditionally related to playing games at resort.TFThe author claims that playing games together is as important as form teams to solve real work issues and to improve real work processes for team building.TFRetreat in the first paragraph means withdrawal of troops after a defeat.TFIce breaking motivates team members compete with each other.TFA good teamwork culture enables individuals make more efforts together.TF答案： A B B B A题目：Write a composition with at least 100 words on My Dream Job. Your writing should include the followings.（1）Position: customer service representative（2）Ability: communication and customer service skills（3）Reason: an expert in the product line and strong relationships with customers答案：作文评分标准1．评分原则1）本题总分为20分,按6个档次给分。
梯度管理 英语
梯度管理英语英文翻译：Gradient management梯度管理是一种管理方法，旨在通过合理安排任务和资源，以最优化方式管理和协调组织内不同层级或部门之间的工作，并促进有效的沟通和协作。
梯度管理的目标是确保组织达到预定的目标，并提高绩效和生产力。
Gradient management involves identifying and prioritizing goals, aligning resources, and assigning tasks in a way that maximizes efficiency and productivity. It requires clear communication, effective delegation, and continuous monitoring and feedback. By effectively managing the gradient between different levels or departments, organizations can enhance teamwork, minimize bottlenecks, and drive innovation.The primary focus of gradient management is to optimize workflow and eliminate unnecessary duplication or overlapping of tasks. It involves creating a clear hierarchy of responsibilities and authority, ensuring that each employee understands their role and how it contributes to the overall objectives of the organization. By properly managing the gradients, organizations can also identify areas for improvement and implement strategies to address them. Overall, gradient management is a strategic approach to managing organizational resources and ensuring that tasks are allocated efficiently and effectively. It helps organizations adapt to changing demands and achieve their desired outcomes.。
《商务英语3》1-2单元对话、课文中英对照
Unit 1 A New Job新工作Listening and speaking 1听对话，了解公司选择招聘人员的规则，为面试做充分的准备。
Maggie is in a job interview, talking about her work experiences with Howard Marx, the HR Director of ABC Dataweb.(麦琪在进行面试，与ABC数据网公司人力资源总监霍华德•马克思谈论她的工作经历。
)Howard：Morning, Maggie. My name is Howard Marx and I am responsible for your recruitment and training here at ABC Dataweb. Could you talk briefly about your career development?霍华德：早上好，麦琪, 我是霍华德•马克思，负责ABC数据网公司的招聘和培训。
能简单的谈谈你的职业发展经历吗？Maggie：Sure, Mr. Marx. Thanks for giving me this opportunity. Well, my first job was in Flat Earth Mechanics. I started with it in 2010 and I worked in the office at the beginning, but soon moved to the sales department. I knew then that I was born to be a saleswoman! So I was promoted to the position of sales manager in about two years.麦琪：好的，马克思先生。
非常感谢您能给我这个机会。
江苏省怀仁中学2024-2025学年高二上学期10月阶段检测英语试题
江苏省怀仁中学2024-2025学年高二上学期10月阶段检测英语试题一、阅读理解Application Developer (SQL) — the Schindler GroupGeneral descriptionRemote Monitoring and Customer Solutions is the global competence centre within the Schindler Group for new service offerings and products. Our mission is to create technical solution implementations for the new business models and enhance customer experience by using cutting edge technology. We are developing digital products from idea to industrialization. To further strengthen our international team, we are looking for an experienced Application Developer with a focus on supporting mission critical SQL databases (SQL Server), with an application based on C#NET, SQL Server and Azure.Role and responsibilities● Monitor and support databases including tuning, optimization, and ongoing maintenance.● Develop high quality solutions, bug fixes and new features with the development teams.● Support users by troubleshooting application issues, identifying root causes, and taking measures accordingly.● Testing and debugging of new applications.Job Type: PermanentWe offer:● Dynamic team, flat hierarchies (扁平化的管理制度) and direct communication● Flexible working hours and home office● Above-average retirement allowance and generous holiday entitlement We look forward to receiving your application!1．What do we know about the Schindler Group?A．It is a website.B．It provides digital service.C．It is an advertising company.D．It provides a part-time position.2．What quality must a job applicant have in order to get this job?A．Technological ability.B．Ability to start new businesses.C．Management experience.D．Experiences in international companies. 3．What benefit can you get from this job?A．Free training on SQL.B．Below-average working hours.C．Generous welfare, D, Remaining in the job permanently.The Earth’s population is expected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050. Experts estimate food production will have to increase by 70 percent to keep pace with that growth. Previous methods of agriculture will soon no longer be an option. According to a 2018 study, we have to turn away from meat and dairy products.U.S. customers have proved themselves willing to test the waters. Americans spent $1.4 billion on plant-based meat in 2021, representing a market share of 2.7 percent of all meat sales. The plant-based food companies claim their burgers use less land and water and produce less greenhouse gases. But, consider the possibility that we left our most promising resource behind in the ocean. Will you swap meat for seaweed?“I think seaweed needs branding(品牌),” says Mark Kulsdom, co-founder of the memorably-named Dutch Weed Burger. As Kulsdom explained Dutch Weed Burgers are vegetarian but for meat eaters. A decade after launching their first product, he and his partners now sell about quarter of a million burgers each year.Ultimately, Kulsdom is striving for a culture change. “I believe we need to raise interest sometimes by using a bit of an unorthodox (非正统的) approach to things,” he adds. “When people get what they already know, it’s not that interesting. When their curiosity is awakened, that’s when new things and ideas can enter their minds.”In 2008, researchers discovered 14,000-year-old seaweed fragments (碎片) in southern Chile that had been pressed into cakes and clearly been cooked. As they wrote in Science, all seaweed recovered at the site are excellent sources of iodine, iron, zinc, protein, hormones and a wide range of elements. Though Mark Kulsdom’s Dutch Weed Burger sounds futuristic, one could argue that they’re revisiting one of the oldest stories we know.4．How are plant-based burgers according to the companies?A．They are healthy.B．They are nutritious.C．They are delicious.D．They are environmentally friendly. 5．What does the underlined word “striving” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?A．Leaving.B．Struggling.C．Preparing.D．Waiting.6．What can we learn from the last paragraph?A．Chile is rich in seaweed.B．Seaweed was the major food source in Chile.C．People have long been using seaweed as food.D．Mark Kulsdom’s Dutch Weed Burger is too futuristic.7．Where is the text most likely from?A．A newspaper.B．A science fiction.C．A travel guide.D．A textbook.I’ve bought many things without thinking too much in my life, but the first one that I found uneasy was a pair of Nike VaporMax shoes. It was in July 2018, and I was mindlessly tapping through Instagram updates while waiting for friends. That’s where I saw the advertisement for the shoes.The order took maybe 15 seconds. Almost as soon as I’d paid, I quickly shook off the excitement that had briefly overtaken me, $190 poorer but with one pair of shoes on their way to my apartment. I had completed some version of the online checkout process a million times before, but never could I remember it being quite so thoughtless.That experience wasn’t the result of any just-to-the-market technology. Instead, a handful of small changes to online shopping had grown into something meaningful: Advertisers were collecting stores of personal information with which to target their advertising. Retailers (零售商) were offering free shipping and free returns on everything — buy now, decide later. The widespread use of online payment shortcuts such as Apple Pay was making it unnecessary to create a new account. “Buy now, pay later” services were beginning to appear at more retailers to soften the blow of spending.In the consumer system, friction refers to anything that slows down a potential buyer on the path toward completing a buying journey. About 70 percent of online shopping carts (购物车) are left unfinished without a sale, which suggests that potential buyers can easily derail their plans tobuy. Sometimes, the realization that you’ll need to get up and get your wallet is enough to prevent you from ending up with a new T-shirt.When buying something feels like making a real choice, you have more opportunities to slow down and consider whether it might be the wrong one. Even with the smoothest shopping experience, there’s still the risk of waste, of future inconvenience, of money lost in the fine print. Frictionless shopping might be convenient, in a sense, but it’s a bad system for making good decisions.8．What happened after the author paid for the pair of Nike shoes?A．He felt a bit regretful.B．He decided to live a healthy life.C．He became very picky about shoes.D．He shared his excitement with his friends.9．What aspect of online shopping is mainly stressed in paragraph 3?A．Its variety.B．Its convenience.C．Its personalization.D．Its competitive pricing.10．What does the underlined word “derail” in paragraph 4 mean?A．Make.B．Show.C．Discuss.D．Stop.11．What advice does the author probably give in the last paragraph?A．Shop online to save time.B．Only shop online for future use.C．Save money by shopping online.D．Think twice before shopping online.The conventional language of career success moves in only one direction: up. If you really succeed, you reach the top. But there is another type of career path. Sideways moves without a promotion or a pay rise, can be a benefit to employees and organizations alike.A study carried out by Donald Sull of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and his co-authors in 2021 found that the availability of lateral (横向的) career opportunities has a marked impact on keeping employees. When they decided whether to stay in the company or not, chances to move sideways were two and a half times more important than pay. Another paper, by Xin Jin of the University of South Florida and Michael Waldman of Cormell University, concluded that lateral moves did not just benefit organizations: employees who experienced them were morelikely to be promoted and to enjoy higher wage growth later in their careers than employees who did not. You can move up by first moving sideways.The crab-like (螃蟹般的) career has other things going for it. One is that it is a good way to learn new things. As hiring processes increasingly emphasize skills, employers are likely to put comparatively less emphasis on CVs and comparatively more weight on what you know. Messrs Jin and Waldman reason that the upper ranks of companies tend to be people whose capabilities are broad, not deep; that may explain why lateral moves are good for promotion prospects. Along with skills come contacts. Transferring between teams usually means building a bigger internal network. Opening the door to more lateral moves is partly a practical matter. Some bigger employers have “internal talent marketplaces” in which employees can find and apply for jobs elsewhere in the company; smaller firms have fewer such opportunities to offer.Embracing sideways movement also requires the right attitude. Lots of managers like to keep talent to themselves, at the expense of workers and firms. And moving sideways still has less cachet (声望) than moving upwards. Most people find it not so easy to accept.12．How does the author develop paragraph 2?A．By telling personal stories.B．By providing research findings.C．By comparing different career paths.D．By making remarks on scientific reports. 13．What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 3 mean?A．Lateral moves involve gaining new skills.B．Lateral moves are mainly for networking purposes.C．Transferring between teams leads to a larger network.D．Contacts are more important than skills in lateral moves.14．What do many managers think of lateral career moves?A．They are a way to keep talent within the company.B．They are seen as a threat to the manager’s own positions.C．They could potentially lead to talent loss within the team.D．They could contribute to the company's growth in the long run.15．Who may embrace lateral moves?A．Bosses who value short-term profits.B．Employees who are eager for more skills.C．Managers who appreciate long-term stability.D．Job hunters who are interested insmaller firms.How to pick the best place for a much-needed refreshment? If you’re like most people, a simple clue is likely to vary your choice. You will look for the busiest restaurant with the most diners because its popularity is bound to reflect on the quality of food and service. 16 Early diners with no meaningful clues as to which restaurant to choose may have picked their evening eatery at random, for example selecting the place with the nicest name or the smiliest waiter. The following passers-by may have misinterpreted their restaurant choice as a well-informed decision and blindly followed their example. 17 Ever-increasing numbers of customers were attracted to the restaurant in question, which could have led to a bad dinner choice in an overcrowded restaurant.V oluntarily copying other people’s thoughts or choices or simply going with the crowd is often referred to as “herd behaviour.”It is a frequent occurrence amongst humans as well as many other animals, a common example being sheep. 18In an earlier article, I discussed the so-called “wisdom of crowds”, which suggests that average judgements of large groups of people often outperform individual choices. Furthermore, following the crowd appears to offer protection and comfort. 19 Finally, following the herd reduces the effort needed to make a personal or unique decision.20 Contrary to the so-called “wisdom of crowds”, herd behaviours typically rely on so-called “information cascades (瀑布)”, where people take on others’ beliefs or copy their choices without critically appraising the underlying reasons. This frequently leads to the imitation of unreasonable or simply stupid behaviours.A．But is this true?B．It is therefore an easy option.C．After all, there’s “safety in numbers”.D．Herding can appear to make a lot of sense.E．This could have resulted in a snow-balling effect.F．Herd behaviours, while easy to explain, hold significant dangers.G．The number of diners is unlikely to indicate the quality of the meal.二、完形填空At 33, I did something brave, or some would say stupid. I 21 Congress (国会). For years, I had existed safely 22 the scenes in politics as an organizer, but in my heart, I always wanted to run. The polls (投票), however, told a very 23 story. I only got 19 percent of the vote. Despite the result, this was the first time in my entire life that I had done something that was truly brave, where I didn’t worry about being 24 .In 2012, I started a company to teach girls to code. We immediately see our girls’ 25 of not being perfect. When the girls are first learning how to code, she’ll say, “I don’t know what 26 to write.” and shows a 27 text editor. But if the teacher presses undo a few times, she’ll see her student wrote code and then 28 it. Instead of showing the 29 that she made, she’d rather show nothing at all.Some people worry about our budget deficit (赤字), but I worry about our 30 deficit. Most girls are raised to 31 risk and failure. This is 32 women are underrepresented in STEM, in Congress, and pretty much everywhere you look. We have to socialize our girls to be comfortable with 33 , and we’ve got to do it now. We have to teach them to be brave in schools and early in their careers, when it has the most potential to 34 their lives, and we have to show them that they will be loved and 35 not for being perfect but for being courageous.21．A．ran for B．lied to C．voted against D．traded with 22．A．on B．off C．inside D．behind 23．A．classic B．simple C．different D．complex 24．A．risky B．perfect C．stupid D．beautiful 25．A．fear B．effort C．trouble D．struggle 26．A．code B．answer C．deficit D．character 27．A．random B．blank C．marked D．broken 28．A．used B．saved C．cracked D．deleted 29．A．mess B．success C．progress D．difference 30．A．honesty B．bravery C．generosity D．determination 31．A．face B．avoid C．admit D．expect32．A．why B．how C．when D．where 33．A．doubt B．danger C．uncertainty D．imperfection 34．A．earn B．risk C．impact D．enjoy 35．A．inspired B．accepted C．tolerated D．protected三、语法填空阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
国开(中央电大)本科《商务英语3》形考任务(单元自测1至8)试题及答案
国开(中央电大)本科《商务英语3》形考任务(单元自测1至8)试题及答案单元自测 1 试题及答案题目顺序是随机的，使用查找功能〔Ctrl＋F〕进展搜索[题目]— Why did you choose our pany？— __________________________[答案] Sorry, I didn' t catch that. Would you say it again?[题目]— Can you show me the schedule？— __________________________.[答案] Sure, a tight schedule as usual[题目]— But what do you want me to do there？— ______________________________[答案] You have to give a presentation on what our products are.[题目]— Morning, Maggie. Could you talk briefly about your career development？— ___________________________[答案] Thanks for giving me this opportunity. I started as a clerk in the…[题目]— You need to pay a visit to our important customers from _Chamberlain Automation Systemspany in Washington.— _____________________________[答案] Sorry, can you repeat the name of the pany?[题目]______ a vacation is always a good way toget relaxation and refreshment.[答案] Taking[题目]Before I came to America, I __________as an executive secretary with a trading panyfor one year in Britain.[答案] had worked[题目]Good manners may be varied ________cultural backgrounds.[答案] due to[题目]I led and _________a sales team of 20 people.[答案] motivated[题目]I was __________ devising sales strategies and targets for the West Region.[答案] responsible for[题目]Is ________ possible to take a 10-minute break during the meeting tomorrow morning？[答案] it[题目]Sometimes your body language, gestures and expressions may tell people ______________about you than the words you use.[答案] more[题目]The following hints may help you stay energized, or at least ___________ until you ca____ake the time for rest.[答案] get you going[题目]When talking to people within your pany_________don’ t speak your language, you mayhave to use English.[答案] who[ 题目 ]You are the right person for the jobthat_______ your application ________theadvertisement.[答案] relates… to…二、阅读理解阅读下面的文章，根据文章内容给题目选择正确的答案。
计算机与网络英语词汇（T5）_计算机英语词汇
translation phase 转译阶段translation scheme 转译方法translation time 翻译时间translation unit 转译单位translation, algorithm 算法翻译translation, error rate of(com-munication) 通讯翻译的错误率translation, frequency 频率转译translation, language 语言翻译translation, machine 机器翻译translation, mechanical 机械翻译translation,algorithm 算法翻译translation,error rate of(com-munication) 通讯翻译的错误率translation,frequency 频率转译translation,language 语言翻译translation,machine 机器翻译translation,mechanical 机械翻译translator package 翻译器程序包translator program 翻译器程序translator routine 翻译例程translator(trans) 翻译器transliterate 换字transmission 传输transmission band 传输带transmission cable 传输电缆transmission channel 传输通道transmission channels 传输通道transmission code 传输码transmission code, recurrent 循环传输码transmission code,recurrent 循环传输码transmission codes, spiral parity checking 螺旋同位核对传输transmission codes,spiral parity checking 螺旋同位核对传输transmission control protocol/internet protocol 传输控制协议/因特网协议transmission control protocol/internet protocol (tcp/ip) 传输控制协议transmission control protocol/internet protocol [tcp/ip] 传输控制规约 / 联transmission control unit (tcu) 传输控制单元transmission deviations 传输偏差transmission equipment 传输设备transmission errors 传输误差transmission extension 传输内线transmission facility 传输设施transmission frames, sdlc sdlc 传输架构transmission interface 传输接口transmission interface converter 传输接口转换器transmission interruption 传输中断transmission level point(tlp) 传输位准点transmission line 传输线transmission link 传输链接transmission measuring set 传输测量组transmission medium 传输媒体transmission modes 传输模式transmission objectives 传输目的transmission packet 传输讯息包transmission parallel 并行传输transmission point-to-point 点对点传输transmission rate, baud 传输鲍率transmission rate,baud 传输鲍率transmission ration, utilization 有用传输率transmission ration,utilization 有用传输率transmission reversal, terminal systems 终端机系统传输可逆性transmission reversal,terminal systems 终端机系统传输可逆性transmission service 传输服务transmission speed 传输速率transmission system 传输系统transmission system codes 传输系统码transmission system, information 信息传输系统transmission system,information 信息传输系统transmission(x) 传输transmission, analog 模拟传输transmission, asynchronous 异步传输transmission, binary 二元传输transmission, data 数据传输transmission, effective speed of 有效传输速率transmission, fixed ration 定率传输码transmission, serial 串行传输transmission, start-stop 起止传输transmission, synchronous 同步传输transmission, transparent mode 透明式传输transmission,analog 模拟传输transmission,data 数据传输transmission,effective speed of 有效传输速率transmission,fixed ration 定率传输码transmission,serial 串行传输transmission,start-stop 起止传输transmission,transparent mode 透明式传输transmit 传输transmit buffer 传输缓冲区transmit control block 传输控制块transmit data set 传输数据集transmit flow control 传输流程控制transmit leg 传输边transmital mode 传输模态transmitiing initialize 初始化传送transmitted-data circuit 传输数据线路transmitter 发送器transmitter card 发射器卡transmitter distributor(td) 发射分配器transmitter holding register 发射器保留缓存器transmitter ready 发射器备妥transmitter register 发射器缓存器transmitter start code(tsc) 发射开始码transmitter/receiver chip modes 发射器/接收器芯片模态transmitting 传送中transmultiplexer 传输多上器transparency 透明度transparent 透明transparent data 透通资料transparent data communication code 透通信息通讯码transparent dither 透明递色transparent information 透通信息transparent media adapter (tma) 光罩transparent multiplexer 透通多任务器transparent region 透明工作区transparent text 透通文讯transparent text mode 透通文讯模态transparent transmission 透通传输transponder 答询机transport 传输transport layer 传输层。
ATL从技术走向管理
成功人士
20%-25%时间做Ⅰ（紧急+重要的事情）； 65-80%时间做Ⅱ （不紧急+重要的事情）； 15%时间做Ⅲ （紧急+不重要的事情）； 1%时间做Ⅳ （不紧急+不重要的事情）
Amperex Technology Limited
Surpassing customer’s expectation
Amperex Technology Limited
Surpassing customer’s expectation
眼观大图要求我们
关注自己的价值贡献，而非工作本身； 改变专才成通才； 理解自己在整体中的位置及贡献； 整体的思考问题； 动态及系统思考问题。
个人习惯-----专注结果
练习：用2分钟做题，共21题。
Amperex Technology Limited
Surpassing customer’s expectation
Amperex Technology Limited
Surpassing customer’s expectation
专注结果的要求
从技术走向管理
技术部
Surpassing Customer’s Expectation
小游戏
左右手互握；
习惯养成容易改很难；
Amperex Technology Limited
Surpassing customer’s expectation
课程目的
技术管理者的必修课； 管理者必备的态度、知识、技巧；
Amperex Technology Limited
Surpassing customer’s expectation
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Applicants for certification must meet stringent standards of education, experience and professional conduct, pass a comprehensive examination and maintain the credential through continuing education credits.
TMA 的重整管理职业化的认证程序是一个非常优秀的专业认证程序。该程序提供了 一 个 客 观 的 衡 量 方 法 ， 该 方 法 对 危 机 管 理 ， 重 建 和 公 司 重 整 （ workouts, restructurings and corporate renewal）有关的专业知识具备客观的衡量效果。
所有的 TMA 成员都被组织寄以厚望。TMA 组织期望其成员每年都签发一份有关 高标准的职业操守、高标准的道德自律、高标准的职业能力的自律性文件（Code of Ethics）。
TMA 的重整管理职业化的认证程序是一个非常优秀的专业认证程序。该程序提 供了一个客观的衡量方法，该方法对危机管理，重建和公司重整（ workouts, restructurings and corporate renewal）有关的专业知识具备客观的衡量效果。
所有的 TMA 成员都被组织寄以厚望。TMA 组织期望其成员每年都签发一份有关 高标准的职业操守、高标准的道德自律、高标准的职业能力的自律性文件（Code of Ethics）。 All TMA members are expected to sign a Code of Ethics each year specifying high standards of professionalism, integrity, and competence.
TMAssist 是一个公共服务项目，该项目是为了救助在2005年的墨西哥飓风中受影响 的商业活动而产生的。该项目主要通过在车间的演讲以及发放培训资料的方式实现。 2008年，在新奥尔良城市公园，75名志愿者协助种下了鸢尾花，借此以复兴泻湖。此次活 动是 TMA 的第20次纪念日庆典活动的一部分。
TMA 的公司重整产业的主要代言人是2012年 TMA 首席代表 Mark S. Indelicato， 执行合伙人 Hahn & Hessen（有限合伙人），纽约，纽约州2012年 TMA 主席 Ronald R. Sussman，破产和重整实践，库利（律所的名称）有限合伙人，纽约，纽约州。 详细资料或者希望面试，联系传媒及通讯销售 Dan Goldberg, (312) 578-2042, dgoldberg@
出版物：
公司重整期刊 TMA 国际新闻 TMA 每周报道 会议及活动
TMA 每年在全世界范围内举行三个年度性国际性会议和 区域性和分会性质的 活动。 2013年 TMA 不良投资会议，2月6-8号 百乐宫酒店（Bellagio） 拉斯维加斯 2013年 TMA 春季活动，5月14-16日 芝加哥万豪（JW Marriott Chicago） 芝加
破产重整管理人组织（以下简称 TMA）是国际上唯一的非盈利性组织，本组织致力于破产重整和危机管理。
Established in 1988, TMA has more than 9,000 members in 48 chapters, including 31 in North America and one each in Australia, Brazil, the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Romania, Southern Africa, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan and the United Kingdom, with a chapter in formation in Singapore. 本组织成立于1988年，TMA 截止目前有超过9000的会员。会员分布在48个分会，包 括31个驻扎在北美的分会。其还在澳大利亚、巴西、捷克共和国、芬兰、法国、德 国、香港、爱尔兰、意大利、日本、尼德兰、罗马尼亚、韩国、西班牙、瑞典、台 湾和不列颠王国，在以上的国家和地区，均驻扎有一个分会。同时，在新加坡也有 一个成立中的分会。
哥 2013年年度会议：（Spring Event）：TMA 第25个年度会议：10月3-5号 万豪沃
德曼酒店（Marriott Wardman Park） 华盛顿 TMA 其余分会以及区域活动
教育
TMA 提供综合性的教育资源，丰富的教育资源涵盖所有范围内公司重整，不良 投资，重整管理（turnaround management，或译转机管理）相关的主题。并且涵 盖你事业的每一个领域。
The TMA Certified Turnaround Professional (CTP) program recognizes professional excellence and provides an objective measure of expertise related to workouts, restructurings and corporate renewal.
翻译附录：
TMA Fact Sheet
TMA 事件列表
The Turnaround Management Association (TMA) is the only international non-profit association dedicated to corporate renewal and turnaround management.
认证的申请者必须符合严格的学历标准，具备相关的经验和专业实践 （professional conduct），通过综合性考试以及在继续教育中获得学分的方式获得 该种证书。 TMAssist 是一个公共服务项目，该项目是为了救助在2005年的墨西哥飓风中受影响 的商业活动而产生的。该项目主要通过在车间的演讲以及发放培训资料的方式实现。 2008年，在新奥尔良城市公园，75名志愿者协助种下了鸢尾花，借此以复兴泻湖。 此次活动是 TMA 的第20次纪念日庆典活动的一部分。
TMA 成员时一群由专业的危机管理和公司重整专家组建的职业共同体。群体成 员 共 同 致 力 于 以 恢 复 公 司 的 价 值 的 方 式 实 现 经 济 繁 荣 （ strengthening the economy）。
其中包括43%的破产重整执业者。在重整程序中，这些职业者通过提供建议以及 参与经营的方式帮助困境企业。这部分破产重整执业者包括临时性的运营管理人 （ interim corporate managers ）， 财 政 及 运 营 顾 问 （ financial and operating advisors），会计师；
TMA members are a professional community of turnaround and corporate renewal professionals who share a common interest in strengthening the
economy through the restoration de:
包括20%的律师；
还包括14%的贷款人或者银行的退休领导（workout officers）；
还包括3%的投资者，包括股权投资者，投资银行，风险投资者；
• 43%- Turnaround practitioners who consult with or participate in helping troubled companies in the recovery process, including interim corporate managers, financial and operating advisors, accountants • 20%- Attorneys • 14%- Lenders and bankers/workout officers • 3%- Investors, including equity investors, investment bankers, venture capitalists
核心知识课程
《会计与财》 《法律》
《管理学》
自从1993年，TMA 的分会和独立的成员取得了举世瞩目的成就，这些成就在年 度会议得到认可。破产重整年度颁奖肇始于1996年，此外还有2003年的卡尔马克思 学生论文竞赛，2004、2005年巴特勒厄尔教育卓越奖，商业年度大奖。TMA 成立了 破产重整，重建和2008年不良投资行业名人堂,该活动在 TMA 年度庆典中获得了10 个偶像。
包括20%的律师；
还包括14%的贷款人或者银行的退休领导（workout officers）；
还包括3%的投资者，包括股权投资者，投资银行，风险投资者；
20%其他相关领域的专业人士，包括破产管理人，资产评估师，信托管理者（受托 人），拍卖行/清算人，代理人，学者/学生，政府/法官，招聘人员（recruiters）等。
在线研讨会
网络学习项目 Webinars（在线研讨会） E-learning Programs（网络学习项目） Body of Knowledge Interactive Online Books（核心知识相关的网络互动书籍）
Body of Knowledge Books（相关核心书籍）
Troubled Loan Workouts: A Reference Guide Conference Proceedings-（受困贷款 投资参考指导的会议论文集）