成都电子科技大学 英美文学基础知识及运用 2014-2016年硕士研究生考研真题
2016考研英语一真题及解析
2016考研英语一真题及解析2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）真题及答案（完整版）（注：以下选项标红加粗为正确答案）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)In Cambodia the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends,１those of the young women, but also a matchmaker. A young man can 2 a likely spouse on his own and them ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations. or the young man's parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. 4 , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen.5 a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying6 a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days 7 by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and 8 prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, 9 cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride's and groom's wrists ,and 10 a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the 11 .Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife's parents and may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they can build a flew house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to 14 ,but not common .Divorced persons are 15 with some disapproval. Each spouse retains 16property he or she 17 into the marriage, and jointly -acquired property is 18 equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice 19 up .The divorced male doesn't have a waiting period before he can remarry 20 the woman must wait the months.1. [A] by way of [B] as well as [C] on behalf of [D] with regard to2. [A] adapt to [B] provide for [C]compete with [D] decide on3. [A] close [B] renew [C]arrange [D] postpone4. [A] In theory [B] Above all [C] In time [D] For example5. [A] Although [B] Lest [C] After [D] Unless6. [A] into [B] within [C] from [D] through7. [A] sine [B] or [C] but [D] so8. [A] test [B]copy [C]recite [D] create9. [A] folding [B] piling [C] wrapping [D] tying10. [A] lighting [B] passing [C] hiding [D] serving总部在西安九大校区全程面授一流环境顶级名师学府考研——您最值得信赖的考研培训辅导机构11. [A] meeting [B] association [C] collection [D]union12. [A] grow [B] part [C] deal [D]live13. [A] whereas [B] until [C] for [D] if14. [A] obtain [B] follow [C] challenge [D]avoid15. [A] isolated [B] persuaded [C] viewed [D] exposed16. [A]wherever [B] however [C] whenever [D]whatever17. [A] changed [B] brought [C] shaped [D] pushed18.[A] divided [B] invested [C] donated [D] withdrawn19. [A]clears [B] warms [C] shows [D] breaks20. [A]while [B] so what [C]once [D] in thatSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways.The parliament also agreed to ban websites that" incite excessive thinness" by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up with impinging on health. That's a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starring themselves to health -as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it move take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape -measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans, if fully enforced ,would suggest to woman (and many men )that they should not let others be orbiters of their beauty .And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to sine zero or wasp-waist physiques .The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mess could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.总部在西安九大校区全程面授一流环境顶级名师学府考研——您最值得信赖的考研培训辅导机构The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standard for models and fashion images there rely more on pear pressure for enforcement.In contrast to France's actions, Denmark's fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding age, health, and other characteristics of models .The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical charter clearly states, we are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people. The charter's main toll of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen. Fashion week, which is men by the Danish Fashion Institute .But in general it relies on a name-and -shame method of compliance.Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.21. According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?[A] Physical beauty would be redefined[B] New runways would be constructed[C] Websites about dieting would thrive[D] The fashion industry would decline22. The phrase "impinging on"(Line2 Para2) is closest in meaning to[A] heightening the value of[B] indicating the state of[C] losing faith in[D] doing harm to23. Which of the following is true of the fashion industry[A] The French measures have already failed[B] New standards are being set in Denmark[C] Models are no longer under peer pressure[D] Its inherent problems are getting worse24. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for[A] setting perfect physical conditions[B] caring too much about models' character[C] showing little concern for health factors[D] pursuing a high age threshold for models25. Which of the following maybe the best title of the text?[A] A challenge to the Fashion Industry's Body Ideals总部在西安九大校区全程面授一流环境顶级名师学府考研——您最值得信赖的考研培训辅导机构[B] A Dilemma for the starving models in France[C] Just Another Round of struggle for beauty[D] The Great Threats to the Fashion IndustryText 2For the first time in the history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate "the countryside" alongside the royal family. Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what make them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save "the beauty of natural places for everyone forever". It was specifically to provide city dwellers withspaces for leisure where they could experience "a refreshing air". Hill's pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. They don't make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it .It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives' planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorizing "off-plan" building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent only u sensing its chance, has sides with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its campaign to protect Rural England struck terror into many local conservative parties.The sensible place to build new houses factories and offices is where people are in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyed recently identified enough sites for half of million houses in the Landon area alone with no intrusion on green belts. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces. The idea that "housing crisis" equals "concreted meadows" is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruinrural ones?Development should be planned, not let trip, After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe's most crowed country. Half a century of town and country planning has enable it to retain 总部在西安九大校区全程面授一流环境顶级名师学府考研——您最值得信赖的考研培训辅导机构an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative-the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.26. Britain's public sentiment about the countryside[A] is not well reflected in politics[B] is fully backed by the royal family[C] didn't start fill the Shakespearean age[D] has brought much benefit to the NHS27. According to paragraph 2，the achievements of the National Trust are now being[A] largely overshadowed[B] properly protected[C] effectively reinforced[D] gradually destroyed28. Which of the following can be offered from paragraph 3[A] Labour is under attack for opposing development[B] The Conservatives may abandon "off-plan" building[C] Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation[D] The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence29. The author holds that George Osbornes's preference[A] shows his disregard for the character of rural area[B] stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis[C] highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure[D] reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas30. In the last paragraph the author show his appreciation of[A] the size of population in Britain[B] the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain[C] the town-and-country planning in Britain[D] the political life in today's BritainText 3"There is one and only one social responsibility of business" wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel Prize-winning economist "That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits." But even if you accept Friedman's premise and regard corporate social responsibility(CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders's money, things may not be absolutely clear-act. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.总部在西安九大校区全程面授一流环境顶级名师学府考研——您最值得信赖的考研培训辅导机构The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a "signal" that a company's products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company's products as an indirect may to donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse "halo effect" whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. Arecent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under American's Foreign Corrupt Practices Act （FCPA）.It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company's products as part of their investigations，they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that，among prosecuted firms，those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firm's political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company's record in CSR. "We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about20% result in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials." says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question at how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.31. The author views Milton Friedman's statement about CSR with[A]uncertainty[B]skepticism[C]approval[D]tolerance32. According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company by[A]guarding it against malpractices[B]protecting it from consumers[C]winning trust from consumers.[D]raising the quality of its products总部在西安九大校区全程面授一流环境顶级名师学府考研——您最值得信赖的考研培训辅导机构33. The expression "more lenient"(line 2,Para.4)is closest in meaning to[A]less controversial[B]more lasting[C]more effective[D]less severe34. When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company's CSR record[A]comes across as reliable evidence[B]has an impact on their decision[C]increases the chance of being penalized[D]constitutes part of the investigation35. Which of the following is true of CSR according to the last paragraph?[A] The necessary amount of companies spending on it is unknown[B] Companies' financial capacity for it has been overestimated[C] Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked[D]It has brought much benefit to the banking industryText 4There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day willbe is a matter of debate. "Sometime in the future," the paper's publisher said back in 2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there's plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper - printing presses, delivery trucks - isn't just expensive; it's excessive at a time when online - only competitors don't have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Times shouldn't waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way. "Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them," he said, "but if you discontinue it, you're going have your most loyal customers really upset with you."Sometimes that's worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming. "It was seen as blunder," he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in charge at the Times? "I wouldn't pick a year to end print," he said "I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product."总部在西安九大校区全程面授一流环境顶级名师学府考研——您最值得信赖的考研培训辅导机构The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes, and they'd feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in. "So if you're overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping," Peretti said. "Thenincrease it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue." In other words, if you're going to make a print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year - more than twice as much as a digital - only subscription."It's a really hard thing to do and it's a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn't have a legacy business," Peretti remarked. "But we're going to have questions like that where we have things we're doing that don't make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it's better to be more aggressive that less aggressive."36. The New York Times is considering ending it's print edition partly due to[A] the increasing online and sales[B] the pressure from its investors[C] the complaints from its readers[D] the high cost of operation37. Peretti suggests that in face of the present situation, The Times should[A] make strategic adjustments[B] end the print sedition for good[C] seek new sources of leadership[D] aim for efficient management38. It can be inferred from paragraphs 5and 6 that a " legacy product"[A] helps restore the glory of former times[B] is meant for the most loyal customers[C] will have the cost of printing reduced[D] expands the popularity of the paper39. Peretti believes that in a changing world[A] traditional luxuries can stay unaffected[B] cautiousness facilitates problem-solving[C] aggressiveness better meets challenges[D] legacy businesses are becoming out dated40. which of the following would be the best title of the text?[A] shift to online newspapers all at once[B] Cherish the Newspapers still in Your Hand[C] keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion总部在西安九大校区全程面授一流环境顶级名师学府考研——您最值得信赖的考研培训辅导机构[D] Make Your print Newspapers a luxury GoodPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSER SHEET. (10 point)[A] Create a new image of yourself[B] Decide if the time is right[C] Have confidence in yourself[D]Understand the context[E]Work with professionals[F]Make it efficient[G]Know your goalsNo matter how formal or informal the work environment, the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in the first impressions. According to research from Princeton University , people assess your competence, trustworthiness, and likeability in just a tenth of a second, solely based on the way youlook.The difference between today's workplace and the "dress for success" era is that the range of options is so much broader. Norms have evolved and fragmented. In some settings, red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status; in other not so much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like LinkedIn. Chances are, your headshots are seen much more often now than a decade or two ago. Millennials, it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding. It can be confusing.So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to invest in an upgrade? And what's the best way to pull off one than enhances our goals? Here are some tips: 41___[B] Decide if the time is rightAs an executive coach, I've seen image upgrades be particular helpful during transitions-when looking for a new job, stepping into a new or more public role, or changing work environments. If you're in a period of change or just feeling stuck and in a rut, now may be a good time. If you're not sure, ask for honest feedback from trusted friends, colleagues and professionals. Look for cues about how others perceive you. Maybe there's no need for an upgrade and that's OK42_____[G]Know your goalsGet clear on what impact you're hoping to have. Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it? For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and总部在西安九大校区全程面授一流环境顶级名师学府考研——您最值得信赖的考研培训辅导机构enhance their professional image. For another, it may be tobe perceived as more approachable, or more modern and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look more "SoHo." (It's OK to use characterizations like that )43 ____[D]Understand the contextLook at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment? What conveys status? Who are your most important audiences? How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves? The better you understand the cultural context, the more control you can have over your impact.44 _____[E]Work with professionalsEnlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like J. Crew. Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse or friend. It's not as expensive as you might think.45 ______[F]Make it efficientThe point of a style upgrade isn't to become more vain or to spend more time fussing over what to wear. Instead, use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue. Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options. Buy all your clothes at once with a stylist instead of shopping alone, one article of clothing at a time.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Mental health is our birthright. (46) we don't have to learn how to be mentallyhealthy, it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend, a broken bone. Mental health can't be learned, only reawakened. It is like immune system of the body, which under stress or through lack of nutrition or exercise can be weakened, but which never leaves us. When we don't understand the value of mental health and we don't know how to gain access to it, mental health will remain hidden from us. (47) Our mental health doesn't go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem -confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our common sense. It allows us to have perspective on our lives-the ability to not take ourselves too seriously, to laugh at ourselves, to see the bigger picture, and to see that things will work out. It's a form of innate or unlearned optimism.(48) Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with总部在西安九大校区全程面授一流环境顶级名师学府考研——您最值得信赖的考研培训辅导机构kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are. Mental health is the source of creativity for solving problems, resolving conflict, making our surroundings more beautiful, managing our home life, or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier. It gives us patience for ourselves. And toward others as well as patience while driving, catching a fish, working on our car, or raising a child. It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature, in culture, in the flow of our daily lives.(49)Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives,it is perfecting ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions. It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations to show you right from wrong, good from bad, friend from foe. Mental health has commonly been called conscience, instinct, wisdom, common sense, or the inner voice, we think of it simply as a health and helpful flow of intelligent thought. (50) As you will come to see, knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.【参考译文】46. 我们不必一定去学习如何做到心理健康，这种能力植根于我们自身，就像我们的身体知道如何愈合伤口，如何修复断骨。
成都电子科技大学概率论与数理统计2012-2016年考研初试真题+答案
第 1 页 共 4 页电子科技大学2016年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目857 概率论与数理统计注：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试卷或草稿纸上均无效。
一、 填空题（每题3分，共15分）1、任取一正整数，该数的平方的末位数是1的概率是__________.2、 设随机变量123,,X X X 相互独立，其中1X 在区间[0,6]上服从均匀分布，2X 服从正态分布2(0,2)N ，3X 服从参数为3λ=的泊松分布，记12323Y X X X =-+,则D （Y ）=___________.3、 设随机变量X 服从参数为2的泊松分布，且Y ＝3X －2，则E （3Y ＋2）=__________.4、 设随机变量,X Y 相互独立且都服从正态分布2(0,3)N ，而129,,,X X X ⋅⋅⋅和129,,,Y Y Y ⋅⋅⋅为分别来自总体X 和Y 的简单随机样本，则统计量U =服从 ，参数为 . 5、 假设一批产品中一，二，三等品各占60%，30%，10%，从中随意取出一件，结果不是三等品，则取得的是一等品的概率为 .二、 单项选择题（每题3分，共15分）1、设当事件A 与B 同时发生时，事件C 必发生，则（ ）(A)()()()1P C P A P B ≤+- (B) ()()()1P C P A P B ≥+- (C) ()()P C P AB = (D) ()()P C P A B =2、设随机变量,X Y 均服从正态分布，2(,4)X N μ，2(,5)YN μ，记1{4}p P X μ=≤-，2{5}p P Y μ=≥+，则（）第 2 页 共 4 页(A)对任何实数μ，都有12p p =（B ）对任何实数μ，都有12p p < (C) 只对μ的个别值，才有12p p = （D ）对任何实数μ，都有12p p > . 3、如果,ξη满足()()D D ξηξη+=-，则必有 ( ) (A)ξ与η独立 (B) ξ与η不相关 (C) 0D η=(D) 0D D ξη= 4、若设随机变量X 和Y 都服从标准正态分布，则( )(A) X +Y 服从正态分布 (B)22X Y +服从2χ分布 (C)2X 和2Y 都服从2χ分布 (D)22/X Y 服从F 分布 5、设12,,X X ⋅⋅⋅为独立同分布序列，且(1,2,)i X i =⋅⋅⋅均服从参数为4的指数分布，当n 比较大时，11ni i X n =∑近似服从 ( ). (A) 4(4,)N n(B) 11(,)416N n (C)11(,)416N (D) (4,)16n N 三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1、 有两个口袋，甲袋中盛有两个白球，一个黑球，乙袋中盛有一个白球，两个黑球，由甲袋中任取一个球放入乙袋，再从乙袋中取出一个球，求取得白球的概率。
电子科技大学研究生入学考试812历年真题（2007-2016）
电⼦科技⼤学研究⽣⼊学考试812历年真题（2007-2016）电⼦科技⼤学地理信息系统基础历年真题（2007-2016）2007年电⼦科技⼤学攻读硕⼠学位研究⽣⼊学试题考试科⽬：424 地理信息系统基础⼀、名词解释（每⼩题6分，共48分）1.地理信息2.栅格数据结构3.空间索引4.数字⾼程模型5.地图投影6.地理数据互操作7.⽮量数据结构8.空间关系⼆、分析并⽐较⽮量数据结构与栅格数据结构的优缺点。
（16分）三、简述WebGIS的实现技术。
（16分）四、简述格⽹DEM的应⽤领域。
（16分）五、简述什么是3S（GIS、RS、GPS）集成，并举例说明。
（16分）六、地理信息系统软件的体系结构与功能作⽤。
（16分）七、试综合利⽤空间分析⽅法，根据现有Roads（道路图）、Streams（河流图）、Forest（森林图），找出满⾜以下条件的可砍伐林⽊的适宜森林区域范围。
请绘出各步骤结果草图以及流程图，并进⾏简要说明。
条件如下：①在道路300⽶（假定⼤约相当于下图②中0.3厘⽶）范围内的林⽊不能砍伐；②在河流500⽶（假定⼤约相当于图③中0.5厘⽶）范围内的林⽊不能砍伐。
（22分）2008年电⼦科技⼤学攻读硕⼠学位研究⽣⼊学试题考试科⽬：812 地理信息系统基础⼀、名词解释（每⼩题8分，共48分）1.空间叠加分析是指在统⼀空间参照系统条件下，每次将同⼀地区两个地理对象的图层进⾏叠加，以产⽣空间区域的多重属性特征，或建⽴地理对象之间的空间对应关系。
2.游程编码结构是逐⾏将相邻同值的⽹格合并，并记录合并后⽹格的值，以及合并⽹格的长度，其⽬的是压缩栅格数据量，消除数据间的冗余。
3.栅格数据结构基于栅格模型的数据结构简称为栅格数据结构，指将空间分割成有规则的格⽹，在各个格⽹上给出相应属性值来表⽰地理实体的⼀种数据组织形式。
点由⼀个单元格⽹表⽰，其数值与邻近⽹格值明显不同；线段由⼀串有序的相互连接的单元⽹格表⽰，各个格⽹的值⽐较⼀致，但与领域的值差异较⼤；多边形由聚集在⼀起的相互连接的单元⽹格组成，区域内部的格⽹值相同或差异较⼩，但与领域的值差异较⼤。
2016年考研英语一真题-高清版含答案
2016年考研英语一真题-高清版含答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)In Cambodia,the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male.It may involve not only his parents and his friends,1those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker.A young man can2a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to3the marriage negotiations,or the young man’s parents may make the choice of a spouse,giving the child little to say in the selection.4,a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen.5a spouse has been selected,each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying6a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair.Formerly it lasted three days,7by the1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half.Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and8prayers of blessing.Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting,9cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists,and10a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the11.Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife’s parents and may12with them up to a year,13they can build a new house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to14,but not common.Divorced persons are 15with some disapproval.Each spouse retains16property he or she 17into the marriage,and jointly-acquired property is18equally. Divorced persons may remarry,but a gender prejudice19up:The divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before he can remarry20the woman must wait ten months.1.[A]as well as[B]by way of[C]on behalf of[D]with regard to2.[A]adapt to[B]provide for[C]compete with[D]decide on3.[A]renew[B]close[C]arrange[D]postpone4.[A]In theory[B]In time[C]Above all[D]For example5.[A]Although[B]Lest[C]After[D]Unless6.[A]within[B]into[C]from[D]through7.[A]since[B]or[C]so[D]but8.[A]test[B]recite[C]copy[D]create9.[A]folding[B]piling[C]wrapping[D]tying10.[A]passing[B]lighting[C]hiding[D]serving11.[A]association[B]meeting[C]collection[D]union12.[A]grow[B]part[C]live[D]deal13.[A]whereas[B]until[C]for[D]if14.[A]follow[B]obtain[C]challenge[D]avoid15.[A]isolated[B]persuaded[C]viewed[D]exposed16.[A]whatever[B]however[C]whenever[D]wherever17.[A]changed[B]brought[C]shaped[D]pushed18.[A]withdrawn[B]invested[C]donated[D]divided19.[A]clears[B]shows[C]warms[D]breaks20.[A]while[B]once[C]so that[D]in thatSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1France,which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion,has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women.Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways.The parliament also agreed to ban websites that“incite excessive thinness”by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives.They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health.That’s a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death–as some have done.It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women,especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans,if fully enforced,would suggest to women(and many men)that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty.And perhaps faintly,they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.The French measures,however,rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep–and bone-showing.Under the law,using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a$85,000fine and six months in prison.The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types.In Denmark,the United States,and a few other countries,it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.In contrast to France’s actions,Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age,health,and other characteristics of models.The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states:“We are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals,especially on young people.”The charter’s main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week (CFW),which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute.But in general it relies on a name-and-shame method of compliance.Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step.Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.21.According to the first paragraph,what would happen in France?[A]Physical beauty would be redefined.[B]New runways would be constructed.[C]Websites about dieting would thrive.[D]The fashion industry would decline.22.The phrase“impinging on”(Line2,Para.2)is closest in meaning to[A]indicating the state of.[B]heightening the value of.[C]losing faith in.[D]doing harm to.23.Which of the following is true of the fashion industry?[A]The French measures have already failed.[B]Its inherent problems are getting worse.[C]Models are no longer under peer pressure.[D]New standards are being set in Denmark.24.A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for[A]pursuing perfect physical conditions.[B]caring too much about models’character.[C]showing little concern for health factors.[D]setting a high age threshold for models.25.Which of the following may be the best title of the text?[A]The Great Threats to the Fashion Industry[B]Just Another Round of Struggle for Beauty[C]A Dilemma for the Starving Models in France[D]A Challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body IdealsText2For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country.In Britain this has had a curious result.While polls show Britons rate“the countryside”alongside the royal family,Shakespeare and the National Health Service(NHS)as what makes them proudest of their country,this has limited political support.A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save“the beauty of natural places for everyone forever.”It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience“a refreshing air.”Hill’s pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts.They don’t make countryside any more,and every year concrete consumes more of it.It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment.The Conservatives’planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation,even authorising“off-plan”building where local people might object.The concept of sustainable development has been defined as bour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development.The Liberal Democrats are silent.Only Ukip,sensing its chance,has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land.Its Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local Conservative parties.The sensible place to build new houses,factories and offices is where people are,in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place.The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million houses in the London area alone,with no intrusion on green belt.What is true of London is even truer of the provinces.The idea that“housing crisis”equals“concreted meadows”is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but,as always,where to put them.Under lobby pressure,George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal.He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets.This is not a free market but a biased one.Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow.They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character.We do not ruin urban conservation areas.Why ruin rural ones?Development should be planned,not let rip.After the Netherlands,Britain is Europe’s most crowded country.Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence,while still permitting low-density urban living.There is no doubt of the alternative–the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal,Spain or Ireland.Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.26.Britain’s public sentiment about the countryside[A]is not well reflected in politics.[B]is fully backed by the royal family.[C]didn’t start till the Shakespearean age.[D]has brought much benefit to the NHS.27.According to Paragraph2,the achievements of the National Trust are now being[A]largely overshadowed.[B]properly protected.[C]effectively reinforced.[D]gradually destroyed.28.Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph3?[A]Labour is under attack for opposing development.[B]The Conservatives may abandon“off-plan”building.[C]Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation.[D]The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence.29.The author holds that George Osborne’s preference[A]shows his disregard for the character of rural areas.[B]stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis.[C]highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure.[D]reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas.30.In the last paragraph,the author shows his appreciation of[A]the size of population in Britain.[B]the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain.[C]the town-and-country planning in Britain.[D]the political life in today’s Britain.Text3“There is one and only one social responsibility of business,”wrote Milton Friedman,a Nobel prize-winning economist,“That is,to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.”But even if you accept Friedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility(CSR)policies as a waste of shareholders’money,things may not be absolutely clear-cut.New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies–at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than$15billion a year on CSR,according to an estimate by EPG,a consulting firm.This could add value to their businesses in three ways.First,consumers may take CSR spending as a“signal”that a company’s products are of high quality.Second, customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes it helps.And third,through a more diffuse“halo effect,”whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three.A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under America’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act(FCPA).It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their investigations,they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that,among prosecuted firms,those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties.Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms’political influence,rather than their CSR stand,that accounted for the leniency:Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all,the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits,they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR.“We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour,or increasing corporate giving by about20%results in fines that generally are40%lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials,”says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR.Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect,rather than the other possible benefits,when they decide their do-gooding policies.But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law,evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.31.The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with[A]tolerance.[B]skepticism.[C]approval.[D]uncertainty.32.According to Paragraph2,CSR helps a company by[A]guarding it against malpractices.[B]protecting it from being defamed.[C]winning trust from consumers.[D]raising the quality of its products.33.The expression“more lenient”(Para.4)is closest in meaning to[A]less controversial.[B]more effective.[C]more lasting.[D]less severe.34.When prosecutors evaluate a case,a company’s CSR record[A]has an impact on their decision.[B]comes across as reliable evidence.[C]increases the chance of being penalized.[D]constitutes part of the investigation.35.Which of the following is true of CSR,according to the last paragraph?[A]Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.[B]The necessary amount of companies’spending on it is unknown.[C]Companies’financial capacity for it has been overestimated.[D]It has brought much benefit to the banking industry.Text4There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint.Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate.“Sometime in the future,”the paper’s publisher said back in2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside,there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print.The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper –printing presses,delivery trucks–isn’t just expensive;it’s excessive at a time when online-only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway.And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts,revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation lower,but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake,says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Times shouldn’t waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way.“Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them,”he said,“but if you discontinue it, you’re going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”Sometimes that’s worth making a change anyway.Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming.“It was seen as a blunder,”he said.The move turned out to be foresighted.And if Peretti were in charge at the Times?“I wouldn’t pick a year to end print,”he said.“I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product.”The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor,the idea goes, and they’d feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in.“So if you’re overpaying for print,you could feel like you were helping,”Peretti said.“Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.”In other words,if you’re going to make a print product,make it for the people who are already obsessed with it.Which may be what the Times is doing already.Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly$500a year–more than twice as much as a digital-only subscription.“It’s a really hard thing to do and it’s a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn’t have a legacy business,”Peretti remarked.“But we’re going to have questions like that where we have things we’re doing that don’t make sense when the market changes and the world changes.In those situations,it’s better to be more aggressive than less aggressive.”36.The New York Times is considering ending its print edition partly due to[A]the high cost of operation.[B]the increasing online ad sales.[C]the pressure from its investors.[D]the complaints from its readers.37.Peretti suggests that,in face of the present situation,the Times should[A]end the print edition for good.[B]make strategic adjustments.[C]seek new sources of readership.[D]aim for efficient management.38.It can be inferred from Paragraphs5and6that a“legacy product”[A]helps restore the glory of former times.[B]is meant for the most loyal customers.[C]will have the cost of printing reduced.[D]expands the popularity of the paper.39.Peretti believes that,in a changing world,[A]traditional luxuries can stay unaffected.[B]cautiousness facilitates problem-solving.[C]aggressiveness better meets challenges.[D]legacy businesses are becoming outdated.40.Which of the following would be the best title of the text?[A]Shift to Online Newspapers All at Once[B]Make Your Print Newspaper a Luxury Good[C]Keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion[D]Cherish the Newspaper Still in Your HandPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs(41-45).There are two extra subheadings.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)[A]Create a new image of yourself[B]Have confidence in yourself[C]Decide if the time is right[D]Understand the context[E]Work with professionals[F]Know your goals[G]Make it efficientNo matter how formal or informal the work environment,the way you present yourself has an impact.This is especially true in first impressions.According to research from Princeton University,people assess your competence, trustworthiness,and likeability in just a tenth of a second,solely based on the way you look.The difference between today’s workplace and the“dress for success”era is that the range of options is so much broader.Norms have evolved and fragmented. In some settings,red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status;in others not so much.Plus,whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like Linkedln.Chances are,your headshots are seen much more often now than a decade or two lennials,it seems,face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding.It can be confusing.So how do we navigate this?How do we know when to invest in an upgrade? And what’s the best way to pull off one that enhances our goals?Here are some tips: 41.As an executive coach,I’ve seen image upgrades be particularly helpful during transitions–when looking for a new job,stepping into a new or more public role,or changing work environments.If you’re in a period of change or just feeling stuck and in a rut,now may be a good time.If you’re not sure,ask for honest feedback from trusted friends,colleagues and professionals.Look for cuesabout how others perceive you.Maybe there’s no need for an upgrade and that’s OK.42.Get clear on what impact you’re hoping to have.Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it?For one person,the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image.For another,it may be to be perceived as more approachable,or more modern and stylish.For someone moving from finance to advertising,maybe they want to look more“SoHo.”(It’s OK to use characterizations like that.)43.Look at your work environment like an anthropologist.What are the norms of your environment?What conveys status?Who are your most important audiences? How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves?The better you understand the cultural context,the more control you can have over your impact. 44.Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context.Hire a personal stylist,or use the free styling service of a store like J.Crew.Try a hair stylist instead of a barber.Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse or friend.It’s not as expensive as you might think.45.The point of a style upgrade isn’t to become more vain or to spend more time fussing over what to wear.Instead,use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue.Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options.Buy all your clothes at once with a stylist instead of shopping alone,one article of clothing at a time.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Mental health is our birthright.(46)We don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy;it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend a broken bone.Mental health can’t be learned,only reawakened.It is like the immune system of the body,which under stress or through lack of nutrition or exercise can be weakened,but which never leaves us. When we don’t understand the value of mental health and we don’t know how to gain access to it,mental health will remain hidden from us.(47)Our mental health doesn’t really go anywhere;like the sun behind a cloud,it can be temporarily hidden from view,but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem–confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our common sense.It allows us to have perspective on our lives–the ability to not take ourselves too seriously,to laugh at ourselves,to see the bigger picture,and to see that things will work out.It’s a form of innate or unlearned optimism.(48)Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles,with kindness if they are in pain,and with unconditional love no matter who they are.Mental health is the source of creativity for solving problems,resolving conflict,making our surroundings more beautiful,managing our home life,or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier.It gives us patience for ourselves and toward others as well as patience while driving,catching a fish,working on our car,or raising a child.It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature,in culture,in the flow of our daily lives.(49)Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives,it is perfectly ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions.It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations to show you right from wrong,good from bad,friend from foe.Mental health has commonly been called conscience,instinct,wisdom,common sense,or the inner voice.We think of it simply as a healthy and helpful flow of intelligent thought.(50)As you will come to see,knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:Suppose you are a librarian in your university.Write a notice of about100 words,providing the newly-enrolled international students with relevant information about the library.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160-200words based on the following pictures.In your essay,you shouldl)describe the pictures briefly,2)interpret the meaning,and3)give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20points)2016年全真试题答案Section Ⅰ Use of English1.A2.D3.C4.A5.C6.B7.D8.B9.D 10.A11.D 12.C 13.B 14.B 15.C 16.A 17.B 18.D 19.B 20.A Section Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart AText 1 21.A 22.D 23.D 24.C 25.DText 2 26.A 27.D 28.C 29.A 30.CText 3 31.B 32.C 33.D 34.A 35.BText 4 36.A 37.B 38.B 39.C 40.BPart B41.C 42.F 43.D 44.E 45.GPart C46.我们的心理健康不是学来的；它是我们生来就有的，正如同我们的身体知道如何治愈伤口或修复断骨一样。
2014年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版
2014年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版Section I Use of LanguageDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(S) for each numbered blank and mark A, B ,C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 Points)As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can't remember 1 we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance's name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain 2 , we refer to these occurrences as "senior moments." 3 seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(an) 4 impact on our professional, social, and personal 5 .Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there's actually a lot that can be done. It 6 out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental 7 can significantly improve our basic cognitive 8 . Thinking is essentially a 9 of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to 10 in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. 11 , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate 12 mental effort.Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step 13 and developed the first "brain training program" designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental 14 .The Web-based program 15 you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps 16 of your progress and provides detailed feedback 17 your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it 18 modifies and enhances the games you play to 19 on the strengths you are developing--much like a(n) 20 exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1.[A]where [B]when [C]that [D]why2.[A]improves [B]fades [C]recovers [D]collapses3.[A]If [B]Unless [C]Once [D]While4.[A]uneven [B]limited [C]damaging [D]obscure5.[A]wellbeing [B]environment [C]relationship [D]outlook6.[A]turns [B]finds [C]points [D]figures7.[A]roundabouts [B]responses [C]workouts [D]associations8.[A]genre [B]functions [C]circumstances [D]criterion9.[A]channel [B]condition [C]sequence [D]process10.[A]persist [B]believe [C]excel [D]feature11.[A]Therefore [B]Moreover [C]Otherwise [D]However12.[A]according to [B]regardless of [C]apart from [D]instead of13.[A]back [B]further [C]aside [D]around14.[A]sharpness [B]stability [C]framework [D]flexibility15.[A]forces [B]reminds [C]hurries [D]allows16.[A]hold [B]track [C]order [D]pace17.[A] to [B]with [C]for [D]on18.[A]irregularly [B]habitually [C]constantly [D]unusually19.[A]carry [B]put [C]build [D]take20.[A]risky [B]effective [C]idle [D]familiar答案：1-5 ABDCA 6-10 ACBDC 11-15 DABAD 16-20 BDCCB1. [标准答案] [A][考点分析] 上下文语义和连词辨析[选项分析] 本题考查连词。
成都电子科技大学德语(二外)2010-2016年考研初试真题+答案
电子科技大学2016年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：242 德语(二外)注：无机读卡，所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试卷或草稿纸上均无效。
I. Was ist richtig? Machen Sie ein Kreuz! (35%)1). _____ schlechtem Wetter müssen wir zu Hause bleiben.A.BeiB.InC.MitD.Von2). _____zum Unterricht zu gehen, geht er ins Kino.A.OhneB.NichtC.UmD.Statt3).Über dieses Problem haben wir gestern ein ernstes Gespräch_____.A.gemachtB.geführtC.geredetD.genommen4). Am Fenster_____, liest er die Abendzeitung.A.stehtB.gestandenC.standD.stehend5). Er glaubt, ihr_____.A.zu helfenB.helfen zu könnenC.kann helfenD.hilft6). _____ die Aufgabe schwierig ist, möchte er versuchen, sie zu erfüllen.A. ObwohlB. DennochC. WennD. Zwar7). Das ist das Haus, _____ ich 15 Jahre lang gelebt habe.A. dasB. dassC. woD. in dem Haus8). Meine Tasche_____ ins Wasser_____.A. ist...gefallenB. ist...gefälltC. hat...gefallenD. hat...gefällt9). Sie sagte, dass sie_____.A. sei krank gewesenB. Krank gewesen seiC. krank sei gewesenD. ist krank gewesen10). Das ist _____, was ich jemals gehört habe.A. das InteressantesB. das InteressanteC. das InteressantesteD. interessant11). _____er seine Arbeit verloren hat, führt er ein sehr einfaches Leben.共 8 页第 1 页A. AlsB. WährendC. SeitdemD. Bis12). Die ______Spielzeuge werden meistens ins Ausland exportiert.A. in Guangdong hergestellt wordenenB. in Guangdong hergestelltenC. in Guangdong herzustellendeD. in Guangdong herstellenden13). Er hat mit seiner Arbeit_____ und ist aufs Land gezogen.A. aufgegebenB. aufgehörtC. verzichtetD. verliert14). Wir _____ uns morgen um 8 Uhr vor dem Eingang.A. begegnenB. treffenC. besuchenD. erkennen15). Der Verkehrsunfall, _____ zwei Kinder verletzt worden sind,forderte sieben Toteund zehn Verletzte.A. woB. worinC. bei demD.in dem16). _____ seines China-Aufenthalts hat er fünf Städte besucht.A. InnerhalbB. InC. WegenD. Während17). Er ist_____ der bekanntesten deutschen Schriftsteller.A. einB. einerC. einsD. einen18). Er tut so, _____A. als ob er nichts verstanden hatB. als er nichts verstanden hätteC. als hätte er nichts verstandenD. als ob hätte er nichts verstanden19). Rauchen _____ deiner Gesundheit.A. verletztB. zerstörtC. vernichtetD. schadet20). Zu seinem Geburtstag schenken_____ ein Spielzeug.A. seine Eltern erB. ihm seine ElternC. ihn seine ElternD. seine Eltern ihn21). …Willst du mich heiraten?“ –…Nein, das_____ gar nicht in Frage.“A. gehtB.kommtC. stelltD. bleibt22). Wir müssen ein Taxi nehmen,_____ wir rechtzeitig zum Flughafen kommen.A. umB. damitC. so dassD. in dem23). _____, sitzt er allein im Büro und weiß nicht mehr weiter.A. Von allen Seiten kritisiert habenB. Von allen Seiten kritisiert wordenC. Von allen Seiten kritisierdD. Von allen Seiten kritisiert24). Seine Mutter behandelt ihn _____ ein kleines Kind.A. anB. fürC. wieD. auf共 8 页第 2 页25). Ich fahre _____ in die Stadt, _____ ich bleibe zu Hause.A. weder... nochB. zwar...aberC. entweder...oderD. nicht nur...sonder auch26). Weißt du überhaupt, wie dein Traum zu verwirklichen _____?A. istB. kannC. wirdD. hat27). Er______ den besten Schauspielern der Welt.A. gehörtB. zähltC. ist einerD. zählt zu28). ______ die Fernsehprogramme langweilig sind, sitzt er jeden Tag mehrere Stunden vor dem Fernseher.A. ZwarB. WennC. ObwohlD. Weil29). Mit 3000Yuan Einkommen im Monat_____ du hier gut _____.A. gibst...ausB. kommst...ausC. lebst...einD. kommst...an30). Die Krankenschwester hilft dem Patienten, die Tür______.A. zu machenB. zuzumachenC. zu zumachenD. zumachen31). Es ist entschieden, ______.A. hier eine Schule gebaut zu werdenB. hier eine Schule gebaut wirdC. hier wird eine Schule gebautD. hier eine Schule zu bauen32). Seine Freundin wird ihn bald besuchen, ______ er sich sehr freut.A. dassB. wasC. woraufD. womit33). Er finanziert sein Studium selbst.Deswegen muss er ______dem Studium noch arbeiten gehen.A. währendB. nebenC. beiD. mit34). Er macht uns mehrere Vorschläge, ______ wir überhaupt nicht einverstanden sind.A. mit denB. damitC. mit denenD. mit der35). Je mehr man raucht, ______,an Krebs zu erkranken.A. desto größer ist die GefahrB. desto größere Gefahr ist esC. desto größer die Gefahr istD. desto ist die Gefahr größerII. Leseverständnis: (20 %)Generationskonflikt… Ich kann das alles überhaupt nicht verstehen. Diese jungen Leute heute, die haben es ja viel besser als wir damals zu unserer Zeit. Meine Eltern-ganz einfache Leute- hatten共 8 页第 3 页kein Verständnis dafür, daß ich studieren wollte. Sie wollen nicht, daß ich aufs Gymnasium ging. Ich habe im Geschäft mitgeholfen；meine Eltern hatten einen kleinen Laden, den sollte ich später einaml übernehmen. Der ist aber pleite破产的gegangen, die Konkurrenz war zu groß. Heute steht da ein Supermarkt.Ja；ich habe später das Abitur nachgemacht补做；das war nicht leicht：tagsüber arbeiten, abends diese Kurse. Bis in die Nacht hinein habe ich über den Büchern gesessen.Mein Sohn hat nie zu arbeiten brauchen；es war selbstverständlich, daß er studieren durfte；als er noch zur Schule ging, hat meine zweite Frau für ihn gesorgt wie für ihr eigenes Kind. Ich dachte natürlich, mein Sohn studiert Medizin und kommt zu mir in die Praxis；ich stellte mir das so schön vor, mit meinem Sohn zusammenzuarbeiten；die Praxis wird ja immer größer. Die Leute kommen gern zu mir, ich bin ihr … Doktor“ schon seit so vielen Jahren；mit allen Sorgen kommen sie zu mir, und es ist schön, wenn man ihnen helfen kann.Später hätte er die Praxis dann übernehmen sollen；ich bin ja nicht mehr der Jüngste. Aber nein,er will nicht Medizin studieren, erklärt er mir. Ich frage Sie, gibt es etwas Schöneres als den Arztberuf? Literatur will er studieren, stellen Sie sich das vor. Ich lese ja auch gern mal ein Buch；dafür brauche ich doch nicht zu studieren.Und ich muß das auch noch finanzieren. Aber von mir bekommt er nur das Minimum 最小值, keinen Pfennig mehr. Er kann ja in den Ferien arbeiten, wenn er mehr haben will.Vielleicht überlegt er es sich noch. Die Praxis läuft gut；das Wartezimmer ist immer voll. Man muß natürlich hart arbeiten, es wird einem nichts geschenkt. Irgendwo muß das Geld ja herkommen：das Haus, der Wagen, die Reisen, dagegen hat der Herr Sohn nichts, das gefällt ihm alles sehr gut, aber Arzt werden will er trotzdem nicht. Glauben Sie, daß er als Lehrer später einmal so gut verdienen wird? Bestimmt nicht. Aber das ist ihm egal. Können Sie das verstehen? “Was ist richtig?36). Wer spricht da?A.Der Großvater.B. Der Vater.C. Der Sohn.37). Was waren die Großeltern?A. Lehrer.B. Ärzte.C. Geschäftsleute38).Was hatte der Vater gemacht, bevor er aufs Gymnasium ging?A. Er hatte in dem kleinen Laden seiner Eltern gearbeitet.B. Er hatte in einer kleinen Fabrik gearbeitet.C. Er hatte in einem Supermarkt als Verkäufer gearbeitet.39).Was ist der Vater jetzt von Beruf?A.Verkäufer.B. Arzt.C. Lehrer.共 8 页第 4 页40).Was sollte der Sohn nach dem Wunsch des Vaters studieren?A.Medizin.B. Literatur.C. Pädagogik.41).Wofür interessiert sich der Sohn?A.Medizin.B. Literatur.C. Geschichte.42).Wo arbeitet der Vater?A.In einem Krankenhaus.B.In seiner eigenen Praxis.C.In einer Fabrik.43).Warum ist der Vater mit seinem Beruf zufrieden?A. Er kann durch wenige Arbeit viel Geld verdienen.B. Er hat in der eigenen Praxis mehr Freiheit.C. Er verdient viel Geld, obwohl die Arbeit hart ist.44).Was ist dem Sohn egal?A. Ob man mehr oder weniger Freiheit hat.B. Ob man viel oder wenig Geld verdient.C. Ob man leicht oder hart arbeiten wird.45).Was will der Sohn später werden?A. Lehrer.B. Arzt.C. Arbeiter.Von Lernen und von der SchuleJeder Mensch muß von Geburt an lernen, d.h. er muß sich Fähigkeiten und Kenntnisse aneignen, um ein selbständiges Leben in der Gemeinschaft führen zu können.Das Kleinkind muß z.B. das Laufen und Sprechen mühsam(辛苦的，费力)的in den ersten Lebensjahren erlernen, wobei Eltern und Familie natürliches Vorbild und Lehrer sind. Das Kind lernt im Spiel und durch Nachmachen. Der erste Ort des ordentlichen Lernens ist die Schule, die jedes gesunde Kind in der Bundesrepublik ab dem sechsten Lebensjahr mindestens neun Jahre besuchen muß.Zunächst werden dem Kind in der vierjährigen Grundschule so wichtige Fertigkeiten （技能） wie Lesen, Schreiben und Rechnen beigebracht（传授）. Daneben sollen die Kinder auch in Fächern wie Sport und Musik ihre Fähigkeiten entwickeln.Das Leben in der Gruppe und Gesellschaft muß geübt werden. Regeln und Gesetze, die für das Zusammenleben in Gesellschaft und Staat notwendig sind, müssen erlernt werden. Nach dieser Grundausbildung, die alle Kinder eines Jahrgangs gemeinsam共 8 页第 5 页erhalten, beginnt in Niedersachsen die zweijährige Orientierungsstufe（定向阶段）. Noch lernen die Kinder nach Möglichkeit in der Klasse, aber sie können bereits in verschiedene Gruppen aufgeteilt（划分）werden, in denen unterschiedliche Möglichkeiten gestellt werden. Diese Aufteilung richtet sich nach den Fähigkeiten der Kinder. Nach diesen zwei Jahren müssen sich Eltern und Kinder für eine der drei folgenden Möglichkeiten entscheiden: Hauptschule, Realschule oder Gymnasium.Die Hauptschule dauert noch einmal drei Jahre. Danach kann der junge Mensch eine Lehre in einem Handwerksberuf （手工业职业）beginnen.Die Realschule dauert ein Jahr länger und bereitet auf eine Lehre im Büro oder in einem technischen Beruf vor.Das siebenjährige Gymnasium unterrichtet hauptsächlich theoretisches Wissen. Sein Abschluß, das Abitur, ermöglicht das Studium an der Universität.Außerdem gibt es noch seit ungefähr zwanzig Jahren die Gesamtschule, die alle Schularten in sich vereinigt (etw. in sich vereinigen把......集于一体). Wer eine Gesamtschule besucht, braucht also die Schule nicht zu wechseln, was manche Eltern für einen Vorteil halten. Manche Kritiker meinen aber, daß man in dieser Schule nicht so viel lernt.Was ist richtig?46). Man muß_______ lernen.A. lebenslangB. ab dem 6. LebensjahrC. mit sechs JahrenD. vor der Heirat47). Man eignet sich Wissen an, ________.A. um sein Brot zu verdienenB. um selbständig leben zu könnenC. um die Familie zu ernährenD. um sich ein besseres Leben zu schaffen48). Kinder können bei den Eltern durch Nachmachen ________lernen.A. schreibenB. rechnenC. sprechenD. lesen49). Wieviel Jahre muß man in Niedersachsen in die Schule gehen?A. Sechs Jahren.B. Vier Jahre.C. Neun JahreD. Dreizehn Jahre.50). Die Grundschule dauert in der Bundesrepublik ________.A. zehn JahreB. neun JahreC. sechs JahreD. vier Jahre51). Nach der Grundschule gehen die Kinder in Niedersachsen ________.A. in die HauptschuleB. in die RealschuleC. zum GymnasiumD. in die Orientierungsstufe52). In der Orientierungsstufe ________.共 8 页第 6 页A. müssen die Kinder zusammen in derselben Klasse lernenB. müssen die Kinder in verschiedene Klassen aufgeteilt werdenC.lernen die Kinder entweder zusammen in der Klasse, oder sie werden inverschiedene Gruppen aufgeteilt.D. dürfen die Kinder nicht mehr zusammen in der Klasse lernen.53). Wonach werden die Schüler in der Orientierungsstufe aufgeteilt?A. Nach ihren Sprachkenntnissen.B. Nach der Meinung ihrer Eltern.C. Nach den Bedingungen der SchuleD. Nach ihren Fähigkeiten.54). Die Realschule in Niedersachsen dauert ________.A. noch länger als die GrundschuleB. vier JahreC. drei JahreD. genauso lang wie die Hauptschule55). Was is nach dem Text richtig?A. Alle sind für die Gesamtschule.B. Alle sind gegen die GesamtschuleC. Manche sind dafür, aber manche sind der anderen Meinung.D. Die Gesamtschule hat nur Vorteile.III.Ergänzen Sie die Sätze!（5%）56). Er hat mich gebeten, ihm bei der Arbeit ________ helfen.57). ________ er sechs Jahre alt war, ging er in die Schule.58). Er ist einer________ besten Schüler in unserer Klasse.59). Das ist alles, ________ ich zu sagen habe.60). Ich möchte alle Anwesenden darum ________, in diesem Raum nicht zu rauchen.61). Ich fahre________ zur Uni noch in die Stadt.62). Deine Uhr kostet2000Yuan,aber meine nur200Yuan. Deine Uhr ist viel________als meine.63). ________soll ich die Tischlampe stellen?64). Sie können mein Auto benutzen. Es ________Ihnen jede Zeit zur Verfügung.65). Die Frau,mit________Tochter wir ins Kino gegangen sind, ist unsere Lehrerin.共 8 页第 7 页IV. Übersetzen Sie ins Deutsche: (15 %)66．考试期间他没空。
成都电子科技大学金融学基础2007-2011,2015-2016年考研初试真题+答案
电子科技大学2016年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：808 金融学基础注：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试卷或草稿纸上均无效。
一. 判断题，正确的标注“✓”，错误的标注“✗”。
（每题2分，共20分）1、理性投资者在任何情况下都不会投资NPV为负的项目。
（）2、CAPM意味着在均衡时，切点证券组合与市场证券组合有相同的风险资产相对比例。
（）3、其他因素相同的情况下，可转换债券相对于不可转换债券具有更高的价格和更低的到期收益率。
（）4、假定标的资产的预期价格不变，标的资产价格波动性的增加将导致买入和卖出期权价值均增加。
（）5、对特定项目而言，不同的融资方式（如发行股票、债券等）将使得项目的资本成本有所不同。
（）6、投资零息债券没有风险。
（）7、对于一个由两种风险资产组成的有效投资组合，其中一种资产的收益率下降必然会改变原来的组合，即减少收益率下降的资产持有比例，同时增加另外一个资产的比例。
（）8、远期合约、期货合约、互换合约均是风险对冲（Hedging）的工具，而期权合约是一种保险（Insuring）工具。
（）9、根据组合选择理论，风险容忍度低的投资者可以通过融资的方式来增加其对切点组合的投资。
（）10、如果新投资项目的收益率超过了企业的市场资本化率，那么增加企业的留存比率会增加当前股票的价格。
（）二. 单项选择（每题3分，共30分）1、一个企业在获得银行的贷款后投资于高风险的项目体现了（）A. 逆向选择（adverse selection）共 5 页，第1 页B. 道德风险（moral hazard）C. 风险规避D. 风险留存2、2014年，某公司实现11.5%的资产报酬率（ROA）。
现已知2014年该公司的负债比率为30%，债务的利率为5%，适用的公司所得税税率为30%。
请问该公司当年的权益报酬率（ROE）为（）A. 10%B. 13%C. 15%D. 以上均不正确3、假设你投资了一个具有永续现金流的资产。
考研英语历年真题及答案解析
5.[A]Although [B]Lest [C]After [D]Unless
6.[A]into [B]within [C]from [D]through
7.[A]since [B]but [C]or [D]so
In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, 1 those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker. A young man can 2 a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations, or the young man’s parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. 4 , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. 5 a spouse has been selected, each familyinvestigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 6 a good family.
1.[A]by way of [B]on behalf of [C]as well as [D]with regard to
2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题答案及解析
2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题解析 Section I Use of English 1、【答案】A where 【解析】本句的句义是：我们突然不能回忆起刚才把钥匙放在哪里了，或者一个老熟人的姓名，或者是一个老乐队的名称。
这根据句义，这里是表示忘记了钥匙所放在的地点，where 作为宾语从句的引导词，和后面的部分一起，作为remember的宾语，因此正确答案为A。
B、when 引导表示时间的状语从句，C、that放在这里不合适，DWhy引导表示原因的状语从句。
B、C、D均不符合题意。
2、【答案】B fades 【解析】本句的句义是：本句的句义是关于大脑的退化，我们婉转地把它称作"老年时分"(老年人的瞬间记忆丧失)。
从前文可以看出，文章讲的是随着年龄增长，记忆力的衰退。
由语境确定B。
fade away是一个固定搭配，表示消失、衰弱、消退、消歇。
A. Improve 表示提高;C. recover表示恢复、D.collapse表示崩塌。
A、C、D均不符合题意。
3、【答案】B while 【解析】本句的句义是：这看起来问题不大，但精神集中能力的丧失，对于我们的职业生涯，社会交往以及个人生活都能产生有害影响。
这个空在句首，需要填一个连接词，看起来问题不大和后面的内容之间存在转折关系，因此正确答案为B。
A选项unless表示让步关系;C选项Once作为连词表示条件关系，表示一……就;D选项也是条件关系。
A、C、D均不符合题意。
4、【答案】A damaging 【解析】本句的句义同第3题。
通过整篇文章语境，我们可以看出注意力的丧失会对我们造成不好的影响，造成损害，因此正确答案是damaging，表示损害。
B选项limited表示有限，局限性;C选项uneven表示不均匀，奇数;D选项obscure表示晦涩的不清楚的。
B、C、D均不符合题意。
5、【答案】C well-being 【解析】本句的句义同第3题。
电子科技大学硕士研究生英语分级测验考试PlacementTest带答案
Placement Test for Graduate StudentsAugust, 20151.本分级测试主要检测学生英语水平、语言能力和批判性思维能力，为英语教学分班提供依据，望同学们认真答题，体现出自己真实水平。
2.本测试同时也为教师教学提供参考，测试成绩按一定比例计入平时成绩。
3.本测试时长共90分钟。
测试对速度有一定要求，同学们可参考各部分建议，合理分配答题时间。
4.第1~30题为听力，请用耳机收听。
5.所有答案做在机读卡上。
6.试卷请妥善保管，开学第一周带到课堂。
PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (30 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 9 short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be read only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine scored Answer Sheet.1. A. It was wet. B. It was torn.C. It was dirty with dust .D. It was blood-stained.2. A. Doctors can do nothing about his problem.B. It is too small a problem to get treated.C. Health care is very expensive.D. Doctors can fix his problem.3. A. Smoking is stupid.B. Smoking one cigarette is enough.C. Smoking in public places is offensive.D. Smoking is cool.4. A. Remember this place.B. Move ahead with the line.C. Answer the call.D. Come back quickly.5. A. He doesn’t drink tea very often.B. He is not interested in Peking opera.C. He knows nothing about Peking opera.D. He enjoys watching Peking opera.6. A. 885-450-4310B. 848-405-3140C. 858-405-3410D. 405-858-34107. A. She’ll help the man out of the trouble.B. The man has always been in trouble.C. No one else will help the man except herself.D. She doesn’t want their relations mentioned.8. A. John will not stay in jail for a long time.B. John is a family member with a bad reputation.C. John has been driven out of the family.D. John’s job differs from that of hi s family members.9. A. She dislikes the smell in the house.B. She smells something burn.C. She is afraid that the house is on fire.D. She feels something is wrong.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 conversations. At the end of each conversation, questions will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine scored Answer Sheet.Conversation OneQuestions 10 to 14 are based on the conversation you have just heard.10. What is the purpose of the conversation?A．The woman wants to make an appointment with the librarian.B．The woman is trying to reserve a book for her classmate.C．The woman is inquiring about the availability of study rooms.D．The woman wants to reserve a different room in the library.11. Listen again to part of the conversation. Then answer the question.Why does the man say this:A．To inform the woman that no rooms are availableB．To encourage the woman to reserve a room nowC．To recommend the rooms on the third floorD．To let the woman know which rooms are better12. According to the man, why are so few study rooms available?A．There are more students now than in the previous year.B．Several rooms are being used as offices for library staff.C．There is a problem with students reserving more than one room.D．Some of the university buildings are still under construction.13. Why does the woman need a study room?A．She is preparing for a final examination.B．Her professor requires everyone to have a study room.C．She does not have space to study in her apartment.D．She needs a place to meet with other students.14. Why does the man say this:A．To tell the woman about the building that he works inB．To persuade the woman to accept a room in another buildingC．To describe an interesting aspect of the university layoutD．To direct the woman to someone else who can help herConversation TwoQuestions 15 to 19 are based on the passage you have just heard.15. What are the students mainly discussing?A．How music differs from noiseB．Sounds made by musical instrumentsC．The methods to produce antinoiseD．Why some sounds are unpleasant16. According to the conversation, what is noise?A．The complete absence of soundB．Patterns produced by sounds in natureC．Random sound with irregular wavesD．Sounds made by a computer voice17. Listen again to part of the conversation. Then answer the question.Select the sentence that best expresses how the woman probably feels.A．"I'm frustrated because I don't understand."B．"I'm glad that you know so much about music."C．"I don't agree with what you are saying."D．"I wish that I knew how to play the drums.”18. How does the man help the woman understand the meaning of "antinoise"?A．By contrasting music and antinoise.B．By reading a definition from the textbook.C．By describing the sound of a drumbeat.D．By telling her about a computer program.19. What will the woman probably do?A．Drop out of the music theory class.B．Listen to recordings of various instruments.C．Read the textbook before the next lecture.D．Use a computer to search for information.Conversation ThreeQuestions 20 to 24 are based on the conversation you have just heard.20. Why is the class discussing the technical requirements of murals（壁画）?A．They are preparing for an examination.B．They plan to visit some famous murals.C．They are helping to design a new building.D．They will be creating their own mural.21. According to the discussion, what factors should be considered in planning a mural?A．The position of the observer.B．The character of the artist.C．The distance from the lobby to the elevator.D．The colors of the paint.22. What does the instructor mean when she says this:A．A building with a mural will attract a lot of visitors.B．A mural serves the same purpose as other forms of art.C．The term "mural" has several different meanings.D．A mural is an expression of the building's character.23. What is the purpose of having an air space between the outer wall and the plaster?A．It will protect the plaster from temperature changes.B．It will give the mural a greater sense of depth.C．It will reduce the time needed for drying the plaster.D．It will eliminate the need to wash the wall frequently.24. Why does the instructor say this?A．To explain how a wall can be made strongerB．To describe the process of framing a muralC．To explain how to create an insulating air spaceD．To describe a technique for texturing a plaster wallSection CDirections: In this section, you will hear a short lecture. After the recording, questions will be asked about what was said. Choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine scored Answer Sheet.Questions 25 to 30 are based on the lecture you have just heard.25. How does the professor develop the topic of political parties?A．By comparing the goals of different partiesB．By promoting the views of a specific partyC．By describing parties in a two-party systemD．By explaining how to organize a party26. Listen again to part of the lecture．Then answer the question.Why does the professor say this:A．To test the students' knowledge of partiesB．To find out which party the students supportC．To introduce a point that he will makeD．To show that all states have a two-party system27. Listen again to part of the lecture．Then answer the question．What does the professor imply about political parties?A．Parties make decisions based on the interests of several organizations．B．Parties can never accomplish everything that they would like to do．C．Parties carry on their work through the efforts of unpaid volunteers．D．Parties are necessary in the exercise of democracy in national states．28. Based on the information in the lecture, answer the question:Which of the following statements is NOT true about political parties?A. They are a group of people who come together mainly for amusement.B. They organize voters and compete for support on major issues.C. They are voluntary organizations of people who agree on public policies.D. They have research offices that develop positions on important issues.29. What does the professor mean when he says this:A．It is possible to enjoy politics but dislike government at the same time.B．A political party cares about major issues, but a government doesn't care.C．Politics is about competition, while government is about responsibility.D．Elections and government are like two sides of the same coin.30. Why does the professor say this:A．To show how major parties usually deal with the same issues.B．To suggest that both parties should give education more attention.C．To contrast the philosophy and methods of opposing parties.D．To point out which party is more concerned with education.PART II Grammar (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)Directions:There are ten sentences in this section. Read each sentence carefully. If there is an error, select the underlined part that is incorrect. If there is no error, choose answer D. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.31. The presence of strong feeling, the cause of which ( A) is not fully understood, always has the effect (B) of making we (C) human beings uneasy. No error (D)32. I do not wish to make (A) a formal complaint, but I would have been better pleased if you gave (B) the award to the person who (C) best deserved it. No error (D)33. The tribesmen made offerings to placate (A) the they believed, were (C) angry with them. No error．(D)34. From ancient times (A), sculpture had been (B)considered the prerogative of men, and even now, in some parts of the world, women sculptors face(C) hostility and suspicion. No error(Ｄ) 35. According to Hume, it is not logic and reasoning that (A) determine (B) our actions, but(C)36. The general reported that (A), as a result of (B)be sent on peace-keeping missions this year. No error.（D）37. The ornate pillars and life-size（A）statues that the magnate has chosen(B) to adorn his swimming pool are like a Greek temple(C). No error.(D)38. After you have written (A) a definition in your vocabulary notebook, add a few (B) ways to use the word or a sentence to illustrate it's (C) meaning. No error. (D)made no mention（Ｂ）in his speech of the mechanics on whom （Ｃ）his success had depended. No error.（Ｄ）40. The new law is too（Ａ）stringent; it will be（Ｂ）（Ｃ）obeyed. No error.（Ｄ）PART III Critical Reading (50 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Directions:C hoose the best answer from the four choices given and mark the correspondingletter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring AnswerSheet.1While virtually all scientists accept the principles of evolutionary theory, there remains great uncertainty concerning the mechanism of rapid and drastic change between successive species. In the past, interspecies hybridization was dismissed as a possible solution, since hybrids are rarely as vigorous as purebred species. However, current research on hybridization suggests that although some hybrids are not as virile as either of the parent species, they are often strong enough to pass their traits on. Scientists have also found hybrid species, such as certain types of corn, that are stronger than their parent species, a phenomenon known as “hybrid vigor”. These findings suggest that hybridization plays a far more important role in evolution than previously suspected.41. It can be inferred that some scientists previously believed that ________.A. the details of evolutionary theory may never be fully understoodB. hybrid plants lack the ability to reproduce by themselvesC. plants that are robust possess an evolutionary advantageD. purebred plants play a relatively minor role in evolution42. The passage implies that most scientists will adopt a theory that ________.A. includes elements about which little is knownB. cannot be proven by experimental meansC. involves ideas which will likely be disproved laterD. has limited real-world applications2Though most people know the definition of the word “boycott”, few know its origin. Named for Captain Charles Boycott, the word as we know it owes less to him than to Irish nationalist Charles Parnell. Parnell organized Irish farmers and convinced them to fix their rent rates. When Boycott refused, Parnell unleashed the power of the people. A band of hostile peasants forced the Captain’s servants to leave. There were no laborers to gather the harvest and no stablemen to ca re for the animals. Boycott was not allowed to enter stores or make purchases. Eventually, Boycott and his wife fled Ireland, and Parnell was hailed as the workingman’s hero.43. The passage is best summarized by which of the following?A. The origin of a word is explored, and an explanation for its popularity is given.B. A word is introduced, and a history of its usage is related.C. An event is described as the reason behind a shift in a word’s meaningD.A word is introduced, and the history of its coining is related.44. It can be most reasonably inferred from the passage that _______.A. Boycott’s land was not harvested that yearB. the townspeople referred to were sympathetic to the farmersC. Parnell was popular among all IrishmenD. the farmers threatened Boycott with physical harm3Passage 1:No major political election in the United States has ever been decided by one vote. In fact, a single vote contributes only about one millionth of the total result of the average statewide election. Considering how numerically insignificant a single vote is, is there any rational justification for an individual to vote? In order to answer this question, one must look past the mere numerical value of a vote. An individual’s vote is valuable as a measure of that individual’s belief in the system of government, which likewise indicates the degree to which a person feels included in the greater social order.Passage 2:When recently asked whom he voted for in the last presidential election, a friend of mine replied, “I didn’t bother.” With a rather bored shrug, and little embarrassment, my friend continued, “I t’s not like it matters. My vote wouldn’t have changed the outcome.” I couldn’t help thinking then that the argument was uncannily persuasive. If I had stayed in bed that morning, the result would likewise be exactly the same. But the argument does not hold up under scrutiny. If democracy means rule by the people, and not by any one individual, then why should the vote of just one person determine the outcome of an election? No person, no matter who he is, should be able to change the greater will of a collected group. The idea of doing so is simply undemocratic.45. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the hypothesis of the author of Passage1 concerning voting behavior?A. Historical documents reveal that may local elections have been decided by a single vote. B．A new study finds that many Americans feel that voting is a burdensome inconvenience. C．A poll of American citizens indicates that most citizens consider voting an important communal duty.D．V oting records show that most people who vote participate in both national and local elections.46. The author of Passage 1 would most likely conclude which of the following about the “friend”described in Passage 2?A. The friend likely feels that he is disconnected from the society in which he lives. B．Unless he changes the outcome of an election, the friend is unlikely to ever vote.C. The number of people today who act as the friend does indicates a fundamental flaw in society.D．People who don’t feel the need to vote are generally satisfied with life as it is.47. Both passages serve to discourage the ________.A．inclination of Americans to invent excuses for not votingB．tendency of voters to avoid making difficult decisionsC．valuation of a vote by its ability to decide an electionD．apathy that some voters feel about the lack of real choices48. The final sentence of Passage 2 serves to ________.A．explain the rationale behind a behavior patternB．denounce the actions of those who do not voteC．show the subtle irony of the friend’s argumentD．offer a solution to a pressing problem41 Laboratory research is at the heart of scientific life; scientists’ real work consists of testing out ideas that come to them as they ponder the mysteries of the world around them. A natural biologist walks through a city park or across a suburban lawn and is half-consciously wondering: Why two leaves instead of three? Why pink flowers instead of white? Such rumination goes on without end in a scientist’s mind, a continuous accompaniment to the rhythm of daily life. Whatever a scientist is doing—reading, cooking, talking, playing—science thoughts are always there at the edge of the mind. They are the way the world is taken in; all that is seen is filtered through an ever present scientific musing.2 How a would-be scientist decides on a discipline, settles on a problem, and goes to work is often as much a mailer of chance as it is of temperament. One can easily become a chemist or a neuroanatomist because of where one went to school or whose influence one happened to come under as because of a compelling early response to the logic of chemistry or the beauty of the human nervous system. No matter. Once the discipline is established, the problem chosen, and the scientist immersed in the work, he or she becomes as persuaded as need be of the centrality and urgency of the particular work being done. Such adaptive myopia is necessary in science because the grinding, repetitive minuteness of daily laboratory work is so time-consuming (for weeks, months, even years at a time) that, often, even to remember the original impetus for the work is a psychological trick of the highest order. To stimulate the memory back into existence with fair regularity, one must believe in the fundamental importance of what one is doing. Those who do are the most energetic, vital, exciting, and excited of scientists.3 Carol Steiner, a geneticist, comes up with a fine metaphor for how to make a working proposition of scientific mystery. “Imagine,” she says, “that you have a jigsaw puzzle with no picture printed on it. All you have are pieces you haven’t a clue how to make sense of. The pieces are your separate scientific observations. Here’s an e xample of how you might try to get a handle on the puzzle:4 “We have a microorganism with a secretory structure on one end. We know this structure is always on the same place in the cell and that the position of this structure is inherited. The question we want to answer is, how can inherited information be translated into positional information? Why in that one place and no place else? Is the genetic code involved, and if so, how? The answer will tell us how the genes work in concert with the rest of the cell to put things where they belong.5 “In order to gather pieces of the jigsaw puzzle (that is, pieces of information), we poke at the cell. We change it a little … . A specific mutation that altered the membrane structure of the cell was found to turn off the synthesis of the secretory structure. This was a piece of the jigsaw puzzle. But just one piece. Because we hadn’t a clue as to how this had happened or could happen.” Steiner indicates that there will be many further questions that will suggest experiments whose results may allow us to print pictures on the pieces of the jigsaw puzzle: “Not put the puzzle together, mind you. But help us think about what the picture will ultimately look like.”6 The realized picture on Carol Steiner’s jigsaw puzzle i s the map of gene expression laid out clearly with all roads, pathways, connecting signal points, and railway junctions marked so that any tourist can find his or her way in this beautiful country, which is confusing only when one is wandering about in ignorance—as we all are now—with a highly incomplete map.49. The primary purpose of the passage is to convey information about the ________.A. occupational hazards encountered by laboratory workers.B. problem-solving skills taught by chemists and neuroanatomistsC. professional collaboration necessary for geneticistsD. thought processes distinctive to research scientists50. In Line 1, the author characterizes “laboratory research” as something that is________.A. fundamentalB. ambitiousC. challengingD. time-consuming51. The author indicates that the process of “rumination” (paragraph 1) is________.A. subjectiveB. vexatiousC. incessantD. innovative52. In paragraph 2, “No matter” dismisses as irrelevant the means by which________.A. science students learn research skillsB. scientists choose research specialtiesC. laboratory reports explain methodologiesD. scientific knowledge is perceived by the public53. The “memory” referred to in paragraph 2 is that of the ________.A. initial fascination with a scientific goalB. steps required to establish scientific truthC. day-to-day repetitiveness of the workD. relevant training in the academic field54. The passage implies that the discovery of the “specific mutation”(paragraph 5) was most significant for________.A. demonstrating the random nature of scientific breakthroughsB. proving that multiple factors affect microorganismsC. providing a clue to the solution of a research questionD. justifying the expense of a major research project55. Which b est describes the function of Steiner’s account of her research in the overall development of the passage?A. A digression from the author’s central argumentB. A refutation of criticisms raised earlier in the passageC. An observation that challenges previous assertionsD. An example that expands upon preceding generalization51 The downslope movement of rock, mud, or other material under the influence of gravity is known as mass wasting. While the angle of the slope is a major factor in the potential for mass wasting, the slope is not the sole determiner of mass wasting events. Water plays a significant role, especially where it is plentiful during the rainy season. Earthquakes may cause rockslides, mudflows, and other mass movements. Factors such as the presence or absence of vegetation andhuman activities can also influence the potential for mass wasting.2 One way to classify mass wasting processes is on the basis of the material involved, such as rock, debris, earth, or mud. The manner in which the material moves is also important and is generally described as a fall, a slide, or a flow. A fall occurs when weathering loosens boulders from cliffs or rock faces, causing the boulders to break away and fall. A slide takes place whenever material remains fairly coherent and moves along a well-defined surface. A flow involves the movement of debris containing a large amount of water.3 Many mass wasting processes are described as slides. Rockslides occur when a coherent mass of rock breaks loose and slides down a slope as a unit. If the material involved is mostly separate pieces, it is called a debris slide. Slides are among the fastest and most destructive mass movements. Usually rockslides occur in a geologic setting where the rock layers are inclined, or where there are joints and fractures in the rock that are parallel to the slope. When such a rock unit is undercut at the base of the slope, it loses support and the rock eventually collapses. Rain or snowmelt can trigger a rockslide by wetting the underlying surface to the point that friction can no longer hold the rock in place. The fastest type of slide is a rock avalanche, in which a mass of rock literally floats on air as it moves downslope. The high speed of a rock avalanche is the result of air becoming trapped and compressed beneath the falling mass of debris, allowing it to move down the slope as a buoyant sheet.4 Mudflows are relatively rapid mass wasting events that involve soil and a large amount of water. Because of their fluid properties, mudflows follow canyons and stream channels. Mudflows often take place in semiarid mountainous regions and on the slopes of some volcanoes. Although rainstorms in semiarid regions are infrequent, they are typically heavy when they occur. When a rainstorm or rapidly melting snow creates a sudden flood, large quantities of soil and loose rock are washed into nearby stream channels because there is usually little or no vegetation to anchor the surface material. The result is a flowing mass of well-mixed mud, soil, rock, and water. The consistency of the mudflow may be similar to that of wet concrete, or it may be a soupy mixture not much thicker than muddy water. The water content influences the rate of flow across the surface. When a mudflow is dense, it moves more slowly, but it can easily carry or push large boulders, trees, and even houses along with it.5 In dry mountainous areas such as southern California, mudflows are a serious hazard to development on and near canyon hillsides. The removal of native vegetation by brush fires has increased the probability of these destructive events.Past mudflows have contributed to the buildup of fan-shaped deposits at canyon mouths. Such fans are relatively easy to build on and often have scenic views, so many have become desirable sites for residential development. However, because mudflows occur infrequently, homeowners are often unaware of the potential danger of building on the site of a previous mudflow.6 Highly fluid, fast-flowing mudflows incorporate fine-grained sediment and are common after volcanic eruptions that produce large volumes of volcanic ash. Mudflows containing volcanic debris are called lahars, a word originating in Indonesia, a region that experiences many volcanic eruptions. Lahars occur when highly unstable layers of ash and debris become saturated with water and flow down steep volcanic slopes along stream channels. In the northwestern United States, the eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980 created several lahars that raced down the valley of the Toutle River, altering the landscape in a relatively short period.56. All of the following are given as factors in mass wasting EXCEPT ________.A．the angle of the slopeB．the presence of waterC．the absence of plantsD．the type of mineral57. The name of a mass wasting process is a reflection of ________.A．the area in which the movement occursB．the material that is moved and the way it movesC．the rate of movement relative to other processesD．the mass and volume of the material involved58. The word “trigger” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ________.A．preventB．imitateC．causeD．decrease59. Why does a rock avalanche move faster than other types of rockslides?A．The rock moves over a layer of compressed air.B．The rainfall is heavy where avalanches occur.C．The rock breaks apart as it moves downslope.D．The angle of the slope is almost vertical.60. The underlined word “that” in paragraph 4 refers to ________.A．resultB．consistencyC．mudflowD．mixture61. Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the underlined sentence in paragraph 5? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A．Fire has destroyed much of the original vegetation, so mudflows are now more likely.B．More damage to vegetation is caused by brush fires than by any other natural event.C．It is necessary to remove dead and damaged vegetation after a mudflow but not after a fire.D．Fires occur frequently in areas where the vegetation has been cleared for development. 62. What can be inferred from paragraph 5 about mudflows in some parts of southern California?A．Mudflows rarely occur more than once in the same location.B．Mudflows cause the worst damage in areas that are heavily forested.C．Mudflows occur more often than other natural disasters such as fires.D．Mudflows are so dangerous because people do not expect them to occur.63. Why does the author use the word “raced” in paragraph 6 while describing the lahars caused by the eruption of Mount St. Helens?A．To show that lahars are faster than rock avalanchesB．To state ironically that lahars do not actually move quicklyC．To emphasize the fast speed of laharsD．To explain why people could not outrun the mudflows64. Look at the four squares and, which indicate where the following sentence could be。