语言考点针对练一

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语言学练习题(附答案)-Chapter-1--Language

Chapter One Language1. Define the following terms1) discreteness2) design features3) arbitrariness 4) duality5) displacement 6) cultural transmission7) the imaginative function of language8) the personal functionof language9) the heuristic function of language10) language2. Multiple ChoiceDirections: In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question or to complete thesentence best.1) Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang2)The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade” is ________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD.performative3) In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate thehost or the people present are likely to say sui sui ping an (everyDirections: Fill in the blanks with the most suitable words.1)Design features, a framework proposed by the American linguist Charles Hockett, refer to the ________ properties of human language that distinguishes it from any animal system of communication.2)________ refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful.3)In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed p_______ or c________.4)Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about language itself. This function is m________ function.5)Cultural transmission refers to the fact that language is c________ transmitted. It is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by i_________.5) ( ) Language change is universal,ongoing and arbitrary.6) ( ) Language is a system of arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people in a given culture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate or interact.7)( ) In theory, the length of sentences is limited.8)( ) The relationship between the sounds and their meaning is arbitrary.9)( ) Linguistic symbols are a kind of visual symbols, which include vocal symbols.10)( ) Linguistic symbols are produced by human speech organs.11)( ) Every language has two levels: grammatically — meaningless and sound — meaningful.12)( ) Such features of language as being creative, vocal, and arbitrary can differentiate human languages from animal communicative systems.13)( ) Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact that language has two levels ofstructures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings.14) ( ) Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language.15)( ) Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of language makes a language be passed from generation to generation. As a foreign language learner, the latter is more important for us.5.Glossary translation1)personal function2)heauristic function3)ideational function4)interchangeability5)控制功能6)表现功能7)文化传递性8)分离性9)区别性特征10)不受时空限制的属性11)Interactional function12)instrumentational function13)imaginative function14)寒暄功能15)元语言功能16)Personal function17)performative function18)娱乐功能19)信息功能20)人际功能6. Short Essay Questions1)What are the functions of language? Exemplify eachfunction.2)Explain what the term duality means as it is used todescribe a property of human language.3)Is language productive or not? Why?4)What is language?5)What are the major design features of language? Pleaseexplain three of them with examples.Key to Chapter One1.Define the followina terms1) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pad and bad leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds/p/ and /b/in English. Each sound in the language is thought of as discrete. It is possible to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the sounds /p/ and /b/.2) “Design features” refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability. (3分)3) “Arbitrariness” means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig.Language is therefore largely arbitrary. But language is not absolutely arbitrary, because there are cases where there are or at leastseem to be some sound-meaning association, if we think of echo Words, like “bang”, “crash”,”roar”,’ which are motivated in a certain sense. Secondly, some compounds are not entirely arbitrary either. “Snow” and “storm” are arbitrary or unmotivated words, while “snowstorm” is less so. So we can say “arbitrariness” is a matter of degree.4) Linguists refer “duality” of structure to the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units (such as morphemes, words etc.); at the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. According to Hu Zhuanglin et al., language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is important for the workings of language. A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of semantic units (words), and these units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. (For example, we have dictionaries of words, but no dictionary of sentences!) Duality makes it possible for a person to talk about anything within his knowledge. No animal communication system enjoys this duality, or even approaches this honor.5) “Displacement”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words, one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. People can use language’ to describe something that had occurred, is occurring, or is to occur. But a dog could not bark for a bone to be lost. The bee’s System has a small share of “displacement”, but it is an unspeakable tiny share.6) Language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. It is true that the capacity for language in human beings (N. Chomsky called it “language acquisition device”, or LAD) has a geneticbasis, but the particular language a person learns to speak is a cultural one rather than a genetic one like the dog’s barking system. If a human being is brought up in isolation he cannot acquire language. The wolf-child reared by the wolves turned out to speak the wolf’s roaring “tongue” when he was saved. And it was difficult for him to acquire human language.7) The imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophicalsystems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. It is also language used for sheer joy of using language, such as a baby’s babbling, a chanter’s chanting, a poet’s pleasuring.8) The personal function refers to language used to express the individual’s feelings, emotions and personality.9) The heuristic function of language refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Language allows people to ask questions about the nature of the world they live in and to construct possible answers.10) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2. Multiple Choice1) – 5): A C C C B 6) – 10): A C C B B3. Word Completion.1) defining 2) Descreteness 3）productivity or creativity 4) metalingual 5) culturally, instinct or inheritance 6) speech 7) representational 8) interactional; 9) vocal;10) gramatically meaningful, sound meaningless; 11) system; 12) regulatory 13) arbitrariness, duality,productivity, cultural transmission, interchangeability, discreteness, displacement. 14) sound; 15) exhaustiveness, economy, objectivity, consistency4.True or False Questions1 – 5: FFTFF 6 – 10: FFTFT 11 – 15: FFTFT5.Glossary Translation1)personal function: 人际功能2)heauristic function：启发功能3)ideational function：概念功能4)interchangeability：互换性5)控制功能：regulatory function6)表现功能: representational functin7)文化传递性: cultural transmisssion8)分离性: discreteness9)区别性特征: design features10)不受时空限制的属性: displacement11)Interactional function: 互动功能12)instrumentational function：工具功能13)imaginative function：想象功能14)寒暄功能：phatic function15)元语言功能: metalingual function or metafunction oflanguage16)personal function: 自指性功能17)performative function: 表达功能18)娱乐功能: recreational function19)信息功能: informative function20)人际功能: interpersonal function6. Short Essay Questions1) What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.According to Wang Gang (1988: 11), the functions of language can be mainly embodied in three aspects. i) Language is a tool of human communication; ii) Language is a tool whereby people learn about the world; iii) Language is a tool by which people create art.As a matter of fact, different linguists have different terms for the various functions of language. The British linguist M. A. K. Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language:(1)InstrumentalThe instrumental function of language refers to the fact that language allows speakers to get things done. It allows them to controlthings in the environment. People can cause things to be done and to happen through the use of words alone. An immediate contrast here is with the animal world in which sounds are hardly used in this way, and, when they are, they are used in an extremely limited degree. The instrumental function can be primitive too in human interaction. Performative utterances such as the words which name a ship at a launching ceremony clearly have instrumental functions if the right circumstances exist；they are acts, e.g. I name this ship Liberty Bell.(2) RegulatoryThe regulatory function refers to language used in an attempt to control events once they happen. Those events may involve the self as well as others. People do try to control themselves through language, e.g. Why did I say that? / Steady! / And Let me think about that again. Language helps to regulate encounters among people. Language provides devices for regulating specific kinds of encounters and contains words for approving or disapproving and for controlling or disrupting the behavior of others. It allows us to establish complex patterns of organization in order to try to regulate behavior, from game playing to political organization, from answering the telephone to addressing in foreign affairs. It is the regulatory function of language that allowspeople some measure of control over events that occur in their lives.(3)RepresentationalThe representational function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge about the world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on. This function of language is represented by all kinds of record-keeping, such as historical records, geographical surveys, business accounts, scientific reports, government acts, and public data banks. It is an essential domain of language use, for the availability of this material guarantees the knowledge-base of subsequent generations, which is a prerequisite of social development.(4)InteractionalThe interactional function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phatic communion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging facts. A greeting such as how are you? is relatively empty of content, and answers like fine or very well, thank you are equally empty, because the speaker is not interested in the hearer’s health, but rather to demonstrate his politeness and generalattitude toward the other person when he gives a conversational greeting.(5)PersonalThe personal function refers to language used to express the individual’s feelings, emotions and personality. A person’s individuality is usually characterized by his or her use of personal function of communication. Each individual has a “voice” in what happens to him. He is free to speak or not to speak, to say, as much or as little as he pleases, and to choose how to say what he says. The use of language can tell the listener or reader a great deal about the speaker or writer — in particular, about his regional origin, social background, level of education, occupation, age, sex, and personality.Language also provides the individual with a means to express feelings, whether outright in the form of exclamations, endorsements, or curse, or much more subtly through a careful choice of words. Many social situations display language used to foster a sense of identity: the shouting of a crowd at a football match, the shouting of names or slogans at public meetings, the reactions of the audience to television game shows, the shouts of affirmation at some religious meetings. For example, the crowds attending President Regan’s pre-election meetings in 1984 repeatedly shouted “Four more years!” which united among those whoshared the same political views.(6)HeuristicThe heuristic function refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Insofar as the inquiry into language itself, a necessary result is the creation of a metalanguage, i.e. a language used to refer to language, containing terms such as sound, syllable, word, structure, sentence, meaning and so on.(7)ImaginativeThe imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. The imaginative function also allows people to consider not just the real world but all possible worlds — and many impossible ones. Much literature is the most obvious example to serve this function as an account of Robinson Crusoe in the deserted island. The imaginative function enables life to be lived vicariously and helps satisfy numerous deep artistic urges.2) Explain what the term duality means as it is used todescribe a property of human language.Language is organized at two levels or layers-- sounds and meaning-- simultaneously. This property is called duality, or “double articulation”. In terms of speech production, we have the physical level at which we can produce individual sounds, like n, b, and i. As individual sound, none of these discrete forms has any intrinsic meaning. When we produce those sounds in a particular combination, as in bin, we have another level producing a meaning, which is different from the meaning of the combination in nib. So, at one level, we have distinct sounds, and at another level, we have distinct meanings. This duality of levels is, in fact,: one of the most economical features of human language, since with a limited set of distinct sounds we are capable of producing a very large number of sound combinations (relatively finite words and infinite number of sentences) which are distinct in meaning. No animal communication system has duality, or ever comes near to possessing it.3) Is language productive or not? Why?(1) Language is productive or creative. (233) This means that users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before. Every day we send messages that have never been sent before, and we understand novel messages. Much of them we say and hear for the firsttime; yet there seems no problem of understanding. For example, the sentence” A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed” must be new to you and it does not describe a common happening in the world. Nevertheless, nobody has any difficulty in understanding it.(2) Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive. For example, gibbon calls are not productive, for they draw all their calls from a limited repertoire, which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible. Bee dancing is used only to indicate food sources, which is the only message that can be sent through the dancing.(3) The productivity or creativity of language partially. originates from its duality, because of which the speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never before produced or heard. The productivity of language also means its potential to create endless sentences. It is the recursive nature of language that provides a theoretical basis for this possibility.4) What is language?(1) It is very difficult to give this question a satisfactory definition. However, most linguists would accept a tentative definition like this:language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. (2) Language must be a system, since elements in it are arranged according to certain rules; they cannot be combined at will. If language were not systematic, it could not be learned or used consistently.(3) Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the word pen and the thing we use to write with. The fact that different languages have different words for it (钢笔in Chinese for instance) speaks strongly for the arbitrary nature of language. (4) This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are associated with objects, actions, ideas by convention. (5) We say language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well developed are their writing systems. All evidence shows that writing systems came much later than the spoken forms and that they are only attempts to capture sounds and meaning on paper (6) The term “human” in the definition is meant to specify that language is human.specific; that is, it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess.5) What are the major design features of language?Please explain three of them with examples.(1)Displacement is one of the defining properties of humanlanguage, which refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are present or not present, real or not real, and about matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of its users. This phenomenon is thought of as “displacement”, which can provide its users with an opportunity to communicate about a wide range of subjects, free from any barriers caused by separation in time and space. That is, the feature of displacement can enable us to talk about things and places whose existence we cannot even be sure of. We can refer to mythical creatures, demons, fairies, angels, Santa Claus, and recently invented characters such as superman. This feature is unique to human language. No animal communication system possesses it. Some animal calls are often uttered in response to immediate changes of situation. For instance, during the mating season, in the present of danger or pain, animals will make calls. Once the danger or pain is missing, their calls stop.(2) Discreteness The sounds used in language are meaningfully distinct. For example, the difference between the sounds b andp is actually not very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one ratherthan the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pack and back leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds p and b in English. This property of language is described as discreteness. Each sound in the language is treated as discrete. It is possible; in fact, to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the p and b sounds. However, that continuous stream will only be interpreted as being either a p sound, or a b sound (or, possibly, as a non-sound) in the language. We have a very discrete view of the sounds of our language and wherever a pronunciation falls within the physically possible range of sounds, it will be interpreted as a linguistically specific and meaningfully distinct sound(3) Language is a system. It is organized into two levels simultaneously. We have distinct sounds at the lower level (sound level), which is seen as a sequence of segments which have no meaning in themselves. At the higher level, we have distinct meanings (meaningful level). Language is analyzed in terms of combination of meaningful units. Then the meaningful units (such as morphemes, words, etc.) at the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. The organization of language into levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality or doublearticulation. This unique feature of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system possesses the feature of duality.。

2020版新高考英语语法核心考点针对练介词(短语)

单句语法填空1．In many places like Britain and Italy, if you leave the house without your wallet, you’ll be a difficult situation all day.in解析：句意：在很多像英国和意大利这样的地方，如果你没带钱包就出门，你整天都会处于困境之中。

in a(n)．..situation意为“处于某种处境”，为固定搭配。

2．Meanwhile, those who are successful and famous have to deal with constant media attention. They are also huge pressure to appear young and beautiful.under解析：句意：同时，那些成功人和名人不得不应对媒体的持续关注。

他们也处于保持年轻漂亮的巨大压力中。

under pressure 是固定短语，意为“处于压力中”。

3．The theory of kung fu is based classical Chinese philosophy(哲学)．on/upon解析：base...on/upon...为固定搭配，意为“建立在……基础上”。

4．The city looked almost the same as it had looked in A．D. 79. There were streets and fountains, houses and shops. There was a stadium 20，000 seats.with解析：句意：这座城市看起来与公元79 年的样子几乎相同。

有街道和喷泉，房舍和商店。

有一个有两万个座位的体育馆。

空格处用介词with 表示“有……”，作后置定语修饰stadium。

5．Nowadays, the development of technology, online shopping is becoming more and more convenient.with解析：考查介词。

(浙江专版)2018-2019学年高三语文一轮复习课时跟踪检测(一)文言实词

课时跟踪检测（一）文言实词一、考点针对练(一)阅读下面的文言文，完成后面的题目。

陈有年，字登之，余姚人。

有年举．嘉靖四十一年进士，授刑部主事。

改吏部，历验封郎中。

万历元年，成国公朱希忠卒，其弟锦衣都督希孝贿中官冯保援．张懋例乞赠王，大学士张居正主．之。

有年持不可，草奏言：“令典：功臣殁．，公赠王，侯赠公，子孙袭者，生死止本爵。

懋赠王，廷议不可，即希忠父辅亦言之。

后竟赠，非制．。

且希忠无勋伐．，岂当滥宠。

”左侍郎刘光济署．部事，受指居正，为删易．其稿。

有年力争，竟．以原奏上。

居正不怿．，有年即日谢病去。

十二年起．稽勋郎中，历考功、文选，谢绝请寄。

中外皆服。

迁太常少卿，以右佥都御史巡抚江西。

尚方所需陶器，多奇巧难成，后有诏许量减，既而如故。

有年引．诏旨请，不从。

内阁申时行等固争，乃免十之三。

南畿、浙江大祲．，诏禁邻境闭籴．，商舟皆集江西，徽人尤众。

而江西亦岁俭．，群乞有年禁遏。

有年疏陈．济急六事，中请稍弛．前禁，令江西民得自救。

南京御史方万山劾有年违诏。

帝怒，夺．职归。

(节选自《明史·陈有年传》，有删改) 1．解释下列句中加点的词语。

(1)有年举．嘉靖四十一年进士举：考取(2)其弟锦衣都督希孝贿中官冯保援．张懋例乞赠王援：援引(3)大学士张居正主．之主：同意(4)功臣殁．，公赠王殁：死亡(5)受指居正，为删易．其稿易：改变(6)竟．以原奏上竟：最终(7)居正不怿．怿：高兴(8)十二年起．稽勋郎中起：起用(9)南畿、浙江大祲．祲：灾荒(10)有年疏陈．济急六事陈：陈述2．下列句中加点词语的解释，不正确的一项是( )A．且希忠无勋伐．，岂当滥宠伐：夸耀B．左侍郎刘光济署．部事署：代理C．有年引．诏旨请引：援引D．而江西亦岁俭．俭：歉收，年成不好解析：选A 伐：功勋，功绩。

3．下列句中加点词语的解释，不正确的一项是( )A．后竟赠，非制．制：规章制度B．诏禁邻境闭籴．籴：购买粮食C．中请稍弛．前禁弛：放宽D．帝怒，夺．职归夺：改变解析：选D 夺：剥夺。

5.11针对练习语言运用.ppt

17.C 句子的主语是“中国高科技企业”，因此“在” 要放在主语后面，难免会”明确了这样的情况的出现不可避免。 18.B 釜底抽薪:把柴火从锅底抽掉，才能使水止沸。比喻从根本上解决问题。自力更生:依靠自己的力量把事情办好。念兹在兹:形容对某事非常重视，念念不忘。自强不息:自己努力向上，不松懈。艰苦奋斗:强调刻苦。原文强调的是自我的努力，使用不恰当。过河拆桥:比喻达到目的后，就把曾经帮助自己的人一脚踢开。耿耿于怀:形容令人牵挂或不愉快的事情在心里难以排解。闻鸡起舞:听到鸡叫就起来舞剑，比喻有报国之志的人及时奋起，或形容勤奋。
17.（3分）C 相提并论：把不同的或者相差悬殊的人或事物混在一起来谈论或看待。同日而语：放在同一时间谈论。应接不暇：原指美景繁多，看不过来。后形容来人或事情太多，接待应付不过来。目不暇接：形容东西太多，眼睛看不过来。不知所措：不知道怎么办才好，形容受窘或发急。莫衷一是：不能得出一致的结论。防患未然：在事故或灾害尚未发生时采取预防措施。防微杜渐：在错误或坏事萌芽的时候及时制止，不让它发展。
17．B（句首滥用介词“在”导致全句缺少主语。语序不当， “不仅仅”与“更”后的分句内容应交换位置。）
18．C （注意需填充的句子是顺应前文汉代雕塑对后世艺术的影响。根据语境来看，补写的语句应突出“熟悉汉代历史”这个前提，因此应以“熟悉汉代历史”为落合多方面的知识或道理而得到全面的透彻的领悟。举一反三；从一件事情类推而知道许多事情。马革裹尸：用马皮把尸体包裹起来，指军人战死于战场。赴汤蹈火：跳进滚水，踏着烈火。比喻不避艰险，奋不顾身。感同身受：原指感激的心情如同亲身受到对方恩惠一样（多用来代替别人表示谢意），现多指虽未亲身经历，但是感受如同亲身经历过一样。感激涕零：因感激而流泪，形容非常感激。栩栩如生：形容艺术形象非常逼真，如同活的一样。活灵活现：形容描述或模仿的人或事物生动逼真。

高考语文一轮复习语言基础知识考点针对练(三)正确使

考点针对练(三) 正确使用词语(包括熟语)1．下列各句中，加点的成语使用恰当的一项是( )A．风骨不仅是文艺批评的一个标准，也代表着文艺作品的品质，但遗憾的是，近些年来，风骨不再成为多数作家的自觉追求，风骨之说颇有些大音希声．．．．。

B．一代伟人毛泽东深受湖湘文化的影响，而湖湘文化中经世致用．．．．的哲学思想对毛泽东青年时期的世界观影响尤为深刻。

C．我们不得不承认，大师们的作品也是参差不齐的，某些篇章语言繁冗乏味，格调低下庸俗，真让人不忍卒读．．．．。

D．联通版iPhone 4S正式首发销售，尽管苹果零售店已经宣布销售告罄，但站在苹果专卖店门口的果粉们却乐此不疲．．．．，久久不愿离去。

答案 B解析A项大音希声：最大最美的声音乃是无声之音，即达到极致的东西是不可捉摸的。

与句子所要表达的语意不符。

C项不忍卒读：不忍心读完，多形容文章悲惨动人。

不能用来形容文章的好或差。

C项乐此不疲：因喜爱做某件事而不知疲倦。

形容对某事特别爱好而沉浸其中。

与句子要表达的语意不符。

2．下列各句中，加点的成语使用正确的一项是( ) A．北京时间10月11日，瑞典文学院诺贝尔奖评审委员会宣布，2012年诺贝尔文学奖授予中国作家莫言。

日本作家村上春树再次与诺奖失之交臂．．．．。

B．自从达尔文进化论出现，就有人把自然选择和物竞天择理论移植到社会领域，鼓吹残酷竞争，殊不知，一团和气．．．．与互相协作才是社会和谐发展的需要。

C．据国外媒体报道，雅虎新任CEO玛丽莎·梅耶尔正处心积虑．．．．对公司进行裁员，规模或达数千人，但她并没有在公司员工大会上提及裁员一事。

D．陈佩斯结合自己多年的舞台实践，不温不火，夸夸其谈．．．．，从“笑”的行为本身为听众剖析了自己“喜剧的背后必然会有一个悲情内核”的戏剧理论。

答案 A解析B项一团和气：原指和霭可亲，现多指态度温和而缺乏原则。

C项处心积虑：千方百计地盘算(多含贬义)。

感情色彩不对。

D项夸夸其谈：说话或写文章浮夸，不切实际。

高三语言基础知识每天一练四十试题

卜人入州八九几市潮王学校2021届高三语言根底知识每天一练〔四十〕1．以下词语中加点字的读音全部一样的一组是(3分)A．蹊．跷溪．水栖．身之所休戚．与一共B．夙．愿星宿．追本溯．源沧海一粟．C．陌．路蓦．然厉兵秣．马拐弯抹．角D．参劾涸．．辙荷．枪实弹一丘之貉．2．以下各句中加点的词语使用不正确．．．的一句是〔3分〕A．十多年来，人们摸着石头过河．．．．．．，如今，资本场HY开展的宏伟蓝图已经明晰地展如今世人面前，我国资本场终于有了一个明确的开展方向。

B．只有加强思想教育和人格品质的培养，HY课程设置，倡导科学的教学与考试方法，从根本上解决学以致用的问题，才能对现有的舞弊现象起到釜底抽薪．．．．的作用。

C．河西的房价已经普遍逼近每平方米5000元，不少二期工程比一年之前足足涨了每平方米1000元，楼的这种涨幅甚至让京沪粤等地的民都叹为观止．．．．。

D．一些地方产生“电荒〞是有原因的。

冰冻三尺非一日之寒．．．．．．．．．，除了冬季取暖用电量上升、江河缺水等原因之外，更与地方煤炭、电力行业长期存在的体制弊端有直接关系。

3．依次填入以下各句横线处的词语，最恰当的一组是〔3分〕①各界人士有的手捧鲜花，有的抬着花篮，每个人胸前都佩带着小白花，缓缓地走到王选院士的遗像前，鞠躬，许多人忍不住流下了热泪。

②“上学难〞问题是人大代表最的问题之一，我国将在五年内对农村教育投入2千多亿元，使农村学生享受免费的义务教育，消除横亘在城乡间的“教育鸿沟〞。

③国民HY“立委〞HY的“废统论〞，国台办新闻发言人也指出“废统论〞是“台独〞分裂活动进一步晋级的危险信号。

A．志哀关注叱责B．致哀关注斥责C．志哀关心斥责D．致哀关心叱责4．以下各句中，没有．．语病的一句是〔3分〕A．海峡两岸高层人士50年来首次公开、直接的历史性接触，开启了两岸协商会谈解决问题的大门，这一事件必将载入两岸关系史册。

B．这家工厂虽然规模不大，但曾两次荣获科学大会奖，三次被授予优质产品称号，产品远销全国各地和东南亚地区。

大学英语语言学练习题考试必考题

I。

Directions：Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word，the first letter of which is already given as a clue。

Note that you are to fill in ONE word only。

1. Clear [1］and dark ［ł] are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/。

They never take the same position in sound combinations，thus they are said to be in c omplementary distribution. (P24)2. M orphology is the smallest meaningful unit of language. （P32）3. Consonant sounds can be either voiceless or voiced，while all v owel sounds are voiced. (P16）4. In making conversation，the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the C ooperative principle proposed by J. Grice。

（P86-87)5。

Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time is called a s ynchronic study of language. （P4)6。

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4．“钓鱼岛是中国的固有领土”这个结论是从下面文字哪些方面得出的？请简要概括，不超过 15 个字。钓鱼岛及其附属岛屿位于中国台湾岛的东北部，是台湾的附属岛屿，分布在东经 123° 20′～124° 40′，北纬 25° 40′～ 26° 00′之间的海域。中国古代先民在经营海洋和从事海上渔业的实践中，最早发现钓鱼岛并予以命名；中国渔民世世代代在该海域从事渔业生产活动。早在明朝初期，中国就将钓鱼岛列入防区。清朝不仅沿袭了明朝的做法，继续将钓鱼岛等岛屿列入中国海防范围内，而且明确将其臵于台湾地方政府的行政管辖之下。甲午海战后，钓鱼岛被日本窃取。第二次世界大战中后期签署的作为规定战后国际秩序的国际重要法规文件《开罗宣言》和《波茨坦公告》都明确规定日本必须归还窃占的所
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些比他们不幸的人存有同情和救助之心；在品味自己生活的同时，还不忘走出去看一看这广阔的世界。这是绿客的宗旨，也是绿客追求的境界。
绿客是指那些热爱生活，崇尚健康时尚，酷爱运动，支答： ____________________________________________________
解析
该题属“角度”(方面)概括。其中第二方面包括历史上的发现、命名、使用和管辖，可用“历史归属”概括。
答案
①地理位置 ②历史归属 ③国际法规(理)
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5．阅读下面的材料，为“微电影”下定义。(不超过 45 个字) 微电影，即微型电影，又称微影。微电影是具有完整策划和系统制作体系支持的视频短片，有完整的故事情节，具有放映时间短、制作周期短和投资规模小等特点。它专门在各种新媒体平台上播放，适合在移动状态和短时休闲状态下观看，融合了幽默搞怪、时尚潮流、公益教育、商业定制等主题，可以单独成篇，也可系列成剧。
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从媒体采访获悉，记者对莫言的获奖这样评述：莫言是贴地气的中国本土作家，很基层，很民间，很责任；细腻表达人类的普世价值——爱和恨，和平与友善。有人请莫言推荐他自己的一部作品，莫言推荐了今年在瑞典出版的《生死疲劳》， “因为这本书比较全面地代表了我的写作风格，以及我在小说艺术上所做的一些探索”。他说，首先，这本书是对中国历史和现实重大问题土地农民问题的一种思考；其次，在本书中，他采用了一种东方式的超现实主义写作手法， “小说中人跟动物之间可以自由地变化，通过动物的眼睛来观看中国最近 50 年来社会、历史的变化”。
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解析
该题写结论，是从上面形象化的比喻材料中得出的。因此有一个把形象性语言转化为平实、直白性语言的潜在要求。对 “木料选出”“放入房间四到五年”这一材料的深层概括有一定难度。
持公益事业，善待自己的同时也善待环境的人。 _______________________________________________________
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四、提取关键词 7．提取下面一段话的主要信息，在横线上写出四个关键词。生态美学的研究对象是生态学和美学各自研究对象的交叉部分。生态学研究物种之间的共生关系，也包括人与环境的和谐；美学研究人与现实(自然、社会、艺术)的审美关系。生态学和美学的结合点在于人与自然关系的和谐。从学科性质上看，生态美学的最终落脚点在美学。从研究方法上看，生态美学可能引入自然科学方法，但是更根本的是人文科学的方法。庄子体会到鱼在水中畅游的快乐，现代人体会到藏羚羊趋于灭绝的痛苦，只能进行体验，不能以科学实验来证明。
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可见，作为具有广泛社会性的前沿经济理念，低碳经济其实__①__，低碳经济也涉及__②__。
解析
文字第一段只是罗列了对“低碳经济”的众多解释，并没有给出统一的定义；“低碳经济”涉及产业和管理等不同领域。
答案
①没有约定俗成的定义 ②广泛的产业领域和管理领域
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解析
作答时，首先要清楚应用一个单句来下定义；其次要筛选并整合出“微电影”的特点；最后对其进行整合即可。值得注意的是，所给材料的最后一句说的不是“微电影”最本质的特点，下定义时不应包括在内。
答案
微电影是指专门在新媒体上播放的具有完整故事情节、放映时间短、制作周期短和投资规模小的视频短片。
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有中国领土。日本政府在《日本投降书》中也明确接受《波茨坦公告》。1951 年美国等一些国家在排除中国的情况下与日本缔结的“旧金山对日和平条约”，规定北纬 29 度以南的西南诸岛等交由联合国托管，而美国为唯一施政当局。该条约所确定的交由美国托管的西南诸岛并不包括钓鱼岛。以上事实，无可争辩地证明钓鱼岛是中国的固有领土。
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10．阅读下面这则材料，在横线上续写合适的一句话，不超过 15 个字。匠人们在选择小提琴木料时，非常在意树木的年轮。在他们看来，每棵经历岁月洗礼的大树中都藏有一个精灵，而这个精灵正是一把提琴的灵魂。木料选出，风干切割后，放入一个终年不见阳光的房间四到五年。这样，本来混沌的木板就有了灵异，万籁俱寂中那些曾经吐纳的自然之气，收藏的百鸟之声，才会像沙漏一样从木头中渗透出来。琴的制作如此，人的成长也是如此。一个人要成大器，必须________。
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6．根据下面的文字，给“绿客”下一个定义，含标点符号不超过 50 个字。 “绿客”更倾向于一种内在的品质追求：热爱生活，崇尚健康时尚，酷爱运动，支持公益事业，善待自己的同时也善待环境。他们平时生活的点滴无不传递着“绿客”精神：无论工作多忙，都坚持一周至少两次去羽毛球馆或游泳馆；崇尚无公害的有机食品，偏爱天然材质的衣服，同时理性地选择家居住房；许多有车的绿客宁愿步行或坐公交车上下班„„“下班关手机，点菜要维 C，周末必出游，随手带垃圾。”这个带有夸张意味的顺口溜，很形象地描述了绿客的时尚生活。追求品位生活，但少些附庸风雅和装腔作势；接近自然，但不要离群索居；享受人生，也对那
青歌赛今年确定停办答：______________________________________________________
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2．用一句话概括下面一段文字的主要信息。(不超过 20 个字) 福岛核电事故一年之后，核电的前景依然暗淡。理想主义者认为核能将为世界提供一种廉价、丰富、稳定以及安全的能源。但现在看来，这个梦想似乎失败了。乌克兰切尔诺贝利核电站一座核反应堆失控爆炸，其辐射影响至今未能精确统计。25 年后，正当核能重新复兴时，日本又发生了福岛核危机，核能安全的神话再次被打破。另外，私营公司绝对不会选择建造核电厂。部分原因是私营公司面临地方的反对以及政府政策的变化，但大部分原因是反应堆的确十分昂贵。后切尔诺贝利时代的现代设计曾被认为可以降低投资成本，但实际上并没有实现。正在欧洲兴建的少数几座新反应堆已经远远超出其巨额的预算。
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一、新闻类压缩 1．阅读下面一则新闻，为这则新闻拟写一个 10 字以内的新闻标题。本报讯(记者耿愿) 自 1984 年开办的两年一度的央视青歌赛，今年确定要停办了。央视文艺部导演王宪生透露，本届青歌赛将延期至明年，主要原因则是“可供选择的人才没那么多”。上个月，就已传出今年青歌赛可能延期甚至停办的非官方消息。有传闻是央视领导发现青歌赛有很多不足的地方，其次是金钟奖办得红火，导演组希望接下来的青歌赛能有全新改变。王导称并未听说过有过传闻，在他看来，原因是“没那么多人才，跟不上比赛的频率”，所以停一届并非坏事。事实也的确如此，青歌赛曾经产生了蔡国庆、宋祖英、谭晶、萨顶顶等一大批在歌坛颇有影响力的明星，但从 2006 年以后就再难跟上之前的风光了。 (选自 2012 年 4 月 9 日《长江日报》)
发光细菌、__________ 非致病性、________ 淡水型、______________ 水质检测材料答：__________
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五、写结论题 9．(2010· 全国Ⅰ)根据下面的文字，补写后面总括性的句子，每处补写部分不超过 15 个字。关于低碳经济的解释较多，例如： “低碳经济是以低能耗、低污染、低排放为基础的经济模式”，“低碳经济就是能源高效利用、清洁能源开发、追求绿色 GDP”，“低碳经济是通过技术创新、制度创新、产业转型、新能源开发等多种手段，达到经济社会发展与生态环境保护双赢的一种经济发展形态”， “低碳经济是能源技术和减排技术创新、产业结构和制度创新，以及人类生存发展观念的根本性转变”。在低碳经济的背景下， “低碳技术”、“低碳发展”、“低碳生活方式”、“低碳社会”、“低碳观念”等一系列新概念应运而生。
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答案

语言 考点针对练一

语言学练习题(附答案)-Chapter-1--Language

2020版新高考英语语法 核心考点针对练 介词(短语)

(浙江专版)2018-2019学年高三语文一轮复习 课时跟踪检测(一)文言实词